Research Article Trend and Cycle Analysis of Annual and...

Research ArticleTrend and Cycle Analysis of Annual andSeasonal Precipitation in Liaoning China

Taotao Chen12 Guimin Xia1 Lloyd T Wilson2 Wei Chen3 and Daocai Chi1

1College of Water Resources Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang 110866 China2Texas AampM AgriLife Research Center Texas AampM University College Station TX 77706 USA3Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower of Liaoning Province Shenyang 110003 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Daocai Chi daocaichioutlookcom

Received 22 June 2016 Revised 11 September 2016 Accepted 18 October 2016

Academic Editor Stefano Dietrich

Copyright copy 2016 Taotao Chen et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Annual and seasonal precipitation data for 49 meteorological stations over the period of 1960ndash2006 in Liaoning province wereanalyzed Liaoning experienced province-wide decreases in precipitation over the 47-year period with annual precipitationdecreasing by 96 of the stations followed by 92 84 63 and 27 respectively for summer autumn spring and winterprecipitation Regional trend analysis confirmed the province-wide decrease which was detected by the site-specific analysis but agreater number of significant declineswere found for annual summer and autumnprecipitation for Liaoning province and for threeof its four subregions Four significant cycles with alternation patterns were detected mainly at the time scales of 3ndash5 10-11 20ndash23and 312 years for each of the four subregions (Liaodong Peninsula Northeastern Mountain Western Highland and Central Plain)and the entire Liaoning province with the dominant periodicities being 10-11 years The 10-11-year periodic variation of Liaoningannual precipitationwas negatively associatedwith sunspot activity and positively associatedwith the East Asian SummerMonsoon(EASM) at the same time scale while the 312-year periodic variation of Liaoning annual precipitationwas positively correlated withboth the EASM and ENSO activities at the 30ndash33-year time scale

1 Introduction

Global climate has undergone significant and unprecedentedchanges during the past 100 years [1 2] There is increasingevidence that global warming has resulted in an increasein the frequency and severity of precipitation and droughtevents [3] Surface precipitation is an important componentof the global climate [4 5] and one of the most importantvariables in the global hydrological cycle [6] as well as animportant indicator in evaluation of water resources Spa-tiotemporal trends of precipitation have received increasingattention throughout the world in the past decades [1 7ndash13]Somersquoe et al [10] analyzed spatiotemporal trends in precip-itation and concluded that a noticeable decrease in winterprecipitation was observed in northern Iran and the coastsof the Caspian Sea Zhang et al [11] studied spatial-temporalprecipitation in China over the period of 1956 to 2000and showed that decreasing precipitation prevailed in thespring and autumn with winter months receiving increasedprecipitation Liang et al [14] reported that the mean annual

and summer precipitation decreased in a southeastern tonorthwestern trajectory throughout a 48-year period (1961 to2008) over 98 meteorological stations in Northeast China ofwhich 77 and 80 climate stations showed decreasing annualand summer trends respectively

Liaoning province is located in East Asiarsquos monsoonregion and has one of the largest climate change rates in theworld [15] Liaoning is also one of themajor grain productionregions in China and plays a critical role in maintainingnational food security In the backdrop of changing climateand intensifying human activities province-wide warmingtrends have been detected in Liaoning [16 17] and precipita-tion is decreased inmost of the region [14 17 18]Wide-rangedecreasing precipitation in Northeast China has resulted in asevere water scarcity problem which has a negative effect onecological conservation and agricultural development [14]and a challenge to Chinarsquos implementation of its ldquoPlan forIncreasing the National Grain Production Capacity by 50 Bil-lion Kilograms (2009ndash2020)rdquo The accelerated hydrologicalcycle caused by global warming may further exacerbate the

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in MeteorologyVolume 2016 Article ID 5170563 15 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520165170563

2 Advances in Meteorology

Western Highland

Central Plain

Bohai Sea

Yellow Sea

Northeastern

Liaoning

Meteorological gaugesSubregion boundaryLiaoning boundary

44∘09984000998400998400

N42∘09984000998400998400

N

42∘09984000998400998400

N

40∘09984000998400998400

N

40∘09984000998400998400

N

122∘09984000998400998400E 126

∘09984000998400998400E118

∘09984000998400998400E 120

∘09984000998400998400E 124

∘09984000998400998400E

Mountain

Peninsula

Figure 1 Geographical location of Liaoning in China spatial distribution of four subregions in Liaoning province and the selectedmeteorological stations in each subregion Data were provided by Liaoning Provincial Meteorological Bureau and Hydrographic Bureau

heterogeneous distribution of precipitation and further limitwater resources [19] A better understanding of precipitationvariability and its spatiotemporal changes in Liaoning willlead to development of watermanagement policies that couldcontribute to increasing grain production and maintainingnational food security

Recently a number of large precipitation studies haverevealed the climatic trend characteristics (trend magnitudedirection and significance and abrupt behavior) involvingLiaoning province [8 20ndash23] and precipitation in North-eastern China [14 16 18 24ndash26] A number of precipi-tation studies for Liaoning mainly focus on spatiotempo-ral distribution of precipitation seasonal precipitation andextreme precipitation events [27ndash29]However only a limitedamount of research has addressed precipitation trends andperiodicities characteristics with high-density time seriesdata for Liaoning Yang et al [30] detected seasonal andannual precipitation trends in Liaoning but data only from8 meteorological stations were used The objectives of thisstudy are to (1) characterize site-specific precipitation trends(spatial patterns significant level magnitudes and abruptbehavior) (2) detect whether a consistent pattern of regionaltrend in precipitation exists at a regional scale and (3) revealcycle characteristics of regional precipitation at different timescales and its possible causes

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Liaoning province lies between 38∘431015840ndash43∘261015840N latitude and 118∘531015840ndash125∘461015840E longitude in China(Figure 1) and has a temperate continental monsoon cli-mate with an average annual precipitation of 500ndash1000mm

The total area of the province is approximately 145900square kilometers in size Liaoning is also known as theldquoGolden Trianglerdquo from its shape and strategic location forits commercial and cultural advantages and localization oncoast and consists essentially of a central lowland flankedby mountains to the east and west [31] Based on thetopographical andhydrographic characteristics Liaoning canbe divided into four subregions Northeastern Mountain andLiaodong Peninsula in the east (also collectively referred toas Eastern Mountain) Western Highland and Central Plainzone (Figure 1) The Northeastern Mountain subregion isdominated by the Changbai Mountain and Qianshan rangeswhich extends into the sea to form the Liaodong Peninsula[31] Precipitation is highest in the Eastern Mountain whileit is lowest in the Western Highland and the Central Plainreceives moderate amount of rainfall (Figure 2(a)) Thespatial pattern of annual precipitation in Liaoning as a wholedecreases from the southeast to the northwest (Figure 3)TheNortheastern Mountain subregion has the largest precipita-tion in both annual and seasonal rainfall with a mean annualprecipitation of 801mm The lowest annual precipitation(442mm) occurs in the Western Highland subregion Thetemporal variabilities of annual and seasonal precipitationsover the 47-year period are shown in Figure 2(b) Averagedacross the 47 years the greatest seasonal precipitation isreceived during the summer followed by the autumn springand winter accounting for 65 18 14 and 3 of annualprecipitation respectively (Figure 2(b))

22 Data Daily precipitation data are obtained fromLiaoning Provincial Meteorological Bureau and Hydro-

Advances in Meteorology 3

Western Highland Central Plain Northeastern Mountain

Liaodong Peninsula

0

200

400

600

800

1000Pr

ecip

itatio

n (m

m)

Spring Summer Autumn WinterAnnualTime scale

(a)

0

200

400

600

800

Prec

ipita

tion

(mm

)

1970 1980 1990 2000 20101960Time (year)

AnnualSpringSummer

AutumnWinter

(b)

Figure 2 Annual and seasonal precipitation series in Liaoning (a) and mean precipitation for 1960ndash2006 in different subregions (b)

Precipitation (mm)

NortheasternCentral Plain

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula

0ndash500500ndash600600ndash700700ndash800

800ndash900900ndash1000gt1000

Mountain

Figure 3 Spatial distribution of annual precipitation within theperiod 1960ndash2006 in Liaoning province China

graphic Bureau for 94 meteorological stations over 1947ndash2006 However only 82 stations in the study area havecontinuous records over the period from 1960 to 2006 with49 stations that pass the homogeneity test at a significancelevel of 005 [32] selected for analysis (Figure 1) Missingdata are estimated using linear interpolation from neigh-boring stations when fewer than three consecutive days ofprecipitation data were missing The dataset used in thestudy also included the sunspot number (available athttpwwwsidcbesilsodatafiles) the East Asian Summer

Monsoon (EASM) (httpresearchjisaowashingtonedudatasetsglobalsstenso) and the Global-SST ENSO index (httpljpgcesscndctpage1)

23 Methods

231 Mann-Kendall Test and Regional Kendall Test TheMann-Kendall (MK) nonparametric test is frequently usedto quantify the significance of time series trends [33ndash36] Itsstatistic 119878 is calculated as

119878 = 119899minus1sum119894=1

119899sum119895=119894+1

sgn (119909119895 minus 119909119894)

sgn (119909119895 minus 119909119894) =

+1 119909119895 minus 119909119894 gt 00 119909119895 minus 119909119894 = 0minus1 119909119895 minus 119909119894 lt 0

(1)

where 119899 is the length of the time series (1199091 1199092 119909119899) and 119909119894and 119909119895 are the 119894th and 119895th data point in the time series (119895 gt 119894)respectively The variance 119881(119878) of statistic 119878 is obtained as

119881 (119878) = 119899 (119899 minus 1) (2119899 + 5) minus sum119898119896=1 (119905119896 minus 1) (2119905119896 + 5)18 (2)

where 119898 is the number of tied groups and 119905119896 denotes thenumber of ties for the 119896th value A tied group is a set of sampledata having the same value [12]The standardized normal teststatistical 119885119904 is calculated as

119885119904 =

119878 minus 1radic119881 (119878) 119878 gt 00 119878 = 0119878 + 1radic119881 (119878) 119878 lt 0

(3)

119885119904 is the standard normal test statistic in cases where thesample size 119899 gt 10 A positive or negative value of119885119904 indicatesan upward or downward trend respectively In our analysis


MK test is used to detect if a trend in annual and seasonalprecipitation series is statistically significantThe significancelevel of 119901 = 005 is applied

Helsel and Frans [35] extended the Mann-Kendall test totake into account multiple stations andmultiple observationsfor each station and referred to this as a Regional KendallTest The Regional Kendall Test is a nonparametric test toidentify the occurrence of consistent pattern of time seriestrends across a region The Regional Kendall Test can begeneralized to correlated data using a consistent estimator forthe covariance described by Dietz and Killeen [37]

232 Theil-Sen Approach Theil-Senrsquos estimator is used toquantify the magnitude of trends and has been widely usedin analyzing hydrological time series data [10 38]Theil-Senrsquosestimator can be calculated as

119876med = median (119876) 119876 = 119909119895 minus 119909119894

119895 minus 119894 119894 lt 119895 (4)

where119909119894 and119909119895 are the 119894th and 119895th data point in the time series(119895 gt 119894) respectively Theil-Senrsquos estimatorrsquos main advantagelies in the global median used which makes it more resistantto the effect of extreme values in the time series [38 39]

233 Morlet Wavelet Analysis Wavelet transform analysisis a powerful tool for identifying the main periodicity innonstationary signals [40] and detect variation at differenttime scales [14 41] The wavelet transform for a time series119909119899 (119899 = 0 119873 minus 1) is defined as the convolution of 119909119899 witha scaled and translated wavelet 120595(120578)

119882119899 (120585) =119873minus1sum120574=0

119909120574120595lowast [(120574 minus 119899) 120575119905120585 ] (5)

The Morlet Wavelet function [41] is defined as

120595 (120578) = 120587minus141198901198941205960120578119890minus12057822 (6)

where 120585 is the time scale 1205960 is the nondimensional frequencytaken to be 6 for it satisfying the admissibility condition [42]120578 is the time 120575119905 is the time interval and 120595lowast[(120574 minus 119899)120575119905120585]indicates the complex conjugate of the wavelet function120595[(120574minus119899)120575119905120585]The real part of119882119899(120585) and themodulus squareof the Morlet Wavelet (wavelet spectral power) 119875119899(120585) areextensively used to identify the main vibration periodicitiesThe real part of the Morlet Wavelet shows signal intensityand phase of different characteristics in different time scaleswhereas wavelet spectral power exhibits the strength of thesignal on the characteristic time scales [26] Wavelet spectralpower at different scale (120585) can be calculated by

119875119899 (120585) = 1003816100381610038161003816119882119899 (120585)10038161003816100381610038162 (7)

Wavelet variance can be calculated by the sum of the squareof wavelet coefficients in time domain

var (120585) = 119873minus1sum119899=0

1003816100381610038161003816119882119899 (120585)10038161003816100381610038162 (8)

234 Sequential Mann-Kendall Rank Statistic Test TheSequentialMann-Kendall Rank Statistic (SMKRS) test is usedto identify abrupt changes in significant trends [43ndash46] Thistest sets up a progressive series 119906(119905) and a backward series1199061015840(119905) If the two series cross each other and then diverge andexceed specific threshold values then there is a statisticallysignificant trend [47] The threshold values in this study areplusmn196 (119901 = 005) with the crossing point estimating the yearat which the trend begins SMKRS test has the following foursteps

(1) At each comparison the number of cases 119909119894 gt 119909119895 iscounted and indicated by 119899119894 where 119909119894 (119894 = 1 2 119899)and 119909119895 (119895 = 1 2 119894 minus 1) are the sequential values ina series respectively

(2) The test statistic 119905119894 is calculated by

119905119894 =119894sum119895=1

119899119895 (9)

(3) Themean 119864(119905) and variance var(119905119894) of the test statisticare calculated by

119864 (119905) = 119899 (119899 minus 1)4

var (119905119894) = 119894 (119894 minus 1) (2119894 + 5)72

(10)

(4) Sequential progressive value can be calculated as

119906 (119905) = 119905119894 minus 119864 (119905)radicvar (119905119894)

(11)

Similarly sequential backward (1199061015840(119905)) analysis of theSMKRS test is calculated starting from the end of the seriesdata according to the procedures (1)ndash(4)

235 Calculation and Spatial Interpolation Four seasons aredefined by the standard meteorological definition spring(March toMay) summer (June to August) autumn (Septem-ber to November) and winter (December to February) Theannual and seasonal accumulative precipitation is estimatedby summing the daily precipitation data for each of the 49selected meteorological stations A prewhitening technique[12] using the sampling lag-1 serial correlation coefficientis applied to the time series before conducting the trendtest to eliminate the effect of the autocorrelation of theprecipitation time series on the trend estimate R software isused to implement the algorithms for the five nonparametricmethods (MK trend test Theil-Sen approach SMKRS testRegional Kendall Test and Morlet Wavelet analysis) Amongthese nonparametric methods MK trend test and RegionalKendall Test are implemented by the rkt package in R [48]while Morlet Wavelet analysis is conducted by biwaveletpackage developed by Gouhier [49] Theil-Sen approach isused to quantify the magnitude of precipitation trend foreach of 49 selected meteorological stations (mmyearminus1) The


Table 1 Number of meteorological stations with significant trends detected by the Mann-Kendall test for the annual and seasonalprecipitation series over the period 1960ndash2006 in Liaoning China

Precipitation Trend Significance Annual Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Negative trendNot significant 44 31 42 38 13Significant 3 0 3 3 0

96 63 92 84 27

Positive trendNot significant 2 18 4 8 35Significant 0 0 0 0 1

4 37 8 16 73

surface interpolation technique (inverse distance weightedalgorithm IDW) is used to produce a spatial map of precipi-tation and precipitation trends using ArcGIS 102

3 Results and Discussion

31 Changes in Annual Precipitation Figure 4 shows thespatial patterns for both annual and seasonal precipitationtrend magnitudes and trend significances of each of the 49selected meteorological stations in Liaoning province Theresults demonstrate that 96 (46) of the meteorologicalstations have negative trends in annual precipitation (Table 1)among which three stations (Changtu Xifeng and Xiuyan)exhibit a statistically significant negative trend which occursin Liaodong Peninsula and the southern part of NortheasternMountain (Figure 4(a)) Four percent of meteorologicalstations show nonsignificant positive trends (in WesternHighland and Central Plain)

Negative trends in annual precipitation are observed forthe entire study area (Figure 4(a)) Liaodong Peninsula andNortheastern Mountain have a greater number of signifi-cant negative trends and higher cumulative annual rainfallthan Western Highland and Central Plain (Figure 3) Theslope of the trend magnitudes gradually declines from thesoutheast to the northwest direction and varied fromminus498mmyearminus1 to 004mmyearminus1Themost negative trendis measured at Fengcheng station in Liaodong Peninsula(minus498mmyearminus1) followed by Xiuyan (minus475mmyearminus1)Kuandian (minus422mmyearminus1) and Dalian (minus327mmyearminus1)Zhao et al [24] reported that the greatest decrease of annualprecipitation was minus319mmyearminus1 at Dalian station with thesmall difference mainly attributed to different site densities(the first three stations were not included in their study) anddifferent lengths for the precipitation series Relative changeof precipitation defined as the absolute change divided bythe mean precipitation is also observed in our study Relativeprecipitation does not change the order of the sorted precipi-tation sequence and therefore both the119885119904 statistic ofMK testand the significance of time series trend are consistent withthe absolute precipitation Figure 5(a) shows the spatial pat-terns of relative change in annual precipitation A dramaticand widespread decrease in annual precipitation is observedaccounting for 115 of the mean annual precipitation overthe 47-year period The highest precipitation area LiaodongPeninsula has the greatest decrease (about 191) followed by

125 in Northeastern Mountain and 104 in Central Plainwith the lowest reduction (63) taking place in the lowestprecipitation area (Western Highland) (Figure 5(a))

Abrupt behaviors in annual precipitation are furtheranalyzed using the SMKRS test The 119906(119905) and 1199061015840(119905) statisticsof the SMKRS test experience more than one nonsignificantchange point for all stations but only three significant changepoints are identified in about 1978 for Changtu 1969 forXifeng and 1967 for Xiuyan respectively (Figures 6(a)ndash6(c))After that a significant negative trend is detected for all thethree stations which is highly in agreement with the resultsof the MK test

32 Changes in Seasonal Precipitation Seasonal precipitationdeclines the greatest during the summer (12mmyearminus1)followed by the autumn (035mmyearminus1) and the spring(009mmyearminus1) with a weak increase (002mmyearminus1) inwinter while the relative precipitation decreases the highestby 152 in autumn over the 47-year period followed by152 in summer 120 in spring with 91 increase inwinter precipitation as a percentage of the correspondingmean seasonal precipitation (Figures 5 and 6)Themagnitudeof the trends for seasonal precipitation varies dramaticallyboth seasonally and spatially (Figures 4(b)ndash4(e)) The spatialdistribution of spring rainfall shows a negative trend for63 of meteorological stations mainly located in the CentralPlain subregion while 37 stations exhibit a positive trendin parts of Northeastern Mountain and Liaodong Peninsulaand most of the Western Highland (Figure 4(b)) There isno significant trend identified in spring precipitation for anyof the 49 meteorological stations Despite the difference inprecipitation amounts the relative precipitation is in goodconformity with the absolute precipitation in the spatialdistribution (Figures 4(b) and 5(b))

Summer is the principal rainy season accounting for65 of annual precipitation Forty-five of the stations (92)experience a negative trend in summer rainfall (Table 1)including all of NortheasternMountain Liaodong Peninsulaand Western Highland and the majority of Central Plain(Figure 4(c)) Three precipitation series are detected to havea significant negative trend Significant negative trends arefound in theDalian station and the other two stations (XiuyanandZhuanghe) located at the east part of LiaodongPeninsulawhere both the highest annual and summer precipitation


Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula

Central PlainNortheastern

Mountain

TSA trend magnitude (mmyear)

MK trend testSignificant uptrend

UptrendDowntrendSignificant downtrend

(minusinfin minus45](minus45 minus30](minus30 minus15](minus15 00]

(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(a)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula

NortheasternCentral Plain Mountain





(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(b)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula

Central Plain NortheasternMountain





(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(c)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(d)

Figure 4 Continued


Western Highland

Northeastern

Liaodong Peninsula

Central Plain Mountain





(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(e)

Figure 4 Spatial distribution patterns of precipitation trends and the significance for 49 selected meteorological stations at annual andseasonal time scales (a) annual (b) spring (c) summer (d) autumn and (e) winter precipitation TSA indicates the Theil-Sen approach

areas of Liaoning are concentrated The significant abso-lute decreases cause the highest three relative precipitationdeclines in Dalian (432) Xiuyan (377) and Zhuanghe(362) over the 47-year period (Figure 5(c))Themagnitudeof summer precipitation trends is minus12mmyearminus1 on average(152 reduction) and gradually declines from the southeast(minus557mmyearminus1) to the northwest (034mmyearminus1) (seeFigure 4(c)) The similar results for annual and summerprecipitation including the two precipitation series occurringfrom 1960 to 2006 (Figure 2(a)) are largely due to the fact thatannual precipitation change primarily comprises the changeand occurrence of summer precipitation as reported by Lianget al [14] Graphical results of the SMKRS test clearly identifya progressive series and a backward series across each other(in 1968 at Dalian 1967 at Xiuyan and 1968 at Zhuanghe) andthen diverge and exceed the 95 confidence limit suggestinga significant negative trend for the three stations with thestarting point of the trend being in the 1960s

A province-wide negative trend is also observed forautumn precipitation Forty-one (84) of the stations exhibita negative trend The magnitude of the autumn precipitationtrends varying between minus158 and 048mmyearminus1 is consid-erably lower when comparingwith the summer precipitationwhile the relative change (157 decline) is comparable tothe decline (152) in summer precipitation (Figure 5(d))

The result suggests that Liaoning may experience a greatpotential impacts in the autumn despite the relatively smalldecline in absolute precipitation Three stations BenxixianQingyuan and Yingkou experience a significant decline andthe significant change points identified are in about 1977 1973and 1974 respectively

Winter is the lowest season in precipitation amount (27of annual precipitation) The trend amplitude is relativelystable across the entire Liaoning and ranges from minus033 to030mmyearminus1 while the relative change dramatically variesfrom the 63 increase in the northeast to the 58 decline inthe southeast of Liaodong Peninsula (Figure 5(e)) Themajority of the stations (73) are dominated by a weakincrease trend in winter precipitation with the other 27stations showing a nonsignificant decrease (Figure 4(e)) Onelocation where a significant increase occurred is observedin Yixian station The precipitation series begins to increasein 1976 and continues increasing until 2006 (Figure 6(j) andTable 2)

33 Regional Trend Analysis of Regional Precipitation Table 3shows Regional Kendall slopes for the regional precip-itation for Liaoning and its four subregions at bothannual and seasonal time scales The prevailing province-wide negative trends in annual (minus151mmyearminus1) summer



Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain

TSA trend magnitude ()(minusinfin minus300](minus300 minus200](minus200 minus100](minus100 00]

(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(a)

Northeastern

Central Plain

Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(b)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(c)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(d)

Figure 5 Continued



Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(e)

Figure 5 Spatial distribution patterns of relative precipitation variation (as a percentage of the mean annual or seasonal precipitation) overthe 47-year period at annual and seasonal time scales (a) annual (b) spring (c) summer (d) autumn and (e) winter precipitationTheil-Senrsquosestimator (TSA Theil-Sen approach) is used to quantify the magnitude of trends

Table 2 Analysis for significant trends using sequential Mann-Kendall rank statistic test

Station names Time scale Abrupt behaviorBeginning year Trend

Changtu Annual 1978 darrXifeng Annual 1969 darrXiuyan Annual 1967 darrDalian Summer 1968 darrXiuyan Summer 1967 darrZhuanghe Summer 1968 darrBenxixian Autumn 1977 darrQingyuan Autumn 1973 darrYingkou Autumn 1974 darrYixian Winter 1976 uarr

(minus120mmyearminus1) autumn (minus035mmyearminus1) and spring(minus009mmyearminus1) precipitation are detected which arehighly consistent with the results from the site-specificanalysis Furthermore annual summer and autumn pre-cipitation have consistent patterns of significant decreas-ing regional trends The greatest negative regional trends

in annual precipitation among the four subregions areidentified in Liaodong Peninsula (minus287mmyearminus1) fol-lowed by NortheasternMountain (minus214mmyearminus1) CentralPlain (minus133mmyearminus1) and Western Highland (minus070mmyearminus1) Liaodong Peninsula Northeastern Mountain andCentral Plain show consistent patterns of significant negativeregional trends in annual summer and autumnprecipitationsimilar to annual precipitation for Liaoning province Theregional Kendall Test detects more significant declines inregional precipitation at both annual and seasonal time scalescompared to the MK test at a site scaleThis is because trendsof many individual locations in a region that occur in thesame direction provide some evidences toward a significantregional trend even if there is insufficient evidence of trend atsite-specific stations [35] Western Highland the highest aridsubregion is the most stable region among the four subre-gions A significant change for Western Highland subregionis only detected in summer precipitation (minus093mmyearminus1)with a 124 relative decline over the 47 years Summerexperiences a great decline among the seasonal precipitationswhile autumn comparable to summer numerically decreasesthe greatest in the relative precipitation and both show asignificant and consistent decline at the province scale


1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(a)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(b)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(c)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(d)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(e)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(f)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus3

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

u998400(t)

u(t)

(g)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(h)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(i)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(j)

Figure 6 Graphical representation of the forward series 119906(119905) and backward series 1199061015840(119905) of Sequential Mann-Kendall Rank Statistic test(a) Changtu annual precipitation (b) Xifeng annual precipitation (c) Xiuyan annual precipitation (d) Dalian summer precipitation (e)Xiuyan summer precipitation (f) Zhuanghe summer precipitation (g) Benxixian autumn precipitation (h) Qingyuan autumn precipitation(i) Yingkou autumn precipitation and (j) Yixian winter precipitation Two limit lines are the upper and lower critical values (plusmn196 119901 = 005)respectively Sequential Mann-Kendall Rank Statistic test is applied only if changing trend of annual and seasonal precipitation series isstatistically significant at 119901 = 005 by using Mann-Kendall test

34 Cycle Analysis of Regional Precipitation The real partsof the wavelet transformation coefficients describe the fluc-tuation characteristics of annual precipitation for the foursubregions and for the Liaoning province (Figures 7(a) 7(d)7(g) 7(j) and 7(m)) Solid contours represent the positivephase (coefficients of real part are greater than 0) while

dotted contours indicate a negative phase Figures 7(b) 7(e)7(h) 7(k) and 7(n) show wavelet transformation variancesat different time scales Wavelet variance reflects the energyof fluctuations over time [40] Four primary cycles withfluctuating patterns are detected at four time scales (3ndash5 10-11 20ndash23 and 312 years) for all four subregions and for


Table 3 Regional Kendall slopes for Liaoning precipitation and its four subregions at different time scales

Time scale Liaodong Peninsula Northeastern Mountain Western Highland Central Plain LiaoningSpring 003ns minus017ns 015ns minus037lowastlowast minus009nsSummer minus259lowastlowast minus128lowast minus093lowastlowast minus082lowast minus120lowastlowastAutumn minus039lowast minus080lowastlowast minus008ns minus045lowastlowast minus035lowastlowastWinter minus007ns 003ns minus001ns 003ns 002nsAnnual minus287lowastlowast minus214lowastlowast minus070ns minus133lowastlowast minus151lowastlowastRegional Kendall test was used to test the consistent pattern of regional precipitation trend Data followed by ldquolowastlowastrdquo and ldquolowastrdquo indicate that significant regionaltrends are detected at the 99 and 95 probability levels at the regional scales respectively

Liaoning The highest peaks of each wavelet variance curveindicate that the dominant periodicities of the four sub-regional precipitations Liaodong Peninsula NortheasternMountain Western Highland and Central Plain and Liaon-ing are 110 104 37 104 and 104 years respectively mean-ing that themajority (80) of Liaoning and its subregions areimpacted the greatest by the second cycles (10-11) among thefour time scales (Figures 7(b) 7(e) 7(k) and 7(n)) The onlyexception is Western Highland whose dominant periodicityis 37 years but immediately followed by a 98-year cycle (Fig-ure 7(h)) It is interesting to note that the longest precipitationperiodicities for Liaoning region and its different subregionsare completely consistent and these periodicities (312 years)are similar to the 35-year periodicities reported by Li et al[40] who indicated that themain periodic series of long-termprecipitation data (286 years) in Beijing were 85- 35- and21-year periodic events Twenty-one-year periodic events arealso observed in our third cycles of 20ndash23 years

The modulus square time-frequency distribution reflectsthe signal strength at different time scales in the entire timedomain (Figures 7(c) 7(f) 7(i) 7(l) and 7(o)) With theexception of the Western Highland subregion the strongestsignals for the other three subregions and Liaoning provinceare almost all at 10-11 years time scales centers around1989ndash1992 and covers throughout the entire time domainThe shortest distinct periodicity (3ndash5 years) covers parts ofthe 1960 to 1980 years time domain which does not showpersistent effects on rainfall In the Western Highland thestrongest signal is observed around 1993 with a 3ndash5-year timescales and primarily covers over the period 1985ndash2005

The causes of long-term variations of the precipitation arecomplex and may vary depending on the time scale investi-gated Correlations between Liaoning regional precipitationsunspot number East Asian SummerMonsoon (EASM) andGlobal-SST ENSO index (ENSO) are analyzed at the fourprimary cycles (3ndash5 10-11 20ndash25 and 30ndash33) during theobserved period In an attempt to identify possible linksbetween them the Pearson correlation method is used toexplain the relationships using the extracted wavelet coef-ficients at the same or similar time scale The strongestcycle of sunspot number is detected at 10-11-year time scalewhich has a significantly negative correlation with Liaoningannual precipitation at the time scale of the 10-11 dominantperiodicity (Table 4) The high correlation coefficient ofminus097 (119901 lt 001) indicates that sunspot number explains941 amount of 10-11 periodic variation of the extractedwavelet coefficients of Liaoning annual precipitation at the

Table 4 Correlations between Liaoning annual precipitationsunspot number East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) andGlobal-SST ENSO index (ENSO) at the four primary cycles (3ndash510-11 20ndash25 and 30ndash33) during the observed period

Time scale Sunspot number EASM ENSO3ndash5 minus003 minus00510-11 minus097lowastlowast 054lowastlowast minus00620ndash25 minus006 30ndash33 036lowast 031lowastThe Pearson correlation method was used to explain linear relationshipsbetween Liaoning regional precipitation sunspot number EASM andENSO lowast lowastlowast denote passing correlation at 99 and 95 confidence levelsrespectively indicates that there are no periodic signals detected at thespecified time scale

10-11 times scale which is highly supported by synchronizedand negative phase relationship between Liaoning annualprecipitation and sunspot number (Figure 8(a)) In contrastthe EASM also shows a significantly positive correlation withLiaoning annual precipitation at the 10-11-year time scalewith a relatively low coefficient of 054 (119901 lt 001) indicatingthat they are basically in phase (Figure 8(b)) These resultstherefore suggest that the 10-11 periodic variation of Liaoningannual precipitation is negatively associated with sunspotactivity (119901 lt 001) and positively associated with the EASM(119901 lt 001)However the 30ndash33 periodic variation of Liaoningannual precipitation is positively associated with both theEASM and the ENSO at the 30ndash33-year time scale thecorrelation coefficients are 036 for the EASM and 031 for theENSO both passing the 119901 lt 005 significant level (Table 4)The causes for 3ndash5- and 20ndash23-year periodic variation forLiaoning annual precipitation are not clear

4 Conclusions

In this paper we systematically explored the trend and cyclecharacteristics of Liaoning province precipitation at differenttime and spatial scales Seasonal precipitation declines thegreatest during the summer (12mmyearminus1) followed byautumn (035mmyearminus1) and spring (009mmyearminus1) witha weak increase (002mmyearminus1) in winter while the relativeprecipitation decreases the highest by 152 in autumnfollowed by 152 in summer 120 in spring with 91increase in winter precipitation over the 47-year periodProvince-wide negative trends have taken place at 96 of


1980 20001960

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(Year)

(a)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 110

a = 33

10 20 30 400Wavelet variance (105)

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(b)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(c)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(d)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 46


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(e)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(Year)

(f)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(g)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 37

a = 98


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(h)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(i)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(j)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 104

a = 49


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(k)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(l)

Figure 7 Continued


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)

Figure 7 Real part (a d g j and m) wavelet variance (b e h k and n) and modulus square (c f i l and o) of wavelet transformationcoefficients for annual precipitation in four subregions (Liaodong Peninsula (andashc) Northeastern Mountain (dndashf) Western Highland (gndashi)and Central Plain (jndashl)) and Liaoning (mndasho) by using the Morlet Wavelet analysis

Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)

Figure 8 Phase relationship between Liaoning annual precipitation and sunspot number (a) Liaoning annual precipitation and East AsianSummer Monsoon (EASM) (b) at a 10-11 years time scale

meteorological stations for annual precipitation followed by92 84 63 and 27 at a site scale during the summerautumn spring and winter respectively Three stations foreach of the annual summer and autumn periods show asignificant negative trend while one station during the wintershows a significant positive trend Regional trend analysisconfirms the province-wide decrease in annual summerautumn spring precipitation for Liaoning province Signif-icant negative trends are consistently observed for three ofits four subregions especially for summer autumn andannual precipitation

These province-wide negative trends are consistent withthe results obtained using the Regional Kendall Test How-ever in contrast to the results of site-specific analyses andthe previous studies [14 17 50] our results reveal thatprecipitation froma regional view showsmore significant andfrequent declines in Liaoning as compared to the site-specificanalyses Regional precipitation for a specific subregion (egsummer precipitation in Northeastern Mountain WesternHighland and Central Plain in Figure 4(c)) where the sig-nificant trend is not detected for any individual station nev-ertheless shows a significant regional trend (Table 3) which

is consistent with the findings reported by Helsel and Frans[35] Widespread and consistent change in precipitation canbe significant and can result in severe impacts on agriculturepractices water management policies and even ecologi-cal conservation and agricultural development even whenchanges are not statistically significant for any individual sitewithin a subregion or region Yue and Hashino [51] and Pal-izdan et al [52] also reported that analysis using the regionaltrend analysis is superior to using the site-specific analysisdue to its better representation over a wide area especiallyfor global or regional phenomena such as climate changeThese findings confirm the regional trend analysis usingthe Regional Kendall Test which is superior to site-specificanalysis and imply a potentially increased risk for droughtin Liaoning especially for the summer and autumn seasonsfrom a regional perspective The significant province-widedecrease in precipitation (minus14mmyearminus1) in particular sum-mer precipitation is likely linkedwith theweakened northeastAsian summer monsoon caused by warming sea surfacetemperature in the North Pacific and the shift of the PacificDecadal Oscillation [14 53 54] Another possible cause fordecreased precipitation in Liaoning is the changes in arctic


sea ice cover which weakened water vapor transport [53]In addition during the East Asian Summer Monsoon theincreased Pacific high force gradually moves northwards andthe moist southeast monsoon moves northwards along thewest side of the high pressure Coupled with the impactof the Eastern Mountain area of the Changbai mountainslope terrain these monsoon activities result in significantdifferences in precipitation from Southeast to Northwest inLiaoning province [29]

Wavelet analysis suggests that there are four significantcycles of precipitation variability mainly at time scales of 3ndash510-11 20ndash23 and 312 years for each of the four subregionsand for Liaoning province as a whole Except for WesternHighland the strongest signals for the other three subregionsand for Liaoning province are all at a 10-11-year time scalescenter around 1989ndash1992 and cover throughout the entiretime domain The periodicity of monsoon is intra-annualand may be associated with sunspot EASM and ENSOactivities and many studies have reported that sunspotEASM and ENSO affect the monsoon precipitation [32 5354] Our results suggest that the 10-11 periodic variationidentified in Liaoning annual precipitation is likely linkedwith sunspot and the EASM activities at the 10-11-year timescale although the mechanism is still not understood Thesignificant precipitation-sunspot relation at the 10-11-yeartime scale is in agreement with previous studies [32] And thesignificant precipitation-EASM relation is confirmed by thefinding of Han et al [53] who have reported that the EASMindex is closely correlated with summer precipitation inparticular on the decadal time scale after detrending (119903 =074) Because the Mongolia low and East Asian trough isstrengthened as trough activity increases over the NortheastChina a strong EASM generally accompanies strong ascend-ing motion and a convergence of water vapor flux

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by the Special Fundfor Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201303125) the doctoral program of higher joint researchfund funded project (20112103110007) and the Special TermProfessor Fund Projects of Liaoning (Liao Education Bureau⟨2013⟩)References

[1] IPCCClimate Change 2013The Physical Science Basis WorkingGroup I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge UniversityPress Cambridge UK 2013

[2] F Ji Z Wu J Huang and E P Chassignet ldquoEvolution of landsurface air temperature trendrdquo Nature Climate Change vol 4no 6 pp 462ndash466 2014

[3] H Deng Y Chen X Shi et al ldquoDynamics of temperature andprecipitation extremes and their spatial variation in the aridregion of northwest Chinardquo Atmospheric Research vol 138 pp346ndash355 2014

[4] M Hulme ldquoEstimating global changes in precipitationrdquoWeather vol 50 no 2 pp 34ndash42 1995

[5] P Vijaya Kumar M Bindi A Crisci and G Maracchi ldquoDetec-tion of variations in precipitation at different time scales oftwentieth century at three locations of Italyrdquo Weather andClimate Extremes vol 2 pp 7ndash15 2013

[6] C Prigent ldquoPrecipitation retrieval from space an overviewrdquoComptes RendusmdashGeoscience vol 342 no 4-5 pp 380ndash3892010

[7] G T Amanatidis A G Paliatsos C C Repapis and J GBartzis ldquoDecreasing precipitation trend in the Marathon areaGreecerdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 13 no 2 pp191ndash201 1993

[8] M Gemmer S Becker and T Jiang ldquoObserved monthly pre-cipitation trends in China 1951ndash2002rdquo Theoretical and AppliedClimatology vol 77 no 1-2 pp 39ndash45 2004

[9] Y Fan J Li Y Zhong B Yang and K Guo ldquoAnalysis on changetrend of precipitation in yunnan dry-hot valley region based onrescaled range analysis methodrdquoWater Resources amp Power vol26 no 2 pp 24ndash27 2008

[10] B S Somersquoe A Ezani and H Tabari ldquoSpatiotemporal trendsand change point of precipitation in Iranrdquo AtmosphericResearch vol 113 pp 1ndash12 2012

[11] Q Zhang V P Singh J Peng Y D Chen and J Li ldquoSpatial-temporal changes of precipitation structure across the PearlRiver basin Chinardquo Journal of Water Resources Research vol440 no 11 pp 113ndash122 2012

[12] M Sayemuzzaman and M K Jha ldquoSeasonal and annual pre-cipitation time series trend analysis in North Carolina UnitedStatesrdquo Atmospheric Research vol 137 pp 183ndash194 2014

[13] A Dai ldquoDrought under global warming a reviewrdquo WileyInterdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change vol 2 no 1 pp 45ndash65 2011

[14] L Liang L Li andQ Liu ldquoPrecipitation variability inNortheastChina from 1961 to 2008rdquo Journal of Hydrology vol 404 no 1-2pp 67ndash76 2011

[15] Z Chen X He E R Cook et al ldquoDetecting dryness andwetness signals from tree-rings in Shenyang Northeast ChinardquoPalaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology vol 302 no3-4 pp 301ndash310 2011

[16] F H Sun G Y Ren C Y Zhao and S Y Yang ldquoAn analysisof temperature abnormal change in Northeast China and typeunderlying surfacerdquo Scientia Geographica Sinica vol 25 no 2pp 167ndash171 2005

[17] Q Q Sun and J M Liu ldquoTemporal-spatial change of temper-ature and precipitation based on CAST in northeast ChinardquoJournal of Meteorology amp Environment vol 12014 pp 13ndash312014

[18] H E Wei B U Rencang and Z Xiong ldquoCharacteristics oftemperature and precipitation in Northeastern China from 1961to 2005rdquo Acta Ecologica Sinica vol 33 no 2 pp 519ndash531 2013

[19] Q Zhang P Sun V P Singh and X Chen ldquoSpatial-temporalprecipitation changes (1956ndash2000) and their implications foragriculture in Chinardquo Global and Planetary Change vol 82-83pp 86ndash95 2012

[20] F Yang and K-M Lau ldquoTrend and variability of Chinaprecipitation in spring and summer linkage to sea-surface


temperaturesrdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 24 no13 pp 1625ndash1644 2004

[21] W Qian and X Lin ldquoRegional trends in recent precipitationindices in ChinardquoMeteorology and Atmospheric Physics vol 90no 3-4 pp 193ndash207 2005

[22] P Zhai X Zhang H Wan and X Pan ldquoTrends in totalprecipitation and frequency of daily precipitation extremes overChinardquo Journal of Climate vol 18 no 7 pp 1096ndash1108 2005

[23] H-Y Yu S-H Liu Na Zhao D Li and Y-T Yu ldquoChar-acteristics of air temperature and precipitation in differentregions of China from 1951 to 2009rdquo Journal of Meteorology ampEnvironment vol 27 no 4 pp 1ndash11 2011

[24] D Zhao Z Du S Wu and Z Wu ldquoClimate changes in north-eastern China during last four decadesrdquo Chinese GeographicalScience vol 17 no 4 pp 317ndash324 2007

[25] P Gao M U Xing-Min F Wang and S Y Wang ldquoTrendanalysis of precipitation in northeast China in recent 100 yearsrdquoJournal of China Hydrology vol 30 no 5 pp 80ndash83 2010

[26] B Wang M Zhang J Wei et al ldquoChanges in extremeprecipitation over Northeast China 1960ndash2011rdquo QuaternaryInternational vol 298 pp 177ndash186 2013

[27] W Y Yang and Q Q Wang ldquoAnalyses on circulation character-istics of precipitation anomalies in flood season of LiaoningrdquoPlateau Meteorology vol 25 no 5 pp 969ndash974 2006

[28] L U Zhong-Yan L I Chang-Qing Z P Yuan L I Guang-Xia and F Cai ldquoExtend methods of spatial distribution of tem-perature and precipitation based on GIS in Liaoning provincerdquoChinese Journal of Agrometeorology vol 29 no 1 pp 90ndash322008

[29] Y Wang C Zhao and Y Yang ldquoClimatic properties of summerprecipitation of the last 45 years in Liaoning provincerdquo Hei-longjiang Meteorology vol 23 no 3 pp 41ndash49 2008

[30] D Yang H Liu P Guo F Zheng and Q Liu ldquoThe precipitationchanges in Liaoning during 1956ndash2008rdquo Journal of Arid LandResources Environment vol 25 no 1 pp 96ndash101 2011

[31] F A Leeming Liaoning 2015 httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic338861Liaoning

[32] D Liu S Guo X Chen and Q Shao ldquoAnalysis of trendsof annual and seasonal precipitation from 1956 to 2000 inGuangdongProvince ChinardquoHydrological Sciences Journal vol57 no 2 pp 358ndash369 2012

[33] R Modarres and V de Paulo Rodrigues da Silva ldquoRainfalltrends in arid and semi-arid regions of Iranrdquo Journal of AridEnvironments vol 70 no 2 pp 344ndash355 2007

[34] R Modarres and A Sarhadi ldquoRainfall trends analysis of Iranin the last half of the twentieth centuryrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch Atmospheres vol 114 no 3 pp 1065ndash1066 2009

[35] D R Helsel and L M Frans ldquoRegional Kendall test for trendrdquoEnvironmental Science and Technology vol 40 no 13 pp 4066ndash4073 2006

[36] H BMann ldquoNonparametric tests against trendrdquo Econometricavol 13 no 3 pp 245ndash259 1945

[37] E J Dietz and T J Killeen ldquoA nonparametric multivariate testfor monotone trend with pharmaceutical applicationsrdquo Journalof the American Statistical Association vol 76 no 373 pp 169ndash174 1981

[38] H Tabari and M-B Aghajanloo ldquoTemporal pattern of aridityindex in Iran with considering precipitation and evapotranspi-ration trendsrdquo International Journal of Climatology vol 33 no2 pp 396ndash409 2013

[39] Z X Xu K Takeuchi and H Ishidaira ldquoMonotonic trend andstep changes in Japanese precipitationrdquo Journal of Hydrologyvol 279 no 1ndash4 pp 144ndash150 2003

[40] M Li J Xia Z Chen D Meng and C Xu ldquoVariation analysisof precipitation during past 286 years in Beijing area Chinausing non-parametric test and wavelet analysisrdquo HydrologicalProcesses vol 27 no 20 pp 2934ndash2943 2013

[41] C Torrence and G P Compo ldquoA practical guide to waveletanalysisrdquoBulletin of the AmericanMeteorological Society vol 79no 1 pp 61ndash79 1997

[42] M Farge ldquoWavelet transforms and their applications to turbu-lencerdquoAnnual Review of FluidMechanics vol 24 no 1 pp 395ndash458 1992

[43] R Sneyers ldquoOn the statistical analysis of series of observationsrdquoJournal of Biological Chemistry vol 258 no 22 pp 13680ndash13684 1991

[44] T Partal and E Kahya ldquoTrend analysis in Turkish precipitationdatardquoHydrological Processes vol 20 no 9 pp 2011ndash2026 2006

[45] R Sneyers ldquoClimate chaotic instability statistical determina-tion and theoretical backgroundrdquo Environmetrics vol 8 no 5pp 517ndash532 1997

[46] R Sneyers H Tuomenvirta and R Heino ldquoObservationsInhomogeneities and Detection of Climate Change The caseof the Oulu (Finland) air temperature seriesrdquo TransportationResearch Record Journal of the Transportation Research Boardvol 34 no 3 pp 159ndash178 1998

[47] H Tabari B S Somee andM R Zadeh ldquoTesting for long-termtrends in climatic variables in Iranrdquo Atmospheric Research vol100 no 1 pp 132ndash140 2011

[48] A Marchetto rkt Mann-Kendall Test Seasonal and RegionalKendall Tests 2014 httpsCRANR-projectorgpackage=rkt

[49] T Gouhier biwavelet Conduct Univariate and BivariateWaveletAnalyses 2014 httpgithubcomtgouhierbiwavelet

[50] Q Ji Y Song and H Liu ldquoCharacteristics of temperature andprecipitation in Northeast China from 1951 to 2000rdquo Journal ofMeteorology amp Environment vol 22 no 5 pp 1ndash5 2006

[51] S Yue and M Hashino ldquoLong term trends of annual andmonthly precipitation in Japanrdquo Journal of the American WaterResources Association vol 39 no 3 pp 587ndash596 2003

[52] N Palizdan Y Falamarzi Y F Huang T S Lee andAHGhaz-ali ldquoRegional precipitation trend analysis at the Langat RiverBasin Selangor MalaysiardquoTheoretical and Applied Climatologyvol 117 no 3-4 pp 589ndash606 2014

[53] THanH Chen andHWang ldquoRecent changes in summer pre-cipitation in Northeast China and the background circulationrdquoInternational Journal of Climatology vol 35 no 14 pp 4210ndash4219 2015

[54] J Sun and H Wang ldquoChanges of the connection between thesummer North Atlantic Oscillation and the East Asian summerrainfallrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 117no 8 Article ID D08110 2012

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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EarthquakesJournal of


Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of


Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering


GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of


OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in


MineralogyInternational Journal of


MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Geological ResearchJournal of


Geology Advances in


Western Highland

Central Plain

Bohai Sea

Yellow Sea

Northeastern

Liaoning

Meteorological gaugesSubregion boundaryLiaoning boundary

44∘09984000998400998400

N42∘09984000998400998400

N

42∘09984000998400998400

N

40∘09984000998400998400

N

40∘09984000998400998400

N

122∘09984000998400998400E 126

∘09984000998400998400E118

∘09984000998400998400E 120

∘09984000998400998400E 124

∘09984000998400998400E

Mountain

Peninsula

Figure 1 Geographical location of Liaoning in China spatial distribution of four subregions in Liaoning province and the selectedmeteorological stations in each subregion Data were provided by Liaoning Provincial Meteorological Bureau and Hydrographic Bureau

heterogeneous distribution of precipitation and further limitwater resources [19] A better understanding of precipitationvariability and its spatiotemporal changes in Liaoning willlead to development of watermanagement policies that couldcontribute to increasing grain production and maintainingnational food security

Recently a number of large precipitation studies haverevealed the climatic trend characteristics (trend magnitudedirection and significance and abrupt behavior) involvingLiaoning province [8 20ndash23] and precipitation in North-eastern China [14 16 18 24ndash26] A number of precipi-tation studies for Liaoning mainly focus on spatiotempo-ral distribution of precipitation seasonal precipitation andextreme precipitation events [27ndash29]However only a limitedamount of research has addressed precipitation trends andperiodicities characteristics with high-density time seriesdata for Liaoning Yang et al [30] detected seasonal andannual precipitation trends in Liaoning but data only from8 meteorological stations were used The objectives of thisstudy are to (1) characterize site-specific precipitation trends(spatial patterns significant level magnitudes and abruptbehavior) (2) detect whether a consistent pattern of regionaltrend in precipitation exists at a regional scale and (3) revealcycle characteristics of regional precipitation at different timescales and its possible causes

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Liaoning province lies between 38∘431015840ndash43∘261015840N latitude and 118∘531015840ndash125∘461015840E longitude in China(Figure 1) and has a temperate continental monsoon cli-mate with an average annual precipitation of 500ndash1000mm

The total area of the province is approximately 145900square kilometers in size Liaoning is also known as theldquoGolden Trianglerdquo from its shape and strategic location forits commercial and cultural advantages and localization oncoast and consists essentially of a central lowland flankedby mountains to the east and west [31] Based on thetopographical andhydrographic characteristics Liaoning canbe divided into four subregions Northeastern Mountain andLiaodong Peninsula in the east (also collectively referred toas Eastern Mountain) Western Highland and Central Plainzone (Figure 1) The Northeastern Mountain subregion isdominated by the Changbai Mountain and Qianshan rangeswhich extends into the sea to form the Liaodong Peninsula[31] Precipitation is highest in the Eastern Mountain whileit is lowest in the Western Highland and the Central Plainreceives moderate amount of rainfall (Figure 2(a)) Thespatial pattern of annual precipitation in Liaoning as a wholedecreases from the southeast to the northwest (Figure 3)TheNortheastern Mountain subregion has the largest precipita-tion in both annual and seasonal rainfall with a mean annualprecipitation of 801mm The lowest annual precipitation(442mm) occurs in the Western Highland subregion Thetemporal variabilities of annual and seasonal precipitationsover the 47-year period are shown in Figure 2(b) Averagedacross the 47 years the greatest seasonal precipitation isreceived during the summer followed by the autumn springand winter accounting for 65 18 14 and 3 of annualprecipitation respectively (Figure 2(b))

22 Data Daily precipitation data are obtained fromLiaoning Provincial Meteorological Bureau and Hydro-



Liaodong Peninsula

0

200

400

600

800

1000Pr

ecip

itatio

n (m

m)


(a)

0

200

400

600

800

Prec

ipita

tion

(mm

)

1970 1980 1990 2000 20101960Time (year)

AnnualSpringSummer

AutumnWinter

(b)


Precipitation (mm)


Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula



Mountain




23 Methods


119878 = 119899minus1sum119894=1

119899sum119895=119894+1

sgn (119909119895 minus 119909119894)

sgn (119909119895 minus 119909119894) =


(1)




119885119904 =


(3)






119876med = median (119876) 119876 = 119909119895 minus 119909119894

119895 minus 119894 119894 lt 119895 (4)



119882119899 (120585) =119873minus1sum120574=0

119909120574120595lowast [(120574 minus 119899) 120575119905120585 ] (5)


120595 (120578) = 120587minus141198901198941205960120578119890minus12057822 (6)


119875119899 (120585) = 1003816100381610038161003816119882119899 (120585)10038161003816100381610038162 (7)


var (120585) = 119873minus1sum119899=0

1003816100381610038161003816119882119899 (120585)10038161003816100381610038162 (8)




119905119894 =119894sum119895=1

119899119895 (9)


119864 (119905) = 119899 (119899 minus 1)4

var (119905119894) = 119894 (119894 minus 1) (2119894 + 5)72

(10)


119906 (119905) = 119905119894 minus 119864 (119905)radicvar (119905119894)

(11)







96 63 92 84 27


4 37 8 16 73










Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula


Mountain





(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(a)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(b)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(c)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(d)

Figure 4 Continued


Western Highland

Northeastern

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(e)









Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(a)

Northeastern

Central Plain

Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(b)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(c)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(d)

Figure 5 Continued



Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(e)








1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(a)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(b)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(c)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(d)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(e)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(f)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus3

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

u998400(t)

u(t)

(g)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(h)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(i)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(j)













4 Conclusions



1980 20001960

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(Year)

(a)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 110

a = 33


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(b)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(c)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(d)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 46


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(e)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(Year)

(f)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(g)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 37

a = 98


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(h)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(i)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(j)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 104

a = 49


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(k)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(l)

Figure 7 Continued


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)


Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)








Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in



Liaodong Peninsula

0

200

400

600

800

1000Pr

ecip

itatio

n (m

m)


(a)

0

200

400

600

800

Prec

ipita

tion

(mm

)

1970 1980 1990 2000 20101960Time (year)

AnnualSpringSummer

AutumnWinter

(b)


Precipitation (mm)


Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula



Mountain




23 Methods


119878 = 119899minus1sum119894=1

119899sum119895=119894+1

sgn (119909119895 minus 119909119894)

sgn (119909119895 minus 119909119894) =


(1)




119885119904 =


(3)






119876med = median (119876) 119876 = 119909119895 minus 119909119894

119895 minus 119894 119894 lt 119895 (4)



119882119899 (120585) =119873minus1sum120574=0

119909120574120595lowast [(120574 minus 119899) 120575119905120585 ] (5)


120595 (120578) = 120587minus141198901198941205960120578119890minus12057822 (6)


119875119899 (120585) = 1003816100381610038161003816119882119899 (120585)10038161003816100381610038162 (7)


var (120585) = 119873minus1sum119899=0

1003816100381610038161003816119882119899 (120585)10038161003816100381610038162 (8)




119905119894 =119894sum119895=1

119899119895 (9)


119864 (119905) = 119899 (119899 minus 1)4

var (119905119894) = 119894 (119894 minus 1) (2119894 + 5)72

(10)


119906 (119905) = 119905119894 minus 119864 (119905)radicvar (119905119894)

(11)







96 63 92 84 27


4 37 8 16 73










Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula


Mountain





(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(a)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(b)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(c)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(d)

Figure 4 Continued


Western Highland

Northeastern

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(e)









Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(a)

Northeastern

Central Plain

Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(b)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(c)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(d)

Figure 5 Continued



Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(e)








1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(a)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(b)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(c)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(d)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(e)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(f)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus3

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

u998400(t)

u(t)

(g)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(h)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(i)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(j)













4 Conclusions



1980 20001960

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(Year)

(a)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 110

a = 33


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(b)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(c)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(d)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 46


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(e)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(Year)

(f)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(g)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 37

a = 98


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(h)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(i)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(j)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 104

a = 49


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(k)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(l)

Figure 7 Continued


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)


Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)








Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in





119876med = median (119876) 119876 = 119909119895 minus 119909119894

119895 minus 119894 119894 lt 119895 (4)



119882119899 (120585) =119873minus1sum120574=0

119909120574120595lowast [(120574 minus 119899) 120575119905120585 ] (5)


120595 (120578) = 120587minus141198901198941205960120578119890minus12057822 (6)


119875119899 (120585) = 1003816100381610038161003816119882119899 (120585)10038161003816100381610038162 (7)


var (120585) = 119873minus1sum119899=0

1003816100381610038161003816119882119899 (120585)10038161003816100381610038162 (8)




119905119894 =119894sum119895=1

119899119895 (9)


119864 (119905) = 119899 (119899 minus 1)4

var (119905119894) = 119894 (119894 minus 1) (2119894 + 5)72

(10)


119906 (119905) = 119905119894 minus 119864 (119905)radicvar (119905119894)

(11)







96 63 92 84 27


4 37 8 16 73










Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula


Mountain





(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(a)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(b)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(c)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(d)

Figure 4 Continued


Western Highland

Northeastern

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(e)









Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(a)

Northeastern

Central Plain

Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(b)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(c)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(d)

Figure 5 Continued



Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(e)








1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(a)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(b)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(c)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(d)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(e)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(f)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus3

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

u998400(t)

u(t)

(g)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(h)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(i)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(j)













4 Conclusions



1980 20001960

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(Year)

(a)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 110

a = 33


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(b)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(c)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(d)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 46


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(e)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(Year)

(f)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(g)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 37

a = 98


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(h)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(i)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(j)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 104

a = 49


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(k)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(l)

Figure 7 Continued


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)


Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)








Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in





96 63 92 84 27


4 37 8 16 73










Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula


Mountain





(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(a)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(b)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(c)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(d)

Figure 4 Continued


Western Highland

Northeastern

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(e)









Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(a)

Northeastern

Central Plain

Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(b)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(c)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(d)

Figure 5 Continued



Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(e)








1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(a)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(b)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(c)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(d)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(e)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(f)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus3

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

u998400(t)

u(t)

(g)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(h)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(i)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(j)













4 Conclusions



1980 20001960

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(Year)

(a)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 110

a = 33


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(b)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(c)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(d)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 46


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(e)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(Year)

(f)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(g)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 37

a = 98


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(h)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(i)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(j)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 104

a = 49


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(k)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(l)

Figure 7 Continued


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)


Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)








Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula


Mountain





(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(a)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(b)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(c)

Western Highland

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(d)

Figure 4 Continued


Western Highland

Northeastern

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(e)









Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(a)

Northeastern

Central Plain

Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(b)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(c)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(d)

Figure 5 Continued



Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(e)








1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(a)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(b)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(c)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(d)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(e)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(f)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus3

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

u998400(t)

u(t)

(g)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(h)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(i)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(j)













4 Conclusions



1980 20001960

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(Year)

(a)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 110

a = 33


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(b)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(c)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(d)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 46


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(e)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(Year)

(f)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(g)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 37

a = 98


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(h)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(i)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(j)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 104

a = 49


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(k)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(l)

Figure 7 Continued


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)


Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)








Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


Western Highland

Northeastern

Liaodong Peninsula






(00 15](15 30](30 45](45 +infin)

(e)









Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(a)

Northeastern

Central Plain

Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(b)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(c)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(d)

Figure 5 Continued



Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(e)








1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(a)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(b)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(c)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(d)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(e)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(f)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus3

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

u998400(t)

u(t)

(g)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(h)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(i)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(j)













4 Conclusions



1980 20001960

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(Year)

(a)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 110

a = 33


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(b)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(c)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(d)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 46


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(e)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(Year)

(f)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(g)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 37

a = 98


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(h)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(i)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(j)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 104

a = 49


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(k)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(l)

Figure 7 Continued


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)


Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)








Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in



Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(a)

Northeastern

Central Plain

Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(b)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(c)


Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(d)

Figure 5 Continued



Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(e)








1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(a)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(b)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(c)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(d)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(e)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(f)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus3

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

u998400(t)

u(t)

(g)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(h)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(i)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(j)













4 Conclusions



1980 20001960

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(Year)

(a)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 110

a = 33


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(b)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(c)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(d)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 46


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(e)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(Year)

(f)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(g)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 37

a = 98


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(h)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(i)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(j)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 104

a = 49


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(k)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(l)

Figure 7 Continued


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)


Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)








Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in



Western Highland

LiaodongPeninsula

Mountain


(00 100]

(200 +infin)(100 200]

(e)








1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(a)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(b)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(c)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(d)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(e)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(f)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus3

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

u998400(t)

u(t)

(g)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(h)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(i)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(j)













4 Conclusions



1980 20001960

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(Year)

(a)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 110

a = 33


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(b)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(c)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(d)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 46


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(e)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(Year)

(f)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(g)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 37

a = 98


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(h)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(i)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(j)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 104

a = 49


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(k)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(l)

Figure 7 Continued


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)


Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)








Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(a)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(b)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(c)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(d)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(e)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(f)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus3

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

u998400(t)

u(t)

(g)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(h)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(i)

1980 20001960(Year)

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

Limu(t)

u998400(t)

minus3

u998400(t)

u(t)

(j)













4 Conclusions



1980 20001960

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(Year)

(a)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 110

a = 33


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(b)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(c)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(d)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 46


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(e)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(Year)

(f)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(g)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 37

a = 98


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(h)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(i)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(j)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 104

a = 49


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(k)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(l)

Figure 7 Continued


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)


Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)








Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in










4 Conclusions



1980 20001960

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(Year)

(a)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 110

a = 33


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(b)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(c)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(d)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 46


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(e)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(Year)

(f)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(g)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 37

a = 98


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(h)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(i)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(j)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 104

a = 49


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(k)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(l)

Figure 7 Continued


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)


Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)








Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


1980 20001960

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(Year)

(a)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 110

a = 33


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(b)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(c)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(d)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 46


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(e)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(Year)

(f)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(g)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 37

a = 98


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(h)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(i)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(j)

5

a = 312

a = 208

a = 104

a = 49


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(k)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(l)

Figure 7 Continued


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)


Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)








Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


1980 20001960(Year)

10

20

30

40Ti

me s

cale

(a)

(m)

5

a = 312

a = 221

a = 104

a = 37


10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)(n)

1980 20001960

10

20

30

40

Tim

e sca

le (a

)

(Year)

(o)


Prec

ipita

tion

minus400

minus200

0

200

400

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus4000

minus2000

0

2000

4000

Suns

pot n

umbe

r

10-11a cycle

(a)

Prec

ipita

tion

minus04

minus02

0

02

04

1970 1980 1990 20001960Year (a)

minus400

minus200

0

200

40010-11a cycle

EASM

(b)








Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments



































































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in

Research Article Trend and Cycle Analysis of Annual and...

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