Research ArticleRapid Urban Expansion and Its Implications onGeomorphology A Remote Sensing and GIS Based Study

S N Mohapatra1 Padmini Pani2 and Monika Sharma1

1 Centre of Remote Sensing amp GIS SOS in Earth Science Jiwaji University Gwalior 474011 India2 Centre for the Study of Regional Development JNU New Delhi 110067 India

Correspondence should be addressed to S N Mohapatra suraj64yahoocom

Received 4 July 2014 Revised 11 August 2014 Accepted 11 September 2014 Published 20 October 2014

Academic Editor Siyue Li

Copyright copy 2014 S N Mohapatra et alThis is an open access article distributed under theCreativeCommonsAttribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Topography vegetation climate water table and even the anthropogenic activities all are affected by urban growth through diversemechanismsThe present study focuses on the implications of urban expansion on geomorphology in the historical city of Gwaliorin central India The expansion of urban area has been quantified by deriving data for four decades (1972ndash2013) from the LandsatimagesThe results show that the urban built-up area has increased by 0848 sq kmduring the first eighteen years (1972ndash1990)whichhas increased to 1628 sq km during the next sixteen years (1990ndash2006) The built-up area has gone up to 2319 sq km in the nextseven years (2006ndash2013) Overall during the last 40 years the growth of the urban built-up is nearly three times of the built-up areasin 1972The average decadal growth rate of population is 2728 percent while that of built-up land is 3629 percentThe constructionactivities have affected important geomorphic features such pediplain buried pediplain residual hills and denudational hills Itwas concluded that instead of shortsighted urban development proper measures should be taken in accordance with scientificplanning for the urban expansion of the city in the future

1 Introduction

Urbanization andurban growth has been considered as one ofthe essential indicators of economic growth and developmentof a country Along with the increase of population citiesare growing rapidly in physical dimension in the past fewdecades This process of urbanization has brought aboutsignificant changes in landscape pattern and land cover ofthe area concerned At the same time it has caused variousnegative effects in terms of physical environment such asloss of agricultural land surface and groundwater depletionchanges in geomorphic features flooding and landslidesWith the increase of population day by day it has becomeinevitable to adopt proper urban planning to attain a sus-tainable environmental stability of an area Rapid growthof urbanisation along with poor planning and unregulatedindustrial activities causes contamination in surface as wellas groundwater [1] In urban geomorphology man acts asphysical process to change the natural terrain to cityscapeUrban geomorphology is the surface component of urbangeology and forms the important subfield of environmental

geology [2] Towns and cities are mostly expanded in accor-dance to the relief of the terrain and the relief changes asper the planning and needs of construction [3] The otherfactors that influenced the geomorphological process in theurban environment are the weathering of the building stonesdue to air pollution [4] Anhert [3] was of the opinionthat settlement geography is incomplete without taking intoconsideration the morphology and hydrology of an area

There is a need to understand the dynamic interactionbetween the different aspects of urban expansion as expan-sion of built-up area construction activities over naturalfeatures which cause diversion and destruction of aquifersand the specific geomorphic features of the urban area Thestreams become overloaded with sediments and thus changethe courses [5 6] The groundwater supply of the urbanisedarea also gets reduced and as a result drainage frequenciesincrease [7ndash9] The local landforms or geomorphic featureshave played a very crucial role in the establishment anddevelopment of settlements in the history of civilizationA settlement to flourish has always taken advantage oflocal topography or relief and the hydrological conditions

Hindawi Publishing CorporationGeography JournalVolume 2014 Article ID 361459 10 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014361459

2 Geography Journal

0 2 4 6 81(km)

0 2200550

India

1 100

N

(km)0 275 5501375

macrMadhya Pradesh N

(km)

0 25 50125

Gwalior N

(km)

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

Figure 1 Location map of the area

The expansion of a city over the years and the constructionactivities gradually alter the topography of the area Thesechanges ultimately affect the rate of geomorphic process suchas weathering and erosion [4]

As a result in the long run various geoenvironmentalproblems mentioned above start to play their role with theincrease in human activities To address this issuemultisensorsatellite data products over four decades have been used toquantify the urban expansion of the historical city of GwaliorSatellite data have been extensively used by the researchers[10ndash25] all over the globe to study the urban expansionand their problems due to the availability of high resolutionimages

2 Study Area

Gwalior the historical city of Madhya Pradesh is wellknown for its magnificent fort and the royals of the Scindiadynasty worldwide The region is also well remembered forits role in the 1857 revolt and also for Rani Lakshmi Bairsquosheroic resistance Gwalior city was the capital city of theprincely state of Gwalior until 1948 and the summer capital

of Madhya Bharat State from 1948 to 1956 When MadhyaBharat became part of Madhya Pradesh it became a separatedistrict Historically in 18th AD hermit-saint Gwalipa cureda Chieftain Suraj Sen from a deadly disease Suraj Sen namedthis city by his name as gratitudeWith the different dynastiesthat ruled the city of Gwalior it was renowned not only bythe warrior kings but also by the famous poets musicianssaints and freedom fighters (httpwwwGwaliornicin)After independence the city has gained a status of a majorurban centre of Gwalior Chambal division due to industrialexpansion and migration of people from the surroundingareas The Gwalior city is located in between 26∘101015840ndash26∘181015840Nlatitude and 78∘61015840Endash78∘151015840E longitude with an average eleva-tion of 212m Geographically it is well connected with bothroads and railways It is well connected with other parts ofthe state as National Highway 3 and National Highway 92passes through it The location map is given in Figure 1 Itis the administrative headquarters of Gwalior district andGwalior division The Gwalior city is the largest urban andcommercial centre for the surrounding districts of MorenaBhind Sheopur Datia Guna and Shivpuri The area ofGwalior Municipal Corporation is about 17365 sq km

Geography Journal 3

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 2 Different years FCC of Landsat images

3 Materials and Methods

Since the study is based on the geospatial technology Landsatsatellite data for four different years namely 1972 1990 2006and 2013 have been used The logic behind selecting suchyears is the availability of error-free data for the study regionAs mentioned earlier the time span of the study has beenabout four decades hence the data products used compriseddifferent sensors and different Landsat series The sensorsare Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Thematic Mapper (TM)Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and OperationalLand Imager (OLI) of Landsat 1 Landsat 5 Landsat 7 andLandsat 8 respectively The details of the digital satellite dataused along with the sensor and pathrow of the satellites havebeen given in Table 1 MSS has 04 bands TM has 07 bandsETM+ has 07 bands and OLI -TIRS has 11 bands Out ofall the bands data available three bands (Infrared Red andBlue) were selected for each data to make the respective FalseColour Composite of the study area Hence bands 432 forMSS and TM bands 543 for ETM+ and bands 654 for OLIwere selected to make the FCC for the years 1972 1990 2006and 2013 respectively (Figure 2) Apart from the satellite dataother data used were the Topographic Sheet of the area anddifferent census data Use of GIS in any urban planning anddevelopment work has become one of the key componentstoday It can be used as database and also as tool box In thepresent study GIS has been used not only for the creationof spatial database but also for creation of shape file TheGIS tool box allowed us to perform the spatial analysisgeoprocessing and overlay of the maps GIS has also beenused in the present study as the storage for the land use maps

Table 1 Satellite data products used

Sl Number Satellite Sensor Path Row Year Date1 Landsat 1 MSS 156 42 1972 01-12-19722 Landsat 5 TM 145 42 1990 15-11-19903 Landsat 7 ETM+ 145 42 2006 19-01-20064 Landsat 8 OLI 145 42 2013 06-05-2013

and geomorphologic maps along with their attribute dataApart from the onscreen digitization the mapping providedthe most powerful visualisation in ARC GIS

Initially the digital satellite data products were down-loaded from the website (httpearthexplorerusgsgov) forthe years mentioned above and were layer stacked in ErdasImagine to get the desired FCC of the image An area wasselected for the present study and the same has been subsettedaccordingly from the whole image On the basis of the tonetexture and particularly pattern the urban areas of Gwaliorfor 2013 was first digitized by onscreen digitization methodusing ARC GIS software Similarly for the other years theGwalior urban areas were digitised and the shape files werecreated respectively with two classes as built-up and non-built-up areas The respective areas covering the shape fileswere calculated and the growth of urban areas was correlatedwith the population census data of Gwalior agglomerationThepopulation data for different census years (1971 1981 19912001 and 2011) have been used (Table 2) and interpolatedfor the years 1972 1991 2006 and 2013 respectively and thegrowth rates were calculated and used for correlation with

4 Geography Journal

Table 2 Population of Gwalior urban agglomeration and its growthrate

Census years Population Population growth rate in percent1971 4061401981 555862 36861991 717780 29132001 865548 20592011 1053505 2172

that of urban expansion areas showing built-up and non-built-up lands In order to have a picture of decadal growth ofpopulation and their expansion similarly the calculated areasfor urbanisation at different years were extrapolated and werecorrelated An attempt has also been made to project thesedata for 2021 and 2031

In order to bring out the implications on geomorphologythe geomorphic units that exist during 1972 were digitisedand calculated for the area covering the urbanisation of 2013The geomorphic units affected due to the expansion of urban-isation over the years during 1972ndash2013 were calculated anddemarcated from this initial geomorphologic map Groundtruth check has been conducted in the selected areas withGPS and the results were correlated

4 Results and Discussion

The present Gwalior city has three main urban clustersnamely Gwalior Lashkar and Morar The eastern base of theGwalior Fort is the area of old city Gwalior whereas Lashkarforms the southeast and west part of the city The wordLashkar has been derived from the Persian word meaningarmy or camp which forms the capital of Scindia dynastyof Gwalior State Morar on the other hand is mainly thecantonment area that lies in the east side of the city All thethree trinodal urban clusters have witnessed an expansionof population as well as that in built-up land in the last fewdecades City Centre at the central area of the city forms themajor residential-cum-commercial area which has emergedin the last few decades A Magnet City has been plannedin the western part of the city along the bypass of TighraRoad Climatically the city experiences very hot summer andvery cold winter during the summer and winter seasonsrespectively The average annual rainfall of the area is around762mm

5 Urban Sprawl Expansion

The result brought out a significant urban expansion of thecity for the period 1972minus2013 (Table 3) The total urban areasduring 1972 were 3411 sq km out of which the share of thebuilt-up areas was 2384 sq km and the rest 1027 sq km wasmarked as non-built-up area The total urban area includingthe non-built-up land in 2013 data shows about 8916 sq kmout of which the built-up land is 7182 sq km Hence thebuilt-up land has expanded more than threefold during thelast 40 years with an average expansion of 112 sq km peryear Both built-up land and total urban area show a positive

0246810121416

0

20

40

60

80

100

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041Years

Built-up areaNon-built-up

Are

a (km

2)

Total urban areaPopulation

Popu

latio

n

(times105)

Figure 3 Decadal growth of population and their expansion inGwalior urban area

trend over time However the non-built-up land within theurban areas is under stress due to population pressure and theassociated demand for urban expansion Asmentioned in themethodology section to have a comparative understandingof growth of urban area and population growth the decadalexpansion of urban areas as well as the population hasbeen calculated and projected for the years 2021 and 2031respectively (Table 4 and Figure 3) The respective growthrates have also been obtained The result shows that bythe end of 2021 and 2031 the population of Gwalior citywill be 120 and 136 million respectively whereas that ofbuilt-up land will be expanded up to 7184 and 8258 sq kmduring that period Similarly the total urban area will be9108 and 1044 sq km out of which the non-built-up landswill be 1994 sq km and 2177 sq km during 2021 and 2031respectively But if we observe the result Table 3 where we cansee the built-up land in 2013 is already 7182 sq km henceto predict built-up land in 2021 as 7184 seems to be notrealistic as extrapolation has been done on the basis of allof the 40 years The boom in built-up land has occurredin 2006ndash2013 in which it has expanded from 4863 sq kmto 7182 whereas during 1990ndash2006 the expansion was from3235 sq km to 4863 sq km (Table 3 and Figure 4) Thatmeans where in 16 years the expansion was 1628 sq km inthe next seven years the expansion increased to 2319 sq kmWhile there was a growth rate of 5032 percent in built-upland in 16 years a growth rate of 4770 has been achievedin the next seven years only The noticeable thing is thatthere is a fall in the growth rate of population during thisperiod (Table 3) It is again another clear cut indicationof the increase in the rate of urbanisation in spite of thefalling population growth rate By considering the growthfrom 2006 the predicted built-up land during 2021 and 2031will be 9833 sq km and 10347 sq km respectively As itis mentioned it is unrealistic to predict the expansion ofurbanisation by extrapolating the whole period of forty yearsthe average decadal growth rates were calculated only up to2011 The average decadal growth rate of population is 2728percent while that of built-up land is 3629 percent which ismore than the population growth rate The urbanization areaof respective years overlainwith the respective satellite images

Geography Journal 5

Table 3 Population and expansion of Gwalior urban area

Year Population Built-up areain sq km

Non-built-uparea in sq km

Total urbanarea in sq km

Growth rate in percent

Population Built-up area Non-built-uparea

Total urbanarea

1972 414928 2384 1027 3411 mdash mdash mdash mdash1990 703723 3235 1538 4773 6960 3571 4976 39932006 960429 4863 1802 6665 3648 5032 1717 39642013 1072739 7182 1734 8916 1169 4770

minus377 3377

Table 4 Decadal growth of population and their expansion in Gwalior urban area

In sq km In sq km In sq km Population Built-up area Non-built-up area Total urban area1971 406140 181 1083 289 mdash mdash mdash mdash1981 555862 2884 1266 415 3686 5939 1682 43451991 717780 3959 1448 541 2913 3726 144 30292001 865548 5034 163 666 2059 2715 1258 23252011 1053505 6109 1812 792 2172 2135 1118 18862021 1201092 7184 1994 918 1401 1759 1005 15872031 1361533 8258 2177 1044 1338 1496 914 137

Average decadal growth rate up to 2011 2728 3629 1374 2896

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 4 Urban expansions over the years

6 Geography Journal

Table 5 Geomorphic units affected due to urbanization during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 1567 001 1568 126 000 126 16941990ndash2006 1599 048 1647 079 118 197 18442006ndash2013 1812 001 1813 359 125 484 22971972ndash2013 4978 050 5028 564 243 807 5835

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 5 Urbanized map overlaid on satellite image of different years

has been shown in Figure 5 and the urban sprawl map inFigure 6

6 Implications on Geomorphology

Themajor geomorphic units that fall in the urban expansionarea of todayrsquos scenario that is 2013 are mainly buriedpediplain pediplain residual hill and denudational hill(Figure 7) The geomorphic units that are affected by theurban sprawl over the years 1972 1990 2006 and 2013 havebeen given in Table 5 The urban expansion and its effect ongeomorphic units (Table 5 and Figure 8) show that a totalof 5835 sq km has been affected since 1972 out of whichthe plains (buried pediplain and pediplains) account for5028 sq km and that of hills 807 sq km The result impliesthat since it is easier cost effective and natural trend tomake buildings in plains than on the hills initially the nearbyplain areas surrounding the urban fringe of 1972 have beengradually converted to the built-up land With increasingpressure in the recent period conversion of hills to built-up land is in progress The geomorphic units affected by

only built-up area have also been calculated (Table 6 andFigure 9) From the table it is clear that a total of 3899 sq kmgeomorphic area has been converted to built-up land out ofwhich 3318 sq km is for the plains and the rest 562 sq kmis for the hills The hills are converted to built-up land mostlyafter 2006 Initially residual hills are converted and graduallythe denudational hills are affected With increasing demandfor urban space and nonavailability of plain areas most of thedenudational hills are going to be affected in future

Few decades back Gwalior city was situated in betweenthe Vindhyan Hills in the west and Bijawar Hills in the SouthEast and plains of the North East Some of the prominentresidual hills were known as Gupteshwar Hill Fort HillHanuman Hill Amkoh Hill and Satnarayan Hill HanumanHill and GudiGuda Hill provided aesthetic as well as scenicbeauty of the city All these residual hills were affected by theurban expansion during the period under consideration

The urban areas which expanded over the years and evencrossed the GMD boundary are along the NH-3 towardsShivpuri and also towards Morena The expansion crossedthe GMD boundary mostly after 1990 The notable areas

Geography Journal 7

Table 6 Geomorphic units affected due to built-up land during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills Area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 913 0 913 105 0 105 10181990ndash2006 1208 019 1227 043 108 151 13782006ndash2013 1197 0 1197 222 084 306 15031972ndash2013 3318 019 3337 37 192 562 3899

0 2 3 405

Major roads

GMC boundary

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

1

(km)

1972

1990

2006

2013

N

Figure 6 Urban sprawl map of Gwalior city

of the extension in 2006 are the Gupteshwar and SikanderKampu areawhich ultimately expanded up toGirwali in 2013Geomorphologically the affected residual hill is Guptesh-war Similarly on the NH-3 towards Morena the expansioncovered about 4 km from the GMC boundary at Motijheelarea Presently the expansion has reached up to Padampurand adjoining areas crossing the GMC boundary towardsthe northwest part and towards west it is Mohanpur andadjoining areas The most affected denudational hills aretowards the south Due to the shifting of theNewHighCourtGwalior experienced massive construction of multistoriedbuildings towards the southThe hillocks (above 220mMSL)which were visible during the 90s were demolished as a resultof urban expansion Presently the urban expansion towardsthe south has almost reached up to the boundary of thereserve forest along the Jhansi Road towards Sithauli affectingthe denudational Odhapur Hill

Geomorphologically the fluvial aspects within theGwalior urban area are as follows There have been twostreams Swarnarekha and Morar Rivers which flow southto north through the western and eastern part of the cityrespectively Swarnarekha River originates from 35 km upstream of Barai village and forms tributary of Sankh RiverThe Morar River on the other hand originates at a distanceof about 15 km upstream of Ramaua Dam in Gwalior districtand flows through the eastern part of the city Out of thetwo rivers the Swarnarekha River has been channelized in2001 (Figure 10) The Morar River receives the rain water

0 4 8 12 162

Buried pediplain

Denudational hillPediplain Waterbody

Residual hill

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

(km)

N

Figure 7 Geomorphological map of the area and the affectedgeomorphic units as per 2013 scenario

from the catchment area through various nallas Siltationthroughout its course within the city is visible due to thedisposal of the solid waste materials which obstructs thecarrying capacity of the sediments Water logging problemshave also been seen in the low lying areas (Figure 11) Evenin the channelized Swarnarekha River there has been lessinfiltration of the rain water and consequently water loggingproblems and choked drainages and overflowing of thesewers are visible Both rivers get the natural rain water aswell as the domestic waste following through the naturalslope and the sewer lines from the respective catchmentareas The worst problem arises from the colonies and urbanareas that have been expanded outside the catchment areaswhere there was no suitable draining system In these areasthe rain water as well as the domestic water due to thelack of proper drainage management could not flow thenatural slopes and hence the water logging problem arises

8 Geography Journal

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(c)

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

(d)

Figure 8 Urban expansion on geomorphic features (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during 1972ndash2013

Such areas have been witnessed mostly in the southern andnorthern parts of the city Similarly the urban areas outsidethe GMC boundary have also been suffering from the lackof sewer and proper drainage system To sum up the majorimplications of urbanisation for geomorphology of thestudy area include drastic altercations and even destructionof important geomorphological features such as buriedpediplains and denudational hills and major changes in thefluvial and drainage systems of the region

7 Conclusion

This study attempts to explore the implications of urbanexpansion on the geomorphological features of Gwalior cityRapid urbanisation has led to significant changes and

destruction of important geomorphological features ofGwalior city which has been captured in the study throughRemote Sensing and GIS techniques The results show thatthe geomorphic features which are likely to be affected infuture are the residual hills and the denudational hills apartfrom the plain areas due to the urban expansion The naturaldrainage network of the city also gets affected by the urbanexpansion and the drainage is likely to be modified in futureThe waste water disposal system will affect the water qualityin the city unless proper precautionary measures are takenA first hand database created for this study can providecritical inputs in understanding the urban dynamics of thecity Urban planners and authorities in the future may takeinto account the environmental problems that may arise byunscientifically demolishing the natural topographic features

Geography Journal 9

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

Buried pediplain Denudational hill

Pediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

(c)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(d)

Figure 9 Expansion of built-up land geomorphic units (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during1972ndash2013

Figure 10 Channelisation of Swarnarekha River

and landforms for the expansion of built-up land Hencetaking into account the microgeomorphological features of

Figure 11 Water logging and siltation in Morar River

the city and its surrounding areas proper measures shouldbe implemented for the improvement of future scenario

10 Geography Journal

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Mr Pushpraj Singh Kaurav SOSEarth Science Jiwaji University Gwalior for his assistanceduring the field work

References

[1] N Eyles Environmental Geology of Urban Areas GeologicalAssociation of Canada Newfoundland Canada 1997

[2] D Coates Urban Geomorphology Geological Society of Amer-ica Boulder Colo USA 1976

[3] F Ahnert Introduction to Geomorphology Edward ArnoldLondon UK 1996

[4] H A Viles ldquoThe environmental sensitivity of blistering oflimestone walls in Oxford England a preliminary studyrdquo inLandscape Sensitivity D S G Thomas and R I Allison Edspp 309ndash326 John Wiley amp Sons Chichester UK 1993

[5] M G Wolman ldquoA cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urbanriver channelsrdquoGeografiska Annaler A vol 49 no 2ndash4 pp 385ndash395 1967

[6] M G Wolman and A P Schick ldquo Effects of construction onfluvial sediment urban and suburban areas ofMarylandrdquoWaterResources Research vol 3 pp 451ndash464 1967

[7] L B Leopold ldquoHydrology for urban land planningmdasha guide-book on the hydrological effects of urban land userdquo UnitedStates Geological Survey Circular 554 1968

[8] W L Graf ldquoThe impact of suburbanization on fluvial geomor-phologyrdquo Water Resources Research vol 11 no 5 pp 690ndash6921975

[9] M Sala and M Inbar ldquoSome effects of urbanization in Catalanriversrdquo Catena vol 19 pp 345ndash361 1992

[10] D P Rao ldquoRemote sensing application in geomorphologyrdquoTropical Ecology vol 43 no 1 pp 49ndash59 2002

[11] T Carlson ldquoApplications of remote sensing to urban problemsrdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 86 no 3 pp 273ndash274 2003

[12] T N Carlson ldquoAnalysis and prediction of surface runoff inan urbanizing watershed using satellite imageryrdquo Journal of theAmerican Water Resources Association vol 40 no 4 pp 1087ndash1098 2004

[13] CNMundia andMAniya ldquoAnalysis of land usecover changesand urban expansion of Nairobi city using remote sensing andGISrdquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol 26 no 13 pp2831ndash2849 2005

[14] J Xiao Y Shen J Ge et al ldquoEvaluating urban expansion andland use change in Shijiazhuang China by using GIS andremote sensingrdquo Landscape and Urban Planning vol 75 no 1-2pp 69ndash80 2006

[15] N K Iyer S Kulkarni and V Raghavaswamy ldquoEconomy popu-lationand urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglom-erations of Bangalore and Hyderabad India using remotesensing and GIS techniquesrdquo in Proceedings of the RIPODEWorkshop on Urban Population Development and EnvironmentDynamics in Developing Countries Nairobi Kenya 2007

[16] H S Sudhira and T V Ramachandra ldquoCharacterizing urbansprawl from remote sensing data and using landscape metricsrdquoin Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers inUrban Planning and Urban Management Iguassu Falls Brazil2007

[17] F Fan Y Wang and Z Wang ldquoTemporal and spatial changedetecting (1998ndash2003) and predicting of land use and land coverin Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM andETM+ imagesrdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol137 no 1ndash3 pp 127ndash147 2008

[18] S Farooq and S Ahmad ldquoUrban sprawl development aroundAligarh city a study aided by satellite remote sensing and GISrdquoJournal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing vol 36 no 1 pp77ndash88 2008

[19] M K Jat P K Garg and D Khare ldquoMonitoring and modellingof urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniquesrdquoInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoin-formation vol 10 no 1 pp 26ndash43 2008

[20] W Ji ldquoLandscape effect of urban sprawl spatial and temporalanalyses using remote sensing images and landscapemetricsrdquo inThe International Archives of Photogrammetry Remote Sensingand SpatialInformation Sciences vol 37 part B7 2008

[21] H Taubenbock M Wegmann A Roth H Mehl and S DechldquoUrbanization in Indiamdashspatiotemporal analysis using remotesensing datardquo Computers Environment and Urban Systems vol33 no 3 pp 179ndash188 2009

[22] B Bhatta S Saraswati and D Bandyopadhyay ldquoUrban sprawlmeasurement from remote sensing datardquo Applied Geographyvol 30 no 4 pp 731ndash740 2010

[23] P K Joshi B M Bairwa R Sharma and V S P SinhaldquoAssessing urbanization patterns over India using temporalDMSP-OLS night-time satellite datardquo Current Science vol 100no 10 pp 1479ndash1482 2011

[24] H Taubenbock T Esch A Felbier M Wiesner A Roth andS Dech ldquoMonitoring urbanization in mega cities from spacerdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 117 pp 162ndash176 2012

[25] R Sharma and P K Joshi ldquoMonitoring Urban LandscapeDynamics Over Delhi (India) Using Remote Sensing (1998ndash2011) Inputsrdquo Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensingvol 41 no 3 pp 641ndash650 2013

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2 Geography Journal

0 2 4 6 81(km)

0 2200550

India

1 100

N

(km)0 275 5501375

macrMadhya Pradesh N

(km)

0 25 50125

Gwalior N

(km)

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

Figure 1 Location map of the area

The expansion of a city over the years and the constructionactivities gradually alter the topography of the area Thesechanges ultimately affect the rate of geomorphic process suchas weathering and erosion [4]

As a result in the long run various geoenvironmentalproblems mentioned above start to play their role with theincrease in human activities To address this issuemultisensorsatellite data products over four decades have been used toquantify the urban expansion of the historical city of GwaliorSatellite data have been extensively used by the researchers[10ndash25] all over the globe to study the urban expansionand their problems due to the availability of high resolutionimages

2 Study Area

Gwalior the historical city of Madhya Pradesh is wellknown for its magnificent fort and the royals of the Scindiadynasty worldwide The region is also well remembered forits role in the 1857 revolt and also for Rani Lakshmi Bairsquosheroic resistance Gwalior city was the capital city of theprincely state of Gwalior until 1948 and the summer capital

of Madhya Bharat State from 1948 to 1956 When MadhyaBharat became part of Madhya Pradesh it became a separatedistrict Historically in 18th AD hermit-saint Gwalipa cureda Chieftain Suraj Sen from a deadly disease Suraj Sen namedthis city by his name as gratitudeWith the different dynastiesthat ruled the city of Gwalior it was renowned not only bythe warrior kings but also by the famous poets musicianssaints and freedom fighters (httpwwwGwaliornicin)After independence the city has gained a status of a majorurban centre of Gwalior Chambal division due to industrialexpansion and migration of people from the surroundingareas The Gwalior city is located in between 26∘101015840ndash26∘181015840Nlatitude and 78∘61015840Endash78∘151015840E longitude with an average eleva-tion of 212m Geographically it is well connected with bothroads and railways It is well connected with other parts ofthe state as National Highway 3 and National Highway 92passes through it The location map is given in Figure 1 Itis the administrative headquarters of Gwalior district andGwalior division The Gwalior city is the largest urban andcommercial centre for the surrounding districts of MorenaBhind Sheopur Datia Guna and Shivpuri The area ofGwalior Municipal Corporation is about 17365 sq km

Geography Journal 3

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 2 Different years FCC of Landsat images

3 Materials and Methods

Since the study is based on the geospatial technology Landsatsatellite data for four different years namely 1972 1990 2006and 2013 have been used The logic behind selecting suchyears is the availability of error-free data for the study regionAs mentioned earlier the time span of the study has beenabout four decades hence the data products used compriseddifferent sensors and different Landsat series The sensorsare Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Thematic Mapper (TM)Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and OperationalLand Imager (OLI) of Landsat 1 Landsat 5 Landsat 7 andLandsat 8 respectively The details of the digital satellite dataused along with the sensor and pathrow of the satellites havebeen given in Table 1 MSS has 04 bands TM has 07 bandsETM+ has 07 bands and OLI -TIRS has 11 bands Out ofall the bands data available three bands (Infrared Red andBlue) were selected for each data to make the respective FalseColour Composite of the study area Hence bands 432 forMSS and TM bands 543 for ETM+ and bands 654 for OLIwere selected to make the FCC for the years 1972 1990 2006and 2013 respectively (Figure 2) Apart from the satellite dataother data used were the Topographic Sheet of the area anddifferent census data Use of GIS in any urban planning anddevelopment work has become one of the key componentstoday It can be used as database and also as tool box In thepresent study GIS has been used not only for the creationof spatial database but also for creation of shape file TheGIS tool box allowed us to perform the spatial analysisgeoprocessing and overlay of the maps GIS has also beenused in the present study as the storage for the land use maps

Table 1 Satellite data products used

Sl Number Satellite Sensor Path Row Year Date1 Landsat 1 MSS 156 42 1972 01-12-19722 Landsat 5 TM 145 42 1990 15-11-19903 Landsat 7 ETM+ 145 42 2006 19-01-20064 Landsat 8 OLI 145 42 2013 06-05-2013

and geomorphologic maps along with their attribute dataApart from the onscreen digitization the mapping providedthe most powerful visualisation in ARC GIS

Initially the digital satellite data products were down-loaded from the website (httpearthexplorerusgsgov) forthe years mentioned above and were layer stacked in ErdasImagine to get the desired FCC of the image An area wasselected for the present study and the same has been subsettedaccordingly from the whole image On the basis of the tonetexture and particularly pattern the urban areas of Gwaliorfor 2013 was first digitized by onscreen digitization methodusing ARC GIS software Similarly for the other years theGwalior urban areas were digitised and the shape files werecreated respectively with two classes as built-up and non-built-up areas The respective areas covering the shape fileswere calculated and the growth of urban areas was correlatedwith the population census data of Gwalior agglomerationThepopulation data for different census years (1971 1981 19912001 and 2011) have been used (Table 2) and interpolatedfor the years 1972 1991 2006 and 2013 respectively and thegrowth rates were calculated and used for correlation with

4 Geography Journal

Table 2 Population of Gwalior urban agglomeration and its growthrate

Census years Population Population growth rate in percent1971 4061401981 555862 36861991 717780 29132001 865548 20592011 1053505 2172

that of urban expansion areas showing built-up and non-built-up lands In order to have a picture of decadal growth ofpopulation and their expansion similarly the calculated areasfor urbanisation at different years were extrapolated and werecorrelated An attempt has also been made to project thesedata for 2021 and 2031

In order to bring out the implications on geomorphologythe geomorphic units that exist during 1972 were digitisedand calculated for the area covering the urbanisation of 2013The geomorphic units affected due to the expansion of urban-isation over the years during 1972ndash2013 were calculated anddemarcated from this initial geomorphologic map Groundtruth check has been conducted in the selected areas withGPS and the results were correlated

4 Results and Discussion

The present Gwalior city has three main urban clustersnamely Gwalior Lashkar and Morar The eastern base of theGwalior Fort is the area of old city Gwalior whereas Lashkarforms the southeast and west part of the city The wordLashkar has been derived from the Persian word meaningarmy or camp which forms the capital of Scindia dynastyof Gwalior State Morar on the other hand is mainly thecantonment area that lies in the east side of the city All thethree trinodal urban clusters have witnessed an expansionof population as well as that in built-up land in the last fewdecades City Centre at the central area of the city forms themajor residential-cum-commercial area which has emergedin the last few decades A Magnet City has been plannedin the western part of the city along the bypass of TighraRoad Climatically the city experiences very hot summer andvery cold winter during the summer and winter seasonsrespectively The average annual rainfall of the area is around762mm

5 Urban Sprawl Expansion

The result brought out a significant urban expansion of thecity for the period 1972minus2013 (Table 3) The total urban areasduring 1972 were 3411 sq km out of which the share of thebuilt-up areas was 2384 sq km and the rest 1027 sq km wasmarked as non-built-up area The total urban area includingthe non-built-up land in 2013 data shows about 8916 sq kmout of which the built-up land is 7182 sq km Hence thebuilt-up land has expanded more than threefold during thelast 40 years with an average expansion of 112 sq km peryear Both built-up land and total urban area show a positive

0246810121416

0

20

40

60

80

100

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041Years

Built-up areaNon-built-up

Are

a (km

2)

Total urban areaPopulation

Popu

latio

n

(times105)

Figure 3 Decadal growth of population and their expansion inGwalior urban area

trend over time However the non-built-up land within theurban areas is under stress due to population pressure and theassociated demand for urban expansion Asmentioned in themethodology section to have a comparative understandingof growth of urban area and population growth the decadalexpansion of urban areas as well as the population hasbeen calculated and projected for the years 2021 and 2031respectively (Table 4 and Figure 3) The respective growthrates have also been obtained The result shows that bythe end of 2021 and 2031 the population of Gwalior citywill be 120 and 136 million respectively whereas that ofbuilt-up land will be expanded up to 7184 and 8258 sq kmduring that period Similarly the total urban area will be9108 and 1044 sq km out of which the non-built-up landswill be 1994 sq km and 2177 sq km during 2021 and 2031respectively But if we observe the result Table 3 where we cansee the built-up land in 2013 is already 7182 sq km henceto predict built-up land in 2021 as 7184 seems to be notrealistic as extrapolation has been done on the basis of allof the 40 years The boom in built-up land has occurredin 2006ndash2013 in which it has expanded from 4863 sq kmto 7182 whereas during 1990ndash2006 the expansion was from3235 sq km to 4863 sq km (Table 3 and Figure 4) Thatmeans where in 16 years the expansion was 1628 sq km inthe next seven years the expansion increased to 2319 sq kmWhile there was a growth rate of 5032 percent in built-upland in 16 years a growth rate of 4770 has been achievedin the next seven years only The noticeable thing is thatthere is a fall in the growth rate of population during thisperiod (Table 3) It is again another clear cut indicationof the increase in the rate of urbanisation in spite of thefalling population growth rate By considering the growthfrom 2006 the predicted built-up land during 2021 and 2031will be 9833 sq km and 10347 sq km respectively As itis mentioned it is unrealistic to predict the expansion ofurbanisation by extrapolating the whole period of forty yearsthe average decadal growth rates were calculated only up to2011 The average decadal growth rate of population is 2728percent while that of built-up land is 3629 percent which ismore than the population growth rate The urbanization areaof respective years overlainwith the respective satellite images

Geography Journal 5

Table 3 Population and expansion of Gwalior urban area

Year Population Built-up areain sq km

Non-built-uparea in sq km

Total urbanarea in sq km

Growth rate in percent

Population Built-up area Non-built-uparea

Total urbanarea

1972 414928 2384 1027 3411 mdash mdash mdash mdash1990 703723 3235 1538 4773 6960 3571 4976 39932006 960429 4863 1802 6665 3648 5032 1717 39642013 1072739 7182 1734 8916 1169 4770

minus377 3377

Table 4 Decadal growth of population and their expansion in Gwalior urban area

In sq km In sq km In sq km Population Built-up area Non-built-up area Total urban area1971 406140 181 1083 289 mdash mdash mdash mdash1981 555862 2884 1266 415 3686 5939 1682 43451991 717780 3959 1448 541 2913 3726 144 30292001 865548 5034 163 666 2059 2715 1258 23252011 1053505 6109 1812 792 2172 2135 1118 18862021 1201092 7184 1994 918 1401 1759 1005 15872031 1361533 8258 2177 1044 1338 1496 914 137

Average decadal growth rate up to 2011 2728 3629 1374 2896

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 4 Urban expansions over the years

6 Geography Journal

Table 5 Geomorphic units affected due to urbanization during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 1567 001 1568 126 000 126 16941990ndash2006 1599 048 1647 079 118 197 18442006ndash2013 1812 001 1813 359 125 484 22971972ndash2013 4978 050 5028 564 243 807 5835

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 5 Urbanized map overlaid on satellite image of different years

has been shown in Figure 5 and the urban sprawl map inFigure 6

6 Implications on Geomorphology

Themajor geomorphic units that fall in the urban expansionarea of todayrsquos scenario that is 2013 are mainly buriedpediplain pediplain residual hill and denudational hill(Figure 7) The geomorphic units that are affected by theurban sprawl over the years 1972 1990 2006 and 2013 havebeen given in Table 5 The urban expansion and its effect ongeomorphic units (Table 5 and Figure 8) show that a totalof 5835 sq km has been affected since 1972 out of whichthe plains (buried pediplain and pediplains) account for5028 sq km and that of hills 807 sq km The result impliesthat since it is easier cost effective and natural trend tomake buildings in plains than on the hills initially the nearbyplain areas surrounding the urban fringe of 1972 have beengradually converted to the built-up land With increasingpressure in the recent period conversion of hills to built-up land is in progress The geomorphic units affected by

only built-up area have also been calculated (Table 6 andFigure 9) From the table it is clear that a total of 3899 sq kmgeomorphic area has been converted to built-up land out ofwhich 3318 sq km is for the plains and the rest 562 sq kmis for the hills The hills are converted to built-up land mostlyafter 2006 Initially residual hills are converted and graduallythe denudational hills are affected With increasing demandfor urban space and nonavailability of plain areas most of thedenudational hills are going to be affected in future

Few decades back Gwalior city was situated in betweenthe Vindhyan Hills in the west and Bijawar Hills in the SouthEast and plains of the North East Some of the prominentresidual hills were known as Gupteshwar Hill Fort HillHanuman Hill Amkoh Hill and Satnarayan Hill HanumanHill and GudiGuda Hill provided aesthetic as well as scenicbeauty of the city All these residual hills were affected by theurban expansion during the period under consideration

The urban areas which expanded over the years and evencrossed the GMD boundary are along the NH-3 towardsShivpuri and also towards Morena The expansion crossedthe GMD boundary mostly after 1990 The notable areas

Geography Journal 7

Table 6 Geomorphic units affected due to built-up land during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills Area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 913 0 913 105 0 105 10181990ndash2006 1208 019 1227 043 108 151 13782006ndash2013 1197 0 1197 222 084 306 15031972ndash2013 3318 019 3337 37 192 562 3899

0 2 3 405

Major roads

GMC boundary

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

1

(km)

1972

1990

2006

2013

N

Figure 6 Urban sprawl map of Gwalior city

of the extension in 2006 are the Gupteshwar and SikanderKampu areawhich ultimately expanded up toGirwali in 2013Geomorphologically the affected residual hill is Guptesh-war Similarly on the NH-3 towards Morena the expansioncovered about 4 km from the GMC boundary at Motijheelarea Presently the expansion has reached up to Padampurand adjoining areas crossing the GMC boundary towardsthe northwest part and towards west it is Mohanpur andadjoining areas The most affected denudational hills aretowards the south Due to the shifting of theNewHighCourtGwalior experienced massive construction of multistoriedbuildings towards the southThe hillocks (above 220mMSL)which were visible during the 90s were demolished as a resultof urban expansion Presently the urban expansion towardsthe south has almost reached up to the boundary of thereserve forest along the Jhansi Road towards Sithauli affectingthe denudational Odhapur Hill

Geomorphologically the fluvial aspects within theGwalior urban area are as follows There have been twostreams Swarnarekha and Morar Rivers which flow southto north through the western and eastern part of the cityrespectively Swarnarekha River originates from 35 km upstream of Barai village and forms tributary of Sankh RiverThe Morar River on the other hand originates at a distanceof about 15 km upstream of Ramaua Dam in Gwalior districtand flows through the eastern part of the city Out of thetwo rivers the Swarnarekha River has been channelized in2001 (Figure 10) The Morar River receives the rain water

0 4 8 12 162

Buried pediplain

Denudational hillPediplain Waterbody

Residual hill

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

(km)

N

Figure 7 Geomorphological map of the area and the affectedgeomorphic units as per 2013 scenario

from the catchment area through various nallas Siltationthroughout its course within the city is visible due to thedisposal of the solid waste materials which obstructs thecarrying capacity of the sediments Water logging problemshave also been seen in the low lying areas (Figure 11) Evenin the channelized Swarnarekha River there has been lessinfiltration of the rain water and consequently water loggingproblems and choked drainages and overflowing of thesewers are visible Both rivers get the natural rain water aswell as the domestic waste following through the naturalslope and the sewer lines from the respective catchmentareas The worst problem arises from the colonies and urbanareas that have been expanded outside the catchment areaswhere there was no suitable draining system In these areasthe rain water as well as the domestic water due to thelack of proper drainage management could not flow thenatural slopes and hence the water logging problem arises

8 Geography Journal

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(c)

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

(d)

Figure 8 Urban expansion on geomorphic features (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during 1972ndash2013

Such areas have been witnessed mostly in the southern andnorthern parts of the city Similarly the urban areas outsidethe GMC boundary have also been suffering from the lackof sewer and proper drainage system To sum up the majorimplications of urbanisation for geomorphology of thestudy area include drastic altercations and even destructionof important geomorphological features such as buriedpediplains and denudational hills and major changes in thefluvial and drainage systems of the region

7 Conclusion

This study attempts to explore the implications of urbanexpansion on the geomorphological features of Gwalior cityRapid urbanisation has led to significant changes and

destruction of important geomorphological features ofGwalior city which has been captured in the study throughRemote Sensing and GIS techniques The results show thatthe geomorphic features which are likely to be affected infuture are the residual hills and the denudational hills apartfrom the plain areas due to the urban expansion The naturaldrainage network of the city also gets affected by the urbanexpansion and the drainage is likely to be modified in futureThe waste water disposal system will affect the water qualityin the city unless proper precautionary measures are takenA first hand database created for this study can providecritical inputs in understanding the urban dynamics of thecity Urban planners and authorities in the future may takeinto account the environmental problems that may arise byunscientifically demolishing the natural topographic features

Geography Journal 9

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

Buried pediplain Denudational hill

Pediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

(c)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(d)

Figure 9 Expansion of built-up land geomorphic units (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during1972ndash2013

Figure 10 Channelisation of Swarnarekha River

and landforms for the expansion of built-up land Hencetaking into account the microgeomorphological features of

Figure 11 Water logging and siltation in Morar River

the city and its surrounding areas proper measures shouldbe implemented for the improvement of future scenario

10 Geography Journal

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Mr Pushpraj Singh Kaurav SOSEarth Science Jiwaji University Gwalior for his assistanceduring the field work

References

[1] N Eyles Environmental Geology of Urban Areas GeologicalAssociation of Canada Newfoundland Canada 1997

[2] D Coates Urban Geomorphology Geological Society of Amer-ica Boulder Colo USA 1976

[3] F Ahnert Introduction to Geomorphology Edward ArnoldLondon UK 1996

[4] H A Viles ldquoThe environmental sensitivity of blistering oflimestone walls in Oxford England a preliminary studyrdquo inLandscape Sensitivity D S G Thomas and R I Allison Edspp 309ndash326 John Wiley amp Sons Chichester UK 1993

[5] M G Wolman ldquoA cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urbanriver channelsrdquoGeografiska Annaler A vol 49 no 2ndash4 pp 385ndash395 1967

[6] M G Wolman and A P Schick ldquo Effects of construction onfluvial sediment urban and suburban areas ofMarylandrdquoWaterResources Research vol 3 pp 451ndash464 1967

[7] L B Leopold ldquoHydrology for urban land planningmdasha guide-book on the hydrological effects of urban land userdquo UnitedStates Geological Survey Circular 554 1968

[8] W L Graf ldquoThe impact of suburbanization on fluvial geomor-phologyrdquo Water Resources Research vol 11 no 5 pp 690ndash6921975

[9] M Sala and M Inbar ldquoSome effects of urbanization in Catalanriversrdquo Catena vol 19 pp 345ndash361 1992

[10] D P Rao ldquoRemote sensing application in geomorphologyrdquoTropical Ecology vol 43 no 1 pp 49ndash59 2002

[11] T Carlson ldquoApplications of remote sensing to urban problemsrdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 86 no 3 pp 273ndash274 2003

[12] T N Carlson ldquoAnalysis and prediction of surface runoff inan urbanizing watershed using satellite imageryrdquo Journal of theAmerican Water Resources Association vol 40 no 4 pp 1087ndash1098 2004

[13] CNMundia andMAniya ldquoAnalysis of land usecover changesand urban expansion of Nairobi city using remote sensing andGISrdquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol 26 no 13 pp2831ndash2849 2005

[14] J Xiao Y Shen J Ge et al ldquoEvaluating urban expansion andland use change in Shijiazhuang China by using GIS andremote sensingrdquo Landscape and Urban Planning vol 75 no 1-2pp 69ndash80 2006

[15] N K Iyer S Kulkarni and V Raghavaswamy ldquoEconomy popu-lationand urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglom-erations of Bangalore and Hyderabad India using remotesensing and GIS techniquesrdquo in Proceedings of the RIPODEWorkshop on Urban Population Development and EnvironmentDynamics in Developing Countries Nairobi Kenya 2007

[16] H S Sudhira and T V Ramachandra ldquoCharacterizing urbansprawl from remote sensing data and using landscape metricsrdquoin Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers inUrban Planning and Urban Management Iguassu Falls Brazil2007

[17] F Fan Y Wang and Z Wang ldquoTemporal and spatial changedetecting (1998ndash2003) and predicting of land use and land coverin Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM andETM+ imagesrdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol137 no 1ndash3 pp 127ndash147 2008

[18] S Farooq and S Ahmad ldquoUrban sprawl development aroundAligarh city a study aided by satellite remote sensing and GISrdquoJournal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing vol 36 no 1 pp77ndash88 2008

[19] M K Jat P K Garg and D Khare ldquoMonitoring and modellingof urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniquesrdquoInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoin-formation vol 10 no 1 pp 26ndash43 2008

[20] W Ji ldquoLandscape effect of urban sprawl spatial and temporalanalyses using remote sensing images and landscapemetricsrdquo inThe International Archives of Photogrammetry Remote Sensingand SpatialInformation Sciences vol 37 part B7 2008

[21] H Taubenbock M Wegmann A Roth H Mehl and S DechldquoUrbanization in Indiamdashspatiotemporal analysis using remotesensing datardquo Computers Environment and Urban Systems vol33 no 3 pp 179ndash188 2009

[22] B Bhatta S Saraswati and D Bandyopadhyay ldquoUrban sprawlmeasurement from remote sensing datardquo Applied Geographyvol 30 no 4 pp 731ndash740 2010

[23] P K Joshi B M Bairwa R Sharma and V S P SinhaldquoAssessing urbanization patterns over India using temporalDMSP-OLS night-time satellite datardquo Current Science vol 100no 10 pp 1479ndash1482 2011

[24] H Taubenbock T Esch A Felbier M Wiesner A Roth andS Dech ldquoMonitoring urbanization in mega cities from spacerdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 117 pp 162ndash176 2012

[25] R Sharma and P K Joshi ldquoMonitoring Urban LandscapeDynamics Over Delhi (India) Using Remote Sensing (1998ndash2011) Inputsrdquo Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensingvol 41 no 3 pp 641ndash650 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Education Research International

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Biomedical EducationJournal of

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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ArchaeologyJournal of

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnthropologyJournal of

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Research and TreatmentSchizophrenia

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Urban Studies Research

Population ResearchInternational Journal of

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CriminologyJournal of

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Aging ResearchJournal of

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NursingResearch and Practice

Current Gerontologyamp Geriatrics Research

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Volume 2014

Sleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

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Depression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geography Journal

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Research and TreatmentAutism

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Economics Research International

Geography Journal 3

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 2 Different years FCC of Landsat images

3 Materials and Methods

Since the study is based on the geospatial technology Landsatsatellite data for four different years namely 1972 1990 2006and 2013 have been used The logic behind selecting suchyears is the availability of error-free data for the study regionAs mentioned earlier the time span of the study has beenabout four decades hence the data products used compriseddifferent sensors and different Landsat series The sensorsare Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Thematic Mapper (TM)Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and OperationalLand Imager (OLI) of Landsat 1 Landsat 5 Landsat 7 andLandsat 8 respectively The details of the digital satellite dataused along with the sensor and pathrow of the satellites havebeen given in Table 1 MSS has 04 bands TM has 07 bandsETM+ has 07 bands and OLI -TIRS has 11 bands Out ofall the bands data available three bands (Infrared Red andBlue) were selected for each data to make the respective FalseColour Composite of the study area Hence bands 432 forMSS and TM bands 543 for ETM+ and bands 654 for OLIwere selected to make the FCC for the years 1972 1990 2006and 2013 respectively (Figure 2) Apart from the satellite dataother data used were the Topographic Sheet of the area anddifferent census data Use of GIS in any urban planning anddevelopment work has become one of the key componentstoday It can be used as database and also as tool box In thepresent study GIS has been used not only for the creationof spatial database but also for creation of shape file TheGIS tool box allowed us to perform the spatial analysisgeoprocessing and overlay of the maps GIS has also beenused in the present study as the storage for the land use maps

Table 1 Satellite data products used

Sl Number Satellite Sensor Path Row Year Date1 Landsat 1 MSS 156 42 1972 01-12-19722 Landsat 5 TM 145 42 1990 15-11-19903 Landsat 7 ETM+ 145 42 2006 19-01-20064 Landsat 8 OLI 145 42 2013 06-05-2013

and geomorphologic maps along with their attribute dataApart from the onscreen digitization the mapping providedthe most powerful visualisation in ARC GIS

Initially the digital satellite data products were down-loaded from the website (httpearthexplorerusgsgov) forthe years mentioned above and were layer stacked in ErdasImagine to get the desired FCC of the image An area wasselected for the present study and the same has been subsettedaccordingly from the whole image On the basis of the tonetexture and particularly pattern the urban areas of Gwaliorfor 2013 was first digitized by onscreen digitization methodusing ARC GIS software Similarly for the other years theGwalior urban areas were digitised and the shape files werecreated respectively with two classes as built-up and non-built-up areas The respective areas covering the shape fileswere calculated and the growth of urban areas was correlatedwith the population census data of Gwalior agglomerationThepopulation data for different census years (1971 1981 19912001 and 2011) have been used (Table 2) and interpolatedfor the years 1972 1991 2006 and 2013 respectively and thegrowth rates were calculated and used for correlation with

4 Geography Journal

Table 2 Population of Gwalior urban agglomeration and its growthrate

Census years Population Population growth rate in percent1971 4061401981 555862 36861991 717780 29132001 865548 20592011 1053505 2172

that of urban expansion areas showing built-up and non-built-up lands In order to have a picture of decadal growth ofpopulation and their expansion similarly the calculated areasfor urbanisation at different years were extrapolated and werecorrelated An attempt has also been made to project thesedata for 2021 and 2031

In order to bring out the implications on geomorphologythe geomorphic units that exist during 1972 were digitisedand calculated for the area covering the urbanisation of 2013The geomorphic units affected due to the expansion of urban-isation over the years during 1972ndash2013 were calculated anddemarcated from this initial geomorphologic map Groundtruth check has been conducted in the selected areas withGPS and the results were correlated

4 Results and Discussion

The present Gwalior city has three main urban clustersnamely Gwalior Lashkar and Morar The eastern base of theGwalior Fort is the area of old city Gwalior whereas Lashkarforms the southeast and west part of the city The wordLashkar has been derived from the Persian word meaningarmy or camp which forms the capital of Scindia dynastyof Gwalior State Morar on the other hand is mainly thecantonment area that lies in the east side of the city All thethree trinodal urban clusters have witnessed an expansionof population as well as that in built-up land in the last fewdecades City Centre at the central area of the city forms themajor residential-cum-commercial area which has emergedin the last few decades A Magnet City has been plannedin the western part of the city along the bypass of TighraRoad Climatically the city experiences very hot summer andvery cold winter during the summer and winter seasonsrespectively The average annual rainfall of the area is around762mm

5 Urban Sprawl Expansion

The result brought out a significant urban expansion of thecity for the period 1972minus2013 (Table 3) The total urban areasduring 1972 were 3411 sq km out of which the share of thebuilt-up areas was 2384 sq km and the rest 1027 sq km wasmarked as non-built-up area The total urban area includingthe non-built-up land in 2013 data shows about 8916 sq kmout of which the built-up land is 7182 sq km Hence thebuilt-up land has expanded more than threefold during thelast 40 years with an average expansion of 112 sq km peryear Both built-up land and total urban area show a positive

0246810121416

0

20

40

60

80

100

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041Years

Built-up areaNon-built-up

Are

a (km

2)

Total urban areaPopulation

Popu

latio

n

(times105)

Figure 3 Decadal growth of population and their expansion inGwalior urban area

trend over time However the non-built-up land within theurban areas is under stress due to population pressure and theassociated demand for urban expansion Asmentioned in themethodology section to have a comparative understandingof growth of urban area and population growth the decadalexpansion of urban areas as well as the population hasbeen calculated and projected for the years 2021 and 2031respectively (Table 4 and Figure 3) The respective growthrates have also been obtained The result shows that bythe end of 2021 and 2031 the population of Gwalior citywill be 120 and 136 million respectively whereas that ofbuilt-up land will be expanded up to 7184 and 8258 sq kmduring that period Similarly the total urban area will be9108 and 1044 sq km out of which the non-built-up landswill be 1994 sq km and 2177 sq km during 2021 and 2031respectively But if we observe the result Table 3 where we cansee the built-up land in 2013 is already 7182 sq km henceto predict built-up land in 2021 as 7184 seems to be notrealistic as extrapolation has been done on the basis of allof the 40 years The boom in built-up land has occurredin 2006ndash2013 in which it has expanded from 4863 sq kmto 7182 whereas during 1990ndash2006 the expansion was from3235 sq km to 4863 sq km (Table 3 and Figure 4) Thatmeans where in 16 years the expansion was 1628 sq km inthe next seven years the expansion increased to 2319 sq kmWhile there was a growth rate of 5032 percent in built-upland in 16 years a growth rate of 4770 has been achievedin the next seven years only The noticeable thing is thatthere is a fall in the growth rate of population during thisperiod (Table 3) It is again another clear cut indicationof the increase in the rate of urbanisation in spite of thefalling population growth rate By considering the growthfrom 2006 the predicted built-up land during 2021 and 2031will be 9833 sq km and 10347 sq km respectively As itis mentioned it is unrealistic to predict the expansion ofurbanisation by extrapolating the whole period of forty yearsthe average decadal growth rates were calculated only up to2011 The average decadal growth rate of population is 2728percent while that of built-up land is 3629 percent which ismore than the population growth rate The urbanization areaof respective years overlainwith the respective satellite images

Geography Journal 5

Table 3 Population and expansion of Gwalior urban area

Year Population Built-up areain sq km

Non-built-uparea in sq km

Total urbanarea in sq km

Growth rate in percent

Population Built-up area Non-built-uparea

Total urbanarea

1972 414928 2384 1027 3411 mdash mdash mdash mdash1990 703723 3235 1538 4773 6960 3571 4976 39932006 960429 4863 1802 6665 3648 5032 1717 39642013 1072739 7182 1734 8916 1169 4770

minus377 3377

Table 4 Decadal growth of population and their expansion in Gwalior urban area

In sq km In sq km In sq km Population Built-up area Non-built-up area Total urban area1971 406140 181 1083 289 mdash mdash mdash mdash1981 555862 2884 1266 415 3686 5939 1682 43451991 717780 3959 1448 541 2913 3726 144 30292001 865548 5034 163 666 2059 2715 1258 23252011 1053505 6109 1812 792 2172 2135 1118 18862021 1201092 7184 1994 918 1401 1759 1005 15872031 1361533 8258 2177 1044 1338 1496 914 137

Average decadal growth rate up to 2011 2728 3629 1374 2896

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 4 Urban expansions over the years

6 Geography Journal

Table 5 Geomorphic units affected due to urbanization during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 1567 001 1568 126 000 126 16941990ndash2006 1599 048 1647 079 118 197 18442006ndash2013 1812 001 1813 359 125 484 22971972ndash2013 4978 050 5028 564 243 807 5835

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 5 Urbanized map overlaid on satellite image of different years

has been shown in Figure 5 and the urban sprawl map inFigure 6

6 Implications on Geomorphology

Themajor geomorphic units that fall in the urban expansionarea of todayrsquos scenario that is 2013 are mainly buriedpediplain pediplain residual hill and denudational hill(Figure 7) The geomorphic units that are affected by theurban sprawl over the years 1972 1990 2006 and 2013 havebeen given in Table 5 The urban expansion and its effect ongeomorphic units (Table 5 and Figure 8) show that a totalof 5835 sq km has been affected since 1972 out of whichthe plains (buried pediplain and pediplains) account for5028 sq km and that of hills 807 sq km The result impliesthat since it is easier cost effective and natural trend tomake buildings in plains than on the hills initially the nearbyplain areas surrounding the urban fringe of 1972 have beengradually converted to the built-up land With increasingpressure in the recent period conversion of hills to built-up land is in progress The geomorphic units affected by

only built-up area have also been calculated (Table 6 andFigure 9) From the table it is clear that a total of 3899 sq kmgeomorphic area has been converted to built-up land out ofwhich 3318 sq km is for the plains and the rest 562 sq kmis for the hills The hills are converted to built-up land mostlyafter 2006 Initially residual hills are converted and graduallythe denudational hills are affected With increasing demandfor urban space and nonavailability of plain areas most of thedenudational hills are going to be affected in future

Few decades back Gwalior city was situated in betweenthe Vindhyan Hills in the west and Bijawar Hills in the SouthEast and plains of the North East Some of the prominentresidual hills were known as Gupteshwar Hill Fort HillHanuman Hill Amkoh Hill and Satnarayan Hill HanumanHill and GudiGuda Hill provided aesthetic as well as scenicbeauty of the city All these residual hills were affected by theurban expansion during the period under consideration

The urban areas which expanded over the years and evencrossed the GMD boundary are along the NH-3 towardsShivpuri and also towards Morena The expansion crossedthe GMD boundary mostly after 1990 The notable areas

Geography Journal 7

Table 6 Geomorphic units affected due to built-up land during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills Area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 913 0 913 105 0 105 10181990ndash2006 1208 019 1227 043 108 151 13782006ndash2013 1197 0 1197 222 084 306 15031972ndash2013 3318 019 3337 37 192 562 3899

0 2 3 405

Major roads

GMC boundary

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

1

(km)

1972

1990

2006

2013

N

Figure 6 Urban sprawl map of Gwalior city

of the extension in 2006 are the Gupteshwar and SikanderKampu areawhich ultimately expanded up toGirwali in 2013Geomorphologically the affected residual hill is Guptesh-war Similarly on the NH-3 towards Morena the expansioncovered about 4 km from the GMC boundary at Motijheelarea Presently the expansion has reached up to Padampurand adjoining areas crossing the GMC boundary towardsthe northwest part and towards west it is Mohanpur andadjoining areas The most affected denudational hills aretowards the south Due to the shifting of theNewHighCourtGwalior experienced massive construction of multistoriedbuildings towards the southThe hillocks (above 220mMSL)which were visible during the 90s were demolished as a resultof urban expansion Presently the urban expansion towardsthe south has almost reached up to the boundary of thereserve forest along the Jhansi Road towards Sithauli affectingthe denudational Odhapur Hill

Geomorphologically the fluvial aspects within theGwalior urban area are as follows There have been twostreams Swarnarekha and Morar Rivers which flow southto north through the western and eastern part of the cityrespectively Swarnarekha River originates from 35 km upstream of Barai village and forms tributary of Sankh RiverThe Morar River on the other hand originates at a distanceof about 15 km upstream of Ramaua Dam in Gwalior districtand flows through the eastern part of the city Out of thetwo rivers the Swarnarekha River has been channelized in2001 (Figure 10) The Morar River receives the rain water

0 4 8 12 162

Buried pediplain

Denudational hillPediplain Waterbody

Residual hill

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

(km)

N

Figure 7 Geomorphological map of the area and the affectedgeomorphic units as per 2013 scenario

from the catchment area through various nallas Siltationthroughout its course within the city is visible due to thedisposal of the solid waste materials which obstructs thecarrying capacity of the sediments Water logging problemshave also been seen in the low lying areas (Figure 11) Evenin the channelized Swarnarekha River there has been lessinfiltration of the rain water and consequently water loggingproblems and choked drainages and overflowing of thesewers are visible Both rivers get the natural rain water aswell as the domestic waste following through the naturalslope and the sewer lines from the respective catchmentareas The worst problem arises from the colonies and urbanareas that have been expanded outside the catchment areaswhere there was no suitable draining system In these areasthe rain water as well as the domestic water due to thelack of proper drainage management could not flow thenatural slopes and hence the water logging problem arises

8 Geography Journal

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(c)

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

(d)

Figure 8 Urban expansion on geomorphic features (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during 1972ndash2013

Such areas have been witnessed mostly in the southern andnorthern parts of the city Similarly the urban areas outsidethe GMC boundary have also been suffering from the lackof sewer and proper drainage system To sum up the majorimplications of urbanisation for geomorphology of thestudy area include drastic altercations and even destructionof important geomorphological features such as buriedpediplains and denudational hills and major changes in thefluvial and drainage systems of the region

7 Conclusion

This study attempts to explore the implications of urbanexpansion on the geomorphological features of Gwalior cityRapid urbanisation has led to significant changes and

destruction of important geomorphological features ofGwalior city which has been captured in the study throughRemote Sensing and GIS techniques The results show thatthe geomorphic features which are likely to be affected infuture are the residual hills and the denudational hills apartfrom the plain areas due to the urban expansion The naturaldrainage network of the city also gets affected by the urbanexpansion and the drainage is likely to be modified in futureThe waste water disposal system will affect the water qualityin the city unless proper precautionary measures are takenA first hand database created for this study can providecritical inputs in understanding the urban dynamics of thecity Urban planners and authorities in the future may takeinto account the environmental problems that may arise byunscientifically demolishing the natural topographic features

Geography Journal 9

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

Buried pediplain Denudational hill

Pediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

(c)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(d)

Figure 9 Expansion of built-up land geomorphic units (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during1972ndash2013

Figure 10 Channelisation of Swarnarekha River

and landforms for the expansion of built-up land Hencetaking into account the microgeomorphological features of

Figure 11 Water logging and siltation in Morar River

the city and its surrounding areas proper measures shouldbe implemented for the improvement of future scenario

10 Geography Journal

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Mr Pushpraj Singh Kaurav SOSEarth Science Jiwaji University Gwalior for his assistanceduring the field work

References

[1] N Eyles Environmental Geology of Urban Areas GeologicalAssociation of Canada Newfoundland Canada 1997

[2] D Coates Urban Geomorphology Geological Society of Amer-ica Boulder Colo USA 1976

[3] F Ahnert Introduction to Geomorphology Edward ArnoldLondon UK 1996

[4] H A Viles ldquoThe environmental sensitivity of blistering oflimestone walls in Oxford England a preliminary studyrdquo inLandscape Sensitivity D S G Thomas and R I Allison Edspp 309ndash326 John Wiley amp Sons Chichester UK 1993

[5] M G Wolman ldquoA cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urbanriver channelsrdquoGeografiska Annaler A vol 49 no 2ndash4 pp 385ndash395 1967

[6] M G Wolman and A P Schick ldquo Effects of construction onfluvial sediment urban and suburban areas ofMarylandrdquoWaterResources Research vol 3 pp 451ndash464 1967

[7] L B Leopold ldquoHydrology for urban land planningmdasha guide-book on the hydrological effects of urban land userdquo UnitedStates Geological Survey Circular 554 1968

[8] W L Graf ldquoThe impact of suburbanization on fluvial geomor-phologyrdquo Water Resources Research vol 11 no 5 pp 690ndash6921975

[9] M Sala and M Inbar ldquoSome effects of urbanization in Catalanriversrdquo Catena vol 19 pp 345ndash361 1992

[10] D P Rao ldquoRemote sensing application in geomorphologyrdquoTropical Ecology vol 43 no 1 pp 49ndash59 2002

[11] T Carlson ldquoApplications of remote sensing to urban problemsrdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 86 no 3 pp 273ndash274 2003

[12] T N Carlson ldquoAnalysis and prediction of surface runoff inan urbanizing watershed using satellite imageryrdquo Journal of theAmerican Water Resources Association vol 40 no 4 pp 1087ndash1098 2004

[13] CNMundia andMAniya ldquoAnalysis of land usecover changesand urban expansion of Nairobi city using remote sensing andGISrdquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol 26 no 13 pp2831ndash2849 2005

[14] J Xiao Y Shen J Ge et al ldquoEvaluating urban expansion andland use change in Shijiazhuang China by using GIS andremote sensingrdquo Landscape and Urban Planning vol 75 no 1-2pp 69ndash80 2006

[15] N K Iyer S Kulkarni and V Raghavaswamy ldquoEconomy popu-lationand urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglom-erations of Bangalore and Hyderabad India using remotesensing and GIS techniquesrdquo in Proceedings of the RIPODEWorkshop on Urban Population Development and EnvironmentDynamics in Developing Countries Nairobi Kenya 2007

[16] H S Sudhira and T V Ramachandra ldquoCharacterizing urbansprawl from remote sensing data and using landscape metricsrdquoin Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers inUrban Planning and Urban Management Iguassu Falls Brazil2007

[17] F Fan Y Wang and Z Wang ldquoTemporal and spatial changedetecting (1998ndash2003) and predicting of land use and land coverin Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM andETM+ imagesrdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol137 no 1ndash3 pp 127ndash147 2008

[18] S Farooq and S Ahmad ldquoUrban sprawl development aroundAligarh city a study aided by satellite remote sensing and GISrdquoJournal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing vol 36 no 1 pp77ndash88 2008

[19] M K Jat P K Garg and D Khare ldquoMonitoring and modellingof urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniquesrdquoInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoin-formation vol 10 no 1 pp 26ndash43 2008

[20] W Ji ldquoLandscape effect of urban sprawl spatial and temporalanalyses using remote sensing images and landscapemetricsrdquo inThe International Archives of Photogrammetry Remote Sensingand SpatialInformation Sciences vol 37 part B7 2008

[21] H Taubenbock M Wegmann A Roth H Mehl and S DechldquoUrbanization in Indiamdashspatiotemporal analysis using remotesensing datardquo Computers Environment and Urban Systems vol33 no 3 pp 179ndash188 2009

[22] B Bhatta S Saraswati and D Bandyopadhyay ldquoUrban sprawlmeasurement from remote sensing datardquo Applied Geographyvol 30 no 4 pp 731ndash740 2010

[23] P K Joshi B M Bairwa R Sharma and V S P SinhaldquoAssessing urbanization patterns over India using temporalDMSP-OLS night-time satellite datardquo Current Science vol 100no 10 pp 1479ndash1482 2011

[24] H Taubenbock T Esch A Felbier M Wiesner A Roth andS Dech ldquoMonitoring urbanization in mega cities from spacerdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 117 pp 162ndash176 2012

[25] R Sharma and P K Joshi ldquoMonitoring Urban LandscapeDynamics Over Delhi (India) Using Remote Sensing (1998ndash2011) Inputsrdquo Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensingvol 41 no 3 pp 641ndash650 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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AnthropologyJournal of

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Research and TreatmentSchizophrenia

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Population ResearchInternational Journal of

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Aging ResearchJournal of

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NursingResearch and Practice

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Sleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Depression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geography Journal

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Research and TreatmentAutism

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Economics Research International

4 Geography Journal

Table 2 Population of Gwalior urban agglomeration and its growthrate

Census years Population Population growth rate in percent1971 4061401981 555862 36861991 717780 29132001 865548 20592011 1053505 2172

that of urban expansion areas showing built-up and non-built-up lands In order to have a picture of decadal growth ofpopulation and their expansion similarly the calculated areasfor urbanisation at different years were extrapolated and werecorrelated An attempt has also been made to project thesedata for 2021 and 2031

In order to bring out the implications on geomorphologythe geomorphic units that exist during 1972 were digitisedand calculated for the area covering the urbanisation of 2013The geomorphic units affected due to the expansion of urban-isation over the years during 1972ndash2013 were calculated anddemarcated from this initial geomorphologic map Groundtruth check has been conducted in the selected areas withGPS and the results were correlated

4 Results and Discussion

The present Gwalior city has three main urban clustersnamely Gwalior Lashkar and Morar The eastern base of theGwalior Fort is the area of old city Gwalior whereas Lashkarforms the southeast and west part of the city The wordLashkar has been derived from the Persian word meaningarmy or camp which forms the capital of Scindia dynastyof Gwalior State Morar on the other hand is mainly thecantonment area that lies in the east side of the city All thethree trinodal urban clusters have witnessed an expansionof population as well as that in built-up land in the last fewdecades City Centre at the central area of the city forms themajor residential-cum-commercial area which has emergedin the last few decades A Magnet City has been plannedin the western part of the city along the bypass of TighraRoad Climatically the city experiences very hot summer andvery cold winter during the summer and winter seasonsrespectively The average annual rainfall of the area is around762mm

5 Urban Sprawl Expansion

The result brought out a significant urban expansion of thecity for the period 1972minus2013 (Table 3) The total urban areasduring 1972 were 3411 sq km out of which the share of thebuilt-up areas was 2384 sq km and the rest 1027 sq km wasmarked as non-built-up area The total urban area includingthe non-built-up land in 2013 data shows about 8916 sq kmout of which the built-up land is 7182 sq km Hence thebuilt-up land has expanded more than threefold during thelast 40 years with an average expansion of 112 sq km peryear Both built-up land and total urban area show a positive

0246810121416

0

20

40

60

80

100

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041Years

Built-up areaNon-built-up

Are

a (km

2)

Total urban areaPopulation

Popu

latio

n

(times105)

Figure 3 Decadal growth of population and their expansion inGwalior urban area

trend over time However the non-built-up land within theurban areas is under stress due to population pressure and theassociated demand for urban expansion Asmentioned in themethodology section to have a comparative understandingof growth of urban area and population growth the decadalexpansion of urban areas as well as the population hasbeen calculated and projected for the years 2021 and 2031respectively (Table 4 and Figure 3) The respective growthrates have also been obtained The result shows that bythe end of 2021 and 2031 the population of Gwalior citywill be 120 and 136 million respectively whereas that ofbuilt-up land will be expanded up to 7184 and 8258 sq kmduring that period Similarly the total urban area will be9108 and 1044 sq km out of which the non-built-up landswill be 1994 sq km and 2177 sq km during 2021 and 2031respectively But if we observe the result Table 3 where we cansee the built-up land in 2013 is already 7182 sq km henceto predict built-up land in 2021 as 7184 seems to be notrealistic as extrapolation has been done on the basis of allof the 40 years The boom in built-up land has occurredin 2006ndash2013 in which it has expanded from 4863 sq kmto 7182 whereas during 1990ndash2006 the expansion was from3235 sq km to 4863 sq km (Table 3 and Figure 4) Thatmeans where in 16 years the expansion was 1628 sq km inthe next seven years the expansion increased to 2319 sq kmWhile there was a growth rate of 5032 percent in built-upland in 16 years a growth rate of 4770 has been achievedin the next seven years only The noticeable thing is thatthere is a fall in the growth rate of population during thisperiod (Table 3) It is again another clear cut indicationof the increase in the rate of urbanisation in spite of thefalling population growth rate By considering the growthfrom 2006 the predicted built-up land during 2021 and 2031will be 9833 sq km and 10347 sq km respectively As itis mentioned it is unrealistic to predict the expansion ofurbanisation by extrapolating the whole period of forty yearsthe average decadal growth rates were calculated only up to2011 The average decadal growth rate of population is 2728percent while that of built-up land is 3629 percent which ismore than the population growth rate The urbanization areaof respective years overlainwith the respective satellite images

Geography Journal 5

Table 3 Population and expansion of Gwalior urban area

Year Population Built-up areain sq km

Non-built-uparea in sq km

Total urbanarea in sq km

Growth rate in percent

Population Built-up area Non-built-uparea

Total urbanarea

1972 414928 2384 1027 3411 mdash mdash mdash mdash1990 703723 3235 1538 4773 6960 3571 4976 39932006 960429 4863 1802 6665 3648 5032 1717 39642013 1072739 7182 1734 8916 1169 4770

minus377 3377

Table 4 Decadal growth of population and their expansion in Gwalior urban area

In sq km In sq km In sq km Population Built-up area Non-built-up area Total urban area1971 406140 181 1083 289 mdash mdash mdash mdash1981 555862 2884 1266 415 3686 5939 1682 43451991 717780 3959 1448 541 2913 3726 144 30292001 865548 5034 163 666 2059 2715 1258 23252011 1053505 6109 1812 792 2172 2135 1118 18862021 1201092 7184 1994 918 1401 1759 1005 15872031 1361533 8258 2177 1044 1338 1496 914 137

Average decadal growth rate up to 2011 2728 3629 1374 2896

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 4 Urban expansions over the years

6 Geography Journal

Table 5 Geomorphic units affected due to urbanization during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 1567 001 1568 126 000 126 16941990ndash2006 1599 048 1647 079 118 197 18442006ndash2013 1812 001 1813 359 125 484 22971972ndash2013 4978 050 5028 564 243 807 5835

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 5 Urbanized map overlaid on satellite image of different years

has been shown in Figure 5 and the urban sprawl map inFigure 6

6 Implications on Geomorphology

Themajor geomorphic units that fall in the urban expansionarea of todayrsquos scenario that is 2013 are mainly buriedpediplain pediplain residual hill and denudational hill(Figure 7) The geomorphic units that are affected by theurban sprawl over the years 1972 1990 2006 and 2013 havebeen given in Table 5 The urban expansion and its effect ongeomorphic units (Table 5 and Figure 8) show that a totalof 5835 sq km has been affected since 1972 out of whichthe plains (buried pediplain and pediplains) account for5028 sq km and that of hills 807 sq km The result impliesthat since it is easier cost effective and natural trend tomake buildings in plains than on the hills initially the nearbyplain areas surrounding the urban fringe of 1972 have beengradually converted to the built-up land With increasingpressure in the recent period conversion of hills to built-up land is in progress The geomorphic units affected by

only built-up area have also been calculated (Table 6 andFigure 9) From the table it is clear that a total of 3899 sq kmgeomorphic area has been converted to built-up land out ofwhich 3318 sq km is for the plains and the rest 562 sq kmis for the hills The hills are converted to built-up land mostlyafter 2006 Initially residual hills are converted and graduallythe denudational hills are affected With increasing demandfor urban space and nonavailability of plain areas most of thedenudational hills are going to be affected in future

Few decades back Gwalior city was situated in betweenthe Vindhyan Hills in the west and Bijawar Hills in the SouthEast and plains of the North East Some of the prominentresidual hills were known as Gupteshwar Hill Fort HillHanuman Hill Amkoh Hill and Satnarayan Hill HanumanHill and GudiGuda Hill provided aesthetic as well as scenicbeauty of the city All these residual hills were affected by theurban expansion during the period under consideration

The urban areas which expanded over the years and evencrossed the GMD boundary are along the NH-3 towardsShivpuri and also towards Morena The expansion crossedthe GMD boundary mostly after 1990 The notable areas

Geography Journal 7

Table 6 Geomorphic units affected due to built-up land during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills Area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 913 0 913 105 0 105 10181990ndash2006 1208 019 1227 043 108 151 13782006ndash2013 1197 0 1197 222 084 306 15031972ndash2013 3318 019 3337 37 192 562 3899

0 2 3 405

Major roads

GMC boundary

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

1

(km)

1972

1990

2006

2013

N

Figure 6 Urban sprawl map of Gwalior city

of the extension in 2006 are the Gupteshwar and SikanderKampu areawhich ultimately expanded up toGirwali in 2013Geomorphologically the affected residual hill is Guptesh-war Similarly on the NH-3 towards Morena the expansioncovered about 4 km from the GMC boundary at Motijheelarea Presently the expansion has reached up to Padampurand adjoining areas crossing the GMC boundary towardsthe northwest part and towards west it is Mohanpur andadjoining areas The most affected denudational hills aretowards the south Due to the shifting of theNewHighCourtGwalior experienced massive construction of multistoriedbuildings towards the southThe hillocks (above 220mMSL)which were visible during the 90s were demolished as a resultof urban expansion Presently the urban expansion towardsthe south has almost reached up to the boundary of thereserve forest along the Jhansi Road towards Sithauli affectingthe denudational Odhapur Hill

Geomorphologically the fluvial aspects within theGwalior urban area are as follows There have been twostreams Swarnarekha and Morar Rivers which flow southto north through the western and eastern part of the cityrespectively Swarnarekha River originates from 35 km upstream of Barai village and forms tributary of Sankh RiverThe Morar River on the other hand originates at a distanceof about 15 km upstream of Ramaua Dam in Gwalior districtand flows through the eastern part of the city Out of thetwo rivers the Swarnarekha River has been channelized in2001 (Figure 10) The Morar River receives the rain water

0 4 8 12 162

Buried pediplain

Denudational hillPediplain Waterbody

Residual hill

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

(km)

N

Figure 7 Geomorphological map of the area and the affectedgeomorphic units as per 2013 scenario

from the catchment area through various nallas Siltationthroughout its course within the city is visible due to thedisposal of the solid waste materials which obstructs thecarrying capacity of the sediments Water logging problemshave also been seen in the low lying areas (Figure 11) Evenin the channelized Swarnarekha River there has been lessinfiltration of the rain water and consequently water loggingproblems and choked drainages and overflowing of thesewers are visible Both rivers get the natural rain water aswell as the domestic waste following through the naturalslope and the sewer lines from the respective catchmentareas The worst problem arises from the colonies and urbanareas that have been expanded outside the catchment areaswhere there was no suitable draining system In these areasthe rain water as well as the domestic water due to thelack of proper drainage management could not flow thenatural slopes and hence the water logging problem arises

8 Geography Journal

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(c)

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

(d)

Figure 8 Urban expansion on geomorphic features (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during 1972ndash2013

Such areas have been witnessed mostly in the southern andnorthern parts of the city Similarly the urban areas outsidethe GMC boundary have also been suffering from the lackof sewer and proper drainage system To sum up the majorimplications of urbanisation for geomorphology of thestudy area include drastic altercations and even destructionof important geomorphological features such as buriedpediplains and denudational hills and major changes in thefluvial and drainage systems of the region

7 Conclusion

This study attempts to explore the implications of urbanexpansion on the geomorphological features of Gwalior cityRapid urbanisation has led to significant changes and

destruction of important geomorphological features ofGwalior city which has been captured in the study throughRemote Sensing and GIS techniques The results show thatthe geomorphic features which are likely to be affected infuture are the residual hills and the denudational hills apartfrom the plain areas due to the urban expansion The naturaldrainage network of the city also gets affected by the urbanexpansion and the drainage is likely to be modified in futureThe waste water disposal system will affect the water qualityin the city unless proper precautionary measures are takenA first hand database created for this study can providecritical inputs in understanding the urban dynamics of thecity Urban planners and authorities in the future may takeinto account the environmental problems that may arise byunscientifically demolishing the natural topographic features

Geography Journal 9

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

Buried pediplain Denudational hill

Pediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

(c)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(d)

Figure 9 Expansion of built-up land geomorphic units (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during1972ndash2013

Figure 10 Channelisation of Swarnarekha River

and landforms for the expansion of built-up land Hencetaking into account the microgeomorphological features of

Figure 11 Water logging and siltation in Morar River

the city and its surrounding areas proper measures shouldbe implemented for the improvement of future scenario

10 Geography Journal

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Mr Pushpraj Singh Kaurav SOSEarth Science Jiwaji University Gwalior for his assistanceduring the field work

References

[1] N Eyles Environmental Geology of Urban Areas GeologicalAssociation of Canada Newfoundland Canada 1997

[2] D Coates Urban Geomorphology Geological Society of Amer-ica Boulder Colo USA 1976

[3] F Ahnert Introduction to Geomorphology Edward ArnoldLondon UK 1996

[4] H A Viles ldquoThe environmental sensitivity of blistering oflimestone walls in Oxford England a preliminary studyrdquo inLandscape Sensitivity D S G Thomas and R I Allison Edspp 309ndash326 John Wiley amp Sons Chichester UK 1993

[5] M G Wolman ldquoA cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urbanriver channelsrdquoGeografiska Annaler A vol 49 no 2ndash4 pp 385ndash395 1967

[6] M G Wolman and A P Schick ldquo Effects of construction onfluvial sediment urban and suburban areas ofMarylandrdquoWaterResources Research vol 3 pp 451ndash464 1967

[7] L B Leopold ldquoHydrology for urban land planningmdasha guide-book on the hydrological effects of urban land userdquo UnitedStates Geological Survey Circular 554 1968

[8] W L Graf ldquoThe impact of suburbanization on fluvial geomor-phologyrdquo Water Resources Research vol 11 no 5 pp 690ndash6921975

[9] M Sala and M Inbar ldquoSome effects of urbanization in Catalanriversrdquo Catena vol 19 pp 345ndash361 1992

[10] D P Rao ldquoRemote sensing application in geomorphologyrdquoTropical Ecology vol 43 no 1 pp 49ndash59 2002

[11] T Carlson ldquoApplications of remote sensing to urban problemsrdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 86 no 3 pp 273ndash274 2003

[12] T N Carlson ldquoAnalysis and prediction of surface runoff inan urbanizing watershed using satellite imageryrdquo Journal of theAmerican Water Resources Association vol 40 no 4 pp 1087ndash1098 2004

[13] CNMundia andMAniya ldquoAnalysis of land usecover changesand urban expansion of Nairobi city using remote sensing andGISrdquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol 26 no 13 pp2831ndash2849 2005

[14] J Xiao Y Shen J Ge et al ldquoEvaluating urban expansion andland use change in Shijiazhuang China by using GIS andremote sensingrdquo Landscape and Urban Planning vol 75 no 1-2pp 69ndash80 2006

[15] N K Iyer S Kulkarni and V Raghavaswamy ldquoEconomy popu-lationand urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglom-erations of Bangalore and Hyderabad India using remotesensing and GIS techniquesrdquo in Proceedings of the RIPODEWorkshop on Urban Population Development and EnvironmentDynamics in Developing Countries Nairobi Kenya 2007

[16] H S Sudhira and T V Ramachandra ldquoCharacterizing urbansprawl from remote sensing data and using landscape metricsrdquoin Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers inUrban Planning and Urban Management Iguassu Falls Brazil2007

[17] F Fan Y Wang and Z Wang ldquoTemporal and spatial changedetecting (1998ndash2003) and predicting of land use and land coverin Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM andETM+ imagesrdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol137 no 1ndash3 pp 127ndash147 2008

[18] S Farooq and S Ahmad ldquoUrban sprawl development aroundAligarh city a study aided by satellite remote sensing and GISrdquoJournal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing vol 36 no 1 pp77ndash88 2008

[19] M K Jat P K Garg and D Khare ldquoMonitoring and modellingof urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniquesrdquoInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoin-formation vol 10 no 1 pp 26ndash43 2008

[20] W Ji ldquoLandscape effect of urban sprawl spatial and temporalanalyses using remote sensing images and landscapemetricsrdquo inThe International Archives of Photogrammetry Remote Sensingand SpatialInformation Sciences vol 37 part B7 2008

[21] H Taubenbock M Wegmann A Roth H Mehl and S DechldquoUrbanization in Indiamdashspatiotemporal analysis using remotesensing datardquo Computers Environment and Urban Systems vol33 no 3 pp 179ndash188 2009

[22] B Bhatta S Saraswati and D Bandyopadhyay ldquoUrban sprawlmeasurement from remote sensing datardquo Applied Geographyvol 30 no 4 pp 731ndash740 2010

[23] P K Joshi B M Bairwa R Sharma and V S P SinhaldquoAssessing urbanization patterns over India using temporalDMSP-OLS night-time satellite datardquo Current Science vol 100no 10 pp 1479ndash1482 2011

[24] H Taubenbock T Esch A Felbier M Wiesner A Roth andS Dech ldquoMonitoring urbanization in mega cities from spacerdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 117 pp 162ndash176 2012

[25] R Sharma and P K Joshi ldquoMonitoring Urban LandscapeDynamics Over Delhi (India) Using Remote Sensing (1998ndash2011) Inputsrdquo Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensingvol 41 no 3 pp 641ndash650 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Child Development Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Education Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biomedical EducationJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Psychiatry Journal

ArchaeologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnthropologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentSchizophrenia

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Urban Studies Research

Population ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CriminologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Aging ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NursingResearch and Practice

Current Gerontologyamp Geriatrics Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

Sleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Depression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geography Journal

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentAutism

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Economics Research International

Geography Journal 5

Table 3 Population and expansion of Gwalior urban area

Year Population Built-up areain sq km

Non-built-uparea in sq km

Total urbanarea in sq km

Growth rate in percent

Population Built-up area Non-built-uparea

Total urbanarea

1972 414928 2384 1027 3411 mdash mdash mdash mdash1990 703723 3235 1538 4773 6960 3571 4976 39932006 960429 4863 1802 6665 3648 5032 1717 39642013 1072739 7182 1734 8916 1169 4770

minus377 3377

Table 4 Decadal growth of population and their expansion in Gwalior urban area

In sq km In sq km In sq km Population Built-up area Non-built-up area Total urban area1971 406140 181 1083 289 mdash mdash mdash mdash1981 555862 2884 1266 415 3686 5939 1682 43451991 717780 3959 1448 541 2913 3726 144 30292001 865548 5034 163 666 2059 2715 1258 23252011 1053505 6109 1812 792 2172 2135 1118 18862021 1201092 7184 1994 918 1401 1759 1005 15872031 1361533 8258 2177 1044 1338 1496 914 137

Average decadal growth rate up to 2011 2728 3629 1374 2896

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 4 Urban expansions over the years

6 Geography Journal

Table 5 Geomorphic units affected due to urbanization during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 1567 001 1568 126 000 126 16941990ndash2006 1599 048 1647 079 118 197 18442006ndash2013 1812 001 1813 359 125 484 22971972ndash2013 4978 050 5028 564 243 807 5835

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 5 Urbanized map overlaid on satellite image of different years

has been shown in Figure 5 and the urban sprawl map inFigure 6

6 Implications on Geomorphology

Themajor geomorphic units that fall in the urban expansionarea of todayrsquos scenario that is 2013 are mainly buriedpediplain pediplain residual hill and denudational hill(Figure 7) The geomorphic units that are affected by theurban sprawl over the years 1972 1990 2006 and 2013 havebeen given in Table 5 The urban expansion and its effect ongeomorphic units (Table 5 and Figure 8) show that a totalof 5835 sq km has been affected since 1972 out of whichthe plains (buried pediplain and pediplains) account for5028 sq km and that of hills 807 sq km The result impliesthat since it is easier cost effective and natural trend tomake buildings in plains than on the hills initially the nearbyplain areas surrounding the urban fringe of 1972 have beengradually converted to the built-up land With increasingpressure in the recent period conversion of hills to built-up land is in progress The geomorphic units affected by

only built-up area have also been calculated (Table 6 andFigure 9) From the table it is clear that a total of 3899 sq kmgeomorphic area has been converted to built-up land out ofwhich 3318 sq km is for the plains and the rest 562 sq kmis for the hills The hills are converted to built-up land mostlyafter 2006 Initially residual hills are converted and graduallythe denudational hills are affected With increasing demandfor urban space and nonavailability of plain areas most of thedenudational hills are going to be affected in future

Few decades back Gwalior city was situated in betweenthe Vindhyan Hills in the west and Bijawar Hills in the SouthEast and plains of the North East Some of the prominentresidual hills were known as Gupteshwar Hill Fort HillHanuman Hill Amkoh Hill and Satnarayan Hill HanumanHill and GudiGuda Hill provided aesthetic as well as scenicbeauty of the city All these residual hills were affected by theurban expansion during the period under consideration

The urban areas which expanded over the years and evencrossed the GMD boundary are along the NH-3 towardsShivpuri and also towards Morena The expansion crossedthe GMD boundary mostly after 1990 The notable areas

Geography Journal 7

Table 6 Geomorphic units affected due to built-up land during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills Area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 913 0 913 105 0 105 10181990ndash2006 1208 019 1227 043 108 151 13782006ndash2013 1197 0 1197 222 084 306 15031972ndash2013 3318 019 3337 37 192 562 3899

0 2 3 405

Major roads

GMC boundary

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

1

(km)

1972

1990

2006

2013

N

Figure 6 Urban sprawl map of Gwalior city

of the extension in 2006 are the Gupteshwar and SikanderKampu areawhich ultimately expanded up toGirwali in 2013Geomorphologically the affected residual hill is Guptesh-war Similarly on the NH-3 towards Morena the expansioncovered about 4 km from the GMC boundary at Motijheelarea Presently the expansion has reached up to Padampurand adjoining areas crossing the GMC boundary towardsthe northwest part and towards west it is Mohanpur andadjoining areas The most affected denudational hills aretowards the south Due to the shifting of theNewHighCourtGwalior experienced massive construction of multistoriedbuildings towards the southThe hillocks (above 220mMSL)which were visible during the 90s were demolished as a resultof urban expansion Presently the urban expansion towardsthe south has almost reached up to the boundary of thereserve forest along the Jhansi Road towards Sithauli affectingthe denudational Odhapur Hill

Geomorphologically the fluvial aspects within theGwalior urban area are as follows There have been twostreams Swarnarekha and Morar Rivers which flow southto north through the western and eastern part of the cityrespectively Swarnarekha River originates from 35 km upstream of Barai village and forms tributary of Sankh RiverThe Morar River on the other hand originates at a distanceof about 15 km upstream of Ramaua Dam in Gwalior districtand flows through the eastern part of the city Out of thetwo rivers the Swarnarekha River has been channelized in2001 (Figure 10) The Morar River receives the rain water

0 4 8 12 162

Buried pediplain

Denudational hillPediplain Waterbody

Residual hill

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

(km)

N

Figure 7 Geomorphological map of the area and the affectedgeomorphic units as per 2013 scenario

from the catchment area through various nallas Siltationthroughout its course within the city is visible due to thedisposal of the solid waste materials which obstructs thecarrying capacity of the sediments Water logging problemshave also been seen in the low lying areas (Figure 11) Evenin the channelized Swarnarekha River there has been lessinfiltration of the rain water and consequently water loggingproblems and choked drainages and overflowing of thesewers are visible Both rivers get the natural rain water aswell as the domestic waste following through the naturalslope and the sewer lines from the respective catchmentareas The worst problem arises from the colonies and urbanareas that have been expanded outside the catchment areaswhere there was no suitable draining system In these areasthe rain water as well as the domestic water due to thelack of proper drainage management could not flow thenatural slopes and hence the water logging problem arises

8 Geography Journal

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(c)

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

(d)

Figure 8 Urban expansion on geomorphic features (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during 1972ndash2013

Such areas have been witnessed mostly in the southern andnorthern parts of the city Similarly the urban areas outsidethe GMC boundary have also been suffering from the lackof sewer and proper drainage system To sum up the majorimplications of urbanisation for geomorphology of thestudy area include drastic altercations and even destructionof important geomorphological features such as buriedpediplains and denudational hills and major changes in thefluvial and drainage systems of the region

7 Conclusion

This study attempts to explore the implications of urbanexpansion on the geomorphological features of Gwalior cityRapid urbanisation has led to significant changes and

destruction of important geomorphological features ofGwalior city which has been captured in the study throughRemote Sensing and GIS techniques The results show thatthe geomorphic features which are likely to be affected infuture are the residual hills and the denudational hills apartfrom the plain areas due to the urban expansion The naturaldrainage network of the city also gets affected by the urbanexpansion and the drainage is likely to be modified in futureThe waste water disposal system will affect the water qualityin the city unless proper precautionary measures are takenA first hand database created for this study can providecritical inputs in understanding the urban dynamics of thecity Urban planners and authorities in the future may takeinto account the environmental problems that may arise byunscientifically demolishing the natural topographic features

Geography Journal 9

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

Buried pediplain Denudational hill

Pediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

(c)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(d)

Figure 9 Expansion of built-up land geomorphic units (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during1972ndash2013

Figure 10 Channelisation of Swarnarekha River

and landforms for the expansion of built-up land Hencetaking into account the microgeomorphological features of

Figure 11 Water logging and siltation in Morar River

the city and its surrounding areas proper measures shouldbe implemented for the improvement of future scenario

10 Geography Journal

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Mr Pushpraj Singh Kaurav SOSEarth Science Jiwaji University Gwalior for his assistanceduring the field work

References

[1] N Eyles Environmental Geology of Urban Areas GeologicalAssociation of Canada Newfoundland Canada 1997

[2] D Coates Urban Geomorphology Geological Society of Amer-ica Boulder Colo USA 1976

[3] F Ahnert Introduction to Geomorphology Edward ArnoldLondon UK 1996

[4] H A Viles ldquoThe environmental sensitivity of blistering oflimestone walls in Oxford England a preliminary studyrdquo inLandscape Sensitivity D S G Thomas and R I Allison Edspp 309ndash326 John Wiley amp Sons Chichester UK 1993

[5] M G Wolman ldquoA cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urbanriver channelsrdquoGeografiska Annaler A vol 49 no 2ndash4 pp 385ndash395 1967

[6] M G Wolman and A P Schick ldquo Effects of construction onfluvial sediment urban and suburban areas ofMarylandrdquoWaterResources Research vol 3 pp 451ndash464 1967

[7] L B Leopold ldquoHydrology for urban land planningmdasha guide-book on the hydrological effects of urban land userdquo UnitedStates Geological Survey Circular 554 1968

[8] W L Graf ldquoThe impact of suburbanization on fluvial geomor-phologyrdquo Water Resources Research vol 11 no 5 pp 690ndash6921975

[9] M Sala and M Inbar ldquoSome effects of urbanization in Catalanriversrdquo Catena vol 19 pp 345ndash361 1992

[10] D P Rao ldquoRemote sensing application in geomorphologyrdquoTropical Ecology vol 43 no 1 pp 49ndash59 2002

[11] T Carlson ldquoApplications of remote sensing to urban problemsrdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 86 no 3 pp 273ndash274 2003

[12] T N Carlson ldquoAnalysis and prediction of surface runoff inan urbanizing watershed using satellite imageryrdquo Journal of theAmerican Water Resources Association vol 40 no 4 pp 1087ndash1098 2004

[13] CNMundia andMAniya ldquoAnalysis of land usecover changesand urban expansion of Nairobi city using remote sensing andGISrdquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol 26 no 13 pp2831ndash2849 2005

[14] J Xiao Y Shen J Ge et al ldquoEvaluating urban expansion andland use change in Shijiazhuang China by using GIS andremote sensingrdquo Landscape and Urban Planning vol 75 no 1-2pp 69ndash80 2006

[15] N K Iyer S Kulkarni and V Raghavaswamy ldquoEconomy popu-lationand urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglom-erations of Bangalore and Hyderabad India using remotesensing and GIS techniquesrdquo in Proceedings of the RIPODEWorkshop on Urban Population Development and EnvironmentDynamics in Developing Countries Nairobi Kenya 2007

[16] H S Sudhira and T V Ramachandra ldquoCharacterizing urbansprawl from remote sensing data and using landscape metricsrdquoin Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers inUrban Planning and Urban Management Iguassu Falls Brazil2007

[17] F Fan Y Wang and Z Wang ldquoTemporal and spatial changedetecting (1998ndash2003) and predicting of land use and land coverin Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM andETM+ imagesrdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol137 no 1ndash3 pp 127ndash147 2008

[18] S Farooq and S Ahmad ldquoUrban sprawl development aroundAligarh city a study aided by satellite remote sensing and GISrdquoJournal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing vol 36 no 1 pp77ndash88 2008

[19] M K Jat P K Garg and D Khare ldquoMonitoring and modellingof urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniquesrdquoInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoin-formation vol 10 no 1 pp 26ndash43 2008

[20] W Ji ldquoLandscape effect of urban sprawl spatial and temporalanalyses using remote sensing images and landscapemetricsrdquo inThe International Archives of Photogrammetry Remote Sensingand SpatialInformation Sciences vol 37 part B7 2008

[21] H Taubenbock M Wegmann A Roth H Mehl and S DechldquoUrbanization in Indiamdashspatiotemporal analysis using remotesensing datardquo Computers Environment and Urban Systems vol33 no 3 pp 179ndash188 2009

[22] B Bhatta S Saraswati and D Bandyopadhyay ldquoUrban sprawlmeasurement from remote sensing datardquo Applied Geographyvol 30 no 4 pp 731ndash740 2010

[23] P K Joshi B M Bairwa R Sharma and V S P SinhaldquoAssessing urbanization patterns over India using temporalDMSP-OLS night-time satellite datardquo Current Science vol 100no 10 pp 1479ndash1482 2011

[24] H Taubenbock T Esch A Felbier M Wiesner A Roth andS Dech ldquoMonitoring urbanization in mega cities from spacerdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 117 pp 162ndash176 2012

[25] R Sharma and P K Joshi ldquoMonitoring Urban LandscapeDynamics Over Delhi (India) Using Remote Sensing (1998ndash2011) Inputsrdquo Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensingvol 41 no 3 pp 641ndash650 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Child Development Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Education Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biomedical EducationJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Psychiatry Journal

ArchaeologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnthropologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentSchizophrenia

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Urban Studies Research

Population ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CriminologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Aging ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NursingResearch and Practice

Current Gerontologyamp Geriatrics Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

Sleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Depression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geography Journal

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentAutism

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Economics Research International

6 Geography Journal

Table 5 Geomorphic units affected due to urbanization during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 1567 001 1568 126 000 126 16941990ndash2006 1599 048 1647 079 118 197 18442006ndash2013 1812 001 1813 359 125 484 22971972ndash2013 4978 050 5028 564 243 807 5835

1972 1990

2006 2013

Figure 5 Urbanized map overlaid on satellite image of different years

has been shown in Figure 5 and the urban sprawl map inFigure 6

6 Implications on Geomorphology

Themajor geomorphic units that fall in the urban expansionarea of todayrsquos scenario that is 2013 are mainly buriedpediplain pediplain residual hill and denudational hill(Figure 7) The geomorphic units that are affected by theurban sprawl over the years 1972 1990 2006 and 2013 havebeen given in Table 5 The urban expansion and its effect ongeomorphic units (Table 5 and Figure 8) show that a totalof 5835 sq km has been affected since 1972 out of whichthe plains (buried pediplain and pediplains) account for5028 sq km and that of hills 807 sq km The result impliesthat since it is easier cost effective and natural trend tomake buildings in plains than on the hills initially the nearbyplain areas surrounding the urban fringe of 1972 have beengradually converted to the built-up land With increasingpressure in the recent period conversion of hills to built-up land is in progress The geomorphic units affected by

only built-up area have also been calculated (Table 6 andFigure 9) From the table it is clear that a total of 3899 sq kmgeomorphic area has been converted to built-up land out ofwhich 3318 sq km is for the plains and the rest 562 sq kmis for the hills The hills are converted to built-up land mostlyafter 2006 Initially residual hills are converted and graduallythe denudational hills are affected With increasing demandfor urban space and nonavailability of plain areas most of thedenudational hills are going to be affected in future

Few decades back Gwalior city was situated in betweenthe Vindhyan Hills in the west and Bijawar Hills in the SouthEast and plains of the North East Some of the prominentresidual hills were known as Gupteshwar Hill Fort HillHanuman Hill Amkoh Hill and Satnarayan Hill HanumanHill and GudiGuda Hill provided aesthetic as well as scenicbeauty of the city All these residual hills were affected by theurban expansion during the period under consideration

The urban areas which expanded over the years and evencrossed the GMD boundary are along the NH-3 towardsShivpuri and also towards Morena The expansion crossedthe GMD boundary mostly after 1990 The notable areas

Geography Journal 7

Table 6 Geomorphic units affected due to built-up land during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills Area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 913 0 913 105 0 105 10181990ndash2006 1208 019 1227 043 108 151 13782006ndash2013 1197 0 1197 222 084 306 15031972ndash2013 3318 019 3337 37 192 562 3899

0 2 3 405

Major roads

GMC boundary

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

1

(km)

1972

1990

2006

2013

N

Figure 6 Urban sprawl map of Gwalior city

of the extension in 2006 are the Gupteshwar and SikanderKampu areawhich ultimately expanded up toGirwali in 2013Geomorphologically the affected residual hill is Guptesh-war Similarly on the NH-3 towards Morena the expansioncovered about 4 km from the GMC boundary at Motijheelarea Presently the expansion has reached up to Padampurand adjoining areas crossing the GMC boundary towardsthe northwest part and towards west it is Mohanpur andadjoining areas The most affected denudational hills aretowards the south Due to the shifting of theNewHighCourtGwalior experienced massive construction of multistoriedbuildings towards the southThe hillocks (above 220mMSL)which were visible during the 90s were demolished as a resultof urban expansion Presently the urban expansion towardsthe south has almost reached up to the boundary of thereserve forest along the Jhansi Road towards Sithauli affectingthe denudational Odhapur Hill

Geomorphologically the fluvial aspects within theGwalior urban area are as follows There have been twostreams Swarnarekha and Morar Rivers which flow southto north through the western and eastern part of the cityrespectively Swarnarekha River originates from 35 km upstream of Barai village and forms tributary of Sankh RiverThe Morar River on the other hand originates at a distanceof about 15 km upstream of Ramaua Dam in Gwalior districtand flows through the eastern part of the city Out of thetwo rivers the Swarnarekha River has been channelized in2001 (Figure 10) The Morar River receives the rain water

0 4 8 12 162

Buried pediplain

Denudational hillPediplain Waterbody

Residual hill

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

(km)

N

Figure 7 Geomorphological map of the area and the affectedgeomorphic units as per 2013 scenario

from the catchment area through various nallas Siltationthroughout its course within the city is visible due to thedisposal of the solid waste materials which obstructs thecarrying capacity of the sediments Water logging problemshave also been seen in the low lying areas (Figure 11) Evenin the channelized Swarnarekha River there has been lessinfiltration of the rain water and consequently water loggingproblems and choked drainages and overflowing of thesewers are visible Both rivers get the natural rain water aswell as the domestic waste following through the naturalslope and the sewer lines from the respective catchmentareas The worst problem arises from the colonies and urbanareas that have been expanded outside the catchment areaswhere there was no suitable draining system In these areasthe rain water as well as the domestic water due to thelack of proper drainage management could not flow thenatural slopes and hence the water logging problem arises

8 Geography Journal

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(c)

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

(d)

Figure 8 Urban expansion on geomorphic features (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during 1972ndash2013

Such areas have been witnessed mostly in the southern andnorthern parts of the city Similarly the urban areas outsidethe GMC boundary have also been suffering from the lackof sewer and proper drainage system To sum up the majorimplications of urbanisation for geomorphology of thestudy area include drastic altercations and even destructionof important geomorphological features such as buriedpediplains and denudational hills and major changes in thefluvial and drainage systems of the region

7 Conclusion

This study attempts to explore the implications of urbanexpansion on the geomorphological features of Gwalior cityRapid urbanisation has led to significant changes and

destruction of important geomorphological features ofGwalior city which has been captured in the study throughRemote Sensing and GIS techniques The results show thatthe geomorphic features which are likely to be affected infuture are the residual hills and the denudational hills apartfrom the plain areas due to the urban expansion The naturaldrainage network of the city also gets affected by the urbanexpansion and the drainage is likely to be modified in futureThe waste water disposal system will affect the water qualityin the city unless proper precautionary measures are takenA first hand database created for this study can providecritical inputs in understanding the urban dynamics of thecity Urban planners and authorities in the future may takeinto account the environmental problems that may arise byunscientifically demolishing the natural topographic features

Geography Journal 9

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

Buried pediplain Denudational hill

Pediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

(c)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(d)

Figure 9 Expansion of built-up land geomorphic units (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during1972ndash2013

Figure 10 Channelisation of Swarnarekha River

and landforms for the expansion of built-up land Hencetaking into account the microgeomorphological features of

Figure 11 Water logging and siltation in Morar River

the city and its surrounding areas proper measures shouldbe implemented for the improvement of future scenario

10 Geography Journal

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Mr Pushpraj Singh Kaurav SOSEarth Science Jiwaji University Gwalior for his assistanceduring the field work

References

[1] N Eyles Environmental Geology of Urban Areas GeologicalAssociation of Canada Newfoundland Canada 1997

[2] D Coates Urban Geomorphology Geological Society of Amer-ica Boulder Colo USA 1976

[3] F Ahnert Introduction to Geomorphology Edward ArnoldLondon UK 1996

[4] H A Viles ldquoThe environmental sensitivity of blistering oflimestone walls in Oxford England a preliminary studyrdquo inLandscape Sensitivity D S G Thomas and R I Allison Edspp 309ndash326 John Wiley amp Sons Chichester UK 1993

[5] M G Wolman ldquoA cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urbanriver channelsrdquoGeografiska Annaler A vol 49 no 2ndash4 pp 385ndash395 1967

[6] M G Wolman and A P Schick ldquo Effects of construction onfluvial sediment urban and suburban areas ofMarylandrdquoWaterResources Research vol 3 pp 451ndash464 1967

[7] L B Leopold ldquoHydrology for urban land planningmdasha guide-book on the hydrological effects of urban land userdquo UnitedStates Geological Survey Circular 554 1968

[8] W L Graf ldquoThe impact of suburbanization on fluvial geomor-phologyrdquo Water Resources Research vol 11 no 5 pp 690ndash6921975

[9] M Sala and M Inbar ldquoSome effects of urbanization in Catalanriversrdquo Catena vol 19 pp 345ndash361 1992

[10] D P Rao ldquoRemote sensing application in geomorphologyrdquoTropical Ecology vol 43 no 1 pp 49ndash59 2002

[11] T Carlson ldquoApplications of remote sensing to urban problemsrdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 86 no 3 pp 273ndash274 2003

[12] T N Carlson ldquoAnalysis and prediction of surface runoff inan urbanizing watershed using satellite imageryrdquo Journal of theAmerican Water Resources Association vol 40 no 4 pp 1087ndash1098 2004

[13] CNMundia andMAniya ldquoAnalysis of land usecover changesand urban expansion of Nairobi city using remote sensing andGISrdquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol 26 no 13 pp2831ndash2849 2005

[14] J Xiao Y Shen J Ge et al ldquoEvaluating urban expansion andland use change in Shijiazhuang China by using GIS andremote sensingrdquo Landscape and Urban Planning vol 75 no 1-2pp 69ndash80 2006

[15] N K Iyer S Kulkarni and V Raghavaswamy ldquoEconomy popu-lationand urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglom-erations of Bangalore and Hyderabad India using remotesensing and GIS techniquesrdquo in Proceedings of the RIPODEWorkshop on Urban Population Development and EnvironmentDynamics in Developing Countries Nairobi Kenya 2007

[16] H S Sudhira and T V Ramachandra ldquoCharacterizing urbansprawl from remote sensing data and using landscape metricsrdquoin Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers inUrban Planning and Urban Management Iguassu Falls Brazil2007

[17] F Fan Y Wang and Z Wang ldquoTemporal and spatial changedetecting (1998ndash2003) and predicting of land use and land coverin Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM andETM+ imagesrdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol137 no 1ndash3 pp 127ndash147 2008

[18] S Farooq and S Ahmad ldquoUrban sprawl development aroundAligarh city a study aided by satellite remote sensing and GISrdquoJournal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing vol 36 no 1 pp77ndash88 2008

[19] M K Jat P K Garg and D Khare ldquoMonitoring and modellingof urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniquesrdquoInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoin-formation vol 10 no 1 pp 26ndash43 2008

[20] W Ji ldquoLandscape effect of urban sprawl spatial and temporalanalyses using remote sensing images and landscapemetricsrdquo inThe International Archives of Photogrammetry Remote Sensingand SpatialInformation Sciences vol 37 part B7 2008

[21] H Taubenbock M Wegmann A Roth H Mehl and S DechldquoUrbanization in Indiamdashspatiotemporal analysis using remotesensing datardquo Computers Environment and Urban Systems vol33 no 3 pp 179ndash188 2009

[22] B Bhatta S Saraswati and D Bandyopadhyay ldquoUrban sprawlmeasurement from remote sensing datardquo Applied Geographyvol 30 no 4 pp 731ndash740 2010

[23] P K Joshi B M Bairwa R Sharma and V S P SinhaldquoAssessing urbanization patterns over India using temporalDMSP-OLS night-time satellite datardquo Current Science vol 100no 10 pp 1479ndash1482 2011

[24] H Taubenbock T Esch A Felbier M Wiesner A Roth andS Dech ldquoMonitoring urbanization in mega cities from spacerdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 117 pp 162ndash176 2012

[25] R Sharma and P K Joshi ldquoMonitoring Urban LandscapeDynamics Over Delhi (India) Using Remote Sensing (1998ndash2011) Inputsrdquo Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensingvol 41 no 3 pp 641ndash650 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Child Development Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Education Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biomedical EducationJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Psychiatry Journal

ArchaeologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnthropologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentSchizophrenia

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Urban Studies Research

Population ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CriminologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Aging ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NursingResearch and Practice

Current Gerontologyamp Geriatrics Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

Sleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Depression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geography Journal

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentAutism

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Economics Research International

Geography Journal 7

Table 6 Geomorphic units affected due to built-up land during 1972ndash2013

Geomorphic units Plains area in sq km Hills Area in sq km Total area in sq kmYears fromndashto Buried pediplain Pediplain Total plains Denudational hill Residual hill Total hills1972ndash1990 913 0 913 105 0 105 10181990ndash2006 1208 019 1227 043 108 151 13782006ndash2013 1197 0 1197 222 084 306 15031972ndash2013 3318 019 3337 37 192 562 3899

0 2 3 405

Major roads

GMC boundary

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

78∘15

9984000998400998400E78

∘10

9984000998400998400E78

∘59984000998400998400E

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

26∘15

9984000998400998400N

26∘10

9984000998400998400N

1

(km)

1972

1990

2006

2013

N

Figure 6 Urban sprawl map of Gwalior city

of the extension in 2006 are the Gupteshwar and SikanderKampu areawhich ultimately expanded up toGirwali in 2013Geomorphologically the affected residual hill is Guptesh-war Similarly on the NH-3 towards Morena the expansioncovered about 4 km from the GMC boundary at Motijheelarea Presently the expansion has reached up to Padampurand adjoining areas crossing the GMC boundary towardsthe northwest part and towards west it is Mohanpur andadjoining areas The most affected denudational hills aretowards the south Due to the shifting of theNewHighCourtGwalior experienced massive construction of multistoriedbuildings towards the southThe hillocks (above 220mMSL)which were visible during the 90s were demolished as a resultof urban expansion Presently the urban expansion towardsthe south has almost reached up to the boundary of thereserve forest along the Jhansi Road towards Sithauli affectingthe denudational Odhapur Hill

Geomorphologically the fluvial aspects within theGwalior urban area are as follows There have been twostreams Swarnarekha and Morar Rivers which flow southto north through the western and eastern part of the cityrespectively Swarnarekha River originates from 35 km upstream of Barai village and forms tributary of Sankh RiverThe Morar River on the other hand originates at a distanceof about 15 km upstream of Ramaua Dam in Gwalior districtand flows through the eastern part of the city Out of thetwo rivers the Swarnarekha River has been channelized in2001 (Figure 10) The Morar River receives the rain water

0 4 8 12 162

Buried pediplain

Denudational hillPediplain Waterbody

Residual hill

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

78∘15

998400E78∘10

998400E78∘5998400E

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

26∘15

998400N

26∘10

998400N

(km)

N

Figure 7 Geomorphological map of the area and the affectedgeomorphic units as per 2013 scenario

from the catchment area through various nallas Siltationthroughout its course within the city is visible due to thedisposal of the solid waste materials which obstructs thecarrying capacity of the sediments Water logging problemshave also been seen in the low lying areas (Figure 11) Evenin the channelized Swarnarekha River there has been lessinfiltration of the rain water and consequently water loggingproblems and choked drainages and overflowing of thesewers are visible Both rivers get the natural rain water aswell as the domestic waste following through the naturalslope and the sewer lines from the respective catchmentareas The worst problem arises from the colonies and urbanareas that have been expanded outside the catchment areaswhere there was no suitable draining system In these areasthe rain water as well as the domestic water due to thelack of proper drainage management could not flow thenatural slopes and hence the water logging problem arises

8 Geography Journal

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(c)

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

(d)

Figure 8 Urban expansion on geomorphic features (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during 1972ndash2013

Such areas have been witnessed mostly in the southern andnorthern parts of the city Similarly the urban areas outsidethe GMC boundary have also been suffering from the lackof sewer and proper drainage system To sum up the majorimplications of urbanisation for geomorphology of thestudy area include drastic altercations and even destructionof important geomorphological features such as buriedpediplains and denudational hills and major changes in thefluvial and drainage systems of the region

7 Conclusion

This study attempts to explore the implications of urbanexpansion on the geomorphological features of Gwalior cityRapid urbanisation has led to significant changes and

destruction of important geomorphological features ofGwalior city which has been captured in the study throughRemote Sensing and GIS techniques The results show thatthe geomorphic features which are likely to be affected infuture are the residual hills and the denudational hills apartfrom the plain areas due to the urban expansion The naturaldrainage network of the city also gets affected by the urbanexpansion and the drainage is likely to be modified in futureThe waste water disposal system will affect the water qualityin the city unless proper precautionary measures are takenA first hand database created for this study can providecritical inputs in understanding the urban dynamics of thecity Urban planners and authorities in the future may takeinto account the environmental problems that may arise byunscientifically demolishing the natural topographic features

Geography Journal 9

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

Buried pediplain Denudational hill

Pediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

(c)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(d)

Figure 9 Expansion of built-up land geomorphic units (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during1972ndash2013

Figure 10 Channelisation of Swarnarekha River

and landforms for the expansion of built-up land Hencetaking into account the microgeomorphological features of

Figure 11 Water logging and siltation in Morar River

the city and its surrounding areas proper measures shouldbe implemented for the improvement of future scenario

10 Geography Journal

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Mr Pushpraj Singh Kaurav SOSEarth Science Jiwaji University Gwalior for his assistanceduring the field work

References

[1] N Eyles Environmental Geology of Urban Areas GeologicalAssociation of Canada Newfoundland Canada 1997

[2] D Coates Urban Geomorphology Geological Society of Amer-ica Boulder Colo USA 1976

[3] F Ahnert Introduction to Geomorphology Edward ArnoldLondon UK 1996

[4] H A Viles ldquoThe environmental sensitivity of blistering oflimestone walls in Oxford England a preliminary studyrdquo inLandscape Sensitivity D S G Thomas and R I Allison Edspp 309ndash326 John Wiley amp Sons Chichester UK 1993

[5] M G Wolman ldquoA cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urbanriver channelsrdquoGeografiska Annaler A vol 49 no 2ndash4 pp 385ndash395 1967

[6] M G Wolman and A P Schick ldquo Effects of construction onfluvial sediment urban and suburban areas ofMarylandrdquoWaterResources Research vol 3 pp 451ndash464 1967

[7] L B Leopold ldquoHydrology for urban land planningmdasha guide-book on the hydrological effects of urban land userdquo UnitedStates Geological Survey Circular 554 1968

[8] W L Graf ldquoThe impact of suburbanization on fluvial geomor-phologyrdquo Water Resources Research vol 11 no 5 pp 690ndash6921975

[9] M Sala and M Inbar ldquoSome effects of urbanization in Catalanriversrdquo Catena vol 19 pp 345ndash361 1992

[10] D P Rao ldquoRemote sensing application in geomorphologyrdquoTropical Ecology vol 43 no 1 pp 49ndash59 2002

[11] T Carlson ldquoApplications of remote sensing to urban problemsrdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 86 no 3 pp 273ndash274 2003

[12] T N Carlson ldquoAnalysis and prediction of surface runoff inan urbanizing watershed using satellite imageryrdquo Journal of theAmerican Water Resources Association vol 40 no 4 pp 1087ndash1098 2004

[13] CNMundia andMAniya ldquoAnalysis of land usecover changesand urban expansion of Nairobi city using remote sensing andGISrdquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol 26 no 13 pp2831ndash2849 2005

[14] J Xiao Y Shen J Ge et al ldquoEvaluating urban expansion andland use change in Shijiazhuang China by using GIS andremote sensingrdquo Landscape and Urban Planning vol 75 no 1-2pp 69ndash80 2006

[15] N K Iyer S Kulkarni and V Raghavaswamy ldquoEconomy popu-lationand urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglom-erations of Bangalore and Hyderabad India using remotesensing and GIS techniquesrdquo in Proceedings of the RIPODEWorkshop on Urban Population Development and EnvironmentDynamics in Developing Countries Nairobi Kenya 2007

[16] H S Sudhira and T V Ramachandra ldquoCharacterizing urbansprawl from remote sensing data and using landscape metricsrdquoin Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers inUrban Planning and Urban Management Iguassu Falls Brazil2007

[17] F Fan Y Wang and Z Wang ldquoTemporal and spatial changedetecting (1998ndash2003) and predicting of land use and land coverin Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM andETM+ imagesrdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol137 no 1ndash3 pp 127ndash147 2008

[18] S Farooq and S Ahmad ldquoUrban sprawl development aroundAligarh city a study aided by satellite remote sensing and GISrdquoJournal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing vol 36 no 1 pp77ndash88 2008

[19] M K Jat P K Garg and D Khare ldquoMonitoring and modellingof urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniquesrdquoInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoin-formation vol 10 no 1 pp 26ndash43 2008

[20] W Ji ldquoLandscape effect of urban sprawl spatial and temporalanalyses using remote sensing images and landscapemetricsrdquo inThe International Archives of Photogrammetry Remote Sensingand SpatialInformation Sciences vol 37 part B7 2008

[21] H Taubenbock M Wegmann A Roth H Mehl and S DechldquoUrbanization in Indiamdashspatiotemporal analysis using remotesensing datardquo Computers Environment and Urban Systems vol33 no 3 pp 179ndash188 2009

[22] B Bhatta S Saraswati and D Bandyopadhyay ldquoUrban sprawlmeasurement from remote sensing datardquo Applied Geographyvol 30 no 4 pp 731ndash740 2010

[23] P K Joshi B M Bairwa R Sharma and V S P SinhaldquoAssessing urbanization patterns over India using temporalDMSP-OLS night-time satellite datardquo Current Science vol 100no 10 pp 1479ndash1482 2011

[24] H Taubenbock T Esch A Felbier M Wiesner A Roth andS Dech ldquoMonitoring urbanization in mega cities from spacerdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 117 pp 162ndash176 2012

[25] R Sharma and P K Joshi ldquoMonitoring Urban LandscapeDynamics Over Delhi (India) Using Remote Sensing (1998ndash2011) Inputsrdquo Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensingvol 41 no 3 pp 641ndash650 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Child Development Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Education Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biomedical EducationJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Psychiatry Journal

ArchaeologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnthropologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentSchizophrenia

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Urban Studies Research

Population ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CriminologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Aging ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NursingResearch and Practice

Current Gerontologyamp Geriatrics Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

Sleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Depression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geography Journal

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentAutism

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Economics Research International

8 Geography Journal

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(c)

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

(d)

Figure 8 Urban expansion on geomorphic features (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during 1972ndash2013

Such areas have been witnessed mostly in the southern andnorthern parts of the city Similarly the urban areas outsidethe GMC boundary have also been suffering from the lackof sewer and proper drainage system To sum up the majorimplications of urbanisation for geomorphology of thestudy area include drastic altercations and even destructionof important geomorphological features such as buriedpediplains and denudational hills and major changes in thefluvial and drainage systems of the region

7 Conclusion

This study attempts to explore the implications of urbanexpansion on the geomorphological features of Gwalior cityRapid urbanisation has led to significant changes and

destruction of important geomorphological features ofGwalior city which has been captured in the study throughRemote Sensing and GIS techniques The results show thatthe geomorphic features which are likely to be affected infuture are the residual hills and the denudational hills apartfrom the plain areas due to the urban expansion The naturaldrainage network of the city also gets affected by the urbanexpansion and the drainage is likely to be modified in futureThe waste water disposal system will affect the water qualityin the city unless proper precautionary measures are takenA first hand database created for this study can providecritical inputs in understanding the urban dynamics of thecity Urban planners and authorities in the future may takeinto account the environmental problems that may arise byunscientifically demolishing the natural topographic features

Geography Journal 9

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

Buried pediplain Denudational hill

Pediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

(c)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(d)

Figure 9 Expansion of built-up land geomorphic units (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during1972ndash2013

Figure 10 Channelisation of Swarnarekha River

and landforms for the expansion of built-up land Hencetaking into account the microgeomorphological features of

Figure 11 Water logging and siltation in Morar River

the city and its surrounding areas proper measures shouldbe implemented for the improvement of future scenario

10 Geography Journal

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Mr Pushpraj Singh Kaurav SOSEarth Science Jiwaji University Gwalior for his assistanceduring the field work

References

[1] N Eyles Environmental Geology of Urban Areas GeologicalAssociation of Canada Newfoundland Canada 1997

[2] D Coates Urban Geomorphology Geological Society of Amer-ica Boulder Colo USA 1976

[3] F Ahnert Introduction to Geomorphology Edward ArnoldLondon UK 1996

[4] H A Viles ldquoThe environmental sensitivity of blistering oflimestone walls in Oxford England a preliminary studyrdquo inLandscape Sensitivity D S G Thomas and R I Allison Edspp 309ndash326 John Wiley amp Sons Chichester UK 1993

[5] M G Wolman ldquoA cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urbanriver channelsrdquoGeografiska Annaler A vol 49 no 2ndash4 pp 385ndash395 1967

[6] M G Wolman and A P Schick ldquo Effects of construction onfluvial sediment urban and suburban areas ofMarylandrdquoWaterResources Research vol 3 pp 451ndash464 1967

[7] L B Leopold ldquoHydrology for urban land planningmdasha guide-book on the hydrological effects of urban land userdquo UnitedStates Geological Survey Circular 554 1968

[8] W L Graf ldquoThe impact of suburbanization on fluvial geomor-phologyrdquo Water Resources Research vol 11 no 5 pp 690ndash6921975

[9] M Sala and M Inbar ldquoSome effects of urbanization in Catalanriversrdquo Catena vol 19 pp 345ndash361 1992

[10] D P Rao ldquoRemote sensing application in geomorphologyrdquoTropical Ecology vol 43 no 1 pp 49ndash59 2002

[11] T Carlson ldquoApplications of remote sensing to urban problemsrdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 86 no 3 pp 273ndash274 2003

[12] T N Carlson ldquoAnalysis and prediction of surface runoff inan urbanizing watershed using satellite imageryrdquo Journal of theAmerican Water Resources Association vol 40 no 4 pp 1087ndash1098 2004

[13] CNMundia andMAniya ldquoAnalysis of land usecover changesand urban expansion of Nairobi city using remote sensing andGISrdquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol 26 no 13 pp2831ndash2849 2005

[14] J Xiao Y Shen J Ge et al ldquoEvaluating urban expansion andland use change in Shijiazhuang China by using GIS andremote sensingrdquo Landscape and Urban Planning vol 75 no 1-2pp 69ndash80 2006

[15] N K Iyer S Kulkarni and V Raghavaswamy ldquoEconomy popu-lationand urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglom-erations of Bangalore and Hyderabad India using remotesensing and GIS techniquesrdquo in Proceedings of the RIPODEWorkshop on Urban Population Development and EnvironmentDynamics in Developing Countries Nairobi Kenya 2007

[16] H S Sudhira and T V Ramachandra ldquoCharacterizing urbansprawl from remote sensing data and using landscape metricsrdquoin Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers inUrban Planning and Urban Management Iguassu Falls Brazil2007

[17] F Fan Y Wang and Z Wang ldquoTemporal and spatial changedetecting (1998ndash2003) and predicting of land use and land coverin Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM andETM+ imagesrdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol137 no 1ndash3 pp 127ndash147 2008

[18] S Farooq and S Ahmad ldquoUrban sprawl development aroundAligarh city a study aided by satellite remote sensing and GISrdquoJournal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing vol 36 no 1 pp77ndash88 2008

[19] M K Jat P K Garg and D Khare ldquoMonitoring and modellingof urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniquesrdquoInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoin-formation vol 10 no 1 pp 26ndash43 2008

[20] W Ji ldquoLandscape effect of urban sprawl spatial and temporalanalyses using remote sensing images and landscapemetricsrdquo inThe International Archives of Photogrammetry Remote Sensingand SpatialInformation Sciences vol 37 part B7 2008

[21] H Taubenbock M Wegmann A Roth H Mehl and S DechldquoUrbanization in Indiamdashspatiotemporal analysis using remotesensing datardquo Computers Environment and Urban Systems vol33 no 3 pp 179ndash188 2009

[22] B Bhatta S Saraswati and D Bandyopadhyay ldquoUrban sprawlmeasurement from remote sensing datardquo Applied Geographyvol 30 no 4 pp 731ndash740 2010

[23] P K Joshi B M Bairwa R Sharma and V S P SinhaldquoAssessing urbanization patterns over India using temporalDMSP-OLS night-time satellite datardquo Current Science vol 100no 10 pp 1479ndash1482 2011

[24] H Taubenbock T Esch A Felbier M Wiesner A Roth andS Dech ldquoMonitoring urbanization in mega cities from spacerdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 117 pp 162ndash176 2012

[25] R Sharma and P K Joshi ldquoMonitoring Urban LandscapeDynamics Over Delhi (India) Using Remote Sensing (1998ndash2011) Inputsrdquo Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensingvol 41 no 3 pp 641ndash650 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Child Development Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Education Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biomedical EducationJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Psychiatry Journal

ArchaeologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnthropologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentSchizophrenia

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Urban Studies Research

Population ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CriminologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Aging ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NursingResearch and Practice

Current Gerontologyamp Geriatrics Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

Sleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Depression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geography Journal

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentAutism

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Economics Research International

Geography Journal 9

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash1990

(a)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1990ndash2006

(b)

Buried pediplain Denudational hill

Pediplain Residual hill

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

2006ndash2013

(c)

0 3 6 9 1215(km)

1972ndash2013

Buried pediplain Denudational hillPediplain Residual hill

(d)

Figure 9 Expansion of built-up land geomorphic units (a) during 1972ndash1990 (b) during 1990ndash2006 (c) during 2006ndash2013 and (d) during1972ndash2013

Figure 10 Channelisation of Swarnarekha River

and landforms for the expansion of built-up land Hencetaking into account the microgeomorphological features of

Figure 11 Water logging and siltation in Morar River

the city and its surrounding areas proper measures shouldbe implemented for the improvement of future scenario

10 Geography Journal

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Mr Pushpraj Singh Kaurav SOSEarth Science Jiwaji University Gwalior for his assistanceduring the field work

References

[1] N Eyles Environmental Geology of Urban Areas GeologicalAssociation of Canada Newfoundland Canada 1997

[2] D Coates Urban Geomorphology Geological Society of Amer-ica Boulder Colo USA 1976

[3] F Ahnert Introduction to Geomorphology Edward ArnoldLondon UK 1996

[4] H A Viles ldquoThe environmental sensitivity of blistering oflimestone walls in Oxford England a preliminary studyrdquo inLandscape Sensitivity D S G Thomas and R I Allison Edspp 309ndash326 John Wiley amp Sons Chichester UK 1993

[5] M G Wolman ldquoA cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urbanriver channelsrdquoGeografiska Annaler A vol 49 no 2ndash4 pp 385ndash395 1967

[6] M G Wolman and A P Schick ldquo Effects of construction onfluvial sediment urban and suburban areas ofMarylandrdquoWaterResources Research vol 3 pp 451ndash464 1967

[7] L B Leopold ldquoHydrology for urban land planningmdasha guide-book on the hydrological effects of urban land userdquo UnitedStates Geological Survey Circular 554 1968

[8] W L Graf ldquoThe impact of suburbanization on fluvial geomor-phologyrdquo Water Resources Research vol 11 no 5 pp 690ndash6921975

[9] M Sala and M Inbar ldquoSome effects of urbanization in Catalanriversrdquo Catena vol 19 pp 345ndash361 1992

[10] D P Rao ldquoRemote sensing application in geomorphologyrdquoTropical Ecology vol 43 no 1 pp 49ndash59 2002

[11] T Carlson ldquoApplications of remote sensing to urban problemsrdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 86 no 3 pp 273ndash274 2003

[12] T N Carlson ldquoAnalysis and prediction of surface runoff inan urbanizing watershed using satellite imageryrdquo Journal of theAmerican Water Resources Association vol 40 no 4 pp 1087ndash1098 2004

[13] CNMundia andMAniya ldquoAnalysis of land usecover changesand urban expansion of Nairobi city using remote sensing andGISrdquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol 26 no 13 pp2831ndash2849 2005

[14] J Xiao Y Shen J Ge et al ldquoEvaluating urban expansion andland use change in Shijiazhuang China by using GIS andremote sensingrdquo Landscape and Urban Planning vol 75 no 1-2pp 69ndash80 2006

[15] N K Iyer S Kulkarni and V Raghavaswamy ldquoEconomy popu-lationand urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglom-erations of Bangalore and Hyderabad India using remotesensing and GIS techniquesrdquo in Proceedings of the RIPODEWorkshop on Urban Population Development and EnvironmentDynamics in Developing Countries Nairobi Kenya 2007

[16] H S Sudhira and T V Ramachandra ldquoCharacterizing urbansprawl from remote sensing data and using landscape metricsrdquoin Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers inUrban Planning and Urban Management Iguassu Falls Brazil2007

[17] F Fan Y Wang and Z Wang ldquoTemporal and spatial changedetecting (1998ndash2003) and predicting of land use and land coverin Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM andETM+ imagesrdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol137 no 1ndash3 pp 127ndash147 2008

[18] S Farooq and S Ahmad ldquoUrban sprawl development aroundAligarh city a study aided by satellite remote sensing and GISrdquoJournal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing vol 36 no 1 pp77ndash88 2008

[19] M K Jat P K Garg and D Khare ldquoMonitoring and modellingof urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniquesrdquoInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoin-formation vol 10 no 1 pp 26ndash43 2008

[20] W Ji ldquoLandscape effect of urban sprawl spatial and temporalanalyses using remote sensing images and landscapemetricsrdquo inThe International Archives of Photogrammetry Remote Sensingand SpatialInformation Sciences vol 37 part B7 2008

[21] H Taubenbock M Wegmann A Roth H Mehl and S DechldquoUrbanization in Indiamdashspatiotemporal analysis using remotesensing datardquo Computers Environment and Urban Systems vol33 no 3 pp 179ndash188 2009

[22] B Bhatta S Saraswati and D Bandyopadhyay ldquoUrban sprawlmeasurement from remote sensing datardquo Applied Geographyvol 30 no 4 pp 731ndash740 2010

[23] P K Joshi B M Bairwa R Sharma and V S P SinhaldquoAssessing urbanization patterns over India using temporalDMSP-OLS night-time satellite datardquo Current Science vol 100no 10 pp 1479ndash1482 2011

[24] H Taubenbock T Esch A Felbier M Wiesner A Roth andS Dech ldquoMonitoring urbanization in mega cities from spacerdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 117 pp 162ndash176 2012

[25] R Sharma and P K Joshi ldquoMonitoring Urban LandscapeDynamics Over Delhi (India) Using Remote Sensing (1998ndash2011) Inputsrdquo Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensingvol 41 no 3 pp 641ndash650 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Child Development Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Education Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biomedical EducationJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Psychiatry Journal

ArchaeologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnthropologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentSchizophrenia

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Urban Studies Research

Population ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CriminologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Aging ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NursingResearch and Practice

Current Gerontologyamp Geriatrics Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

Sleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Depression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geography Journal

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentAutism

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Economics Research International

10 Geography Journal

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Mr Pushpraj Singh Kaurav SOSEarth Science Jiwaji University Gwalior for his assistanceduring the field work

References

[1] N Eyles Environmental Geology of Urban Areas GeologicalAssociation of Canada Newfoundland Canada 1997

[2] D Coates Urban Geomorphology Geological Society of Amer-ica Boulder Colo USA 1976

[3] F Ahnert Introduction to Geomorphology Edward ArnoldLondon UK 1996

[4] H A Viles ldquoThe environmental sensitivity of blistering oflimestone walls in Oxford England a preliminary studyrdquo inLandscape Sensitivity D S G Thomas and R I Allison Edspp 309ndash326 John Wiley amp Sons Chichester UK 1993

[5] M G Wolman ldquoA cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urbanriver channelsrdquoGeografiska Annaler A vol 49 no 2ndash4 pp 385ndash395 1967

[6] M G Wolman and A P Schick ldquo Effects of construction onfluvial sediment urban and suburban areas ofMarylandrdquoWaterResources Research vol 3 pp 451ndash464 1967

[7] L B Leopold ldquoHydrology for urban land planningmdasha guide-book on the hydrological effects of urban land userdquo UnitedStates Geological Survey Circular 554 1968

[8] W L Graf ldquoThe impact of suburbanization on fluvial geomor-phologyrdquo Water Resources Research vol 11 no 5 pp 690ndash6921975

[9] M Sala and M Inbar ldquoSome effects of urbanization in Catalanriversrdquo Catena vol 19 pp 345ndash361 1992

[10] D P Rao ldquoRemote sensing application in geomorphologyrdquoTropical Ecology vol 43 no 1 pp 49ndash59 2002

[11] T Carlson ldquoApplications of remote sensing to urban problemsrdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 86 no 3 pp 273ndash274 2003

[12] T N Carlson ldquoAnalysis and prediction of surface runoff inan urbanizing watershed using satellite imageryrdquo Journal of theAmerican Water Resources Association vol 40 no 4 pp 1087ndash1098 2004

[13] CNMundia andMAniya ldquoAnalysis of land usecover changesand urban expansion of Nairobi city using remote sensing andGISrdquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol 26 no 13 pp2831ndash2849 2005

[14] J Xiao Y Shen J Ge et al ldquoEvaluating urban expansion andland use change in Shijiazhuang China by using GIS andremote sensingrdquo Landscape and Urban Planning vol 75 no 1-2pp 69ndash80 2006

[15] N K Iyer S Kulkarni and V Raghavaswamy ldquoEconomy popu-lationand urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglom-erations of Bangalore and Hyderabad India using remotesensing and GIS techniquesrdquo in Proceedings of the RIPODEWorkshop on Urban Population Development and EnvironmentDynamics in Developing Countries Nairobi Kenya 2007

[16] H S Sudhira and T V Ramachandra ldquoCharacterizing urbansprawl from remote sensing data and using landscape metricsrdquoin Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers inUrban Planning and Urban Management Iguassu Falls Brazil2007

[17] F Fan Y Wang and Z Wang ldquoTemporal and spatial changedetecting (1998ndash2003) and predicting of land use and land coverin Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM andETM+ imagesrdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol137 no 1ndash3 pp 127ndash147 2008

[18] S Farooq and S Ahmad ldquoUrban sprawl development aroundAligarh city a study aided by satellite remote sensing and GISrdquoJournal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing vol 36 no 1 pp77ndash88 2008

[19] M K Jat P K Garg and D Khare ldquoMonitoring and modellingof urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniquesrdquoInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoin-formation vol 10 no 1 pp 26ndash43 2008

[20] W Ji ldquoLandscape effect of urban sprawl spatial and temporalanalyses using remote sensing images and landscapemetricsrdquo inThe International Archives of Photogrammetry Remote Sensingand SpatialInformation Sciences vol 37 part B7 2008

[21] H Taubenbock M Wegmann A Roth H Mehl and S DechldquoUrbanization in Indiamdashspatiotemporal analysis using remotesensing datardquo Computers Environment and Urban Systems vol33 no 3 pp 179ndash188 2009

[22] B Bhatta S Saraswati and D Bandyopadhyay ldquoUrban sprawlmeasurement from remote sensing datardquo Applied Geographyvol 30 no 4 pp 731ndash740 2010

[23] P K Joshi B M Bairwa R Sharma and V S P SinhaldquoAssessing urbanization patterns over India using temporalDMSP-OLS night-time satellite datardquo Current Science vol 100no 10 pp 1479ndash1482 2011

[24] H Taubenbock T Esch A Felbier M Wiesner A Roth andS Dech ldquoMonitoring urbanization in mega cities from spacerdquoRemote Sensing of Environment vol 117 pp 162ndash176 2012

[25] R Sharma and P K Joshi ldquoMonitoring Urban LandscapeDynamics Over Delhi (India) Using Remote Sensing (1998ndash2011) Inputsrdquo Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensingvol 41 no 3 pp 641ndash650 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Child Development Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Education Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biomedical EducationJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Psychiatry Journal

ArchaeologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnthropologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentSchizophrenia

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Urban Studies Research

Population ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CriminologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Aging ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NursingResearch and Practice

Current Gerontologyamp Geriatrics Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

Sleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Depression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geography Journal

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentAutism

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Economics Research International

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Child Development Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Education Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Biomedical EducationJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Psychiatry Journal

ArchaeologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnthropologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentSchizophrenia

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Urban Studies Research

Population ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CriminologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Aging ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NursingResearch and Practice

Current Gerontologyamp Geriatrics Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

Sleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Depression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geography Journal

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Research and TreatmentAutism

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Economics Research International