Research Article On Normal -Ary Codes in Rosenbloom...
Transcript of Research Article On Normal -Ary Codes in Rosenbloom...
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Research ArticleOn Normal π-Ary Codes in Rosenbloom-Tsfasman Metric
R. S. Selvaraj and Venkatrajam Marka
Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Andhra Pradesh 506004, India
Correspondence should be addressed to R. S. Selvaraj; [email protected]
Received 10 February 2014; Accepted 17 March 2014; Published 2 April 2014
Academic Editors: A. Cossidente, E. Manstavicius, and S. Richter
Copyright Β© 2014 R. S. Selvaraj and V. Marka. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properlycited.
The notion of normality of codes in Hamming metric is extended to the codes in Rosenbloom-Tsfasman metric (RT-metric, inshort). Using concepts of partition number and π-cell of codes in RT-metric, we establish results on covering radius and normalityof π-ary codes in this metric. We also examine the acceptability of various coordinate positions of π-ary codes in this metric. Andthus, by exploring the feasibility of applying amalgamated direct summethod for construction of codes, we analyze the significanceof normality in RT-metric.
1. Introduction
Covering properties of codes have unique significance incoding theory, and covering radius, one of the four funda-mental parameters, of a code is important in several respects[1]. Considering the fact that it is a geometric property ofcodes that characterizes maximal error correcting capabilityin the case of minimum distance decoding, covering radiushad been extensively studied by many researchers (see, e.g.,[2, 3] and the literature therein) especially with respect tothe conventional Hamming metric. In fact, it has evolvedinto a subject in its own right mainly because of its practicalapplicability in areas such as data compression, testing, andwrite-once memories and also because of the mathematicalbeauty that it possesses. More on covering radius can befound in the monograph compiled by Cohen et al. [4].In order to improve upon the bounds on covering radius,various construction techniques that use two or more knowncodes to construct a new code were proposed over the lastfew decades. One such method is direct sum constructionwhich is a basic yet useful construction method. To improveupon the bounds related to covering radius of codes obtainedusing this method, the notion of normality which facilitatesa construction technique known as amalgamated direct sum(ADS)was introduced for binary linear codes byGraham andSloane in [5]. The same concepts were extended to binary
nonlinear codes by Cohen et al. in [6]. Later, Lobstein andvan Wee generalized these results to π-ary codes [7].
In the present paper, we extend the notion of normalityto codes in Rosenbloom-Tsfasman metric (RT-metric, inshort). The present work is a generalization of our workon binary codes [8] to π-ary case (though the discussedresults hold good for codes over any alphabet of size π, forsimplicity, we have taken it to be the finite field Fπ). RT-metric was introduced by Rosenbloom and Tsfasman in [9]and independently by Skriganov in [10] and is more adequatethan Hamming metric in dealing with channels in whicherrors have a tendency to occur with a periodic spikewiseperturbation of period π β N. As a generalization of theclassical Hammingmetric with richmathematical beauty andbeing advantageous over Hamming metric in dealing withcertain channels [9, 10], this metric attracted the attentionof coding theorists over the last two decades [11β13]. Thecovering problem in RT-metric was first dealt with by Yildizet al. for RT-spaces over Galois Rings [14].
The organization of the present paper is as follows. InSection 2, some basic definitions and notations that are usedin this paper are presented. In Section 3, we have studied thecovering radius of π-ary codes in this metric by introducingtwo new tools, namely, partition number and π-cell whichgreatly reduce the difficulty in determining the coveringradius. In Section 4, we investigate the normality of π-ary
Hindawi Publishing CorporationISRN CombinatoricsVolume 2014, Article ID 237915, 5 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/237915
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2 ISRN Combinatorics
codes in RT-metric. In this section, we also discuss thepossibilities of extending the direct sum and amalgamateddirect sum (ADS) constructions from Hamming metric toRT-metric. And, finally, Section 5 provides the conclusions ofthis paper.
2. Definitions and Notations
For π₯ = (π₯1, π₯2, . . . , π₯π ) β Fπ
π, where Fπ = GF(π) is a finite field
of π elements, we define the π-weight (RT-weight) of π₯ to be
π€π‘π (π₯) = max {π | π₯π ΜΈ= 0, 1 β€ π β€ π } . (1)
The RT-distance or π-distance between π₯ = (π₯1, π₯2, . . . , π₯π )and π¦ = (π¦1, π¦2, . . . , π¦π ) β F
π
πcan be defined by ππ(π₯, π¦) =
π€π‘π(π₯βπ¦).The subsets of the space equippedwith thismetricare called RT-metric codes over Fπ (or π-ary RT-metric codes)and the subspaces are called linear RT-metric codes over Fπ.The value πmin = min{ππ(π₯, π¦) : π₯, π¦ β πΆ} is called theminimum π-distance of the code πΆ. The maximum distanceof any word in the ambient space from an RT-metric code iscalled the covering radius of the code. A code in which eachnonzero codeword is of the same weight π€π is said to be aconstant weight code. A π-ary code of length π , cardinality πΎ,andminimumπ-distanceππ is said to be amaximumdistanceseparable code (an MDS code, in short) ifπΎ = π(π βππ+1).
Throughout this paper, unless otherwise specified, by acode we mean a π-ary RT-metric code and by distance wemean RT-distance. Moreover, [π , π, ππ]ππ denotes a π-arylinear code of length π , dimension π, minimum distance ππ,and covering radius π , (π , πΎ, ππ)ππ denotes a π-ary code withcardinality πΎ, and π‘π[π , π] denotes the minimum coveringradius that a π-ary linear code of length π and dimension πcan possess.
Definition 1 (direct sumof two codes). LetπΆ1 andπΆ2 be codeswith parameters (π 1, πΎ1)π and (π 2, πΎ2)π, respectively. Then,the direct sum of πΆ1 and πΆ2, denoted by πΆ1β¨πΆ2, is definedas
πΆ1β¨πΆ2 = {(π1, π2) | π1 β πΆ1, π2 β πΆ2} , (2)
and is a code of length π 1 + π 2 and cardinalityπΎ1πΎ2.
Definition 2 (π-ary normal codes). LetπΆbe a π-aryRT-metriccode of length π , cardinality πΎ, and covering radius π , and,also, for each π β Fπ, let πΆ
(π)
πdenote the set of codewords in
which the πth coordinate is π.Then, thenorm ofπΆwith respectto the πth coordinate is defined as
π(π)
= maxπ₯βF π π
{
{
{
β
πβFπ
ππ (π₯, πΆ(π)
π)}
}
}
, (3)
where
ππ (π₯, πΆ(π)
π) = {
min {ππ (π₯, π¦) | π¦ β πΆ(π)
π} if πΆ(π)
πΜΈ= 0
π if πΆ(π)π
= 0.(4)
Now, π = minππ(π) is called the norm of πΆ and the
coordinates π for which π(π) = π are said to be acceptable.
Finally, a code is said to be normal if its norm satisfies π β€ππ + π β 1. If the code πΆ is not clear from the context, we usethe notationsπ(π)(πΆ) andπ(πΆ).
3. Covering Radius of RT-Metric Codes over Fπ
Definition 3 (partition number of a π-ary RT-metric code).Let πΆ be an (π , πΎ, ππ)π code in RT-metric. The largestnonnegative integer π, for which each π-ary π-tuple can beassigned to at least one codeword whose last π coordinates areactually that π-tuple, is called the partition number of the codeπΆ. The code with partition number π can be partitioned intoππ parts, each of which has the property that all its membershave the same π-ary π-tuple as their last π coordinates. A partobtained in the above fashion is called an π-cell of the code,if at least one field element is not present in the (π β π)thcoordinate of its member codewords. As the definition ofpartition number suggests, a code with partition number πcontains at least ππ codewords.
If πΆ is an [π , π, ππ]π linear code, then each of the ππ parts
does have ππβπ codewords in it and so does each π-cell by itsdefinition. IfπΆ1 is an π-cell of the linear codeπΆ, then π₯+πΆ1 forπ₯ β πΆ\πΆ1 will also be an π-cell different fromπΆ1.Thus, for lin-ear codes, if there is one π-cell, then therewill be ππ such π-cells.
Now, we will observe that covering radius of a code canbe determined using the concepts of partition number andπ-cell. The definition of partition number serves as a tool indetermining the covering radius of an RT-metric code, asshown by the following theorem.
Theorem 4. Let πΆ be an (π , πΎ, ππ)ππ code in RT-metric. Then,the partition number of πΆ is π if and only if its covering radiusis π β π.
Proof. First, let the partition number of the code be π.Partition the code such that codewords in each part containa unique π-ary (π + 1)-tuple as their last π + 1 coordinates.Associate each part with the respective (π+1)-tuple. Since thepartition number of the code is π, the number of such partswill be less than ππ+1. Choose an π₯ β F π
π, whose last π + 1
coordinates constitute the (π + 1)-tuple that does not have apart associated with it. Such an π₯ will be at distance π β πfrom the code, which is the maximum distance that a wordcan actually be from the code πΆ. Hence, the covering radiusis π β π.
Conversely, let the covering radius be π = π β π. By thedefinition of covering radius, any word must be at distance atmost π β π from the code, which means that, for each word,there is at least one codeword which agrees with the word inthe last π β (π β π) = π coordinate positions. This implies thatthe partition number of the code is greater than or equal to π.Let us assume that the partition number of the code is π >π. Then, to each π-ary π-tuple, we can associate a codewordwhose last π coordinates coincide with that π-tuple. Thus,eachword in F π
πwill be at distance atmost π βπ, contradicting
the fact that covering radius of πΆ is π β π. Hence, the partitionnumber of the code πΆ is π.
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Now, the above theorem can be restated in terms of π-cell in the following manner, as the definition of the π-cellsuggests.
Corollary 5. Let πΆ be an RT-metric code of length π over Fπ.Then, the covering radius of πΆ is π β π if and only if β an π-cellof the code πΆ.
Proposition 6. Let πΆ1 and πΆ2 be any two RT-metric codesover Fπ with parameters (π 1, πΎ1, π1)ππ 1 and (π 2, πΎ2, π2)ππ 2,respectively. Then, their direct sum πΆ = πΆ1β¨πΆ2 is an (π 1 +π 2, πΎ1πΎ2, π)ππ code with minimum distance π = π1 andcovering radius π = π 1 + π 2, provided πΆ2 ΜΈ= F π 2π .
Proof. The direct sum of πΆ1 and πΆ2 is given by
πΆ1β¨πΆ2 = {(π1, π2) | π1 β πΆ1, π2 β πΆ2} . (5)
Clearly, this is a code of length π 1 + π 2 and cardinality πΎ1πΎ2.Now, since the minimum distance of πΆ1 is π1, there exist twocodewords π1 and π
1in πΆ1 such that ππ(π1, π
1) = π1. Then,
the codewords π = (π1, π2) and π= (π
1, π2) for some π2 β πΆ2
will also be at distance π1 which is minimum among all thecodewords of πΆ. FromTheorem 4 and Definition 3, it is clearthat the covering radius of a code in RT-metric depends onthe partition number of the code and that the process ofpartitioning starts with the right most coordinate. Therefore,byTheorem 4, unlessπΆ2 is the space F
π 2π, the partition number
of πΆ must be equal to that of πΆ2 which is π 2 β π 2 and, hence,the covering radius of πΆ is π 1 + π 2 β (π 2 β π 2) = π 1 + π 2.
Remark 7. If πΆ2 = F π 2π , then the covering radius of the codeπΆ = πΆ1β¨πΆ2 is π = π 1.
4. Normality of Codes in RT-Metric
Proposition 8. If πΆ is an (π , πΎ, ππ)ππ RT-metric code over Fπ,thenπ(πΆ) β₯ ππ .
Proof. The proof follows directly from the definition ofcovering radius and that of norm of a code.
Theorem9. Any π-ary RT-metric code of length π and coveringradius π is normal and all the coordinates are acceptable.
Proof. As π = π , the partition number is 0 which meansthat there exists an πΌ β Fπ which is not present as the lastcoordinate of any codeword in πΆ. If π₯ = (π₯1, π₯2, . . . , π₯π ) β F
π
π
is such that π₯π = πΌ, then ππ(π₯, πΆ(π)
π) = π for each π β Fπ
and for any π β {1, 2, . . . , π }. Thus, π(π) = ππ < ππ + π β 1 =ππ +(πβ1). Hence, the code is normal and all the coordinatesare acceptable.
Lemma 10. Let πΆ be any RT-metric code with length π andcovering radius π < π ; then
π(π)
= (π β 1) π + π , (6)
for each π β {π + 1, π + 2, . . . , π }.
Proof. For a coordinate position π β {π + 1, π + 2, . . . , π }, thenorm is given by
π(π)
= maxπ₯βF π π
{
{
{
β
πβFπ
ππ (π₯, πΆ(π)
π)}
}
}
. (7)
As the covering radius of πΆ is π , it has partition numberπ β π . So, the definition of partition number implies thateach codeword can be associated with a unique (π β π )-tuplewhich actually consists of the last (π β π ) coordinates of thatcodeword and, also, that there exists at least one (π β π + 1)-tuple which is not the same as the last π β π + 1 coordinatesof any of the codewords. Now, when we partition the codeinto π parts πΆ(π)
π, for π β Fπ, we can also partition the set of
all (π β π )-tuples into π parts corresponding to the associatedcodewords in πΆ(π)
π. If we choose a word π₯ β F π
πwhose last
π β π + 1 coordinates do not match with the last π β π + 1coordinates of any of the codewords, then, for this word,βπβFπ
ππ(π₯, πΆ(π)
π) = (π β 1)π + π which is the maximum value
that a word can give. Hence, the proof holds.
Theorem 11. Let πΆ be any RT-metric code of length π withcovering radius π < π . Then, the coordinates π β {π + 2, π +3, . . . , π } are not acceptable.
Proof. Theminimum norm is
π β€ π(π), βπ β {1, 2, . . . , π } . (8)
By Lemma 10, π(π) = (π β 1)π + π , for all π β₯ π + 1, whichimplies
π(π +1)
< π(π +2)
< π(π +3)
< β β β < π(π ). (9)
From (8) and (9), one can conclude that
π < π(π), βπ β {π + 2, π + 3, . . . , π } . (10)
This completes the proof.
The above theorem is not sufficient to arrive at a decisionon the acceptability of the π th coordinate, when the codehas covering radius π = π β 1. This can be settled by thefollowing theorem which says that no π-ary linear RT-metriccode with dimension more than 1 and covering radius π β 1has acceptable last coordinate.
Theorem 12. Let πΆ be an [π , π, ππ]ππ linear RT-metric codeover Fπ with π > 1 and π = π β 1. Then, the last coordinate isnot acceptable.
Proof. By Lemma 10,
π(π )
= (π β 1) π + π
= (π β 1) π + π β 1 = ππ β 1
= π (π β 1) + π β 1 = ππ + (π β 1)
(since π = π β 1) .
(11)
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4 ISRN Combinatorics
In order to prove this theorem, we must show that thereexists at least one coordinate π for which π(π) < π(π ). Asthe dimension of πΆ is π, there will be π coordinate positionsπ1, π2, . . . , ππ such that πΆ
(ππ‘)
πΜΈ= 0 for all π β Fπ and for each
π‘ = 1, 2, . . . , π. One such coordinate position is π (but not π β1,as the partition number is 1). As π > 1, there exists at leastonemore such coordinate position π β {π1, π2, . . . , ππ} and π ΜΈ= π wherein πΆ(π)
πΜΈ= 0 for all π β Fπ, and so π
(π)β€ π(π β 1) < π
(π ).This completes the proof.
But, when the code is either of dimension 1 or of constantweight, all the coordinates become acceptable as the followingresults suggest.
Proposition 13. Let πΆ be an [π , 1]π linear RT-metric code.Then, πΆ is normal and all the coordinates are acceptable.
Proof. It can easily be seen that the covering radius of πΆ iseither π or π β1. If it is π , the result follows byTheorem 9. If it isπ β1, there exists a 1-cell. SinceπΆ is of dimension 1, there existπ such 1-cells. By Lemma 10, π(π ) = ππ β 1. Now for each π β{1, 2, . . . , π β1}, eitherπΆ(π)
0= πΆ or |πΆ(π)
0| = 1. In the former case,
πΆ(π)
π= 0 for all π ΜΈ= 0 and, in the latter case, |πΆ(π)
π| = 1 for all π β
Fπ. In any case,π(π)
= ππ β1.This proves the result stated.
Proposition 14. Let πΆ be a constant weight code of lengthπ over Fπ. Then, πΆ is normal and all the coordinates areacceptable.
Proof. It is easy to see that the covering radius π of theconstant weight code πΆ is either π or π β 1, as it can havepartition number of either 0 or 1. Ifπ = π , then, by Lemma 10,it is done. If π = π β 1, then πΆ(π )
πΜΈ= 0 for any π β Fπ. Then, for
any π, 0 β πΆ(π)0
and |πΆ(π)0| β₯ 1. For an π₯ β F π
πwith π₯π = 0 and
π₯π β1 ΜΈ= 0,π(π) equals ππ β 1. Hence, the result follows.
Remark 15. If πΆ = F π π, then its partition number is π and so its
covering radius π is 0. By (3), for any π, π(π) = (π β 1)π + 0 =(π β 1)π. And so,π(1) < π(2) < β β β < π(π ) andπ(1) = π β 1 =ππ +πβ1. Thus, the ambient space F π
πis normal with the first
coordinate being the only acceptable coordinate.
4.1. Normality and Direct Sum Construction
Proposition 16. Let πΆ1 and πΆ2 be (π 1, πΎ1, π1)ππ 1 and(π 2, πΎ2, π2)ππ 2 RT-metric codes, respectively, such that π 2 ΜΈ= 0.Then,
(i) the direct sum πΆ = πΆ1β¨πΆ2 is normal;(ii) all the coordinates corresponding to πΆ1 are acceptable
for πΆ;(iii) the coordinate π for π 1 + 1 β€ π β€ π 2 is accept-
able for πΆ only if the norm of πΆ2 with respect to thecoordinate π β π 1 is equal to ππ 2.
Proof. Let πΆ1 and πΆ2 be any (π 1, πΎ1, π1)ππ 1 and (π 2,πΎ2, π2)ππ 2 π-ary RT-metric codes, respectively. Then, by
Proposition 6, their direct sum πΆ = πΆ1β¨πΆ2 is an (π , πΎ1πΎ2,π1)ππ code with length π = π 1 + π 2 and covering radiusπ = π 1 + π 2. Now, for π β {1, 2, . . . , π 1}, by (3), we have
π(π)
(πΆ) = π (π 1 + π 2) . (12)
Now, in order to determine the norm π(πΆ), we have to findπ(π)(πΆ) for each π β {π 1 +1, π 1 +2, . . . , π 1 + π 2}, the coordinate
positions corresponding toπΆ2. But, we know by Proposition 8thatπ(πΆ2) β₯ ππ 2 which impliesπ
(π)(πΆ) β₯ π(π 1+π 2). Hence,
π(πΆ) = π(π 1+π 2) = ππ < ππ +πβ1.Thus,πΆ is normal and allthe coordinate positions corresponding to πΆ1 are acceptableand the coordinate position π β {π 1 + 1, π 1 + 2, . . . , π 1 + π 2}corresponding to πΆ2 is acceptable ifπ
(πβπ 1)(πΆ2) = ππ 2.
4.2. Normality and Amalgamated Direct Sum Construction.The amalgamated direct sum of two codes is defined asfollows.
Definition 17. Let πΆ1 be an [π 1, π1]ππ 1 normal code with thelast coordinate being acceptable and let πΆ2 be an [π 2, π2]ππ 2normal code with the first coordinate being acceptable.Then,their amalgamated direct sum (or shortly ADS), denoted byπΆ1β¨ΜπΆ2, is an [π 1 + π 2 β 1, π1 + π2 β 1]π(π 1 + π 2 β 1) code andis given by
πΆ1Μ
β¨πΆ2 = {(π1 | π’ | π2) : (π1 | π’) β πΆ1, (π’ | π2) β πΆ2} .
(13)
Here, in this definition, we consider those codes πΆ1 and πΆ2which are normal, respectively, with the last coordinate andfirst coordinate being acceptable such that the parts πΆ(π )
1πand
πΆ(1)
2πare nonempty for all π β Fπ.
As Theorem 12 shows the nonexistence of linear codes ofdimension more than 1 whose last coordinate is acceptable,the significance of amalgamated direct sum and hence thatof normality in RT-metric are less as far as the resultingcovering radius is concerned. But, since the one-dimensionalcodes are normal and all the coordinates are acceptable, onecan only use this ADS construction method to combine a1-dimensional code with any other linear code, which maybe helpful in the construction of MDS codes as seen in thefollowing result.
Theorem 18. Let πΆ1 be an [π 1, 1]π MDS code with coveringradius π‘π[π 1, 1] (which is normal with last coordinate beingacceptable) and let πΆ2 be an [π 2, π2]π MDS code with coveringradius π‘π[π 2, π2]. Then, their amalgamated direct sum πΆ1β¨ΜπΆ2is an [π 1 + π 2 β 1, π2]π MDS code with covering radius π‘π[π 1 +π 2 β 1, π2].
Proof. From the definition of partition number and fromTheorem 4, it is easy to see that π‘π[π , π] = π β π. So, π‘π[π 1, 1] =π 1 β 1 and π‘π[π 2, π2] = π 2 β π2. Now, as the dimension ofπΆ1β¨ΜπΆ2 is π2 (which is less than or equal to π 2), the coveringradius ofπΆ1β¨ΜπΆ2 depends only on the coordinates pertainingto the code πΆ2. But πΆ2 has covering radius π 2 β π2 and hence
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has partition number π2. So, πΆ1β¨ΜπΆ2 also will have partitionnumber π2 and hence will have covering radius π 1+π 2β1βπ2which is equal to π‘π[π 1+π 2β1, π2], which implies thatπΆ1β¨ΜπΆ2is MDS. This completes the proof.
5. Conclusion
We discussed the normality of codes over Fπ in RT-metricand determined its norm with respect to various coordinatepositions. We also established that the last coordinate is notacceptable for any nontrivial code in this metric whichmakesthe ADS construction less significant as far as the higherdimensional RT-metric codes are concerned.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper.
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Discrete MathematicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com
Volume 2014 Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014
Stochastic AnalysisInternational Journal of