Research Article The Effect of Sandstone Composition on … · 2019. 7. 31. · Khuzestan plain...

Research ArticleThe Effect of Sandstone Composition on Distribution ofTafoni Landforms in the Aghajari Sandstone Northwest ofMasjed Soleyman Iran

Amir Ahmadi1 Ebrahim Moghimi1 Seyed Mohamad Zamanzadeh1 and Reza Motamed2

1Faculty of Geography University of Tehran Tehran 1439951154 Iran2Faculty of Geography University of Kharazmi Tehran 3197937551 Iran

Correspondence should be addressed to Amir Ahmadi amirahmadiutacir

Received 27 February 2015 Revised 26 April 2015 Accepted 26 May 2015

Academic Editor Lawrence H Tanner

Copyright copy 2015 Amir Ahmadi et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The Aghajari sandstone layers are located in the west of Zagros Mountains from several centimeters thicknesses to maximum 6meters with carbonating content Laboratory and fieldwork show high amount of carbonate content through sandstone layers andtafoni and honeycombs (THs) in early layers In the study area three parameters have the most effective impactful factors in tafoniand honeycombs (THs) including matrix carbonate content and porosity In this study result shows overlays of high ranges ofCaCO

3 porosity and low matrix in the early layers (especially in A B C D and H layers) with tafoni and honeycombs (THs)

Overall we conclude that matrix and CaCO3(carbonate clast including carbonate lithics fragment fossils and Pellet) and porosity

have direct relationships and matrix reverse relationships with tafoni and honeycombs (THs) in the Aghajari sandstones layers

1 Introduction

In sandstone landscapes tafoni and honeycombs (THs) arethemost common small-scale weathering forms on near-ver-tical bare rock surfaces [1] Tafoni are the most importantgeomorphic landforms which were studied in the world[1ndash7] It was observed that in the Mediterranean climatetafoni and honeycombs (THs) are more common and betterdeveloped in arid and semiarid climate conditions [8ndash10]A wide range of conditions may control the formation anddevelopment of tafoni and honeycombs (THs) such asminer-alogy [9] Lithological controls have the greatest effect on themechanical behavior of stones and are themselves controlledby factors such as mineral composition type and amountof cement matrix and porosity of sandstones [3 11ndash14]These controls cause large differences on the earth surface [3]Dissolution of chemically unstable grains such as feldsparsand carbonates results in development of porosity in therocks [15] Also chemical processes cause changes in thestructure of chemical rocks For example calcium carbonateis one of the parameters that are highly affected by chemicalreactions [16] So if these minerals are present in the rocks

they can cause development of specific landforms (such astafoni and honeycombs (THs)) which are highly affected bychemical processes [2 3 9] On the other hand developmentof porosity in sandstones by dissolution of carbonate cementand calcium carbonate grains causes instability in the rocksand their fragmentation [11 15 17] thus reducing strength ofthe rocks and their breakdown can result in development oftafoni and honeycombs (THs) So the type of bedrock andits composition control the rock erosion rate fundamentally[16 18 19] Porosity and carbonate framework grains matrixand cement are four components of sandstones which greatlyaffect the morphology of these sandstones [16] Thereforethe present study is an attempt to illustrate the relationshipbetween the CaCO

3content and role of porosity and matrix

in tafoni and honeycombs (THs) development

2 Study Area

The study area is located in the southwest of Iran northwestof Masjed Soleyman city situated in the central part of theJahangiry County near Parneveshteh village It covers an area

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in GeologyVolume 2015 Article ID 862714 10 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015862714

2 Advances in Geology

32∘129984000998400998400N

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32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘109984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

DEM218ndash232 (m)232ndash250250ndash270270ndash301

Saudi Arabia

Iraq

Persian Gulf

Oman Sea

ZagrosPakistan

Afg

hani

stan

CaspianSea

Turkmenistan

N

CaucasianRepublics

Turk

ey0 100 200 300

(km)

45∘

48∘

51∘

54∘

57∘

60∘

63∘

37∘

34∘

31∘

28∘

25∘

copyNezafati 2006

(m)

0

165

330

660

990

1320

Khuzestan plainZagros fold beltZagros Thrust

Sanandaj-Sirjan zoneUrumieh-Dokhtar zoneAlborz MountainsCentral DomainCentral Iran Microcontinent(Lut block)Koppeh DaghMakran (accretionary prism)

Makran (forearc basin)Eastern IranOphiolite

Ophiolite

Intrusive bodiesVolcanic rocksParatethys basinDepressionsFaultsSea

(disputable) (Neo-Tethys oceanic crust)

(Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust)

Figure 1 The location of study area in the southwest of geological map of Iran

of 32 km2 and is located between 32∘1010158401710158401015840N and 32∘1110158405910158401015840Nand 49∘51015840510158401015840E and 49∘71015840510158401015840E The highest elevation is about301m above sea level in the middle and northwestern partwhile the minimum elevation is about 218m above sea levelin the east and northeast (Figure 1) The climate of the studyarea is Mediterranean [20 21] so the semiarid conditionswith cool winters and dry summers prevail Mean annualprecipitation and mean annual temperature in the study areaare 523mm and 255∘C respectively [22]

3 Geological Setting

The Aghajari sandstone layers were produced by erosion ofZagros Mountains and deposited on the rivers and estuaryenvironments [23]They are a part of the Fars group includingGachsaran (lower Fars)Mishan (middle Fars) and theAgha-jari (upper Fars) Formations [24] The Aghajari sandstonelayers are composed of 2 to 5 km thick gray and greenishsandstones [25] The study area is located in Dezful embay-ment The age of the Aghajari sandstone layers is determinedas middle Miocene-upper Pliocene [23 26] (Figure 2)

31 Geomorphology Diversity of geomorphic landforms inthe Aghajari sandstone layers is one of the most interestingproperties of the formation The most important landformsinclude crests rivers cliffs and bulkheads stone hillsidesfault line (Figure 3) and various tafoni and honeycombs(THs) including basal tafoni side tafoni horn tafoni andpseudotafoni (Figure 4) Distribution of landforms indicatesthat stone hillsides and cliffs and bulkheads have NW-SEorientation throughout the study area This is the generaltrend of ZagrosMountains that resulted fromcontinental col-lision betweenArabian and Iranian plates in the lateMesozoic[23 27ndash32] The area represented by tafoni and honeycombs(THs) is located in the southern half of the study area

4 Materials

In this study we took samples along eight layers which arenamed A to H Samples A1 to A6 were taken from the oldestlayer and samples H1 to H6 belonged to the youngest one(Figure 5) Because the thickness of layers varied from placeto place the sampling interval changes from 50 to 150metersLandforms geomorphic map of the study area was prepared

Advances in Geology 3

Epoch

Pliocene

Miocene

Oligocene

NW SEPusht-e-kuh province

BakhtyariAghajari

AsmariKalhur

Pabdeh Pabdeh

Dezful embayment Coastal Fars

Lahbari

Gachsaran

Ahwaz

Mishan

RazakAsmari

Interior Fars

Salt anhydriteSiltstoneLimestone

Shale marl

Clastics

Shale marl and sandstoneErosion

ConglomerateAnhydrite

Figure 2 Stratigraphic situation of the Aghajari sandstone Formation in Zagros Cenozoic stratigraphy [36]

Table 1 Mean values of calcium carbonate percentage (CaCO3) in 8 layers (A B C and H) in the study area

NumberSample

A B C D E F G HCaCO3 () () () () () () () ()

1 4533 4133 52 6666 4933 5066 4235 30662 4533 3466 4666 4266 4266 60 56 563 3066 6133 5066 4266 56 4266 40 53334 5066 4266 68 5066 24 56 68 62665 40 4133 4266 44 5333 5333 5733 406 44 3866 4533 4266 4933 6235 6533 5066

Table 2 Mean values of porosity percentage in 8 layers (A B C and H) in the study area

NumberSample

A B C D E F G HPorosity () () () () () () () ()

1 84 51 87 7 4 1 3 172 38 21 26 18 22 37 0 23 51 7 4 12 5 11 9 14 50 33 8 1 7 0 33 285 8 2 1 26 1 1 10 356 39 18 31 16 1 9 15 5

by FreeHand software via using 1 25000 topographic mapsof Iranian National Survey Organization Geological datasuch as lithology and contacts of the Aghajari sandstonelayers were derived from 1 100000 geological maps of Geo-logical Survey of Iran ArcGIS and Excel software were usedto draw zoning map of CaCO

3and porosity distribution and

scatter plot respectively then zoning maps and geomorphicmap of the landforms were overlaid by FreeHand

41 Laboratory Methods Bernard calcimeter was used todetermine calcium carbonate percentage in each sampleFirst 01 g powder of each sandstone sample was preparedThen 15 cc of normal hydrochloric acid was added to 01 gpowdered sandstone and the container was gently shaken for25 minutes

In this reaction the amount of CO2of each sample was

precisely (up to plusmn1 cc) recorded Then 01 g of pure calciumcarbonate sample (Merck) was used in the same reactionsystem under the same conditions and then results of CO

2

content were recorded as wellThe content of calcium carbonate in each sample was

calculated according to the following formulaCaCO

3percent = 100 lowast Calcium carbonate of the

samplespure calcium carbonate (Table 1)

411Thin Section Study Thin section samples were preparedfrom fresh rock samples After preparing thin sections poros-ity (Table 2) matrix percent (Table 3) and carbonate clast(Table 4) were determined via point counting by counting400 points in each sample by using JMicroVision software


(a) (b)

(c) (d)

49∘599840030998400998400E

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32∘1199840030998400998400N

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32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

(m)

CrestRiverCliff and bulkheadFaultsStone hillside

Tafoni areaSamples

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(e)

Figure 3 Geomorphic landforms in the study area (a) Crest (more than 2 km) created by passing rivers from sandstone layers (b) cliff andbulkhead (almost 10 meters) in F layer because of high matrix (778) and low porosity (10) (c) stone hillside (almost 20 meters) because ofhigh porosity (22) and low matrix (52) (d) faults line in the layers width and (e) geomorphic landforms map in the study area includingcrests rivers cliff and bulkheads faults stone hillsides and tafoni and honeycombs (THs) which covered about 65 of study area


(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

Figure 4 Different types of tafoni and honeycombs (THs) in the study area (a) Basal tafoni (this kind of tafoni was created along fracturesand represented selective weathering along the fractures and reduced rock masses strength) [37] (b) side tafoni and honeycombs (narrowindicated cellphone (about 10 cm) is a scale) (c) Horn tafoni (d) pseudotafoni (e) Small tafoni accompanied by carbonate cortex in cavity

Table 3 Mean values of matrix percentage in 8 layers (A B C and H) in the study area

NumberSample

A B C D E F G HMatrix () () () () () () () ()

1 11 40 6 77 87 80 57 732 32 49 35 31 66 62 89 963 48 53 68 53 54 84 46 774 45 60 85 63 88 85 74 705 80 68 91 50 87 69 87 596 27 44 43 54 68 87 73 68

Table 4 Mean values of carbonate content percentage in 8 layers (A B C and H) in the study area

Layers A B C D E F G HMean carbonate clasts () 3366 3233 30 1733 2233 2884 275 3266


32∘129984000998400998400N

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49∘599840030998400998400E

32∘129984000998400998400N

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49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

SampleSample codeLayer

N

(m)0

160

320

640

960

1280

1

2

3

4

5

6

ABCD

EF

GH

Boundary of study area

(1 2 6)(A B H)

Figure 5 Layers (A B C and H) and sampling grids in the study area

5 Results

Composition of lithology in the study area includes quartz(3445) peloids (2991) lithics (mostly carbonate)(1631) feldspar (1198) and iron oxide (723) and thedominant cements are calcite and dolomite (Figures 6(a)6(b) and 6(c)) Mean calcium carbonate percentage matrixporosity and carbonate clast in the study area are respec-tively as follows 4858 6243 1857 and 28 Calciumcarbonate zoning map showed five zones with differentranges between a minimum of 26 and a maximum of 68(Figure 8) The section with a range of 46ndash56 occupiesmore than 60 of total study areaThe section with a range of26ndash36 comprises the smallest area which is shown by somedots in the map (Figure 8) The effect of CaCO

3content on

tafoni and honeycombs (THs) can be discussed as followsusually most of tafoni and honeycombs (THs) features areobserved in the layers with 36ndash56 of carbonate contentin the region In this zone the diversity and frequencyof tafoni and honeycombs (THs) depend on amount ofCaCO

3content porosity and matrix Also there is a direct

relationship between the number and diversity of tafoni andhoneycombs (THs) with carbonate clast and porosity stronginversely relationship to matrix (Figures 8 9 and 10)

6 Discussion

Calcareous sandstones contain a significant quantity (10ndash50) of carbonate grains skeletal fragments peloids andooids with more than 50 carbonate grains [33] Carbonate

cements in sandstones consist of calcite dolomite and occa-sionally siderite [16] Peloids (2991) calcite cement (19)dolomite cement fossils and skeletal fragments and carbon-ate lithics in the study area (Figures 6(a) 6(b) and 6(c)) arehighly affected by dissolution processes [34] (Figure 6(b))And they almost represent the total CaCO

3[33] Dissolution

of chemically unstable grains such as carbonates createsporosity in these rocks [15] (Figures 4(e) and 6(b)) Dis-solution often is controlled by soluble minerals for exam-ple calcium carbonate [35] The mean content of CaCO

3

(4858) indicates a relatively high amount of CaCO3in

the Aghajari sandstone layers Moreover mean variation ofCaCO

3 matrix and porosity are 1217 3733 and 384

respectively (Tables 1 2 and 3)This comparison showed thatthemean variation of CaCO

3is less thanmatrix and porosity

By descending porosity and carbonate content and ascendingmatrix the number and diversity of tafoni and honeycombsare reduced Eventually matrix and carbonate content havecontrolling roles in amount of porosity that affected the tafoniand honeycombs (THs) through sandstone layers

61 The Effect of CaCO3 Content Porosity and Matrix onTafoni Generally speaking tafoni and honeycombs (THs)are observed in five layers (A B C D and H) (Figures 89 and 10) Fieldwork and survey in the study area representthe fact that diversity and number of tafoni and honeycombs(THs) are high (Figures 4(a) 4(b) 4(c) 4(d) and 4(e) and8 9 and 10) and they covered about 65 of study area (alittle more than 2 km2) (Figure 3) As seen in Figures 7(a)and 7(b) using trends we found a negative association


(a)

(b) (c)

Figure 6 Microscopic images of Aghajari sandstone under polarized light (a) Illustrating quartz (Q) carbonate lithic (Lc) fossil fragments(F) peloid (P) and calcite cement shown by arrow (b) Abundant calcite (C) and dolomite (D) cements with floating grains of feldspar (F)and quartz in them arrows show remaining particles of cement in porosity (P) (c) Development of carbonate matrix (M) among the particlesespecially peloid (P) iron oxide (horizontal arrow) and calcite (vertical arrow)

05

101520253035404550

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Poro

sity

()

Matrix ()

(a)

05

101520253035404550

35 40 45 50 55 60

Poro

sity

()

Carbonate content ()

(b)

Figure 7 Scatter plot (a) matrix and porosity (b) carbonate content and porosity


32∘129984000998400998400N

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32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

26ndash36 ()36ndash4646ndash5656ndash68Sample

Calcium carbonateTafoni and honeycombs(THs) layers

HGFEDCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

Layers (A B C H)

Figure 8 Overlay of tafoni and honeycombs (THs) with zoningmaps of calcium carbonate (CaCO

3) In this picture A B C D and

H layers (blue colored layers) possess tafoni and honeycombs (THs)The number and diversity of tafoni and honeycombs (THs) reducefrom A to D layers The thick line in A layer and slender line in Dlayer are representative of the highest and the lowest number anddiversity of tafoni and honeycombs (THs) respectively

between either carbonate content and porosity or matrix andporosity In this regard we can see that amount of matrix andcarbonate content has a controlling role over the amount ofporosityThis decreasing trend of porosity leads to decreasingthe numbers and diversity of tafoni and honeycombs (THs)in youngest layer Reversely in the older layers tafoni andhoneycombs (THs) are more observed (Figures 8 9 and 10)

Moreover porosity zoning CaCO3 and matrix maps

show the amounts of 66ndash60 26ndash56 and 6ndash80 respec-tively (Figures 8 and 10) It is worthy of note that dominationof tafoni and honeycombs (THs) is overlays with low rangesof matrix and porosity maps in the region (Figures 9 and 10)

7 Conclusion

In the Aghajari sandstone layers mean calcium carbonatepercentage matrix porosity and carbonate clast in the studyarea are respectively as follows 4858 6243 1857and 28 Zoning maps show that occurrence of tafoni and

32∘129984000998400998400N32

∘129984000998400998400N

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32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

Sample

MatrixTafoni and honeycombs(THs) layers

HGFE

DCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

6ndash40 ()40ndash6060ndash8080ndash96

Layers (A B C H)

Figure 9 Overlay of tafoni and honeycombs (THs) with zoningmaps of matrix In this figure A B C D and H layers (yellowcolored layers) possess tafoni and honeycombs (THs) The numberand diversity of tafoni and honeycombs (THs) are reduced from Ato D layers The thick line in A layer and slender line in D layer arerepresentative of the highest and the lowest number and diversity oftafoni and honeycombs (THs) respectively

honeycombs (THs) and their diversity are concentrated in thelayers in which porosity zoning CaCO

3 and matrix maps

represent amounts of about 66ndash60 26ndash56 and 6ndash80respectively Result shows tafoni and honeycombs (THs) areoverlays of high ranges of carbonate content porosity andlow matrix in the early layers (especially in A B C D and Hlayers) Almost matrix porosity and CaCo

3(carbonate clast)

controlling diversity of tafoni and honeycombs (THs) Over-all there are direct relationships between CaCO

3(carbonate

clast including carbonate lithics fragment fossils and Pellet)and porosity and reverse relationship matrix with tafoni andhoneycombs (THs) in the Aghajari sandstones

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper


32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

PorosityTafoni and honeycombs(THs) layers

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

ABCD

EF

GH


0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

N

Layers (A B C H)

Figure 10 Overlay of tafoni and honeycombs (THs) with zoningmaps of porosity In this figure A B C D and H layers (bluecolored layers) have tafoni and honeycombs (THs)The number anddiversity of tafoni and honeycombs (THs) are reduced from A toD layers The thick line in A layer and slender line in D layer arerepresentative of the highest and the lowest number and diversity oftafoni and honeycombs (THs) respectively

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the editor Lawrence H Tanner and anon-ymous reviewer for improving scientific content of the paperalso thanks are due to Sham Mirzaei for editing Englishwriting

References

[1] A V Turkington and T R Paradise ldquoSandstone weathering acentury of research and innovationrdquoGeomorphology vol 67 no1-2 pp 229ndash253 2005

[2] D Kelletat ldquoStudies on the age of honeycombs and tafoni fea-turesrdquo Catena vol 7 no 4 pp 317ndash325 1980

[3] R W Young and R A M Wray Sandstone Landforms Cam-bridge University Press Cambridge UK 2009

[4] M Andre andKHall ldquoHoneycomb development onAlexanderIsland glacial history of George VI Sound and palaeoclimaticimplications (Two Step CliffsMars Oasis W Antarctica)rdquo Geo-morphology vol 65 no 1-2 pp 117ndash138 2005

[5] A Mellor J Short and S J Kirkby ldquoTafoni in the El Chorroarea Andalucia southern Spainrdquo Earth Surface Processes andLandforms vol 22 no 9 pp 817ndash833 1997

[6] Y Matsukura and Y Tanaka ldquoEffect of rock hardness and mois-ture content on tafoni weathering in the granite ofMountDoeg-Sung Koreardquo Geografiska Annaler Series A Physical Geog-raphy vol 82 no 1 pp 59ndash67 2000

[7] S A Norwick and L R Dexter ldquoRates of development of Tafoniin the moenkopi and kaibab formations in meteor crater andon the Colorado plateau Northeastern Arizonardquo Earth SurfaceProcesses and Landforms vol 27 no 1 pp 11ndash26 2002

[8] C Roque M Zarroca and R Linares ldquoSubsurface initiation oftafoni in granite terrainsmdashgeophysical evidence fromNESpaingeomorphological implicationsrdquo Geomorphology vol 196 pp94ndash105 2013

[9] E Hejl ldquoA pictorial study of tafoni development from the 2ndmillennium BCrdquo Geomorphology vol 64 no 1-2 pp 87ndash952005

[10] H G Dill BWeber andA Gerdes ldquoConstraining the physical-chemical conditions of Pleistocene cavernous weathering inLate Paleozoic granitesrdquo Geomorphology vol 121 no 3-4 pp283ndash290 2010

[11] A V Turkington J D Phillips and S W Campbell ldquoWeather-ing and landscape evolutionrdquo Geomorphology vol 67 no 1-2pp 1ndash6 2005

[12] Y-M Hsieh H-H Li T-H Huang and F-S Jeng ldquoInterpre-tations on how the macroscopic mechanical behavior of sand-stone affected by microscopic propertiesmdashrevealed by bonded-particle modelrdquo Engineering Geology vol 99 no 1-2 pp 1ndash102008

[13] M E Arribas J P Rodrıguez-Lopez N Melendez A RSoria and P L de Boer ldquoGiant calcite concretions in aeoliandune sandstones sedimentological and architectural controlson diagenetic heterogeneity mid-Cretaceous Iberian DesertSystem Spainrdquo Sedimentary Geology vol 243-244 pp 130ndash1472012

[14] J Nespereira J A Blanco M Yenes and D Pereira ldquoIrregularsilica cementation in sandstones and its implication on theusability as building stonerdquo Engineering Geology vol 115 no 3-4 pp 167ndash174 2010

[15] J Bridge and R Demicco Earth Surface Processes Landformsand Sediment Deposits Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK 2008

[16] R C Selley Applied Sedimentology HarcourtAcademic PressNew York NY USA 2000

[17] A Khidir and O Catuneanu ldquoReservoir characterization ofScollard-age fluvial sandstones Alberta foredeeprdquo Marine andPetroleum Geology vol 27 no 9 pp 2037ndash2050 2010

[18] G Nichols Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Wiley-BlackwellOxford UK 2009

[19] H Siedel S Pfefferkorn E von Plehwe-Leisen and H LeisenldquoSandstone weathering in tropical climate results of low-destructive investigations at the temple of Angkor Wat Cam-bodiardquo Engineering Geology vol 115 no 3-4 pp 182ndash192 2010

[20] MDjamali S Brewer SW Breckle and S T Jackson ldquoClimaticdeterminism in phytogeographic regionalization a test fromthe Irano-Turanian region SW and Central Asiardquo Flora vol207 no 4 pp 237ndash249 2012

[21] L R Stevens E Ito A Schwalb and H E Wright Jr ldquoTimingof atmospheric precipitation in the Zagros Mountains inferredfrom a multi-proxy record from Lake Mirabad Iranrdquo Quater-nary Research vol 66 no 3 pp 494ndash500 2006


[22] A Ahmadi Quaternary morphogenesis of mechanism on Agha-jari sandstone in Northwest Masjedmdashsoleyman [MS thesis]Faculty of Geography University of Tehran Tehran Iran 2013

[23] H Motiei Stratigraphy of Zagros Geological Survey of Iran1993 (Persian)

[24] A Bahroudi and H A Koyi ldquoTectono-sedimentary frameworkof the Gachsaran Formation in the Zagros foreland basinrdquoMarine and Petroleum Geology vol 21 no 10 pp 1295ndash13102004

[25] R Nateghi ldquoPrediction of ground vibration level induced byblasting at different rock unitsrdquo International Journal of RockMechanics amp Mining Sciences vol 48 no 6 pp 899ndash908 2011

[26] S Homke J Verges M Garces H Emami and R KarpuzldquoMagnetostratigraphy of Miocene-Pliocene Zagros forelanddeposits in the front of the Push-e KushArc (Lurestan ProvinceIran)rdquo Earth and Planetary Science Letters vol 225 no 3-4 pp397ndash410 2004

[27] S Sherkati and J Letouzey ldquoVariation of structural style andbasin evolution in the central Zagros (Izeh zone and DezfulEmbayment) IranrdquoMarine and Petroleum Geology vol 21 no5 pp 535ndash554 2004

[28] M Berberian ldquoMaster lsquoblindrsquo thrust faults hidden under theZagros folds active basement tectonics and surfacemorphotec-tonicsrdquo Tectonophysics vol 241 no 3-4 pp 193ndash224 1995

[29] K Mobasher and H A Babaie ldquoKinematic significance of fold-and fault-related fracture systems in the Zagros mountainssouthern Iranrdquo Tectonophysics vol 451 no 1ndash4 pp 156ndash1692008

[30] P Navabpour and E Barrier ldquoStress states in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt from passive margin to collisional tectonicsettingrdquo Tectonophysics vol 581 pp 76ndash83 2012

[31] J Stocklin ldquoStructural history and tectonics of Iran a reviewrdquoThe American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin vol52 no 7 pp 1229ndash1258 1968

[32] MAlavi ldquoTectonics of the zagros orogenic belt of iran newdataand interpretationsrdquo Tectonophysics vol 229 no 3-4 pp 211ndash238 1994

[33] M E Tucker The Field Description of Sedimentary Rocks TheOpen University Press Comprises Milton Keynes UK 1982

[34] KWGlennieDevelopment in Sedimentary Desert SedimentaryEnvironments Elsevier Amsterdam The Netherlands 1970

[35] R Aubrecht T Lanczos M Gregor et al ldquoSandstone caves onVenezuelan tepuis return to pseudokarstrdquoGeomorphology vol132 no 3-4 pp 351ndash365 2011

[36] G A James and J G Wynd ldquoStratigraphical nomenclature ofIranian oil consortium agreement areardquo American Associationof Petroleum Geologists Bulletin no 49 pp 2182ndash2245 1965

[37] A S Goudie Encyclopedia of Geomorphology vol 1 A-I Rout-ledge London UK 2004

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of


EarthquakesJournal of


Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of


Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering


GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of


OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in


MineralogyInternational Journal of


MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Geological ResearchJournal of


Geology Advances in


32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘109984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘109984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

DEM218ndash232 (m)232ndash250250ndash270270ndash301

Saudi Arabia

Iraq

Persian Gulf

Oman Sea

ZagrosPakistan

Afg

hani

stan

CaspianSea

Turkmenistan

N

CaucasianRepublics

Turk

ey0 100 200 300

(km)

45∘

48∘

51∘

54∘

57∘

60∘

63∘

37∘

34∘

31∘

28∘

25∘

copyNezafati 2006

(m)

0

165

330

660

990

1320

Khuzestan plainZagros fold beltZagros Thrust

Sanandaj-Sirjan zoneUrumieh-Dokhtar zoneAlborz MountainsCentral DomainCentral Iran Microcontinent(Lut block)Koppeh DaghMakran (accretionary prism)

Makran (forearc basin)Eastern IranOphiolite

Ophiolite

Intrusive bodiesVolcanic rocksParatethys basinDepressionsFaultsSea

(disputable) (Neo-Tethys oceanic crust)

(Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust)

Figure 1 The location of study area in the southwest of geological map of Iran

of 32 km2 and is located between 32∘1010158401710158401015840N and 32∘1110158405910158401015840Nand 49∘51015840510158401015840E and 49∘71015840510158401015840E The highest elevation is about301m above sea level in the middle and northwestern partwhile the minimum elevation is about 218m above sea levelin the east and northeast (Figure 1) The climate of the studyarea is Mediterranean [20 21] so the semiarid conditionswith cool winters and dry summers prevail Mean annualprecipitation and mean annual temperature in the study areaare 523mm and 255∘C respectively [22]

3 Geological Setting

The Aghajari sandstone layers were produced by erosion ofZagros Mountains and deposited on the rivers and estuaryenvironments [23]They are a part of the Fars group includingGachsaran (lower Fars)Mishan (middle Fars) and theAgha-jari (upper Fars) Formations [24] The Aghajari sandstonelayers are composed of 2 to 5 km thick gray and greenishsandstones [25] The study area is located in Dezful embay-ment The age of the Aghajari sandstone layers is determinedas middle Miocene-upper Pliocene [23 26] (Figure 2)

31 Geomorphology Diversity of geomorphic landforms inthe Aghajari sandstone layers is one of the most interestingproperties of the formation The most important landformsinclude crests rivers cliffs and bulkheads stone hillsidesfault line (Figure 3) and various tafoni and honeycombs(THs) including basal tafoni side tafoni horn tafoni andpseudotafoni (Figure 4) Distribution of landforms indicatesthat stone hillsides and cliffs and bulkheads have NW-SEorientation throughout the study area This is the generaltrend of ZagrosMountains that resulted fromcontinental col-lision betweenArabian and Iranian plates in the lateMesozoic[23 27ndash32] The area represented by tafoni and honeycombs(THs) is located in the southern half of the study area

4 Materials

In this study we took samples along eight layers which arenamed A to H Samples A1 to A6 were taken from the oldestlayer and samples H1 to H6 belonged to the youngest one(Figure 5) Because the thickness of layers varied from placeto place the sampling interval changes from 50 to 150metersLandforms geomorphic map of the study area was prepared


Epoch

Pliocene

Miocene

Oligocene


BakhtyariAghajari

AsmariKalhur

Pabdeh Pabdeh


Lahbari

Gachsaran

Ahwaz

Mishan

RazakAsmari

Interior Fars


Shale marl

Clastics





NumberSample

A B C D E F G HCaCO3 () () () () () () () ()

1 4533 4133 52 6666 4933 5066 4235 30662 4533 3466 4666 4266 4266 60 56 563 3066 6133 5066 4266 56 4266 40 53334 5066 4266 68 5066 24 56 68 62665 40 4133 4266 44 5333 5333 5733 406 44 3866 4533 4266 4933 6235 6533 5066


NumberSample


1 84 51 87 7 4 1 3 172 38 21 26 18 22 37 0 23 51 7 4 12 5 11 9 14 50 33 8 1 7 0 33 285 8 2 1 26 1 1 10 356 39 18 31 16 1 9 15 5







2







(a) (b)

(c) (d)

49∘599840030998400998400E

32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

(m)


Tafoni areaSamples

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(e)



(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)



NumberSample

A B C D E F G HMatrix () () () () () () () ()

1 11 40 6 77 87 80 57 732 32 49 35 31 66 62 89 963 48 53 68 53 54 84 46 774 45 60 85 63 88 85 74 705 80 68 91 50 87 69 87 596 27 44 43 54 68 87 73 68




32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

49∘599840030998400998400E

32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E


N

(m)0

160

320

640

960

1280

1

2

3

4

5

6

ABCD

EF

GH


(1 2 6)(A B H)


5 Results


3content on




6 Discussion



3[33] Dissolution


3









(a)

(b) (c)


05

101520253035404550

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Poro

sity

()

Matrix ()

(a)

05

101520253035404550

35 40 45 50 55 60

Poro

sity

()


(b)



32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)



HGFEDCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

Layers (A B C H)







7 Conclusion


32∘129984000998400998400N32

∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

Sample


HGFE

DCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E


Layers (A B C H)



3 and matrix maps


3(carbonate clast)


3(carbonate





32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N


49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

ABCD

EF

GH


0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

N

Layers (A B C H)


Acknowledgments


References
















































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


Epoch

Pliocene

Miocene

Oligocene


BakhtyariAghajari

AsmariKalhur

Pabdeh Pabdeh


Lahbari

Gachsaran

Ahwaz

Mishan

RazakAsmari

Interior Fars


Shale marl

Clastics





NumberSample

A B C D E F G HCaCO3 () () () () () () () ()

1 4533 4133 52 6666 4933 5066 4235 30662 4533 3466 4666 4266 4266 60 56 563 3066 6133 5066 4266 56 4266 40 53334 5066 4266 68 5066 24 56 68 62665 40 4133 4266 44 5333 5333 5733 406 44 3866 4533 4266 4933 6235 6533 5066


NumberSample


1 84 51 87 7 4 1 3 172 38 21 26 18 22 37 0 23 51 7 4 12 5 11 9 14 50 33 8 1 7 0 33 285 8 2 1 26 1 1 10 356 39 18 31 16 1 9 15 5







2







(a) (b)

(c) (d)

49∘599840030998400998400E

32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

(m)


Tafoni areaSamples

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(e)



(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)



NumberSample

A B C D E F G HMatrix () () () () () () () ()

1 11 40 6 77 87 80 57 732 32 49 35 31 66 62 89 963 48 53 68 53 54 84 46 774 45 60 85 63 88 85 74 705 80 68 91 50 87 69 87 596 27 44 43 54 68 87 73 68




32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

49∘599840030998400998400E

32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E


N

(m)0

160

320

640

960

1280

1

2

3

4

5

6

ABCD

EF

GH


(1 2 6)(A B H)


5 Results


3content on




6 Discussion



3[33] Dissolution


3









(a)

(b) (c)


05

101520253035404550

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Poro

sity

()

Matrix ()

(a)

05

101520253035404550

35 40 45 50 55 60

Poro

sity

()


(b)



32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)



HGFEDCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

Layers (A B C H)







7 Conclusion


32∘129984000998400998400N32

∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

Sample


HGFE

DCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E


Layers (A B C H)



3 and matrix maps


3(carbonate clast)


3(carbonate





32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N


49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

ABCD

EF

GH


0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

N

Layers (A B C H)


Acknowledgments


References
















































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


(a) (b)

(c) (d)

49∘599840030998400998400E

32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

(m)


Tafoni areaSamples

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(e)



(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)



NumberSample

A B C D E F G HMatrix () () () () () () () ()

1 11 40 6 77 87 80 57 732 32 49 35 31 66 62 89 963 48 53 68 53 54 84 46 774 45 60 85 63 88 85 74 705 80 68 91 50 87 69 87 596 27 44 43 54 68 87 73 68




32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

49∘599840030998400998400E

32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E


N

(m)0

160

320

640

960

1280

1

2

3

4

5

6

ABCD

EF

GH


(1 2 6)(A B H)


5 Results


3content on




6 Discussion



3[33] Dissolution


3









(a)

(b) (c)


05

101520253035404550

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Poro

sity

()

Matrix ()

(a)

05

101520253035404550

35 40 45 50 55 60

Poro

sity

()


(b)



32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)



HGFEDCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

Layers (A B C H)







7 Conclusion


32∘129984000998400998400N32

∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

Sample


HGFE

DCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E


Layers (A B C H)



3 and matrix maps


3(carbonate clast)


3(carbonate





32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N


49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

ABCD

EF

GH


0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

N

Layers (A B C H)


Acknowledgments


References
















































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)



NumberSample

A B C D E F G HMatrix () () () () () () () ()

1 11 40 6 77 87 80 57 732 32 49 35 31 66 62 89 963 48 53 68 53 54 84 46 774 45 60 85 63 88 85 74 705 80 68 91 50 87 69 87 596 27 44 43 54 68 87 73 68




32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

49∘599840030998400998400E

32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E


N

(m)0

160

320

640

960

1280

1

2

3

4

5

6

ABCD

EF

GH


(1 2 6)(A B H)


5 Results


3content on




6 Discussion



3[33] Dissolution


3









(a)

(b) (c)


05

101520253035404550

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Poro

sity

()

Matrix ()

(a)

05

101520253035404550

35 40 45 50 55 60

Poro

sity

()


(b)



32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)



HGFEDCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

Layers (A B C H)







7 Conclusion


32∘129984000998400998400N32

∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

Sample


HGFE

DCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E


Layers (A B C H)



3 and matrix maps


3(carbonate clast)


3(carbonate





32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N


49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

ABCD

EF

GH


0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

N

Layers (A B C H)


Acknowledgments


References
















































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

49∘599840030998400998400E

32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E


N

(m)0

160

320

640

960

1280

1

2

3

4

5

6

ABCD

EF

GH


(1 2 6)(A B H)


5 Results


3content on




6 Discussion



3[33] Dissolution


3









(a)

(b) (c)


05

101520253035404550

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Poro

sity

()

Matrix ()

(a)

05

101520253035404550

35 40 45 50 55 60

Poro

sity

()


(b)



32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)



HGFEDCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

Layers (A B C H)







7 Conclusion


32∘129984000998400998400N32

∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

Sample


HGFE

DCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E


Layers (A B C H)



3 and matrix maps


3(carbonate clast)


3(carbonate





32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N


49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

ABCD

EF

GH


0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

N

Layers (A B C H)


Acknowledgments


References
















































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


(a)

(b) (c)


05

101520253035404550

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Poro

sity

()

Matrix ()

(a)

05

101520253035404550

35 40 45 50 55 60

Poro

sity

()


(b)



32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)



HGFEDCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

Layers (A B C H)







7 Conclusion


32∘129984000998400998400N32

∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

Sample


HGFE

DCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E


Layers (A B C H)



3 and matrix maps


3(carbonate clast)


3(carbonate





32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N


49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

ABCD

EF

GH


0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

N

Layers (A B C H)


Acknowledgments


References
















































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)



HGFEDCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

Layers (A B C H)







7 Conclusion


32∘129984000998400998400N32

∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

N

0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

Sample


HGFE

DCBA

49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E


Layers (A B C H)



3 and matrix maps


3(carbonate clast)


3(carbonate





32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N


49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

ABCD

EF

GH


0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

N

Layers (A B C H)


Acknowledgments


References
















































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


32∘129984000998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N

32∘1199840030998400998400N

32∘119984000998400998400N

32∘1099840030998400998400N


49∘59984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

49∘599840030998400998400E

49∘69984000998400998400E

49∘699840030998400998400E

49∘79984000998400998400E

ABCD

EF

GH


0

145

290

580

870

1160

(m)

N

Layers (A B C H)


Acknowledgments


References
















































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in



























Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in

Research Article The Effect of Sandstone Composition on … · 2019. 7. 31. · Khuzestan plain...

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Transcript of Research Article The Effect of Sandstone Composition on … · 2019. 7. 31. · Khuzestan plain...