Research Article Synthesis and Characterization of Lithium...
Transcript of Research Article Synthesis and Characterization of Lithium...
Hindawi Publishing CorporationIndian Journal of Materials ScienceVolume 2013 Article ID 910762 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013910762
Research ArticleSynthesis and Characterization of Lithium-SubstitutedCu-Mn Ferrite Nanoparticles
M A Mohshin Quraishi1 and M H R Khan2
1 Department of Physics Manarat Dhaka International College Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh2Department of Arts and Sciences Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology Dhaka 1208 Bangladesh
Correspondence should be addressed to M A Mohshin Quraishi mphysyahoocom
Received 5 July 2013 Accepted 29 August 2013
Academic Editors H Leiste and D L Sales
Copyright copy 2013 M A M Quraishi and M H R Khan This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited
The effect of Li substitution on the structural and magnetic properties of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4(x = 000 010 020 030 040
and 044) ferrite nanoparticles prepared by combustion technique has been investigated Structural and surface morphology havebeen studied by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and high-resolution optical microscope respectively The observed particle size ofvarious Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4is found to be in the range of 9 nm to 30 nm XRD result confirms single-phase spinel structure
for each composition The lattice constant increases with increasing Li content The bulk density shows a decreasing trend with LisubstitutionThe real part of initial permeability (1205831015840
119894) and the grain size (D) increase with increasing Li content It has been observed
that the higher the 1205831015840119894is the lower the resonance frequency in Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites is
1 Introduction
Ferrite nanoparticles have attracted a growing interest due totheir potential applications such as magnetic recording [1]storage [2] and biotechnology [3] In the most recent yearsthe interest in the use of nanoparticles in biomedical appli-cations has greatly increased [4 5] The size and compositionof nanoparticles influence the bio-application of themagneticnanoparticles [6] It is well known that the physical and chem-ical properties of the nanosized magnetic materials are quitedifferent from those of the bulk ones due to their surface effectand quantum confinement effectsThese nanoparticles can beobtained through precipitation of metallic salts in differentmedia as polymers [7] organic acid or alcohol [8] sugars [9]and so forth In particular sol-gel autocombustion thermaldecomposition hydrothermal ball milling reverse micellesynthesis solid-phase reaction thermally activated solid statereaction and pulsed laser deposition have been developed toprepare the single-domain MnFe
2O4nanoparticles [10ndash23]
Manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles have become
very popular due to their wide range of magnetic applica-tions such as recording devices drug delivery ferrofluidbiosensors and catalysis [10 24ndash27] Recently Deraz and
Alarifi [28] have studied structural and magnetic propertiesof MnFe
2O4nanoparticles by combustion route Till now no
other report has been found in the literature for Li-dopedCu-Mn ferrite Lithium ferrites are low-cost materials whichare attractive formicrowave device applications Hence therehas been a growing interest in Li-substituted Cu-Mn ferritefor microwave applications and high permeability with lowmagnetic loss Therefore this paper is devoted to studythe effect of Li+ substitution on the physical and magneticproperties of Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites prepared by
combustion technique
2 Experimental
21 Sample Preparation and Characterization The Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites were prepared by autocombustion
technique The analytical grade of Li(NO3)2MnCl
2sdot4H2O
Cu(NO3)2sdot3H2O and Fe(NO
3)3sdot9H2O was taken as raw
material and weighted according to the stoichiometricamount and then dissolved in ethanol The mixture wasplaced in a magnetic heating stirrer at 80∘C followed by anignition the combustion takes place within a few seconds
2 Indian Journal of Materials Science
and fine nanosized powders were precipitatedThese powderswere crushed and ground thoroughlyThe fine powders of thecomposition were then calcined at 900∘C for 5 h for the finalformation of Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites nanoparti-
cles Then the fine powders were granulated using polyvinylalcohol (PVA) as a binder and pressed uniaxially into disk-shaped (about 13mm outer diameter 15mmndash20mm thick-ness) and toroid-shaped (about 13mm outer diameter about65mm inner diameter and 2mm thickness) samples Thesamples prepared from each composition were sintered at1200∘C for 1 hour in air The temperature ranges for sinteringwas maintained at 5∘Cmin for heating and 10∘Cmin forcooling All sintered samples were polished and thermaletchingwas performed X-ray diffractionwas carried outwithan X-ray diffractometer (Model D8 Advance Bruker AXS)for each sample For this purpose monochromatic Cu-K
120572
radiation was used The lattice parameter for each peak ofeach sample was calculated by using the formula
1198860= 119889radicℎ2 + 1198962 + 1198972 (1)
where ℎ 119896 and 119897 are the indices of the crystal planesTo determine the exact lattice parameter for each sampleNelson-Riley method was used The Nelson-Riley function119865(120579) is given as
119865 (120579) =1
2[(
Cos2120579Sin 120579
) + (Cos2120579120579
)] (2)
The values of lattice constant ldquo119886rdquo of all the peaks for asample are plotted against 119865(120579) Then using a least-squarefit method exact lattice parameter ldquo119886
119900rdquo was determined The
point where the least-square fit straight line cuts the 119910-axis(ie at 119865(120579) = 0 or 120579 = 90∘) is the actual lattice parameter ofthe sample
The physical or bulk densities 120588119861of the samples were
determined by Archimedes principle with water mediumusing the following expression
120588119861=
119882120588
119882 minus1198821015840gcm3 (3)
where119882 is the weight of the sample in air1198821015840 is the weight ofthe sample in the water and 120588 is the density of water in roomtemperature
The theoretical density 120588th was calculated using thefollowing expression
120588th =8119872
1198731198601198863119900
gcm3 (4)
where119873119860is Avogadrorsquos number (602 times 1023molminus1) and119872 is
the molecular weightThe optical micrographs for various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites have been taken by using high-resolution
optical microscope (Model NMM-800TRF) Average grainsizes of all samples were determined from optical micro-graphs by linear intercept technique [29] The frequency-dependent initial permeability for each sample wasmeasuredby using aWayne Kerr Impedance Analyzer (Model 6500B)
The complex permeability measurement on toroid-shapedsamples was carried out at room temperature in frequencyrange 10KHzndash100MHz Both the 1205831015840
119894and 12058310158401015840
119894of the complex
permeability were calculated using the following relations
1205831015840
119894=119871119904
1198710
12058310158401015840
119894= 1205831015840
119894tan 120575
(5)
where 119871119904is the self-inductance of the sample core and
1198710= 1205831199001198732
119878120587119889 is derived geometrically Here 1198710is the
inductance of the winding coil without the sample core 119873is the number of turns of the coil (119873 = 5) and 119878 is the area ofcross-section of the toroidal sample as follows
119878 = 119889 times ℎ (6)
where 119889 = (1198892minus 1198891)2 119889
1= inner diameter 119889
2= outer
diameter ℎ = Height and 119889 is the mean diameter of thetoroidal sample as follows
119889 =1198891+ 1198892
2 (7)
The Loss factor tan 120575 was determined from the ratio(= 120583101584010158401198941205831015840119894)
3 Results and Discussion
31 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis The XRD analysis was per-formed to verify the formation of spinel structure of var-ious Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites in which Mn2+ is
replaced with Li+ and Fe3+ The XRD patterns of these Li+-substituted Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4(with 119909 = 000 010
020 030 040 and 044) ferrites sintered at 1200∘C in airfor 1 h are shown in Figure 1 The patterns indicated thatthese materials have a well-defined single crystalline phaseand formation of cubic spinel structure for each compositionAnalyzing the XRD patterns it is observed that the positionsof the peaks comply with the reported value [30] and sometraces of raw materials were found for 119909 = 000 119909 = 010 and119909 = 020 and 119909 = 030)
32 Lattice Constant The values of lattice constant obtainedfrom each plane are plotted against Nelson-Riley function[31] The values of lattice constant were estimated from theextrapolation of these lines to 119865(120579) = 0 or 120579 = 90
∘ Itis noticed from Figure 2 that 119886
0increases with the increase
of Li+ content in Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4(with 119909 = 000
010 020 030 040 and 044) ferrites Values of 1198860for
various Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites are presented in
Table 2 The increase in 1198860with Li content indicates that the
present system obeys Vegardrsquos law [32]This increase of 1198860can
be attributed to the ionic sizeThe ionic radius of Li+ (076 A)is greater than that ofMn2+ (067 A) [29 33]When the largerLi+and Fe3+ ions enter the lattice the unit cell expands whilepreserving the overall cubic symmetry
Indian Journal of Materials Science 3
20 30 40 50 60
MnO
(440
)
(511
)
(422
)
(400
)
(311
)
(220
)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
2120579 (deg)
Fe2O3
Fe2O3
Fe2O3
Fe2O3
x = 044
x = 040
x = 030
x = 020
x = 010
x = 000
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
Figure 1 The X-ray diffraction patterns for various Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
33 Average Particle Size The average particle size wasestimated by using Debye-Scherrer [34] formula from thebroadening of the highest intensity peaks (311) of XRDpatterns
119863 =09120582
120573 cos 120579 (8)
where 119863 is the average particle size 120582 is the wavelengthof the radiation used as the primary beam of Cu-K
120572(120582 =
154178 A) 120579 is the angle of the incident beam in degreeand 120573 is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of thefundamental reflection (311) in radian of the FCC ferritesphase Debye-Scherer formula assumes approximation andgives the average particle size if the grain size distribution isnarrow and strain-induced effects are quite negligible
Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites sintered at 1200∘C for 1 h where (311) peak
is shown in expanded form to understand the variationof FWHM of the Bragg peaks with the Li content FromFigure 3 it is seen that the value of FWHM decreases withthe increase of lithium contentThe particle size of the sampleis inversely proportional to FWHM according to Debye-Scherrer formula The observed particle size is in the rangefrom 9 to 30 nm which has been listed in Table 1
34 Theoretical and Bulk Density The values of 120588th and 120588119861
for the various Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites (with 119909 =
000 010 020 030 040 and 044) are tabulated in Table 2It is noticed from Figure 4 that both 120588th and 120588119861 decrease withthe increase of Li substitution in Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
ferrites for constant sintering temperatureThis phenomenoncould be explained in terms of the atomic weightThe atomicweight of Mn (5494 amu) is greater than that of combinedatomic weight of the Li (6941 amu) and Fe (55845 amu)[33]
35 Microstructure The optical micrographs of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites (where 119909 = 000 119909 = 010 119909 = 020
119909=030119909=040 and119909=044) are shown in Figure 5 sintered
00 01 02 03 04 05
834
836
838
840
842
1860
1872
1884
1896
Li content x
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
Latti
ce co
nsta
nta
0(A
)
a0(A)
r-va
riant
(A)
r-variant (A)
Figure 2 Variation of lattice constant and 119903-variant with Li contentfor various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
345 350 355 360 365
Inte
nsity
(au
)
2120579 (deg)
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
Figure 3 XRD patterns of (311) peak with Li content for variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4nanoparticles
00 01 02 03 0442
45
48
51
54
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
Li content x
Den
sity120588
(gc
m3)
Ts = 1200∘C
120588th
120588B
Figure 4The variation of theoretical density and bulk density withLi content for various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
4 Indian Journal of Materials Science
50120583m 50120583m
50120583m 50120583m
50120583m 50120583m
x = 000 x = 010
x = 020 x = 030
x = 040 x = 044
Figure 5 The optical micrographs of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
at 1200∘CThe grain size (119863) is significantly dependent on Lisubstitution The 119863 increases with increasing Li substitutionfor fixed sintering temperature which is shown in Figure 5This is probably due to the lower melting temperature of Li(180∘C) compared toMn (1245∘C)The values of119863 for variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites are presented in Table 2
36 Complex Initial Permeability The compositional varia-tions of complex initial permeability spectra for the variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4samples sintered at 1200∘C are
shown in Figure 6 It is observed that the 1205831015840119894remains fairly
constant in the frequency range up to some critical frequencywhich is called resonance frequency 119891
119903 A sharp decrease
in 1205831015840119894and increase in 12058310158401015840
119894are observed above the 119891
119903 The
1205831015840
119894increases with the increase of Li+ content for various
Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4 On the other hand 119891
119903was
found to decrease with Li substitution It was observed that
1205831015840
119894of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites sintered at 1200∘C
increases from 18 to 55 Figure 7 shows both 1205831015840119894and 119863 as a
function of Li content for various Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
ferrites According to Globus and Duplex model [35] the1205831015840
119894can be explained as 1205831015840
119894= 119872
2
119904119863radic119870 where 119872
119904is
the saturation magnetization and 119870 is the magnetocrys-talline anisotropy constant This increase in permeability isexpected because grain size of all samples increases withLi content It is known that the mobility of domain walls isgreatly affected by the microstructure of ferrites Thereforein the present case variation of the initial permeability maybe influenced by its grain size
The variation of loss factor tan 120575 (= 120583101584010158401198941205831015840
119894) with
frequency for all samples has been studied Thevariation of initial loss with frequency for the variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4samples sintered at 1200∘C is
shown in Figure 8 At lower frequencies magnetic loss isobserved and remains constant up to a certain frequency
Indian Journal of Materials Science 5
15
30
45
60
Frequency (Hz)104 105 106 107 108
120583998400 i
Ts = 1200∘C
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
(a)
0
5
10
15
Frequency (Hz)106 107 108
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
120583998400998400 i
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
(b)
Figure 6 The 1205831015840119894and 12058310158401015840
119894for various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
ferrites sintered at 1200∘C as function of frequency
Table 1 Particle size and FWHM of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
nanoparticles
x FWHM (in degree) Particle size (nm)000 0015379 94010 000733 19020 0006109 23030 0004712 30040 0004887 30044 0005411 27
9MHz this frequency limit depends upon the sinteringtemperatures The lag of domain wall motion with respect
00 01 02 03 04 05
20
30
40
50
60
0
55
110
165
220
275
Grain size
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
120583998400 i
120583998400
i
Gra
in si
ze (120583
m)
Li content x
Ts = 1200∘C
Figure 7 The 1205831015840119894and grain size with Li content for various
Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
00
01
02
03
04
Loss
fact
or
Frequency (Hz)
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
Ts = 1200∘C
106 107 108
Figure 8 Loss factor as a function of frequency for variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
Table 2The lattice parameter density average grain size and initialpermeability of Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
x 119886119900(A) 120588th (gcm
3) 120588119861
(gcm3) D (120583m) 1205831015840
119894(at 10 KHz)
000 83370 532 482 1792 18010 83615 515 462 19 22020 83746 502 458 39 33030 83866 490 444 92 39040 84024 476 441 14545 50044 84091 456 430 29545 55
to the applied magnetic field is responsible for magneticloss and this is accredited to lattice imperfections [36] Athigher frequencies a rapid increase in loss factor is observedA resonance loss peak is shown in this rapid increase ofmagnetic loss At the resonance maximum energy transferoccurs from the applied field to the lattice which results inthe rapid increases in loss factor
6 Indian Journal of Materials Science
4 Conclusion
The Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4(119909 = 000 to 119909 = 044)
nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by the com-bustion technique The observed particle size is in the rangefrom9 nm to 30 nmTheXRDpatterns confirm that the com-positions are single phase and form cubic spinel structureThe lattice parameter increases linearly with increasing Licontent and obeys Vegardrsquos law The study of microstructureshows that grain size increases with increasing Li contentThe bulk density decreases with increasing Li substitutionin Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites The real part of initial
permeability increases with increase of Li content for a fixedsintering temperature This result may be explained withthe help of average grain size The highest 1205831015840
119894was found
55 for 119909 = 044 which is three times greater than thatof parent composition It was also observed that the reso-nance frequency 119891
119903 and real part of initial permeability 1205831015840
119894
are inversely proportional which confirms Snoekrsquos relation1198911199031205831015840
119894= constant
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the BUET authority for providingfinancial support for this research The authors are alsothankful to the authority of BCSIR for using their equipment
References
[1] M Suda M Nakagawa T Iyoda and Y Einaga ldquoReversiblephotoswitching of ferromagnetic FePt nanoparticles at roomtemperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Society vol 129no 17 pp 5538ndash5543 2007
[2] B O Regan and M Gratzel ldquoA low-cost high-efficiency solarcell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO
2filmsrdquo Nature vol
353 pp 737ndash740 1991[3] M Shinkai ldquoFunctional magnetic particles for medical applica-
tionrdquo Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering vol 94 no 6 pp606ndash613 2002
[4] C C Berry and A S G Curtis ldquoFunctionalisation of mag-netic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicinerdquo Journal ofPhysics D vol 36 no 13 article R198 2003
[5] S Mornet S Vasseur F Grasset and E Duguet ldquoMagneticnanoparticle design for medical diagnosis and therapyrdquo Journalof Materials Chemistry vol 14 no 14 pp 2161ndash2175 2004
[6] C Corot P Robert J M Idee and M Port ldquoRecent advancesin iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imagingrdquoAdvanced Drug Delivery Reviews vol 58 no 14 pp 1471ndash15042006
[7] J-F Berret N Schonbeck F Gazeau et al ldquoControlled clus-tering of superparamagnetic nanoparticles using block copoly-mers design of new contrast agents for magnetic resonanceimagingrdquo Journal of the American Chemical Society vol 128 no5 pp 1755ndash1761 2006
[8] C Sun R Size and M Zhang ldquoFolic acid-PEG conjugatedsuperparamagnetic nanoparticles for targeted cellular uptakeand detection byMRIrdquo Journal of BiomedicalMaterials ResearchA vol 78 no 3 pp 550ndash557 2006
[9] R Y Hong B Feng L L Chen GH Li Y Zeng andD GWeildquoSynthesis characterization and MRI application of dextran-coated Fe
3O4magnetic nanoparticlesrdquo Biochemical Engineering
Journal vol 42 no 3 pp 290ndash300 2008[10] N M Deraz and S Shaban ldquoOptimization of catalytic surface
and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline manganese ferriterdquoJournal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis vol 86 pp 173ndash1792009
[11] M A Ahmed N Okasha and M M El-Sayed ldquoEnhancementof the physical properties of rare-earth-substituted Mn-Znferrites prepared by flash methodrdquo Ceramics International vol33 no 1 pp 49ndash58 2007
[12] Q M Wei J-B Li Y-J Chen and Y-S Han ldquoX-ray studyof cation distribution in NiMn
1minus119909Fe2minus119909
O4ferritesrdquo Materials
Characterization vol 47 no 3-4 pp 247ndash252 2001[13] MHMahmoudHHHamdeh J CHoM J OrsquoShea and J C
Walker ldquoMoessbauer studies of manganese ferrite fine particlesprocessed by ball-millingrdquo Journal of Magnetism and MagneticMaterials vol 220 no 2 pp 139ndash146 2000
[14] M Muroi R Street P G McCormick and J AmighianldquoMagnetic properties of ultrafine MnFe
2O4powders prepared
bymechanochemical processingrdquo Physical Review B vol 63 no18 Article ID 184414 2001
[15] C Li and Z J Zhang ldquoSize-dependent superparamagneticproperties of Mn spinel ferrite nanoparticles synthesized fromreversemicellesrdquoChemistry ofMaterials vol 13 no 6 pp 2092ndash2096 2001
[16] M HMahmoud C MWilliams J Cai I Siu and J CWalkerldquoInvestigation of Mn-ferrite films produced by pulsed laserdepositionrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials vol261 no 3 pp 314ndash318 2003
[17] C Alvani G Ennas A La Barbera GMarongiu F Padella andF Varsano ldquoSynthesis and characterization of nanocrystallineMnFe
2O4 advances in thermochemical water splittingrdquo Inter-
national Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 30 no 13-14 pp 1407ndash1411 2005
[18] D Carta M F Casula A Falqui et al ldquoA structural and mag-netic investigation of the inversion degree in ferrite nanocrys-tals MFe
2O4(M = Mn Co Ni)rdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry
C vol 113 no 20 pp 8606ndash8615 2009[19] Y Liu Y Zhang J D Feng C F Li J Shi andR Xiong ldquoDepen-
dence of magnetic properties on crystallite size of CoFe2O4
nanoparticles synthesised by auto-combustion methodrdquo Jour-nal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 4 no 2 pp 159ndash168 2009
[20] C Cannas A Musinu D Peddis and G Piccaluga ldquoSynthesisand characterization of CoFe
2O4nanoparticles dispersed in a
silica matrix by a sol-gel autocombustion methodrdquo Chemistryof Materials vol 18 no 16 pp 3835ndash3842 2006
[21] C Cannas A Falqui A Musinu D Peddis and G PiccalugaldquoCoFe
2O4nanocrystalline powders prepared by citrate-gel
methods synthesis structure andmagnetic propertiesrdquo Journalof Nanoparticle Research vol 8 no 2 pp 255ndash267 2006
[22] LJ Zhao HJ Zhang Y Xing et al ldquoStudies on the magnetismof cobalt ferrite nanocrystals synthesized by hydrothermalmethodrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 181 no 2 pp 245ndash252 2008
[23] Q Liu JH Sun HR Long XQ Sun XJ Zhong and ZXu ldquoHydrothermal synthesis of CoFe
2O4nanoplatelets and
nanoparticlesrdquoMaterials Chemistry and Physics vol 108 no 2-3 pp 269ndash273 2008
[24] S R Ahmed S B Ogale G C Papaefthymiou R Rameshand P Kofinas ldquoMagnetic properties of CoFe
2O4nanoparticles
Indian Journal of Materials Science 7
synthesized through a block copolymer nanoreactor routerdquoApplied Physics Letters vol 80 no 9 pp 1616ndash1618 2002
[25] I Brigger C Dubernet and P Couvreur ldquoNanoparticles incancer therapy and diagnosisrdquoAdvancedDrugDelivery Reviewsvol 54 no 5 pp 631ndash651 2002
[26] R Arulmurugan G Vaidyanathan S Sendhilnathan and BJeyadevan ldquoMn-Zn ferrite nanoparticles for ferrofluid prepa-ration study on thermal-magnetic propertiesrdquo Journal of Mag-netism and Magnetic Materials vol 298 no 2 pp 83ndash94 2006
[27] J B Haun T J Yoon H Lee and R Weissleder ldquoMagneticnanoparticle biosensorsrdquoWiley Interdisciplinary Reviews vol 2no 3 pp 291ndash304 2010
[28] N M Deraz and A Alarifi ldquoControlled synthesis physic-ochemical and magnetic properties of nano-crystalline Mnferrite systemrdquo International Journal of Electrochemical Sciencevol 7 pp 5534ndash5543 2012
[29] M I Mendelson ldquoAverage grain size in polycrystalline ceram-icsrdquo Journal of the American Ceramic Society vol 52 no 8 pp443ndash446 1969
[30] C Rath S Anand R P Das et al ldquoDependence on cationdistribution of particle size lattice parameter and magneticproperties in nanosize Mn-Zn ferriterdquo Journal of AppliedPhysics vol 91 no 4 article 2211 2002
[31] J B Nelson and D P Riley ldquoAn experimental investigation ofextrapolation methods in the derivation of accurate unit-celldimensions of crystalsrdquo Proceedings of the Physical Society vol57 no 3 pp 160ndash177 1945
[32] L Vegard ldquoThe constitution of mixed crystal and the spaceoccupied by atomrdquo Zeitschrift fur Physik no 17 pp 17ndash26 1921
[33] M J Winter University of Sheffield Yorkshire UK 1995ndash2006httpwwwwebelementscom
[34] B D Cullity Elements of X-Ray Diffraction Addison-WesleyReading Mass USA 3rd edition 1972
[35] A Globus P Duplex and G M Guyot ldquoDetermination ofinitial magnetization curve from crystallites size and effectiveanisotropy fieldrdquo IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol 7 no 3pp 617ndash622 1971
[36] J L Snoek ldquoDispersion and absorption in magnetic ferrites atfrequencies above one Mcsrdquo Physica vol 17 no 4 pp 207ndash2171948
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
2 Indian Journal of Materials Science
and fine nanosized powders were precipitatedThese powderswere crushed and ground thoroughlyThe fine powders of thecomposition were then calcined at 900∘C for 5 h for the finalformation of Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites nanoparti-
cles Then the fine powders were granulated using polyvinylalcohol (PVA) as a binder and pressed uniaxially into disk-shaped (about 13mm outer diameter 15mmndash20mm thick-ness) and toroid-shaped (about 13mm outer diameter about65mm inner diameter and 2mm thickness) samples Thesamples prepared from each composition were sintered at1200∘C for 1 hour in air The temperature ranges for sinteringwas maintained at 5∘Cmin for heating and 10∘Cmin forcooling All sintered samples were polished and thermaletchingwas performed X-ray diffractionwas carried outwithan X-ray diffractometer (Model D8 Advance Bruker AXS)for each sample For this purpose monochromatic Cu-K
120572
radiation was used The lattice parameter for each peak ofeach sample was calculated by using the formula
1198860= 119889radicℎ2 + 1198962 + 1198972 (1)
where ℎ 119896 and 119897 are the indices of the crystal planesTo determine the exact lattice parameter for each sampleNelson-Riley method was used The Nelson-Riley function119865(120579) is given as
119865 (120579) =1
2[(
Cos2120579Sin 120579
) + (Cos2120579120579
)] (2)
The values of lattice constant ldquo119886rdquo of all the peaks for asample are plotted against 119865(120579) Then using a least-squarefit method exact lattice parameter ldquo119886
119900rdquo was determined The
point where the least-square fit straight line cuts the 119910-axis(ie at 119865(120579) = 0 or 120579 = 90∘) is the actual lattice parameter ofthe sample
The physical or bulk densities 120588119861of the samples were
determined by Archimedes principle with water mediumusing the following expression
120588119861=
119882120588
119882 minus1198821015840gcm3 (3)
where119882 is the weight of the sample in air1198821015840 is the weight ofthe sample in the water and 120588 is the density of water in roomtemperature
The theoretical density 120588th was calculated using thefollowing expression
120588th =8119872
1198731198601198863119900
gcm3 (4)
where119873119860is Avogadrorsquos number (602 times 1023molminus1) and119872 is
the molecular weightThe optical micrographs for various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites have been taken by using high-resolution
optical microscope (Model NMM-800TRF) Average grainsizes of all samples were determined from optical micro-graphs by linear intercept technique [29] The frequency-dependent initial permeability for each sample wasmeasuredby using aWayne Kerr Impedance Analyzer (Model 6500B)
The complex permeability measurement on toroid-shapedsamples was carried out at room temperature in frequencyrange 10KHzndash100MHz Both the 1205831015840
119894and 12058310158401015840
119894of the complex
permeability were calculated using the following relations
1205831015840
119894=119871119904
1198710
12058310158401015840
119894= 1205831015840
119894tan 120575
(5)
where 119871119904is the self-inductance of the sample core and
1198710= 1205831199001198732
119878120587119889 is derived geometrically Here 1198710is the
inductance of the winding coil without the sample core 119873is the number of turns of the coil (119873 = 5) and 119878 is the area ofcross-section of the toroidal sample as follows
119878 = 119889 times ℎ (6)
where 119889 = (1198892minus 1198891)2 119889
1= inner diameter 119889
2= outer
diameter ℎ = Height and 119889 is the mean diameter of thetoroidal sample as follows
119889 =1198891+ 1198892
2 (7)
The Loss factor tan 120575 was determined from the ratio(= 120583101584010158401198941205831015840119894)
3 Results and Discussion
31 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis The XRD analysis was per-formed to verify the formation of spinel structure of var-ious Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites in which Mn2+ is
replaced with Li+ and Fe3+ The XRD patterns of these Li+-substituted Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4(with 119909 = 000 010
020 030 040 and 044) ferrites sintered at 1200∘C in airfor 1 h are shown in Figure 1 The patterns indicated thatthese materials have a well-defined single crystalline phaseand formation of cubic spinel structure for each compositionAnalyzing the XRD patterns it is observed that the positionsof the peaks comply with the reported value [30] and sometraces of raw materials were found for 119909 = 000 119909 = 010 and119909 = 020 and 119909 = 030)
32 Lattice Constant The values of lattice constant obtainedfrom each plane are plotted against Nelson-Riley function[31] The values of lattice constant were estimated from theextrapolation of these lines to 119865(120579) = 0 or 120579 = 90
∘ Itis noticed from Figure 2 that 119886
0increases with the increase
of Li+ content in Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4(with 119909 = 000
010 020 030 040 and 044) ferrites Values of 1198860for
various Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites are presented in
Table 2 The increase in 1198860with Li content indicates that the
present system obeys Vegardrsquos law [32]This increase of 1198860can
be attributed to the ionic sizeThe ionic radius of Li+ (076 A)is greater than that ofMn2+ (067 A) [29 33]When the largerLi+and Fe3+ ions enter the lattice the unit cell expands whilepreserving the overall cubic symmetry
Indian Journal of Materials Science 3
20 30 40 50 60
MnO
(440
)
(511
)
(422
)
(400
)
(311
)
(220
)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
2120579 (deg)
Fe2O3
Fe2O3
Fe2O3
Fe2O3
x = 044
x = 040
x = 030
x = 020
x = 010
x = 000
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
Figure 1 The X-ray diffraction patterns for various Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
33 Average Particle Size The average particle size wasestimated by using Debye-Scherrer [34] formula from thebroadening of the highest intensity peaks (311) of XRDpatterns
119863 =09120582
120573 cos 120579 (8)
where 119863 is the average particle size 120582 is the wavelengthof the radiation used as the primary beam of Cu-K
120572(120582 =
154178 A) 120579 is the angle of the incident beam in degreeand 120573 is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of thefundamental reflection (311) in radian of the FCC ferritesphase Debye-Scherer formula assumes approximation andgives the average particle size if the grain size distribution isnarrow and strain-induced effects are quite negligible
Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites sintered at 1200∘C for 1 h where (311) peak
is shown in expanded form to understand the variationof FWHM of the Bragg peaks with the Li content FromFigure 3 it is seen that the value of FWHM decreases withthe increase of lithium contentThe particle size of the sampleis inversely proportional to FWHM according to Debye-Scherrer formula The observed particle size is in the rangefrom 9 to 30 nm which has been listed in Table 1
34 Theoretical and Bulk Density The values of 120588th and 120588119861
for the various Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites (with 119909 =
000 010 020 030 040 and 044) are tabulated in Table 2It is noticed from Figure 4 that both 120588th and 120588119861 decrease withthe increase of Li substitution in Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
ferrites for constant sintering temperatureThis phenomenoncould be explained in terms of the atomic weightThe atomicweight of Mn (5494 amu) is greater than that of combinedatomic weight of the Li (6941 amu) and Fe (55845 amu)[33]
35 Microstructure The optical micrographs of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites (where 119909 = 000 119909 = 010 119909 = 020
119909=030119909=040 and119909=044) are shown in Figure 5 sintered
00 01 02 03 04 05
834
836
838
840
842
1860
1872
1884
1896
Li content x
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
Latti
ce co
nsta
nta
0(A
)
a0(A)
r-va
riant
(A)
r-variant (A)
Figure 2 Variation of lattice constant and 119903-variant with Li contentfor various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
345 350 355 360 365
Inte
nsity
(au
)
2120579 (deg)
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
Figure 3 XRD patterns of (311) peak with Li content for variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4nanoparticles
00 01 02 03 0442
45
48
51
54
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
Li content x
Den
sity120588
(gc
m3)
Ts = 1200∘C
120588th
120588B
Figure 4The variation of theoretical density and bulk density withLi content for various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
4 Indian Journal of Materials Science
50120583m 50120583m
50120583m 50120583m
50120583m 50120583m
x = 000 x = 010
x = 020 x = 030
x = 040 x = 044
Figure 5 The optical micrographs of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
at 1200∘CThe grain size (119863) is significantly dependent on Lisubstitution The 119863 increases with increasing Li substitutionfor fixed sintering temperature which is shown in Figure 5This is probably due to the lower melting temperature of Li(180∘C) compared toMn (1245∘C)The values of119863 for variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites are presented in Table 2
36 Complex Initial Permeability The compositional varia-tions of complex initial permeability spectra for the variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4samples sintered at 1200∘C are
shown in Figure 6 It is observed that the 1205831015840119894remains fairly
constant in the frequency range up to some critical frequencywhich is called resonance frequency 119891
119903 A sharp decrease
in 1205831015840119894and increase in 12058310158401015840
119894are observed above the 119891
119903 The
1205831015840
119894increases with the increase of Li+ content for various
Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4 On the other hand 119891
119903was
found to decrease with Li substitution It was observed that
1205831015840
119894of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites sintered at 1200∘C
increases from 18 to 55 Figure 7 shows both 1205831015840119894and 119863 as a
function of Li content for various Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
ferrites According to Globus and Duplex model [35] the1205831015840
119894can be explained as 1205831015840
119894= 119872
2
119904119863radic119870 where 119872
119904is
the saturation magnetization and 119870 is the magnetocrys-talline anisotropy constant This increase in permeability isexpected because grain size of all samples increases withLi content It is known that the mobility of domain walls isgreatly affected by the microstructure of ferrites Thereforein the present case variation of the initial permeability maybe influenced by its grain size
The variation of loss factor tan 120575 (= 120583101584010158401198941205831015840
119894) with
frequency for all samples has been studied Thevariation of initial loss with frequency for the variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4samples sintered at 1200∘C is
shown in Figure 8 At lower frequencies magnetic loss isobserved and remains constant up to a certain frequency
Indian Journal of Materials Science 5
15
30
45
60
Frequency (Hz)104 105 106 107 108
120583998400 i
Ts = 1200∘C
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
(a)
0
5
10
15
Frequency (Hz)106 107 108
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
120583998400998400 i
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
(b)
Figure 6 The 1205831015840119894and 12058310158401015840
119894for various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
ferrites sintered at 1200∘C as function of frequency
Table 1 Particle size and FWHM of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
nanoparticles
x FWHM (in degree) Particle size (nm)000 0015379 94010 000733 19020 0006109 23030 0004712 30040 0004887 30044 0005411 27
9MHz this frequency limit depends upon the sinteringtemperatures The lag of domain wall motion with respect
00 01 02 03 04 05
20
30
40
50
60
0
55
110
165
220
275
Grain size
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
120583998400 i
120583998400
i
Gra
in si
ze (120583
m)
Li content x
Ts = 1200∘C
Figure 7 The 1205831015840119894and grain size with Li content for various
Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
00
01
02
03
04
Loss
fact
or
Frequency (Hz)
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
Ts = 1200∘C
106 107 108
Figure 8 Loss factor as a function of frequency for variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
Table 2The lattice parameter density average grain size and initialpermeability of Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
x 119886119900(A) 120588th (gcm
3) 120588119861
(gcm3) D (120583m) 1205831015840
119894(at 10 KHz)
000 83370 532 482 1792 18010 83615 515 462 19 22020 83746 502 458 39 33030 83866 490 444 92 39040 84024 476 441 14545 50044 84091 456 430 29545 55
to the applied magnetic field is responsible for magneticloss and this is accredited to lattice imperfections [36] Athigher frequencies a rapid increase in loss factor is observedA resonance loss peak is shown in this rapid increase ofmagnetic loss At the resonance maximum energy transferoccurs from the applied field to the lattice which results inthe rapid increases in loss factor
6 Indian Journal of Materials Science
4 Conclusion
The Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4(119909 = 000 to 119909 = 044)
nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by the com-bustion technique The observed particle size is in the rangefrom9 nm to 30 nmTheXRDpatterns confirm that the com-positions are single phase and form cubic spinel structureThe lattice parameter increases linearly with increasing Licontent and obeys Vegardrsquos law The study of microstructureshows that grain size increases with increasing Li contentThe bulk density decreases with increasing Li substitutionin Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites The real part of initial
permeability increases with increase of Li content for a fixedsintering temperature This result may be explained withthe help of average grain size The highest 1205831015840
119894was found
55 for 119909 = 044 which is three times greater than thatof parent composition It was also observed that the reso-nance frequency 119891
119903 and real part of initial permeability 1205831015840
119894
are inversely proportional which confirms Snoekrsquos relation1198911199031205831015840
119894= constant
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the BUET authority for providingfinancial support for this research The authors are alsothankful to the authority of BCSIR for using their equipment
References
[1] M Suda M Nakagawa T Iyoda and Y Einaga ldquoReversiblephotoswitching of ferromagnetic FePt nanoparticles at roomtemperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Society vol 129no 17 pp 5538ndash5543 2007
[2] B O Regan and M Gratzel ldquoA low-cost high-efficiency solarcell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO
2filmsrdquo Nature vol
353 pp 737ndash740 1991[3] M Shinkai ldquoFunctional magnetic particles for medical applica-
tionrdquo Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering vol 94 no 6 pp606ndash613 2002
[4] C C Berry and A S G Curtis ldquoFunctionalisation of mag-netic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicinerdquo Journal ofPhysics D vol 36 no 13 article R198 2003
[5] S Mornet S Vasseur F Grasset and E Duguet ldquoMagneticnanoparticle design for medical diagnosis and therapyrdquo Journalof Materials Chemistry vol 14 no 14 pp 2161ndash2175 2004
[6] C Corot P Robert J M Idee and M Port ldquoRecent advancesin iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imagingrdquoAdvanced Drug Delivery Reviews vol 58 no 14 pp 1471ndash15042006
[7] J-F Berret N Schonbeck F Gazeau et al ldquoControlled clus-tering of superparamagnetic nanoparticles using block copoly-mers design of new contrast agents for magnetic resonanceimagingrdquo Journal of the American Chemical Society vol 128 no5 pp 1755ndash1761 2006
[8] C Sun R Size and M Zhang ldquoFolic acid-PEG conjugatedsuperparamagnetic nanoparticles for targeted cellular uptakeand detection byMRIrdquo Journal of BiomedicalMaterials ResearchA vol 78 no 3 pp 550ndash557 2006
[9] R Y Hong B Feng L L Chen GH Li Y Zeng andD GWeildquoSynthesis characterization and MRI application of dextran-coated Fe
3O4magnetic nanoparticlesrdquo Biochemical Engineering
Journal vol 42 no 3 pp 290ndash300 2008[10] N M Deraz and S Shaban ldquoOptimization of catalytic surface
and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline manganese ferriterdquoJournal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis vol 86 pp 173ndash1792009
[11] M A Ahmed N Okasha and M M El-Sayed ldquoEnhancementof the physical properties of rare-earth-substituted Mn-Znferrites prepared by flash methodrdquo Ceramics International vol33 no 1 pp 49ndash58 2007
[12] Q M Wei J-B Li Y-J Chen and Y-S Han ldquoX-ray studyof cation distribution in NiMn
1minus119909Fe2minus119909
O4ferritesrdquo Materials
Characterization vol 47 no 3-4 pp 247ndash252 2001[13] MHMahmoudHHHamdeh J CHoM J OrsquoShea and J C
Walker ldquoMoessbauer studies of manganese ferrite fine particlesprocessed by ball-millingrdquo Journal of Magnetism and MagneticMaterials vol 220 no 2 pp 139ndash146 2000
[14] M Muroi R Street P G McCormick and J AmighianldquoMagnetic properties of ultrafine MnFe
2O4powders prepared
bymechanochemical processingrdquo Physical Review B vol 63 no18 Article ID 184414 2001
[15] C Li and Z J Zhang ldquoSize-dependent superparamagneticproperties of Mn spinel ferrite nanoparticles synthesized fromreversemicellesrdquoChemistry ofMaterials vol 13 no 6 pp 2092ndash2096 2001
[16] M HMahmoud C MWilliams J Cai I Siu and J CWalkerldquoInvestigation of Mn-ferrite films produced by pulsed laserdepositionrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials vol261 no 3 pp 314ndash318 2003
[17] C Alvani G Ennas A La Barbera GMarongiu F Padella andF Varsano ldquoSynthesis and characterization of nanocrystallineMnFe
2O4 advances in thermochemical water splittingrdquo Inter-
national Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 30 no 13-14 pp 1407ndash1411 2005
[18] D Carta M F Casula A Falqui et al ldquoA structural and mag-netic investigation of the inversion degree in ferrite nanocrys-tals MFe
2O4(M = Mn Co Ni)rdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry
C vol 113 no 20 pp 8606ndash8615 2009[19] Y Liu Y Zhang J D Feng C F Li J Shi andR Xiong ldquoDepen-
dence of magnetic properties on crystallite size of CoFe2O4
nanoparticles synthesised by auto-combustion methodrdquo Jour-nal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 4 no 2 pp 159ndash168 2009
[20] C Cannas A Musinu D Peddis and G Piccaluga ldquoSynthesisand characterization of CoFe
2O4nanoparticles dispersed in a
silica matrix by a sol-gel autocombustion methodrdquo Chemistryof Materials vol 18 no 16 pp 3835ndash3842 2006
[21] C Cannas A Falqui A Musinu D Peddis and G PiccalugaldquoCoFe
2O4nanocrystalline powders prepared by citrate-gel
methods synthesis structure andmagnetic propertiesrdquo Journalof Nanoparticle Research vol 8 no 2 pp 255ndash267 2006
[22] LJ Zhao HJ Zhang Y Xing et al ldquoStudies on the magnetismof cobalt ferrite nanocrystals synthesized by hydrothermalmethodrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 181 no 2 pp 245ndash252 2008
[23] Q Liu JH Sun HR Long XQ Sun XJ Zhong and ZXu ldquoHydrothermal synthesis of CoFe
2O4nanoplatelets and
nanoparticlesrdquoMaterials Chemistry and Physics vol 108 no 2-3 pp 269ndash273 2008
[24] S R Ahmed S B Ogale G C Papaefthymiou R Rameshand P Kofinas ldquoMagnetic properties of CoFe
2O4nanoparticles
Indian Journal of Materials Science 7
synthesized through a block copolymer nanoreactor routerdquoApplied Physics Letters vol 80 no 9 pp 1616ndash1618 2002
[25] I Brigger C Dubernet and P Couvreur ldquoNanoparticles incancer therapy and diagnosisrdquoAdvancedDrugDelivery Reviewsvol 54 no 5 pp 631ndash651 2002
[26] R Arulmurugan G Vaidyanathan S Sendhilnathan and BJeyadevan ldquoMn-Zn ferrite nanoparticles for ferrofluid prepa-ration study on thermal-magnetic propertiesrdquo Journal of Mag-netism and Magnetic Materials vol 298 no 2 pp 83ndash94 2006
[27] J B Haun T J Yoon H Lee and R Weissleder ldquoMagneticnanoparticle biosensorsrdquoWiley Interdisciplinary Reviews vol 2no 3 pp 291ndash304 2010
[28] N M Deraz and A Alarifi ldquoControlled synthesis physic-ochemical and magnetic properties of nano-crystalline Mnferrite systemrdquo International Journal of Electrochemical Sciencevol 7 pp 5534ndash5543 2012
[29] M I Mendelson ldquoAverage grain size in polycrystalline ceram-icsrdquo Journal of the American Ceramic Society vol 52 no 8 pp443ndash446 1969
[30] C Rath S Anand R P Das et al ldquoDependence on cationdistribution of particle size lattice parameter and magneticproperties in nanosize Mn-Zn ferriterdquo Journal of AppliedPhysics vol 91 no 4 article 2211 2002
[31] J B Nelson and D P Riley ldquoAn experimental investigation ofextrapolation methods in the derivation of accurate unit-celldimensions of crystalsrdquo Proceedings of the Physical Society vol57 no 3 pp 160ndash177 1945
[32] L Vegard ldquoThe constitution of mixed crystal and the spaceoccupied by atomrdquo Zeitschrift fur Physik no 17 pp 17ndash26 1921
[33] M J Winter University of Sheffield Yorkshire UK 1995ndash2006httpwwwwebelementscom
[34] B D Cullity Elements of X-Ray Diffraction Addison-WesleyReading Mass USA 3rd edition 1972
[35] A Globus P Duplex and G M Guyot ldquoDetermination ofinitial magnetization curve from crystallites size and effectiveanisotropy fieldrdquo IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol 7 no 3pp 617ndash622 1971
[36] J L Snoek ldquoDispersion and absorption in magnetic ferrites atfrequencies above one Mcsrdquo Physica vol 17 no 4 pp 207ndash2171948
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
Indian Journal of Materials Science 3
20 30 40 50 60
MnO
(440
)
(511
)
(422
)
(400
)
(311
)
(220
)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
2120579 (deg)
Fe2O3
Fe2O3
Fe2O3
Fe2O3
x = 044
x = 040
x = 030
x = 020
x = 010
x = 000
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
Figure 1 The X-ray diffraction patterns for various Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
33 Average Particle Size The average particle size wasestimated by using Debye-Scherrer [34] formula from thebroadening of the highest intensity peaks (311) of XRDpatterns
119863 =09120582
120573 cos 120579 (8)
where 119863 is the average particle size 120582 is the wavelengthof the radiation used as the primary beam of Cu-K
120572(120582 =
154178 A) 120579 is the angle of the incident beam in degreeand 120573 is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of thefundamental reflection (311) in radian of the FCC ferritesphase Debye-Scherer formula assumes approximation andgives the average particle size if the grain size distribution isnarrow and strain-induced effects are quite negligible
Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites sintered at 1200∘C for 1 h where (311) peak
is shown in expanded form to understand the variationof FWHM of the Bragg peaks with the Li content FromFigure 3 it is seen that the value of FWHM decreases withthe increase of lithium contentThe particle size of the sampleis inversely proportional to FWHM according to Debye-Scherrer formula The observed particle size is in the rangefrom 9 to 30 nm which has been listed in Table 1
34 Theoretical and Bulk Density The values of 120588th and 120588119861
for the various Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites (with 119909 =
000 010 020 030 040 and 044) are tabulated in Table 2It is noticed from Figure 4 that both 120588th and 120588119861 decrease withthe increase of Li substitution in Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
ferrites for constant sintering temperatureThis phenomenoncould be explained in terms of the atomic weightThe atomicweight of Mn (5494 amu) is greater than that of combinedatomic weight of the Li (6941 amu) and Fe (55845 amu)[33]
35 Microstructure The optical micrographs of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites (where 119909 = 000 119909 = 010 119909 = 020
119909=030119909=040 and119909=044) are shown in Figure 5 sintered
00 01 02 03 04 05
834
836
838
840
842
1860
1872
1884
1896
Li content x
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
Latti
ce co
nsta
nta
0(A
)
a0(A)
r-va
riant
(A)
r-variant (A)
Figure 2 Variation of lattice constant and 119903-variant with Li contentfor various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
345 350 355 360 365
Inte
nsity
(au
)
2120579 (deg)
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
Figure 3 XRD patterns of (311) peak with Li content for variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4nanoparticles
00 01 02 03 0442
45
48
51
54
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
Li content x
Den
sity120588
(gc
m3)
Ts = 1200∘C
120588th
120588B
Figure 4The variation of theoretical density and bulk density withLi content for various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
4 Indian Journal of Materials Science
50120583m 50120583m
50120583m 50120583m
50120583m 50120583m
x = 000 x = 010
x = 020 x = 030
x = 040 x = 044
Figure 5 The optical micrographs of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
at 1200∘CThe grain size (119863) is significantly dependent on Lisubstitution The 119863 increases with increasing Li substitutionfor fixed sintering temperature which is shown in Figure 5This is probably due to the lower melting temperature of Li(180∘C) compared toMn (1245∘C)The values of119863 for variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites are presented in Table 2
36 Complex Initial Permeability The compositional varia-tions of complex initial permeability spectra for the variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4samples sintered at 1200∘C are
shown in Figure 6 It is observed that the 1205831015840119894remains fairly
constant in the frequency range up to some critical frequencywhich is called resonance frequency 119891
119903 A sharp decrease
in 1205831015840119894and increase in 12058310158401015840
119894are observed above the 119891
119903 The
1205831015840
119894increases with the increase of Li+ content for various
Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4 On the other hand 119891
119903was
found to decrease with Li substitution It was observed that
1205831015840
119894of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites sintered at 1200∘C
increases from 18 to 55 Figure 7 shows both 1205831015840119894and 119863 as a
function of Li content for various Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
ferrites According to Globus and Duplex model [35] the1205831015840
119894can be explained as 1205831015840
119894= 119872
2
119904119863radic119870 where 119872
119904is
the saturation magnetization and 119870 is the magnetocrys-talline anisotropy constant This increase in permeability isexpected because grain size of all samples increases withLi content It is known that the mobility of domain walls isgreatly affected by the microstructure of ferrites Thereforein the present case variation of the initial permeability maybe influenced by its grain size
The variation of loss factor tan 120575 (= 120583101584010158401198941205831015840
119894) with
frequency for all samples has been studied Thevariation of initial loss with frequency for the variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4samples sintered at 1200∘C is
shown in Figure 8 At lower frequencies magnetic loss isobserved and remains constant up to a certain frequency
Indian Journal of Materials Science 5
15
30
45
60
Frequency (Hz)104 105 106 107 108
120583998400 i
Ts = 1200∘C
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
(a)
0
5
10
15
Frequency (Hz)106 107 108
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
120583998400998400 i
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
(b)
Figure 6 The 1205831015840119894and 12058310158401015840
119894for various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
ferrites sintered at 1200∘C as function of frequency
Table 1 Particle size and FWHM of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
nanoparticles
x FWHM (in degree) Particle size (nm)000 0015379 94010 000733 19020 0006109 23030 0004712 30040 0004887 30044 0005411 27
9MHz this frequency limit depends upon the sinteringtemperatures The lag of domain wall motion with respect
00 01 02 03 04 05
20
30
40
50
60
0
55
110
165
220
275
Grain size
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
120583998400 i
120583998400
i
Gra
in si
ze (120583
m)
Li content x
Ts = 1200∘C
Figure 7 The 1205831015840119894and grain size with Li content for various
Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
00
01
02
03
04
Loss
fact
or
Frequency (Hz)
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
Ts = 1200∘C
106 107 108
Figure 8 Loss factor as a function of frequency for variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
Table 2The lattice parameter density average grain size and initialpermeability of Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
x 119886119900(A) 120588th (gcm
3) 120588119861
(gcm3) D (120583m) 1205831015840
119894(at 10 KHz)
000 83370 532 482 1792 18010 83615 515 462 19 22020 83746 502 458 39 33030 83866 490 444 92 39040 84024 476 441 14545 50044 84091 456 430 29545 55
to the applied magnetic field is responsible for magneticloss and this is accredited to lattice imperfections [36] Athigher frequencies a rapid increase in loss factor is observedA resonance loss peak is shown in this rapid increase ofmagnetic loss At the resonance maximum energy transferoccurs from the applied field to the lattice which results inthe rapid increases in loss factor
6 Indian Journal of Materials Science
4 Conclusion
The Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4(119909 = 000 to 119909 = 044)
nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by the com-bustion technique The observed particle size is in the rangefrom9 nm to 30 nmTheXRDpatterns confirm that the com-positions are single phase and form cubic spinel structureThe lattice parameter increases linearly with increasing Licontent and obeys Vegardrsquos law The study of microstructureshows that grain size increases with increasing Li contentThe bulk density decreases with increasing Li substitutionin Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites The real part of initial
permeability increases with increase of Li content for a fixedsintering temperature This result may be explained withthe help of average grain size The highest 1205831015840
119894was found
55 for 119909 = 044 which is three times greater than thatof parent composition It was also observed that the reso-nance frequency 119891
119903 and real part of initial permeability 1205831015840
119894
are inversely proportional which confirms Snoekrsquos relation1198911199031205831015840
119894= constant
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the BUET authority for providingfinancial support for this research The authors are alsothankful to the authority of BCSIR for using their equipment
References
[1] M Suda M Nakagawa T Iyoda and Y Einaga ldquoReversiblephotoswitching of ferromagnetic FePt nanoparticles at roomtemperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Society vol 129no 17 pp 5538ndash5543 2007
[2] B O Regan and M Gratzel ldquoA low-cost high-efficiency solarcell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO
2filmsrdquo Nature vol
353 pp 737ndash740 1991[3] M Shinkai ldquoFunctional magnetic particles for medical applica-
tionrdquo Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering vol 94 no 6 pp606ndash613 2002
[4] C C Berry and A S G Curtis ldquoFunctionalisation of mag-netic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicinerdquo Journal ofPhysics D vol 36 no 13 article R198 2003
[5] S Mornet S Vasseur F Grasset and E Duguet ldquoMagneticnanoparticle design for medical diagnosis and therapyrdquo Journalof Materials Chemistry vol 14 no 14 pp 2161ndash2175 2004
[6] C Corot P Robert J M Idee and M Port ldquoRecent advancesin iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imagingrdquoAdvanced Drug Delivery Reviews vol 58 no 14 pp 1471ndash15042006
[7] J-F Berret N Schonbeck F Gazeau et al ldquoControlled clus-tering of superparamagnetic nanoparticles using block copoly-mers design of new contrast agents for magnetic resonanceimagingrdquo Journal of the American Chemical Society vol 128 no5 pp 1755ndash1761 2006
[8] C Sun R Size and M Zhang ldquoFolic acid-PEG conjugatedsuperparamagnetic nanoparticles for targeted cellular uptakeand detection byMRIrdquo Journal of BiomedicalMaterials ResearchA vol 78 no 3 pp 550ndash557 2006
[9] R Y Hong B Feng L L Chen GH Li Y Zeng andD GWeildquoSynthesis characterization and MRI application of dextran-coated Fe
3O4magnetic nanoparticlesrdquo Biochemical Engineering
Journal vol 42 no 3 pp 290ndash300 2008[10] N M Deraz and S Shaban ldquoOptimization of catalytic surface
and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline manganese ferriterdquoJournal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis vol 86 pp 173ndash1792009
[11] M A Ahmed N Okasha and M M El-Sayed ldquoEnhancementof the physical properties of rare-earth-substituted Mn-Znferrites prepared by flash methodrdquo Ceramics International vol33 no 1 pp 49ndash58 2007
[12] Q M Wei J-B Li Y-J Chen and Y-S Han ldquoX-ray studyof cation distribution in NiMn
1minus119909Fe2minus119909
O4ferritesrdquo Materials
Characterization vol 47 no 3-4 pp 247ndash252 2001[13] MHMahmoudHHHamdeh J CHoM J OrsquoShea and J C
Walker ldquoMoessbauer studies of manganese ferrite fine particlesprocessed by ball-millingrdquo Journal of Magnetism and MagneticMaterials vol 220 no 2 pp 139ndash146 2000
[14] M Muroi R Street P G McCormick and J AmighianldquoMagnetic properties of ultrafine MnFe
2O4powders prepared
bymechanochemical processingrdquo Physical Review B vol 63 no18 Article ID 184414 2001
[15] C Li and Z J Zhang ldquoSize-dependent superparamagneticproperties of Mn spinel ferrite nanoparticles synthesized fromreversemicellesrdquoChemistry ofMaterials vol 13 no 6 pp 2092ndash2096 2001
[16] M HMahmoud C MWilliams J Cai I Siu and J CWalkerldquoInvestigation of Mn-ferrite films produced by pulsed laserdepositionrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials vol261 no 3 pp 314ndash318 2003
[17] C Alvani G Ennas A La Barbera GMarongiu F Padella andF Varsano ldquoSynthesis and characterization of nanocrystallineMnFe
2O4 advances in thermochemical water splittingrdquo Inter-
national Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 30 no 13-14 pp 1407ndash1411 2005
[18] D Carta M F Casula A Falqui et al ldquoA structural and mag-netic investigation of the inversion degree in ferrite nanocrys-tals MFe
2O4(M = Mn Co Ni)rdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry
C vol 113 no 20 pp 8606ndash8615 2009[19] Y Liu Y Zhang J D Feng C F Li J Shi andR Xiong ldquoDepen-
dence of magnetic properties on crystallite size of CoFe2O4
nanoparticles synthesised by auto-combustion methodrdquo Jour-nal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 4 no 2 pp 159ndash168 2009
[20] C Cannas A Musinu D Peddis and G Piccaluga ldquoSynthesisand characterization of CoFe
2O4nanoparticles dispersed in a
silica matrix by a sol-gel autocombustion methodrdquo Chemistryof Materials vol 18 no 16 pp 3835ndash3842 2006
[21] C Cannas A Falqui A Musinu D Peddis and G PiccalugaldquoCoFe
2O4nanocrystalline powders prepared by citrate-gel
methods synthesis structure andmagnetic propertiesrdquo Journalof Nanoparticle Research vol 8 no 2 pp 255ndash267 2006
[22] LJ Zhao HJ Zhang Y Xing et al ldquoStudies on the magnetismof cobalt ferrite nanocrystals synthesized by hydrothermalmethodrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 181 no 2 pp 245ndash252 2008
[23] Q Liu JH Sun HR Long XQ Sun XJ Zhong and ZXu ldquoHydrothermal synthesis of CoFe
2O4nanoplatelets and
nanoparticlesrdquoMaterials Chemistry and Physics vol 108 no 2-3 pp 269ndash273 2008
[24] S R Ahmed S B Ogale G C Papaefthymiou R Rameshand P Kofinas ldquoMagnetic properties of CoFe
2O4nanoparticles
Indian Journal of Materials Science 7
synthesized through a block copolymer nanoreactor routerdquoApplied Physics Letters vol 80 no 9 pp 1616ndash1618 2002
[25] I Brigger C Dubernet and P Couvreur ldquoNanoparticles incancer therapy and diagnosisrdquoAdvancedDrugDelivery Reviewsvol 54 no 5 pp 631ndash651 2002
[26] R Arulmurugan G Vaidyanathan S Sendhilnathan and BJeyadevan ldquoMn-Zn ferrite nanoparticles for ferrofluid prepa-ration study on thermal-magnetic propertiesrdquo Journal of Mag-netism and Magnetic Materials vol 298 no 2 pp 83ndash94 2006
[27] J B Haun T J Yoon H Lee and R Weissleder ldquoMagneticnanoparticle biosensorsrdquoWiley Interdisciplinary Reviews vol 2no 3 pp 291ndash304 2010
[28] N M Deraz and A Alarifi ldquoControlled synthesis physic-ochemical and magnetic properties of nano-crystalline Mnferrite systemrdquo International Journal of Electrochemical Sciencevol 7 pp 5534ndash5543 2012
[29] M I Mendelson ldquoAverage grain size in polycrystalline ceram-icsrdquo Journal of the American Ceramic Society vol 52 no 8 pp443ndash446 1969
[30] C Rath S Anand R P Das et al ldquoDependence on cationdistribution of particle size lattice parameter and magneticproperties in nanosize Mn-Zn ferriterdquo Journal of AppliedPhysics vol 91 no 4 article 2211 2002
[31] J B Nelson and D P Riley ldquoAn experimental investigation ofextrapolation methods in the derivation of accurate unit-celldimensions of crystalsrdquo Proceedings of the Physical Society vol57 no 3 pp 160ndash177 1945
[32] L Vegard ldquoThe constitution of mixed crystal and the spaceoccupied by atomrdquo Zeitschrift fur Physik no 17 pp 17ndash26 1921
[33] M J Winter University of Sheffield Yorkshire UK 1995ndash2006httpwwwwebelementscom
[34] B D Cullity Elements of X-Ray Diffraction Addison-WesleyReading Mass USA 3rd edition 1972
[35] A Globus P Duplex and G M Guyot ldquoDetermination ofinitial magnetization curve from crystallites size and effectiveanisotropy fieldrdquo IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol 7 no 3pp 617ndash622 1971
[36] J L Snoek ldquoDispersion and absorption in magnetic ferrites atfrequencies above one Mcsrdquo Physica vol 17 no 4 pp 207ndash2171948
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
4 Indian Journal of Materials Science
50120583m 50120583m
50120583m 50120583m
50120583m 50120583m
x = 000 x = 010
x = 020 x = 030
x = 040 x = 044
Figure 5 The optical micrographs of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
at 1200∘CThe grain size (119863) is significantly dependent on Lisubstitution The 119863 increases with increasing Li substitutionfor fixed sintering temperature which is shown in Figure 5This is probably due to the lower melting temperature of Li(180∘C) compared toMn (1245∘C)The values of119863 for variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites are presented in Table 2
36 Complex Initial Permeability The compositional varia-tions of complex initial permeability spectra for the variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4samples sintered at 1200∘C are
shown in Figure 6 It is observed that the 1205831015840119894remains fairly
constant in the frequency range up to some critical frequencywhich is called resonance frequency 119891
119903 A sharp decrease
in 1205831015840119894and increase in 12058310158401015840
119894are observed above the 119891
119903 The
1205831015840
119894increases with the increase of Li+ content for various
Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4 On the other hand 119891
119903was
found to decrease with Li substitution It was observed that
1205831015840
119894of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites sintered at 1200∘C
increases from 18 to 55 Figure 7 shows both 1205831015840119894and 119863 as a
function of Li content for various Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
ferrites According to Globus and Duplex model [35] the1205831015840
119894can be explained as 1205831015840
119894= 119872
2
119904119863radic119870 where 119872
119904is
the saturation magnetization and 119870 is the magnetocrys-talline anisotropy constant This increase in permeability isexpected because grain size of all samples increases withLi content It is known that the mobility of domain walls isgreatly affected by the microstructure of ferrites Thereforein the present case variation of the initial permeability maybe influenced by its grain size
The variation of loss factor tan 120575 (= 120583101584010158401198941205831015840
119894) with
frequency for all samples has been studied Thevariation of initial loss with frequency for the variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4samples sintered at 1200∘C is
shown in Figure 8 At lower frequencies magnetic loss isobserved and remains constant up to a certain frequency
Indian Journal of Materials Science 5
15
30
45
60
Frequency (Hz)104 105 106 107 108
120583998400 i
Ts = 1200∘C
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
(a)
0
5
10
15
Frequency (Hz)106 107 108
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
120583998400998400 i
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
(b)
Figure 6 The 1205831015840119894and 12058310158401015840
119894for various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
ferrites sintered at 1200∘C as function of frequency
Table 1 Particle size and FWHM of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
nanoparticles
x FWHM (in degree) Particle size (nm)000 0015379 94010 000733 19020 0006109 23030 0004712 30040 0004887 30044 0005411 27
9MHz this frequency limit depends upon the sinteringtemperatures The lag of domain wall motion with respect
00 01 02 03 04 05
20
30
40
50
60
0
55
110
165
220
275
Grain size
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
120583998400 i
120583998400
i
Gra
in si
ze (120583
m)
Li content x
Ts = 1200∘C
Figure 7 The 1205831015840119894and grain size with Li content for various
Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
00
01
02
03
04
Loss
fact
or
Frequency (Hz)
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
Ts = 1200∘C
106 107 108
Figure 8 Loss factor as a function of frequency for variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
Table 2The lattice parameter density average grain size and initialpermeability of Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
x 119886119900(A) 120588th (gcm
3) 120588119861
(gcm3) D (120583m) 1205831015840
119894(at 10 KHz)
000 83370 532 482 1792 18010 83615 515 462 19 22020 83746 502 458 39 33030 83866 490 444 92 39040 84024 476 441 14545 50044 84091 456 430 29545 55
to the applied magnetic field is responsible for magneticloss and this is accredited to lattice imperfections [36] Athigher frequencies a rapid increase in loss factor is observedA resonance loss peak is shown in this rapid increase ofmagnetic loss At the resonance maximum energy transferoccurs from the applied field to the lattice which results inthe rapid increases in loss factor
6 Indian Journal of Materials Science
4 Conclusion
The Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4(119909 = 000 to 119909 = 044)
nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by the com-bustion technique The observed particle size is in the rangefrom9 nm to 30 nmTheXRDpatterns confirm that the com-positions are single phase and form cubic spinel structureThe lattice parameter increases linearly with increasing Licontent and obeys Vegardrsquos law The study of microstructureshows that grain size increases with increasing Li contentThe bulk density decreases with increasing Li substitutionin Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites The real part of initial
permeability increases with increase of Li content for a fixedsintering temperature This result may be explained withthe help of average grain size The highest 1205831015840
119894was found
55 for 119909 = 044 which is three times greater than thatof parent composition It was also observed that the reso-nance frequency 119891
119903 and real part of initial permeability 1205831015840
119894
are inversely proportional which confirms Snoekrsquos relation1198911199031205831015840
119894= constant
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the BUET authority for providingfinancial support for this research The authors are alsothankful to the authority of BCSIR for using their equipment
References
[1] M Suda M Nakagawa T Iyoda and Y Einaga ldquoReversiblephotoswitching of ferromagnetic FePt nanoparticles at roomtemperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Society vol 129no 17 pp 5538ndash5543 2007
[2] B O Regan and M Gratzel ldquoA low-cost high-efficiency solarcell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO
2filmsrdquo Nature vol
353 pp 737ndash740 1991[3] M Shinkai ldquoFunctional magnetic particles for medical applica-
tionrdquo Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering vol 94 no 6 pp606ndash613 2002
[4] C C Berry and A S G Curtis ldquoFunctionalisation of mag-netic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicinerdquo Journal ofPhysics D vol 36 no 13 article R198 2003
[5] S Mornet S Vasseur F Grasset and E Duguet ldquoMagneticnanoparticle design for medical diagnosis and therapyrdquo Journalof Materials Chemistry vol 14 no 14 pp 2161ndash2175 2004
[6] C Corot P Robert J M Idee and M Port ldquoRecent advancesin iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imagingrdquoAdvanced Drug Delivery Reviews vol 58 no 14 pp 1471ndash15042006
[7] J-F Berret N Schonbeck F Gazeau et al ldquoControlled clus-tering of superparamagnetic nanoparticles using block copoly-mers design of new contrast agents for magnetic resonanceimagingrdquo Journal of the American Chemical Society vol 128 no5 pp 1755ndash1761 2006
[8] C Sun R Size and M Zhang ldquoFolic acid-PEG conjugatedsuperparamagnetic nanoparticles for targeted cellular uptakeand detection byMRIrdquo Journal of BiomedicalMaterials ResearchA vol 78 no 3 pp 550ndash557 2006
[9] R Y Hong B Feng L L Chen GH Li Y Zeng andD GWeildquoSynthesis characterization and MRI application of dextran-coated Fe
3O4magnetic nanoparticlesrdquo Biochemical Engineering
Journal vol 42 no 3 pp 290ndash300 2008[10] N M Deraz and S Shaban ldquoOptimization of catalytic surface
and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline manganese ferriterdquoJournal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis vol 86 pp 173ndash1792009
[11] M A Ahmed N Okasha and M M El-Sayed ldquoEnhancementof the physical properties of rare-earth-substituted Mn-Znferrites prepared by flash methodrdquo Ceramics International vol33 no 1 pp 49ndash58 2007
[12] Q M Wei J-B Li Y-J Chen and Y-S Han ldquoX-ray studyof cation distribution in NiMn
1minus119909Fe2minus119909
O4ferritesrdquo Materials
Characterization vol 47 no 3-4 pp 247ndash252 2001[13] MHMahmoudHHHamdeh J CHoM J OrsquoShea and J C
Walker ldquoMoessbauer studies of manganese ferrite fine particlesprocessed by ball-millingrdquo Journal of Magnetism and MagneticMaterials vol 220 no 2 pp 139ndash146 2000
[14] M Muroi R Street P G McCormick and J AmighianldquoMagnetic properties of ultrafine MnFe
2O4powders prepared
bymechanochemical processingrdquo Physical Review B vol 63 no18 Article ID 184414 2001
[15] C Li and Z J Zhang ldquoSize-dependent superparamagneticproperties of Mn spinel ferrite nanoparticles synthesized fromreversemicellesrdquoChemistry ofMaterials vol 13 no 6 pp 2092ndash2096 2001
[16] M HMahmoud C MWilliams J Cai I Siu and J CWalkerldquoInvestigation of Mn-ferrite films produced by pulsed laserdepositionrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials vol261 no 3 pp 314ndash318 2003
[17] C Alvani G Ennas A La Barbera GMarongiu F Padella andF Varsano ldquoSynthesis and characterization of nanocrystallineMnFe
2O4 advances in thermochemical water splittingrdquo Inter-
national Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 30 no 13-14 pp 1407ndash1411 2005
[18] D Carta M F Casula A Falqui et al ldquoA structural and mag-netic investigation of the inversion degree in ferrite nanocrys-tals MFe
2O4(M = Mn Co Ni)rdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry
C vol 113 no 20 pp 8606ndash8615 2009[19] Y Liu Y Zhang J D Feng C F Li J Shi andR Xiong ldquoDepen-
dence of magnetic properties on crystallite size of CoFe2O4
nanoparticles synthesised by auto-combustion methodrdquo Jour-nal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 4 no 2 pp 159ndash168 2009
[20] C Cannas A Musinu D Peddis and G Piccaluga ldquoSynthesisand characterization of CoFe
2O4nanoparticles dispersed in a
silica matrix by a sol-gel autocombustion methodrdquo Chemistryof Materials vol 18 no 16 pp 3835ndash3842 2006
[21] C Cannas A Falqui A Musinu D Peddis and G PiccalugaldquoCoFe
2O4nanocrystalline powders prepared by citrate-gel
methods synthesis structure andmagnetic propertiesrdquo Journalof Nanoparticle Research vol 8 no 2 pp 255ndash267 2006
[22] LJ Zhao HJ Zhang Y Xing et al ldquoStudies on the magnetismof cobalt ferrite nanocrystals synthesized by hydrothermalmethodrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 181 no 2 pp 245ndash252 2008
[23] Q Liu JH Sun HR Long XQ Sun XJ Zhong and ZXu ldquoHydrothermal synthesis of CoFe
2O4nanoplatelets and
nanoparticlesrdquoMaterials Chemistry and Physics vol 108 no 2-3 pp 269ndash273 2008
[24] S R Ahmed S B Ogale G C Papaefthymiou R Rameshand P Kofinas ldquoMagnetic properties of CoFe
2O4nanoparticles
Indian Journal of Materials Science 7
synthesized through a block copolymer nanoreactor routerdquoApplied Physics Letters vol 80 no 9 pp 1616ndash1618 2002
[25] I Brigger C Dubernet and P Couvreur ldquoNanoparticles incancer therapy and diagnosisrdquoAdvancedDrugDelivery Reviewsvol 54 no 5 pp 631ndash651 2002
[26] R Arulmurugan G Vaidyanathan S Sendhilnathan and BJeyadevan ldquoMn-Zn ferrite nanoparticles for ferrofluid prepa-ration study on thermal-magnetic propertiesrdquo Journal of Mag-netism and Magnetic Materials vol 298 no 2 pp 83ndash94 2006
[27] J B Haun T J Yoon H Lee and R Weissleder ldquoMagneticnanoparticle biosensorsrdquoWiley Interdisciplinary Reviews vol 2no 3 pp 291ndash304 2010
[28] N M Deraz and A Alarifi ldquoControlled synthesis physic-ochemical and magnetic properties of nano-crystalline Mnferrite systemrdquo International Journal of Electrochemical Sciencevol 7 pp 5534ndash5543 2012
[29] M I Mendelson ldquoAverage grain size in polycrystalline ceram-icsrdquo Journal of the American Ceramic Society vol 52 no 8 pp443ndash446 1969
[30] C Rath S Anand R P Das et al ldquoDependence on cationdistribution of particle size lattice parameter and magneticproperties in nanosize Mn-Zn ferriterdquo Journal of AppliedPhysics vol 91 no 4 article 2211 2002
[31] J B Nelson and D P Riley ldquoAn experimental investigation ofextrapolation methods in the derivation of accurate unit-celldimensions of crystalsrdquo Proceedings of the Physical Society vol57 no 3 pp 160ndash177 1945
[32] L Vegard ldquoThe constitution of mixed crystal and the spaceoccupied by atomrdquo Zeitschrift fur Physik no 17 pp 17ndash26 1921
[33] M J Winter University of Sheffield Yorkshire UK 1995ndash2006httpwwwwebelementscom
[34] B D Cullity Elements of X-Ray Diffraction Addison-WesleyReading Mass USA 3rd edition 1972
[35] A Globus P Duplex and G M Guyot ldquoDetermination ofinitial magnetization curve from crystallites size and effectiveanisotropy fieldrdquo IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol 7 no 3pp 617ndash622 1971
[36] J L Snoek ldquoDispersion and absorption in magnetic ferrites atfrequencies above one Mcsrdquo Physica vol 17 no 4 pp 207ndash2171948
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
Indian Journal of Materials Science 5
15
30
45
60
Frequency (Hz)104 105 106 107 108
120583998400 i
Ts = 1200∘C
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
(a)
0
5
10
15
Frequency (Hz)106 107 108
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
120583998400998400 i
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
(b)
Figure 6 The 1205831015840119894and 12058310158401015840
119894for various Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
ferrites sintered at 1200∘C as function of frequency
Table 1 Particle size and FWHM of Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4
nanoparticles
x FWHM (in degree) Particle size (nm)000 0015379 94010 000733 19020 0006109 23030 0004712 30040 0004887 30044 0005411 27
9MHz this frequency limit depends upon the sinteringtemperatures The lag of domain wall motion with respect
00 01 02 03 04 05
20
30
40
50
60
0
55
110
165
220
275
Grain size
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
120583998400 i
120583998400
i
Gra
in si
ze (120583
m)
Li content x
Ts = 1200∘C
Figure 7 The 1205831015840119894and grain size with Li content for various
Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
00
01
02
03
04
Loss
fact
or
Frequency (Hz)
LixCu012Mn088minus2xFe2+xO4
x = 010
x = 020
x = 030
x = 040
x = 044
x = 000
Ts = 1200∘C
106 107 108
Figure 8 Loss factor as a function of frequency for variousLi119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
Table 2The lattice parameter density average grain size and initialpermeability of Li
119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4sintered at 1200∘C
x 119886119900(A) 120588th (gcm
3) 120588119861
(gcm3) D (120583m) 1205831015840
119894(at 10 KHz)
000 83370 532 482 1792 18010 83615 515 462 19 22020 83746 502 458 39 33030 83866 490 444 92 39040 84024 476 441 14545 50044 84091 456 430 29545 55
to the applied magnetic field is responsible for magneticloss and this is accredited to lattice imperfections [36] Athigher frequencies a rapid increase in loss factor is observedA resonance loss peak is shown in this rapid increase ofmagnetic loss At the resonance maximum energy transferoccurs from the applied field to the lattice which results inthe rapid increases in loss factor
6 Indian Journal of Materials Science
4 Conclusion
The Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4(119909 = 000 to 119909 = 044)
nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by the com-bustion technique The observed particle size is in the rangefrom9 nm to 30 nmTheXRDpatterns confirm that the com-positions are single phase and form cubic spinel structureThe lattice parameter increases linearly with increasing Licontent and obeys Vegardrsquos law The study of microstructureshows that grain size increases with increasing Li contentThe bulk density decreases with increasing Li substitutionin Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites The real part of initial
permeability increases with increase of Li content for a fixedsintering temperature This result may be explained withthe help of average grain size The highest 1205831015840
119894was found
55 for 119909 = 044 which is three times greater than thatof parent composition It was also observed that the reso-nance frequency 119891
119903 and real part of initial permeability 1205831015840
119894
are inversely proportional which confirms Snoekrsquos relation1198911199031205831015840
119894= constant
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the BUET authority for providingfinancial support for this research The authors are alsothankful to the authority of BCSIR for using their equipment
References
[1] M Suda M Nakagawa T Iyoda and Y Einaga ldquoReversiblephotoswitching of ferromagnetic FePt nanoparticles at roomtemperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Society vol 129no 17 pp 5538ndash5543 2007
[2] B O Regan and M Gratzel ldquoA low-cost high-efficiency solarcell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO
2filmsrdquo Nature vol
353 pp 737ndash740 1991[3] M Shinkai ldquoFunctional magnetic particles for medical applica-
tionrdquo Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering vol 94 no 6 pp606ndash613 2002
[4] C C Berry and A S G Curtis ldquoFunctionalisation of mag-netic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicinerdquo Journal ofPhysics D vol 36 no 13 article R198 2003
[5] S Mornet S Vasseur F Grasset and E Duguet ldquoMagneticnanoparticle design for medical diagnosis and therapyrdquo Journalof Materials Chemistry vol 14 no 14 pp 2161ndash2175 2004
[6] C Corot P Robert J M Idee and M Port ldquoRecent advancesin iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imagingrdquoAdvanced Drug Delivery Reviews vol 58 no 14 pp 1471ndash15042006
[7] J-F Berret N Schonbeck F Gazeau et al ldquoControlled clus-tering of superparamagnetic nanoparticles using block copoly-mers design of new contrast agents for magnetic resonanceimagingrdquo Journal of the American Chemical Society vol 128 no5 pp 1755ndash1761 2006
[8] C Sun R Size and M Zhang ldquoFolic acid-PEG conjugatedsuperparamagnetic nanoparticles for targeted cellular uptakeand detection byMRIrdquo Journal of BiomedicalMaterials ResearchA vol 78 no 3 pp 550ndash557 2006
[9] R Y Hong B Feng L L Chen GH Li Y Zeng andD GWeildquoSynthesis characterization and MRI application of dextran-coated Fe
3O4magnetic nanoparticlesrdquo Biochemical Engineering
Journal vol 42 no 3 pp 290ndash300 2008[10] N M Deraz and S Shaban ldquoOptimization of catalytic surface
and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline manganese ferriterdquoJournal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis vol 86 pp 173ndash1792009
[11] M A Ahmed N Okasha and M M El-Sayed ldquoEnhancementof the physical properties of rare-earth-substituted Mn-Znferrites prepared by flash methodrdquo Ceramics International vol33 no 1 pp 49ndash58 2007
[12] Q M Wei J-B Li Y-J Chen and Y-S Han ldquoX-ray studyof cation distribution in NiMn
1minus119909Fe2minus119909
O4ferritesrdquo Materials
Characterization vol 47 no 3-4 pp 247ndash252 2001[13] MHMahmoudHHHamdeh J CHoM J OrsquoShea and J C
Walker ldquoMoessbauer studies of manganese ferrite fine particlesprocessed by ball-millingrdquo Journal of Magnetism and MagneticMaterials vol 220 no 2 pp 139ndash146 2000
[14] M Muroi R Street P G McCormick and J AmighianldquoMagnetic properties of ultrafine MnFe
2O4powders prepared
bymechanochemical processingrdquo Physical Review B vol 63 no18 Article ID 184414 2001
[15] C Li and Z J Zhang ldquoSize-dependent superparamagneticproperties of Mn spinel ferrite nanoparticles synthesized fromreversemicellesrdquoChemistry ofMaterials vol 13 no 6 pp 2092ndash2096 2001
[16] M HMahmoud C MWilliams J Cai I Siu and J CWalkerldquoInvestigation of Mn-ferrite films produced by pulsed laserdepositionrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials vol261 no 3 pp 314ndash318 2003
[17] C Alvani G Ennas A La Barbera GMarongiu F Padella andF Varsano ldquoSynthesis and characterization of nanocrystallineMnFe
2O4 advances in thermochemical water splittingrdquo Inter-
national Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 30 no 13-14 pp 1407ndash1411 2005
[18] D Carta M F Casula A Falqui et al ldquoA structural and mag-netic investigation of the inversion degree in ferrite nanocrys-tals MFe
2O4(M = Mn Co Ni)rdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry
C vol 113 no 20 pp 8606ndash8615 2009[19] Y Liu Y Zhang J D Feng C F Li J Shi andR Xiong ldquoDepen-
dence of magnetic properties on crystallite size of CoFe2O4
nanoparticles synthesised by auto-combustion methodrdquo Jour-nal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 4 no 2 pp 159ndash168 2009
[20] C Cannas A Musinu D Peddis and G Piccaluga ldquoSynthesisand characterization of CoFe
2O4nanoparticles dispersed in a
silica matrix by a sol-gel autocombustion methodrdquo Chemistryof Materials vol 18 no 16 pp 3835ndash3842 2006
[21] C Cannas A Falqui A Musinu D Peddis and G PiccalugaldquoCoFe
2O4nanocrystalline powders prepared by citrate-gel
methods synthesis structure andmagnetic propertiesrdquo Journalof Nanoparticle Research vol 8 no 2 pp 255ndash267 2006
[22] LJ Zhao HJ Zhang Y Xing et al ldquoStudies on the magnetismof cobalt ferrite nanocrystals synthesized by hydrothermalmethodrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 181 no 2 pp 245ndash252 2008
[23] Q Liu JH Sun HR Long XQ Sun XJ Zhong and ZXu ldquoHydrothermal synthesis of CoFe
2O4nanoplatelets and
nanoparticlesrdquoMaterials Chemistry and Physics vol 108 no 2-3 pp 269ndash273 2008
[24] S R Ahmed S B Ogale G C Papaefthymiou R Rameshand P Kofinas ldquoMagnetic properties of CoFe
2O4nanoparticles
Indian Journal of Materials Science 7
synthesized through a block copolymer nanoreactor routerdquoApplied Physics Letters vol 80 no 9 pp 1616ndash1618 2002
[25] I Brigger C Dubernet and P Couvreur ldquoNanoparticles incancer therapy and diagnosisrdquoAdvancedDrugDelivery Reviewsvol 54 no 5 pp 631ndash651 2002
[26] R Arulmurugan G Vaidyanathan S Sendhilnathan and BJeyadevan ldquoMn-Zn ferrite nanoparticles for ferrofluid prepa-ration study on thermal-magnetic propertiesrdquo Journal of Mag-netism and Magnetic Materials vol 298 no 2 pp 83ndash94 2006
[27] J B Haun T J Yoon H Lee and R Weissleder ldquoMagneticnanoparticle biosensorsrdquoWiley Interdisciplinary Reviews vol 2no 3 pp 291ndash304 2010
[28] N M Deraz and A Alarifi ldquoControlled synthesis physic-ochemical and magnetic properties of nano-crystalline Mnferrite systemrdquo International Journal of Electrochemical Sciencevol 7 pp 5534ndash5543 2012
[29] M I Mendelson ldquoAverage grain size in polycrystalline ceram-icsrdquo Journal of the American Ceramic Society vol 52 no 8 pp443ndash446 1969
[30] C Rath S Anand R P Das et al ldquoDependence on cationdistribution of particle size lattice parameter and magneticproperties in nanosize Mn-Zn ferriterdquo Journal of AppliedPhysics vol 91 no 4 article 2211 2002
[31] J B Nelson and D P Riley ldquoAn experimental investigation ofextrapolation methods in the derivation of accurate unit-celldimensions of crystalsrdquo Proceedings of the Physical Society vol57 no 3 pp 160ndash177 1945
[32] L Vegard ldquoThe constitution of mixed crystal and the spaceoccupied by atomrdquo Zeitschrift fur Physik no 17 pp 17ndash26 1921
[33] M J Winter University of Sheffield Yorkshire UK 1995ndash2006httpwwwwebelementscom
[34] B D Cullity Elements of X-Ray Diffraction Addison-WesleyReading Mass USA 3rd edition 1972
[35] A Globus P Duplex and G M Guyot ldquoDetermination ofinitial magnetization curve from crystallites size and effectiveanisotropy fieldrdquo IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol 7 no 3pp 617ndash622 1971
[36] J L Snoek ldquoDispersion and absorption in magnetic ferrites atfrequencies above one Mcsrdquo Physica vol 17 no 4 pp 207ndash2171948
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
6 Indian Journal of Materials Science
4 Conclusion
The Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4(119909 = 000 to 119909 = 044)
nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by the com-bustion technique The observed particle size is in the rangefrom9 nm to 30 nmTheXRDpatterns confirm that the com-positions are single phase and form cubic spinel structureThe lattice parameter increases linearly with increasing Licontent and obeys Vegardrsquos law The study of microstructureshows that grain size increases with increasing Li contentThe bulk density decreases with increasing Li substitutionin Li119909Cu012
Mn088minus2119909
Fe2+119909
O4ferrites The real part of initial
permeability increases with increase of Li content for a fixedsintering temperature This result may be explained withthe help of average grain size The highest 1205831015840
119894was found
55 for 119909 = 044 which is three times greater than thatof parent composition It was also observed that the reso-nance frequency 119891
119903 and real part of initial permeability 1205831015840
119894
are inversely proportional which confirms Snoekrsquos relation1198911199031205831015840
119894= constant
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the BUET authority for providingfinancial support for this research The authors are alsothankful to the authority of BCSIR for using their equipment
References
[1] M Suda M Nakagawa T Iyoda and Y Einaga ldquoReversiblephotoswitching of ferromagnetic FePt nanoparticles at roomtemperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Society vol 129no 17 pp 5538ndash5543 2007
[2] B O Regan and M Gratzel ldquoA low-cost high-efficiency solarcell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO
2filmsrdquo Nature vol
353 pp 737ndash740 1991[3] M Shinkai ldquoFunctional magnetic particles for medical applica-
tionrdquo Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering vol 94 no 6 pp606ndash613 2002
[4] C C Berry and A S G Curtis ldquoFunctionalisation of mag-netic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicinerdquo Journal ofPhysics D vol 36 no 13 article R198 2003
[5] S Mornet S Vasseur F Grasset and E Duguet ldquoMagneticnanoparticle design for medical diagnosis and therapyrdquo Journalof Materials Chemistry vol 14 no 14 pp 2161ndash2175 2004
[6] C Corot P Robert J M Idee and M Port ldquoRecent advancesin iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imagingrdquoAdvanced Drug Delivery Reviews vol 58 no 14 pp 1471ndash15042006
[7] J-F Berret N Schonbeck F Gazeau et al ldquoControlled clus-tering of superparamagnetic nanoparticles using block copoly-mers design of new contrast agents for magnetic resonanceimagingrdquo Journal of the American Chemical Society vol 128 no5 pp 1755ndash1761 2006
[8] C Sun R Size and M Zhang ldquoFolic acid-PEG conjugatedsuperparamagnetic nanoparticles for targeted cellular uptakeand detection byMRIrdquo Journal of BiomedicalMaterials ResearchA vol 78 no 3 pp 550ndash557 2006
[9] R Y Hong B Feng L L Chen GH Li Y Zeng andD GWeildquoSynthesis characterization and MRI application of dextran-coated Fe
3O4magnetic nanoparticlesrdquo Biochemical Engineering
Journal vol 42 no 3 pp 290ndash300 2008[10] N M Deraz and S Shaban ldquoOptimization of catalytic surface
and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline manganese ferriterdquoJournal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis vol 86 pp 173ndash1792009
[11] M A Ahmed N Okasha and M M El-Sayed ldquoEnhancementof the physical properties of rare-earth-substituted Mn-Znferrites prepared by flash methodrdquo Ceramics International vol33 no 1 pp 49ndash58 2007
[12] Q M Wei J-B Li Y-J Chen and Y-S Han ldquoX-ray studyof cation distribution in NiMn
1minus119909Fe2minus119909
O4ferritesrdquo Materials
Characterization vol 47 no 3-4 pp 247ndash252 2001[13] MHMahmoudHHHamdeh J CHoM J OrsquoShea and J C
Walker ldquoMoessbauer studies of manganese ferrite fine particlesprocessed by ball-millingrdquo Journal of Magnetism and MagneticMaterials vol 220 no 2 pp 139ndash146 2000
[14] M Muroi R Street P G McCormick and J AmighianldquoMagnetic properties of ultrafine MnFe
2O4powders prepared
bymechanochemical processingrdquo Physical Review B vol 63 no18 Article ID 184414 2001
[15] C Li and Z J Zhang ldquoSize-dependent superparamagneticproperties of Mn spinel ferrite nanoparticles synthesized fromreversemicellesrdquoChemistry ofMaterials vol 13 no 6 pp 2092ndash2096 2001
[16] M HMahmoud C MWilliams J Cai I Siu and J CWalkerldquoInvestigation of Mn-ferrite films produced by pulsed laserdepositionrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials vol261 no 3 pp 314ndash318 2003
[17] C Alvani G Ennas A La Barbera GMarongiu F Padella andF Varsano ldquoSynthesis and characterization of nanocrystallineMnFe
2O4 advances in thermochemical water splittingrdquo Inter-
national Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 30 no 13-14 pp 1407ndash1411 2005
[18] D Carta M F Casula A Falqui et al ldquoA structural and mag-netic investigation of the inversion degree in ferrite nanocrys-tals MFe
2O4(M = Mn Co Ni)rdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry
C vol 113 no 20 pp 8606ndash8615 2009[19] Y Liu Y Zhang J D Feng C F Li J Shi andR Xiong ldquoDepen-
dence of magnetic properties on crystallite size of CoFe2O4
nanoparticles synthesised by auto-combustion methodrdquo Jour-nal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 4 no 2 pp 159ndash168 2009
[20] C Cannas A Musinu D Peddis and G Piccaluga ldquoSynthesisand characterization of CoFe
2O4nanoparticles dispersed in a
silica matrix by a sol-gel autocombustion methodrdquo Chemistryof Materials vol 18 no 16 pp 3835ndash3842 2006
[21] C Cannas A Falqui A Musinu D Peddis and G PiccalugaldquoCoFe
2O4nanocrystalline powders prepared by citrate-gel
methods synthesis structure andmagnetic propertiesrdquo Journalof Nanoparticle Research vol 8 no 2 pp 255ndash267 2006
[22] LJ Zhao HJ Zhang Y Xing et al ldquoStudies on the magnetismof cobalt ferrite nanocrystals synthesized by hydrothermalmethodrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 181 no 2 pp 245ndash252 2008
[23] Q Liu JH Sun HR Long XQ Sun XJ Zhong and ZXu ldquoHydrothermal synthesis of CoFe
2O4nanoplatelets and
nanoparticlesrdquoMaterials Chemistry and Physics vol 108 no 2-3 pp 269ndash273 2008
[24] S R Ahmed S B Ogale G C Papaefthymiou R Rameshand P Kofinas ldquoMagnetic properties of CoFe
2O4nanoparticles
Indian Journal of Materials Science 7
synthesized through a block copolymer nanoreactor routerdquoApplied Physics Letters vol 80 no 9 pp 1616ndash1618 2002
[25] I Brigger C Dubernet and P Couvreur ldquoNanoparticles incancer therapy and diagnosisrdquoAdvancedDrugDelivery Reviewsvol 54 no 5 pp 631ndash651 2002
[26] R Arulmurugan G Vaidyanathan S Sendhilnathan and BJeyadevan ldquoMn-Zn ferrite nanoparticles for ferrofluid prepa-ration study on thermal-magnetic propertiesrdquo Journal of Mag-netism and Magnetic Materials vol 298 no 2 pp 83ndash94 2006
[27] J B Haun T J Yoon H Lee and R Weissleder ldquoMagneticnanoparticle biosensorsrdquoWiley Interdisciplinary Reviews vol 2no 3 pp 291ndash304 2010
[28] N M Deraz and A Alarifi ldquoControlled synthesis physic-ochemical and magnetic properties of nano-crystalline Mnferrite systemrdquo International Journal of Electrochemical Sciencevol 7 pp 5534ndash5543 2012
[29] M I Mendelson ldquoAverage grain size in polycrystalline ceram-icsrdquo Journal of the American Ceramic Society vol 52 no 8 pp443ndash446 1969
[30] C Rath S Anand R P Das et al ldquoDependence on cationdistribution of particle size lattice parameter and magneticproperties in nanosize Mn-Zn ferriterdquo Journal of AppliedPhysics vol 91 no 4 article 2211 2002
[31] J B Nelson and D P Riley ldquoAn experimental investigation ofextrapolation methods in the derivation of accurate unit-celldimensions of crystalsrdquo Proceedings of the Physical Society vol57 no 3 pp 160ndash177 1945
[32] L Vegard ldquoThe constitution of mixed crystal and the spaceoccupied by atomrdquo Zeitschrift fur Physik no 17 pp 17ndash26 1921
[33] M J Winter University of Sheffield Yorkshire UK 1995ndash2006httpwwwwebelementscom
[34] B D Cullity Elements of X-Ray Diffraction Addison-WesleyReading Mass USA 3rd edition 1972
[35] A Globus P Duplex and G M Guyot ldquoDetermination ofinitial magnetization curve from crystallites size and effectiveanisotropy fieldrdquo IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol 7 no 3pp 617ndash622 1971
[36] J L Snoek ldquoDispersion and absorption in magnetic ferrites atfrequencies above one Mcsrdquo Physica vol 17 no 4 pp 207ndash2171948
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
Indian Journal of Materials Science 7
synthesized through a block copolymer nanoreactor routerdquoApplied Physics Letters vol 80 no 9 pp 1616ndash1618 2002
[25] I Brigger C Dubernet and P Couvreur ldquoNanoparticles incancer therapy and diagnosisrdquoAdvancedDrugDelivery Reviewsvol 54 no 5 pp 631ndash651 2002
[26] R Arulmurugan G Vaidyanathan S Sendhilnathan and BJeyadevan ldquoMn-Zn ferrite nanoparticles for ferrofluid prepa-ration study on thermal-magnetic propertiesrdquo Journal of Mag-netism and Magnetic Materials vol 298 no 2 pp 83ndash94 2006
[27] J B Haun T J Yoon H Lee and R Weissleder ldquoMagneticnanoparticle biosensorsrdquoWiley Interdisciplinary Reviews vol 2no 3 pp 291ndash304 2010
[28] N M Deraz and A Alarifi ldquoControlled synthesis physic-ochemical and magnetic properties of nano-crystalline Mnferrite systemrdquo International Journal of Electrochemical Sciencevol 7 pp 5534ndash5543 2012
[29] M I Mendelson ldquoAverage grain size in polycrystalline ceram-icsrdquo Journal of the American Ceramic Society vol 52 no 8 pp443ndash446 1969
[30] C Rath S Anand R P Das et al ldquoDependence on cationdistribution of particle size lattice parameter and magneticproperties in nanosize Mn-Zn ferriterdquo Journal of AppliedPhysics vol 91 no 4 article 2211 2002
[31] J B Nelson and D P Riley ldquoAn experimental investigation ofextrapolation methods in the derivation of accurate unit-celldimensions of crystalsrdquo Proceedings of the Physical Society vol57 no 3 pp 160ndash177 1945
[32] L Vegard ldquoThe constitution of mixed crystal and the spaceoccupied by atomrdquo Zeitschrift fur Physik no 17 pp 17ndash26 1921
[33] M J Winter University of Sheffield Yorkshire UK 1995ndash2006httpwwwwebelementscom
[34] B D Cullity Elements of X-Ray Diffraction Addison-WesleyReading Mass USA 3rd edition 1972
[35] A Globus P Duplex and G M Guyot ldquoDetermination ofinitial magnetization curve from crystallites size and effectiveanisotropy fieldrdquo IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol 7 no 3pp 617ndash622 1971
[36] J L Snoek ldquoDispersion and absorption in magnetic ferrites atfrequencies above one Mcsrdquo Physica vol 17 no 4 pp 207ndash2171948
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials