Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the Corn Wet Milling Industry
Research Article Efficiency on the Use of Radiation and Corn...
6
Research Article Efficiency on the Use of Radiation and Corn Yield under Three Densities of Sowing A. Morales-Ruiz, 1 J. M. Loeza-Corte, 1,2 E. Díaz-López, 1 E. J. Morales-Rosales, 3 O. Franco-Mora, 3 M. D. Mariezcurrena-Berasaín, 3 and G. Estrada-Campuzano 3 1 Ingenier´ ıa en Agricultura Sustentable y Protegida, Universidad Tecnol´ ogica de Tehuac´ an, Prolongaci´ on de la 1 sur No. 1101 San Pablo Tepetzingo, 75859 Tehuac´ an, PUE, Mexico 2 Ingenier´ ıa en Agroindustrias, Universidad de la Ca˜ nada, Carretera Teotitl´ an, San Antonio km 1.7, Paraje Titlacuatitla, 68540 Teotitl´ an de Flores Mag´ on, OAX, Mexico 3 Centro de Investigaci´ on y Estudios Avanzados en Fitomejoramiento, Universidad Aut´ onoma del Estado de M´ exico, Campus Universitario El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, 50200 Toluca, MEX, Mexico Correspondence should be addressed to A. Morales-Ruiz; [email protected] Received 9 November 2015; Revised 8 February 2016; Accepted 10 February 2016 Academic Editor: Silvia Imhoff Copyright © 2016 A. Morales-Ruiz et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Aiming to evaluate sowing densities and efficiency of radiation use, six corn genotypes, three from open pollination (“Amarillo Almoloya,” “Cacahuacintle,” and “Jiquipilco”) and three hybrids (“Z-60,” “Condor,” and “H-50”), were sown at densities of 6.9, 7.8, and 8.9 plants m −2 , under a split plot design, within a factorial arrangement of treatments during three years (2008, 2009, and 2010). Evaluated variables were yield, harvest index, biomass production, attenuation coefficient, and radiation use efficiency. Results indicate that 2008 was the best year because yield, biomass, and radiation use efficiency were 1132.6, 3505 gm −2 , and 0.79 g MJ −1 , respectively. “Jiquipilco” was the genotype that exhibited the best adaptability to climatic conditions of the zone; thus, it is recommended to be grown on the studied zone. 1. Introduction e maize (Zea mays L.) is of family Gramineae domesticated by indigenous cultures in Mesoamerica region, particularly in the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley in Mexico [1]. It is considered a staple crop on human diet because it supplies carbohydrates needed to obtain metabolic energy. It is also used to grow huitlacoche gall that is used for human consumption [2, 3]. Among environmental factors that affect yield signifi- cantly, we may cite solar radiation that interacts with water absorption, nutrients, and temperature [4], influencing the photosynthesis process, which, in turn, determines biomass accumulation on crops; this has been corroborated by [5] who mentioned that solar radiation is a key to determine the plant growth factor. Factors that affect this process are solar light interception and utilization, through crop canopy structure, to transform light in photo assimilates and to transfer carbohydrates to demanding organs [6]. For corn production, dry matter accumulation is one of the more important yield components and this, in turn, is the result of interception and use of the incident solar radiation on the foliage structure of the crop during the growing cycle [7]. To increase grain yield on corn, it is important to increase the amount of intercepted radiation that depends on the variety, sowing density, sowing date, and stage of develop- ment [8]. To reach high levels of intercepted radiation, the development of a high leaf area index since early growth stages [9] is needed. An optimum leaf area index (LAI) is the one that allows the maximum dry biomass production, and this is reached when lower canopy leaves maintain a positive balance of carbon; this means when the crop absorbs the whole photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) [10]. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by the crop is transformed in biomass; thus, the lineal relationship among these variables represents radiation use efficiency (RUE) that is expressed in g of dry matter (DM) per MJ −1 Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Agronomy Volume 2016, Article ID 6959708, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6959708
Transcript of Research Article Efficiency on the Use of Radiation and Corn...
Research ArticleEfficiency on the Use of Radiation and Corn Yield underThree Densities of Sowing
A Morales-Ruiz1 J M Loeza-Corte12 E Diacuteaz-Loacutepez1 E J Morales-Rosales3
O Franco-Mora3 M D Mariezcurrena-Berasaiacuten3 and G Estrada-Campuzano3
1 Ingenierıa en Agricultura Sustentable y Protegida Universidad Tecnologica de TehuacanProlongacion de la 1 sur No 1101 San Pablo Tepetzingo 75859 Tehuacan PUE Mexico2Ingenierıa en Agroindustrias Universidad de la Canada Carretera TeotitlanSan Antonio km 17 Paraje Titlacuatitla 68540 Teotitlan de Flores Magon OAX Mexico3Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados en Fitomejoramiento Universidad Autonoma del Estado de MexicoCampus Universitario El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas 50200 Toluca MEX Mexico
Correspondence should be addressed to A Morales-Ruiz alejandromoralesuttehuacanedumx
Received 9 November 2015 Revised 8 February 2016 Accepted 10 February 2016
Academic Editor Silvia Imhoff
Copyright copy 2016 A Morales-Ruiz et alThis is an open access article distributed under theCreativeCommonsAttribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited
Aiming to evaluate sowing densities and efficiency of radiation use six corn genotypes three from open pollination (ldquoAmarilloAlmoloyardquo ldquoCacahuacintlerdquo and ldquoJiquipilcordquo) and three hybrids (ldquoZ-60rdquo ldquoCondorrdquo and ldquoH-50rdquo) were sown at densities of 6978 and 89 plants mminus2 under a split plot design within a factorial arrangement of treatments during three years (2008 2009and 2010) Evaluated variables were yield harvest index biomass production attenuation coefficient and radiation use efficiencyResults indicate that 2008 was the best year because yield biomass and radiation use efficiency were 11326 3505 gmminus2 and079 gMJminus1 respectively ldquoJiquipilcordquo was the genotype that exhibited the best adaptability to climatic conditions of the zone thusit is recommended to be grown on the studied zone
1 Introduction
Themaize (Zeamays L) is of family Gramineae domesticatedby indigenous cultures inMesoamerica region particularly inthe Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley in Mexico [1] It is considereda staple crop on human diet because it supplies carbohydratesneeded to obtain metabolic energy It is also used to growhuitlacoche gall that is used for human consumption [23] Among environmental factors that affect yield signifi-cantly we may cite solar radiation that interacts with waterabsorption nutrients and temperature [4] influencing thephotosynthesis process which in turn determines biomassaccumulation on crops this has been corroborated by [5]who mentioned that solar radiation is a key to determinethe plant growth factor Factors that affect this process aresolar light interception and utilization through crop canopystructure to transform light in photo assimilates and totransfer carbohydrates to demanding organs [6] For corn
production dry matter accumulation is one of the moreimportant yield components and this in turn is the resultof interception and use of the incident solar radiation on thefoliage structure of the crop during the growing cycle [7]To increase grain yield on corn it is important to increasethe amount of intercepted radiation that depends on thevariety sowing density sowing date and stage of develop-ment [8] To reach high levels of intercepted radiation thedevelopment of a high leaf area index since early growthstages [9] is needed An optimum leaf area index (LAI) isthe one that allows the maximum dry biomass productionand this is reached when lower canopy leaves maintain apositive balance of carbon this means when the crop absorbsthe whole photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) [10]Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by thecrop is transformed in biomass thus the lineal relationshipamong these variables represents radiation use efficiency(RUE) that is expressed in g of dry matter (DM) per MJminus1
Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of AgronomyVolume 2016 Article ID 6959708 5 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520166959708
2 International Journal of Agronomy
intercepted [11] Concerning this aspect [12] mentioned thatin maize EUR can vary from 2 to 34 g per MJminus1 dependingon the genotype physiological stage sowing density andregionOn the other hand [13]mentions that high populationdensities on maize intercept higher amounts of radiationincreasing significantly biomass production up to 1400 gmminus2influencing determinately the final grain yield Concerningmanaging practices on the crop [14] suggests that this haveinfluence on the yield of corn Population density allowsfor having anticipated higher canopy in the crop favoringbiomass production Population density affects efficiency onuse of radiation and vegetative and reproductive process ofcorn growth and directly influences the use of agriculturalinputs (water varieties and nutrients) [15] Concerning thefinal number of grains on ear it is established that this variableis in close relationship with yield as it has been demonstratedby the high correlation coefficients between both variables[16] In this study six cultivars were evaluated during threeyears (2008 2009 and 2010) under three population densitiesaiming to assess the radiation use efficiency interceptedradiation biomass production and grain yield Results willhelp to define the best cultivar for the studied region
2 Materials and Methods
This study was performed at Toluca Mexico 19∘241015840N99∘541015840W at 2611masl Climate is mild temperate[Cw1
(w1015840)eg] with a rain period from June to Septemberand dry winters Rainfall ranges from 800 to 1250mm andannual average temperature is 12∘C ranging from 7 to 14∘CThe warmest month corresponds to May before summersolstice [17] Soil is vertisol type in formation process [pH =66 030m depth 26 organic matter initial phosphorouslevel of 58mgkg according to Bray and Kurtz methodand cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of 145 Cmol(+) kgminus1of air-dried soil] Three open pollinated corn land races(ldquoAmarillordquo ldquoCacahuacintlerdquo and ldquoJiquipilcordquo) and threehybrids recommended for this region of intermediategrowing cycle (90ndash100 days to male flowering) ldquoZ-60rdquo(single cross hybrid) ldquoCondorrdquo (three-line hybrid) andldquoH-50rdquo (double cross hybrid) [18] were evaluated Sowingwas performed by hand on April 9 2008 April 10 2009and April 17 2010 Three seeds were placed per hole Plantswere thinned at the stage of four leaves leaving one plantper hole Topological arrangement to get desired densityfor each treatment (69 78 and 89 plants mminus2) was 1816 and 14 cm between plants respectively Data analysiswas under a factorial design on split plots Main plotswere population densities (69 78 and 89 plants mminus2) andsmaller plots were cultivars (ldquoAmarillordquo ldquoCacahuacintlerdquoldquoJiquipilcordquo ldquoZ-60rdquo ldquoCondorrdquo and ldquoH-50rdquo) Treatmentswere distributed by a randomized blocks design with threereplications Experimental units were five rows 5m longwith 80 cm between rows Useful plot was integrated bythe three central rows At sowing fertilizer was appliedwith the formula 90-90-46 applying urea calcium triplesuperphosphate and potassium chloride respectively andother 90KgNHaminus1 (urea) were applied at hilling 40 days
after sowing Experiments were established with watering atsowing crop fulfilled its water requirements with rainfallEvaluated variables were as follows (1) For leaf area (LA)on each treatment 5 plants were removed at male floweringleaves were measured with a leaf area meter Li-Cor 3100 andaverage was determined and expressed in cmminus2 (2) Leaf areaindex (LAI) was determined by the formula (LA)(PD)SAwhere PD is planting density and SA is sown area [19] (3) Fornumber of grains (NG mminus2) at harvest measured on 10 earsgrains were counted and an average per ear was obtained(4) Grain yield (Yield gmminus2) is the average weight of grain(14 moisture) from 10 ears From the weather station ofAgricultural Sciences Faculty Mexico State AutonomousUniversity located on the studied area data on maximumminimum and average temperature rainfall and incidentglobal radiation (IGR) were registered during the experimentperiod Intercepted radiation IR expressed in percentage wasmeasured at male flowering on each treatment with a sensorLi-Cor 191 This variable was measured at solar noon at soillevel Radiation use efficiency (RUE) was expressed as gMJminus1and obtained through formula RUE = (YIELDPAR)(IR)being YIELD
3 Results and Discussions
Table 1 shows ANOVA for years population densities andcultivars Highly significant differences were detected foryear factor concerning biomass radiation use efficiency(RUE) and yield while for LAI and number of grains(NG) only significant differences were detected In relationto factors population density and cultivars all variablesexhibited highly significant differences except for leaf areaindex Concerning the interaction of studied factors yearswith densitieswere highly significant for RUE For interactionyear with cultivar highly significant differences were detectedfor K NG RUE and yield Variation coefficient rangedfrom 64 to 191 Best growing cycle was 2008 with anaverage yield of 11326 gmminus2 surpassing years 2009 and 2010by 141 and 163 respectively This result is attributed tohigher average on the variables biomass 35059 gmminus2 andto RUE of 079 gMJminus1 having highest values concerningLAI k and GN with values of 36 861 and 2824 grainsmminus2 respectively During 2008 highest rainfall was registeredcompared with other evaluated years and plants exhibitedthe highest leaf area and thus the highest number of grainsbut not on dry matter of grain due to higher distribution ofphoto assimilates to caryopsides Concerning the grain yieldthe highest was for 2008 with 11326 gmminus2 excelling years2009 and 2010 This is attributed to the fact that on theseyears due to the low rainfall plant distributed carbohydratesto the grain This factor also affected LAI IR and KConcerning the population densities higher density (89plants mminus2) exhibited the highest values for LAI IR K GNbiomass yield and RUE with 382 886 066 3469 gmminus234766 gmminus2 and 068 gmminus2MJminus1 respectively These valueswere expected because increasing the number of plants perarea the values of studied variables increase With a higherLAI more solar radiation is captured and more biomass
International Journal of Agronomy 3
Table 1 Analysis of variance and mean separation densities of three to six maize cultivars evaluated in years 2008 2009 and 2010
Factor LAI IR () 119870 GNmminus2 Biomassgmminus2
Yieldgmminus2
RUE(gMJminus1) HI
Years (119884) lowast NS NS lowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast NS2008 33b 851a 064a 25881b 35059a 11326a 079a 0323a
2009 36a 861a 062a 2824a 27847b 9514b 051c 0342a
2010 35ab 856a 063a 2706ab 29091b 9641b 054b 0333a
DSH005
021 333 0033 1583 2337 591 0033 00439Density (119863) lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast NS
69 plants m2 295c 8183b 060b 23828c 26876c 9318c 054c 0351a
78 plants m2 355b 8632a 062b 26884b 31146b 9921b 058b 0333a
89 plants m2 382a 8859a 066a 30469a 33977a 11502a 068a 0349a
DSH005
0211 333 0032 1583 2335 591 0033 0038Cultivars (119862) lowastlowastlowast lowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast NS
ldquoJiquipilcordquo 38a 8642ab 066b 2768ab 33908ab 11561a 067a 0341a
ldquoAmarillo Almoloyardquo 312c 8502b 061c 3022a 30032b 1052ab 062ab 0361a
ldquoCacahuacintlerdquo 375a 892a 070a 2139c 36468a 9649bc 060bc 0264a
ldquoCondorrdquo 328bc 842b 059cd 2889a 294730b 10217bc 057bc 0347a
ldquoH-50rdquo 370ab 899a 061cd 2898a 29801b 9901bc 058bc 0332a
ldquoZ-60rdquo 304c 835b 058d 2518b 24319c 9367c 055c 0389a
DSH005
043 470 0034 3462 4753 9034 0051 0521119884 lowast 119863 ns ns ns ns ns ns lowastlowastlowast ns119884 lowast 119862 ns ns lowastlowast lowastlowast ns lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowast
119863 lowast 119862 ns ns lowastlowast ns lowastlowast lowastlowast lowastlowast ns119884 lowast 119863 lowast 119862 ns ns ns ns lowast ns ns lowastlowast
CV 157 69 641 161 191 112 108 188lowastlowastlowast
119875le 0001 lowastlowast
119875le 001 lowast119875 le 005 and ns no significant difference Columnswith the same letter in each study factor are statistically equal (119875 le 005) HSD
honest significant difference CV coefficient of variation LAI leaf area index IR intercepted radiation 119870 light attenuation coefficient GN grain numberEUR efficiency in the use of radiation HI harvest index
is produced increasing the number of grains per area andso yield is increased and also RUE Regarding the cultivarsldquoJiquipilcordquo exhibited the highest LAI yield and RUE with38 11561 gmminus2 and 067 gmminus2MJminus1 respectively On theother hand Z-60 exhibited minimum values for LAI yieldand RUE These results indicate that ldquoJiquipilcordquo (havinghigher genetic variability because of its open pollinationorigin) exhibits more phenotypic resilience ldquoJiquipilcordquo iswell adapted to ecological conditions of the studied regionZ-60 on other hand has been created for Bajio (low lands)Mexican zone where temperature and rainfall contrast withthose of the Mexican high plateauThis response differs fromthat reported by [20] who mentioned that maize yield underconditions of Kenya to rotate the crop with legumes was70 t haminus1 38 lower than those reported in this study may bedue to the different areas where the studies were conducted
Figure 1 shows that higher yield was produced by openpollinated genotypes ldquoJiquipilcordquo and ldquoAmarillordquo during thethree evaluated growing cyclesThis is attributed to its higherplasticity to heavy rainfalls which produce flooding andthat in the case of hybrids induces chlorosis Hybrids wereaffected by soil flooding at both vegetative and reproductivestage [21]
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Jiqui
pilc
o
Caca
huac
intle
Am
arill
o
H-5
0
H-5
0
Z-60
Antildeo 2008Antildeo 2009
Antildeo 2010
DSH = 591
Rend
imie
nto
(g m
minus2
)
Figure 1 Corn grain yield of six cultivars under three plantingdensities El Cerrillo Toluca Mexico Summer 2008 2009 and 2010
ldquoAmarillordquo creole was the most homogeneous in threeyears exhibiting the following yields (1160 gmminus2 in 2008
4 International Journal of Agronomy
600700800900
10001100120013001400
Density 1 Density 2 Density 3
Jiquipilco AmarilloCacahuacintle CondorH-50 Z-60
DSH = 591
Yiel
d (g
mminus2
)
Figure 2 Interaction yield versus plant density evaluated at 20082009 and 2010 summer El Cerrillo Toluca Mexico Densities 1 2and 3 = 69 78 and 89 plants mminus2 respectively
10549 gmminus2 in 2009 and 1052 gmminus2 in 2010) Hybrids exhib-ited a consistent performance outstanding ldquoCondorrdquo withyields of 1049 1033 and 1021 gmminus2 for 2008 2009 [22] and2010 respectively Similar results are reported by [8]
Figure 2 exhibits interaction population density withyield showing that the highest yield was for open pollinatedcultivars such as ldquoJiquipilcordquo and ldquoYellowrdquo When populationdensity was increased from 2 to 3 yields were increasedfrom 1088 to 1317 gmminus2 for ldquoJiquipilcordquo while for ldquoYellowrdquoincreased from 1037 to 1245 gmminus2 Concerning hybridsldquoCondorrdquo and ldquoZ-60rdquo exhibited a similar pattern concern-ing response to population density ldquoCondorrdquo exhibited anincrease from 967 to 1173 gmminus2 while Z-60 increased from891 to 1071 gmminus2 The aforementioned results indicate thatopen pollinated genotypes respondwell to population densityincreases and that are well suited to agroecological conditionsof studied area this response is exhibited only for hybridsldquoZ-60rdquo and ldquoCondorrdquo Higher genetic variability of creolesallows phenotypic plasticity and so yield increases with highpopulation densities despite the intraspecific competition
This response has been corroborated by [20] they men-tion that creole genotypes particularly indigenous exhibithigh genetic variability that gives them an inherent capacityof adaptation to variable agroecological conditions of theregion generating good yields and good quality attributeson sweet corn and grain Hybrids lack those attributes andso their performance is not so good [21ndash23] Note that inhybrids such as H-143C and H-149C increase in populationdensity affects significantly chemical composition and yield
4 Conclusions
The best cycle was 2008 which has the highest grain yieldbiomass RUE LAI IR and light attenuation coefficientRegarding the density factor the highest density 89 plantsmminus2 yielded the highest values for LAI IR K and number ofgrains The cultivate ldquoJiquipilcordquo presented the highest valuesof LAI grain yield and EUR Of the six cultivars evaluated
it is recommended for use in the study area which showeda better adaptation with values of population density of 89plants mminus2
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests
References
[1] C Y Arellanes and F A Casas ldquoTraditional markets Tehua-can Valley-Cuicatlan background and current situationrdquo NewAnthropology vol 24 no 74 pp 93ndash123 2011
[2] M Valdez-Morales K Barry G C Fahey Jr et al ldquoEffect ofmaize genotype developmental stage and cooking process onthe nutraceutical potential of huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis)rdquoFood Chemistry vol 119 no 2 pp 689ndash697 2010
[3] M A Asturias Maize Sacred Food to Hungry Business vol 111IVOS Quito Ecuador 2004
[4] R A Rivetti ldquoMaize production under different regimes ofsupplemental irrigation in Rio Cuarto Argentina Codova IIDry matter productionrdquo Revista de la Facultad de CienciasAgrarias vol 38 no 2 pp 25ndash36 2007
[5] P J D O P de Souza A Ribeiro E J P da Rocha et al ldquoSolarradiation use efficiency by soybean under field conditions in theAmazon regionrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 44 no10 pp 1211ndash1218 2009
[6] R C Muchow M J Robertson and B C Pengelly ldquoRadia-tionuse efficiency of soybean mungbean and cowpea underdifferent environmental conditionsrdquo Field Crops Research vol32 no 1-2 pp 1ndash16 1993
[7] E A Lee and M Tollenaar ldquoPhysiological basis of successfulbreeding strategies for maize grain yieldrdquo Crop Science vol 47no 3 pp S202ndashS215 2007
[8] A Morales-Ruiz R E J Morales M O Franco B DMariezcurrena C G Estrada and M T H Norman ldquoMaizepopulation density light attenuation coefficient and perfor-mancerdquoRevistaMexicana de Ciencias Agrıcolas vol 8 pp 1425ndash1431 2014
[9] G AMaddonni andM EOtegui ldquoLeaf area light interceptionand crop development in maizerdquo Field Crops Research vol 48no 1 pp 81ndash87 1996
[10] L E Dıaz R E Morales M O Franco and L A DomınguezldquoAttenuation coefficient of light intercepted radiation biomassand yield of maize in function of phosphorusrdquo Terra Lati-noamericana vol 29 pp 65ndash74 2011
[11] T R Sinclair and R C Muchow ldquoRadiation use efficiencyrdquoAdvances in Agronomy vol 65 pp 215ndash265 1999
[12] C J Birch G L Hammer and K G Rickert ldquoDry matteraccumulation and distribution in five cultivars of maize (Zeamays) relationships and procedures for use in crop modellingrdquoAustralian Journal of Agricultural Research vol 50 no 4 pp513ndash527 1999
[13] C Gimenez D J Connor and F Rueda ldquoCanopy developmentphotosynthesis and radiation-use efficiency in sunflower inresponse to nitrogenrdquo Field Crops Research vol 38 no 1 pp15ndash27 1994
[14] FH Andrade L Echarte R Rizzalli A DellaMaggiora andMCasanovas ldquoKernel number prediction inmaize under nitrogenor water stressrdquo Crop Science vol 42 no 4 pp 1173ndash1179 2002
International Journal of Agronomy 5
[15] J L Carcova G Abeled and M P Lopez ldquoAnalysis generationyield partition and componentsrdquo inCereal Products FunctionalBasis for Management H E Satorre B R L Arnold A GSlafer et al Eds Editorial Facultad de Agronomıa pp 74ndash98Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina 2004
[16] E M Otegui and F H Andrade ldquoNew relationships betweenlight interception ear growth and kernel set in maizerdquo inPhysiology and Modeling of Kernel Set in Maize M E Westgateand K Boote Eds Crop Science Society of America AmericanSociety of Agronomy Special Publication No 29 chapter 6 pp89ndash102 EE UU Baltimore Md USA 2000
[17] E Garcıa Amendments to the Koppen Climate ClassificationSystem Talleres Larios Mexico City Mexico 2005
[18] K L Tully S A Wood M Almaraz Ch Neill and Ch PalmldquoThe effect of mineral and organic nutrient input on yields andnitrogen balances in western Kenyardquo Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment vol 214 pp 10ndash20 2015
[19] H A Gonzalez C J Sahagun L D Perez et al ldquoCacahuacintlephenotypic diversity of maize in the valley of Toluca MexicordquoRevista Fitotecnia Mexicana vol 29 pp 255ndash261 2007
[20] R R Duran J Sahag and C J Sahagun ldquoThe gene-environment interaction in plant breedingrdquo Revista Chapingovol 16 pp 13ndash16 1992
[21] R A Contreras R C G Martınez and C G Estrada ldquoEffi-ciency in the use of radiation by maize hybrids highlands ofMexicordquo Fitotecnia Mexicana vol 35 pp 161ndash169 2012
[22] E Ortiz-Torres P A Lopez A Gil-Munoz et al ldquoYield andquality of tender maize from native maize populations ofTehuacan Pueblardquo Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura vol 19no 2 pp 225ndash238 2013
[23] C G VazquezM AMejıa HM Y Salinas and RD SantiagoldquoEffect of population density on the quality of grain masaand tortilla corn hybrids with high quality proteinrdquo RevistaFitotecnia Mexicana vol 36 no 3 pp 225ndash232 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Nutrition and Metabolism
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Food ScienceInternational Journal of
Agronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science
Volume 2014
AgricultureAdvances in
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BiodiversityInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
2 International Journal of Agronomy
intercepted [11] Concerning this aspect [12] mentioned thatin maize EUR can vary from 2 to 34 g per MJminus1 dependingon the genotype physiological stage sowing density andregionOn the other hand [13]mentions that high populationdensities on maize intercept higher amounts of radiationincreasing significantly biomass production up to 1400 gmminus2influencing determinately the final grain yield Concerningmanaging practices on the crop [14] suggests that this haveinfluence on the yield of corn Population density allowsfor having anticipated higher canopy in the crop favoringbiomass production Population density affects efficiency onuse of radiation and vegetative and reproductive process ofcorn growth and directly influences the use of agriculturalinputs (water varieties and nutrients) [15] Concerning thefinal number of grains on ear it is established that this variableis in close relationship with yield as it has been demonstratedby the high correlation coefficients between both variables[16] In this study six cultivars were evaluated during threeyears (2008 2009 and 2010) under three population densitiesaiming to assess the radiation use efficiency interceptedradiation biomass production and grain yield Results willhelp to define the best cultivar for the studied region
2 Materials and Methods
This study was performed at Toluca Mexico 19∘241015840N99∘541015840W at 2611masl Climate is mild temperate[Cw1
(w1015840)eg] with a rain period from June to Septemberand dry winters Rainfall ranges from 800 to 1250mm andannual average temperature is 12∘C ranging from 7 to 14∘CThe warmest month corresponds to May before summersolstice [17] Soil is vertisol type in formation process [pH =66 030m depth 26 organic matter initial phosphorouslevel of 58mgkg according to Bray and Kurtz methodand cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of 145 Cmol(+) kgminus1of air-dried soil] Three open pollinated corn land races(ldquoAmarillordquo ldquoCacahuacintlerdquo and ldquoJiquipilcordquo) and threehybrids recommended for this region of intermediategrowing cycle (90ndash100 days to male flowering) ldquoZ-60rdquo(single cross hybrid) ldquoCondorrdquo (three-line hybrid) andldquoH-50rdquo (double cross hybrid) [18] were evaluated Sowingwas performed by hand on April 9 2008 April 10 2009and April 17 2010 Three seeds were placed per hole Plantswere thinned at the stage of four leaves leaving one plantper hole Topological arrangement to get desired densityfor each treatment (69 78 and 89 plants mminus2) was 1816 and 14 cm between plants respectively Data analysiswas under a factorial design on split plots Main plotswere population densities (69 78 and 89 plants mminus2) andsmaller plots were cultivars (ldquoAmarillordquo ldquoCacahuacintlerdquoldquoJiquipilcordquo ldquoZ-60rdquo ldquoCondorrdquo and ldquoH-50rdquo) Treatmentswere distributed by a randomized blocks design with threereplications Experimental units were five rows 5m longwith 80 cm between rows Useful plot was integrated bythe three central rows At sowing fertilizer was appliedwith the formula 90-90-46 applying urea calcium triplesuperphosphate and potassium chloride respectively andother 90KgNHaminus1 (urea) were applied at hilling 40 days
after sowing Experiments were established with watering atsowing crop fulfilled its water requirements with rainfallEvaluated variables were as follows (1) For leaf area (LA)on each treatment 5 plants were removed at male floweringleaves were measured with a leaf area meter Li-Cor 3100 andaverage was determined and expressed in cmminus2 (2) Leaf areaindex (LAI) was determined by the formula (LA)(PD)SAwhere PD is planting density and SA is sown area [19] (3) Fornumber of grains (NG mminus2) at harvest measured on 10 earsgrains were counted and an average per ear was obtained(4) Grain yield (Yield gmminus2) is the average weight of grain(14 moisture) from 10 ears From the weather station ofAgricultural Sciences Faculty Mexico State AutonomousUniversity located on the studied area data on maximumminimum and average temperature rainfall and incidentglobal radiation (IGR) were registered during the experimentperiod Intercepted radiation IR expressed in percentage wasmeasured at male flowering on each treatment with a sensorLi-Cor 191 This variable was measured at solar noon at soillevel Radiation use efficiency (RUE) was expressed as gMJminus1and obtained through formula RUE = (YIELDPAR)(IR)being YIELD
3 Results and Discussions
Table 1 shows ANOVA for years population densities andcultivars Highly significant differences were detected foryear factor concerning biomass radiation use efficiency(RUE) and yield while for LAI and number of grains(NG) only significant differences were detected In relationto factors population density and cultivars all variablesexhibited highly significant differences except for leaf areaindex Concerning the interaction of studied factors yearswith densitieswere highly significant for RUE For interactionyear with cultivar highly significant differences were detectedfor K NG RUE and yield Variation coefficient rangedfrom 64 to 191 Best growing cycle was 2008 with anaverage yield of 11326 gmminus2 surpassing years 2009 and 2010by 141 and 163 respectively This result is attributed tohigher average on the variables biomass 35059 gmminus2 andto RUE of 079 gMJminus1 having highest values concerningLAI k and GN with values of 36 861 and 2824 grainsmminus2 respectively During 2008 highest rainfall was registeredcompared with other evaluated years and plants exhibitedthe highest leaf area and thus the highest number of grainsbut not on dry matter of grain due to higher distribution ofphoto assimilates to caryopsides Concerning the grain yieldthe highest was for 2008 with 11326 gmminus2 excelling years2009 and 2010 This is attributed to the fact that on theseyears due to the low rainfall plant distributed carbohydratesto the grain This factor also affected LAI IR and KConcerning the population densities higher density (89plants mminus2) exhibited the highest values for LAI IR K GNbiomass yield and RUE with 382 886 066 3469 gmminus234766 gmminus2 and 068 gmminus2MJminus1 respectively These valueswere expected because increasing the number of plants perarea the values of studied variables increase With a higherLAI more solar radiation is captured and more biomass
International Journal of Agronomy 3
Table 1 Analysis of variance and mean separation densities of three to six maize cultivars evaluated in years 2008 2009 and 2010
Factor LAI IR () 119870 GNmminus2 Biomassgmminus2
Yieldgmminus2
RUE(gMJminus1) HI
Years (119884) lowast NS NS lowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast NS2008 33b 851a 064a 25881b 35059a 11326a 079a 0323a
2009 36a 861a 062a 2824a 27847b 9514b 051c 0342a
2010 35ab 856a 063a 2706ab 29091b 9641b 054b 0333a
DSH005
021 333 0033 1583 2337 591 0033 00439Density (119863) lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast NS
69 plants m2 295c 8183b 060b 23828c 26876c 9318c 054c 0351a
78 plants m2 355b 8632a 062b 26884b 31146b 9921b 058b 0333a
89 plants m2 382a 8859a 066a 30469a 33977a 11502a 068a 0349a
DSH005
0211 333 0032 1583 2335 591 0033 0038Cultivars (119862) lowastlowastlowast lowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast NS
ldquoJiquipilcordquo 38a 8642ab 066b 2768ab 33908ab 11561a 067a 0341a
ldquoAmarillo Almoloyardquo 312c 8502b 061c 3022a 30032b 1052ab 062ab 0361a
ldquoCacahuacintlerdquo 375a 892a 070a 2139c 36468a 9649bc 060bc 0264a
ldquoCondorrdquo 328bc 842b 059cd 2889a 294730b 10217bc 057bc 0347a
ldquoH-50rdquo 370ab 899a 061cd 2898a 29801b 9901bc 058bc 0332a
ldquoZ-60rdquo 304c 835b 058d 2518b 24319c 9367c 055c 0389a
DSH005
043 470 0034 3462 4753 9034 0051 0521119884 lowast 119863 ns ns ns ns ns ns lowastlowastlowast ns119884 lowast 119862 ns ns lowastlowast lowastlowast ns lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowast
119863 lowast 119862 ns ns lowastlowast ns lowastlowast lowastlowast lowastlowast ns119884 lowast 119863 lowast 119862 ns ns ns ns lowast ns ns lowastlowast
CV 157 69 641 161 191 112 108 188lowastlowastlowast
119875le 0001 lowastlowast
119875le 001 lowast119875 le 005 and ns no significant difference Columnswith the same letter in each study factor are statistically equal (119875 le 005) HSD
honest significant difference CV coefficient of variation LAI leaf area index IR intercepted radiation 119870 light attenuation coefficient GN grain numberEUR efficiency in the use of radiation HI harvest index
is produced increasing the number of grains per area andso yield is increased and also RUE Regarding the cultivarsldquoJiquipilcordquo exhibited the highest LAI yield and RUE with38 11561 gmminus2 and 067 gmminus2MJminus1 respectively On theother hand Z-60 exhibited minimum values for LAI yieldand RUE These results indicate that ldquoJiquipilcordquo (havinghigher genetic variability because of its open pollinationorigin) exhibits more phenotypic resilience ldquoJiquipilcordquo iswell adapted to ecological conditions of the studied regionZ-60 on other hand has been created for Bajio (low lands)Mexican zone where temperature and rainfall contrast withthose of the Mexican high plateauThis response differs fromthat reported by [20] who mentioned that maize yield underconditions of Kenya to rotate the crop with legumes was70 t haminus1 38 lower than those reported in this study may bedue to the different areas where the studies were conducted
Figure 1 shows that higher yield was produced by openpollinated genotypes ldquoJiquipilcordquo and ldquoAmarillordquo during thethree evaluated growing cyclesThis is attributed to its higherplasticity to heavy rainfalls which produce flooding andthat in the case of hybrids induces chlorosis Hybrids wereaffected by soil flooding at both vegetative and reproductivestage [21]
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Jiqui
pilc
o
Caca
huac
intle
Am
arill
o
H-5
0
H-5
0
Z-60
Antildeo 2008Antildeo 2009
Antildeo 2010
DSH = 591
Rend
imie
nto
(g m
minus2
)
Figure 1 Corn grain yield of six cultivars under three plantingdensities El Cerrillo Toluca Mexico Summer 2008 2009 and 2010
ldquoAmarillordquo creole was the most homogeneous in threeyears exhibiting the following yields (1160 gmminus2 in 2008
4 International Journal of Agronomy
600700800900
10001100120013001400
Density 1 Density 2 Density 3
Jiquipilco AmarilloCacahuacintle CondorH-50 Z-60
DSH = 591
Yiel
d (g
mminus2
)
Figure 2 Interaction yield versus plant density evaluated at 20082009 and 2010 summer El Cerrillo Toluca Mexico Densities 1 2and 3 = 69 78 and 89 plants mminus2 respectively
10549 gmminus2 in 2009 and 1052 gmminus2 in 2010) Hybrids exhib-ited a consistent performance outstanding ldquoCondorrdquo withyields of 1049 1033 and 1021 gmminus2 for 2008 2009 [22] and2010 respectively Similar results are reported by [8]
Figure 2 exhibits interaction population density withyield showing that the highest yield was for open pollinatedcultivars such as ldquoJiquipilcordquo and ldquoYellowrdquo When populationdensity was increased from 2 to 3 yields were increasedfrom 1088 to 1317 gmminus2 for ldquoJiquipilcordquo while for ldquoYellowrdquoincreased from 1037 to 1245 gmminus2 Concerning hybridsldquoCondorrdquo and ldquoZ-60rdquo exhibited a similar pattern concern-ing response to population density ldquoCondorrdquo exhibited anincrease from 967 to 1173 gmminus2 while Z-60 increased from891 to 1071 gmminus2 The aforementioned results indicate thatopen pollinated genotypes respondwell to population densityincreases and that are well suited to agroecological conditionsof studied area this response is exhibited only for hybridsldquoZ-60rdquo and ldquoCondorrdquo Higher genetic variability of creolesallows phenotypic plasticity and so yield increases with highpopulation densities despite the intraspecific competition
This response has been corroborated by [20] they men-tion that creole genotypes particularly indigenous exhibithigh genetic variability that gives them an inherent capacityof adaptation to variable agroecological conditions of theregion generating good yields and good quality attributeson sweet corn and grain Hybrids lack those attributes andso their performance is not so good [21ndash23] Note that inhybrids such as H-143C and H-149C increase in populationdensity affects significantly chemical composition and yield
4 Conclusions
The best cycle was 2008 which has the highest grain yieldbiomass RUE LAI IR and light attenuation coefficientRegarding the density factor the highest density 89 plantsmminus2 yielded the highest values for LAI IR K and number ofgrains The cultivate ldquoJiquipilcordquo presented the highest valuesof LAI grain yield and EUR Of the six cultivars evaluated
it is recommended for use in the study area which showeda better adaptation with values of population density of 89plants mminus2
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests
References
[1] C Y Arellanes and F A Casas ldquoTraditional markets Tehua-can Valley-Cuicatlan background and current situationrdquo NewAnthropology vol 24 no 74 pp 93ndash123 2011
[2] M Valdez-Morales K Barry G C Fahey Jr et al ldquoEffect ofmaize genotype developmental stage and cooking process onthe nutraceutical potential of huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis)rdquoFood Chemistry vol 119 no 2 pp 689ndash697 2010
[3] M A Asturias Maize Sacred Food to Hungry Business vol 111IVOS Quito Ecuador 2004
[4] R A Rivetti ldquoMaize production under different regimes ofsupplemental irrigation in Rio Cuarto Argentina Codova IIDry matter productionrdquo Revista de la Facultad de CienciasAgrarias vol 38 no 2 pp 25ndash36 2007
[5] P J D O P de Souza A Ribeiro E J P da Rocha et al ldquoSolarradiation use efficiency by soybean under field conditions in theAmazon regionrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 44 no10 pp 1211ndash1218 2009
[6] R C Muchow M J Robertson and B C Pengelly ldquoRadia-tionuse efficiency of soybean mungbean and cowpea underdifferent environmental conditionsrdquo Field Crops Research vol32 no 1-2 pp 1ndash16 1993
[7] E A Lee and M Tollenaar ldquoPhysiological basis of successfulbreeding strategies for maize grain yieldrdquo Crop Science vol 47no 3 pp S202ndashS215 2007
[8] A Morales-Ruiz R E J Morales M O Franco B DMariezcurrena C G Estrada and M T H Norman ldquoMaizepopulation density light attenuation coefficient and perfor-mancerdquoRevistaMexicana de Ciencias Agrıcolas vol 8 pp 1425ndash1431 2014
[9] G AMaddonni andM EOtegui ldquoLeaf area light interceptionand crop development in maizerdquo Field Crops Research vol 48no 1 pp 81ndash87 1996
[10] L E Dıaz R E Morales M O Franco and L A DomınguezldquoAttenuation coefficient of light intercepted radiation biomassand yield of maize in function of phosphorusrdquo Terra Lati-noamericana vol 29 pp 65ndash74 2011
[11] T R Sinclair and R C Muchow ldquoRadiation use efficiencyrdquoAdvances in Agronomy vol 65 pp 215ndash265 1999
[12] C J Birch G L Hammer and K G Rickert ldquoDry matteraccumulation and distribution in five cultivars of maize (Zeamays) relationships and procedures for use in crop modellingrdquoAustralian Journal of Agricultural Research vol 50 no 4 pp513ndash527 1999
[13] C Gimenez D J Connor and F Rueda ldquoCanopy developmentphotosynthesis and radiation-use efficiency in sunflower inresponse to nitrogenrdquo Field Crops Research vol 38 no 1 pp15ndash27 1994
[14] FH Andrade L Echarte R Rizzalli A DellaMaggiora andMCasanovas ldquoKernel number prediction inmaize under nitrogenor water stressrdquo Crop Science vol 42 no 4 pp 1173ndash1179 2002
International Journal of Agronomy 5
[15] J L Carcova G Abeled and M P Lopez ldquoAnalysis generationyield partition and componentsrdquo inCereal Products FunctionalBasis for Management H E Satorre B R L Arnold A GSlafer et al Eds Editorial Facultad de Agronomıa pp 74ndash98Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina 2004
[16] E M Otegui and F H Andrade ldquoNew relationships betweenlight interception ear growth and kernel set in maizerdquo inPhysiology and Modeling of Kernel Set in Maize M E Westgateand K Boote Eds Crop Science Society of America AmericanSociety of Agronomy Special Publication No 29 chapter 6 pp89ndash102 EE UU Baltimore Md USA 2000
[17] E Garcıa Amendments to the Koppen Climate ClassificationSystem Talleres Larios Mexico City Mexico 2005
[18] K L Tully S A Wood M Almaraz Ch Neill and Ch PalmldquoThe effect of mineral and organic nutrient input on yields andnitrogen balances in western Kenyardquo Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment vol 214 pp 10ndash20 2015
[19] H A Gonzalez C J Sahagun L D Perez et al ldquoCacahuacintlephenotypic diversity of maize in the valley of Toluca MexicordquoRevista Fitotecnia Mexicana vol 29 pp 255ndash261 2007
[20] R R Duran J Sahag and C J Sahagun ldquoThe gene-environment interaction in plant breedingrdquo Revista Chapingovol 16 pp 13ndash16 1992
[21] R A Contreras R C G Martınez and C G Estrada ldquoEffi-ciency in the use of radiation by maize hybrids highlands ofMexicordquo Fitotecnia Mexicana vol 35 pp 161ndash169 2012
[22] E Ortiz-Torres P A Lopez A Gil-Munoz et al ldquoYield andquality of tender maize from native maize populations ofTehuacan Pueblardquo Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura vol 19no 2 pp 225ndash238 2013
[23] C G VazquezM AMejıa HM Y Salinas and RD SantiagoldquoEffect of population density on the quality of grain masaand tortilla corn hybrids with high quality proteinrdquo RevistaFitotecnia Mexicana vol 36 no 3 pp 225ndash232 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Nutrition and Metabolism
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Food ScienceInternational Journal of
Agronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science
Volume 2014
AgricultureAdvances in
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BiodiversityInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of Agronomy 3
Table 1 Analysis of variance and mean separation densities of three to six maize cultivars evaluated in years 2008 2009 and 2010
Factor LAI IR () 119870 GNmminus2 Biomassgmminus2
Yieldgmminus2
RUE(gMJminus1) HI
Years (119884) lowast NS NS lowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast NS2008 33b 851a 064a 25881b 35059a 11326a 079a 0323a
2009 36a 861a 062a 2824a 27847b 9514b 051c 0342a
2010 35ab 856a 063a 2706ab 29091b 9641b 054b 0333a
DSH005
021 333 0033 1583 2337 591 0033 00439Density (119863) lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast NS
69 plants m2 295c 8183b 060b 23828c 26876c 9318c 054c 0351a
78 plants m2 355b 8632a 062b 26884b 31146b 9921b 058b 0333a
89 plants m2 382a 8859a 066a 30469a 33977a 11502a 068a 0349a
DSH005
0211 333 0032 1583 2335 591 0033 0038Cultivars (119862) lowastlowastlowast lowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast NS
ldquoJiquipilcordquo 38a 8642ab 066b 2768ab 33908ab 11561a 067a 0341a
ldquoAmarillo Almoloyardquo 312c 8502b 061c 3022a 30032b 1052ab 062ab 0361a
ldquoCacahuacintlerdquo 375a 892a 070a 2139c 36468a 9649bc 060bc 0264a
ldquoCondorrdquo 328bc 842b 059cd 2889a 294730b 10217bc 057bc 0347a
ldquoH-50rdquo 370ab 899a 061cd 2898a 29801b 9901bc 058bc 0332a
ldquoZ-60rdquo 304c 835b 058d 2518b 24319c 9367c 055c 0389a
DSH005
043 470 0034 3462 4753 9034 0051 0521119884 lowast 119863 ns ns ns ns ns ns lowastlowastlowast ns119884 lowast 119862 ns ns lowastlowast lowastlowast ns lowastlowastlowast lowastlowastlowast lowastlowast
119863 lowast 119862 ns ns lowastlowast ns lowastlowast lowastlowast lowastlowast ns119884 lowast 119863 lowast 119862 ns ns ns ns lowast ns ns lowastlowast
CV 157 69 641 161 191 112 108 188lowastlowastlowast
119875le 0001 lowastlowast
119875le 001 lowast119875 le 005 and ns no significant difference Columnswith the same letter in each study factor are statistically equal (119875 le 005) HSD
honest significant difference CV coefficient of variation LAI leaf area index IR intercepted radiation 119870 light attenuation coefficient GN grain numberEUR efficiency in the use of radiation HI harvest index
is produced increasing the number of grains per area andso yield is increased and also RUE Regarding the cultivarsldquoJiquipilcordquo exhibited the highest LAI yield and RUE with38 11561 gmminus2 and 067 gmminus2MJminus1 respectively On theother hand Z-60 exhibited minimum values for LAI yieldand RUE These results indicate that ldquoJiquipilcordquo (havinghigher genetic variability because of its open pollinationorigin) exhibits more phenotypic resilience ldquoJiquipilcordquo iswell adapted to ecological conditions of the studied regionZ-60 on other hand has been created for Bajio (low lands)Mexican zone where temperature and rainfall contrast withthose of the Mexican high plateauThis response differs fromthat reported by [20] who mentioned that maize yield underconditions of Kenya to rotate the crop with legumes was70 t haminus1 38 lower than those reported in this study may bedue to the different areas where the studies were conducted
Figure 1 shows that higher yield was produced by openpollinated genotypes ldquoJiquipilcordquo and ldquoAmarillordquo during thethree evaluated growing cyclesThis is attributed to its higherplasticity to heavy rainfalls which produce flooding andthat in the case of hybrids induces chlorosis Hybrids wereaffected by soil flooding at both vegetative and reproductivestage [21]
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Jiqui
pilc
o
Caca
huac
intle
Am
arill
o
H-5
0
H-5
0
Z-60
Antildeo 2008Antildeo 2009
Antildeo 2010
DSH = 591
Rend
imie
nto
(g m
minus2
)
Figure 1 Corn grain yield of six cultivars under three plantingdensities El Cerrillo Toluca Mexico Summer 2008 2009 and 2010
ldquoAmarillordquo creole was the most homogeneous in threeyears exhibiting the following yields (1160 gmminus2 in 2008
4 International Journal of Agronomy
600700800900
10001100120013001400
Density 1 Density 2 Density 3
Jiquipilco AmarilloCacahuacintle CondorH-50 Z-60
DSH = 591
Yiel
d (g
mminus2
)
Figure 2 Interaction yield versus plant density evaluated at 20082009 and 2010 summer El Cerrillo Toluca Mexico Densities 1 2and 3 = 69 78 and 89 plants mminus2 respectively
10549 gmminus2 in 2009 and 1052 gmminus2 in 2010) Hybrids exhib-ited a consistent performance outstanding ldquoCondorrdquo withyields of 1049 1033 and 1021 gmminus2 for 2008 2009 [22] and2010 respectively Similar results are reported by [8]
Figure 2 exhibits interaction population density withyield showing that the highest yield was for open pollinatedcultivars such as ldquoJiquipilcordquo and ldquoYellowrdquo When populationdensity was increased from 2 to 3 yields were increasedfrom 1088 to 1317 gmminus2 for ldquoJiquipilcordquo while for ldquoYellowrdquoincreased from 1037 to 1245 gmminus2 Concerning hybridsldquoCondorrdquo and ldquoZ-60rdquo exhibited a similar pattern concern-ing response to population density ldquoCondorrdquo exhibited anincrease from 967 to 1173 gmminus2 while Z-60 increased from891 to 1071 gmminus2 The aforementioned results indicate thatopen pollinated genotypes respondwell to population densityincreases and that are well suited to agroecological conditionsof studied area this response is exhibited only for hybridsldquoZ-60rdquo and ldquoCondorrdquo Higher genetic variability of creolesallows phenotypic plasticity and so yield increases with highpopulation densities despite the intraspecific competition
This response has been corroborated by [20] they men-tion that creole genotypes particularly indigenous exhibithigh genetic variability that gives them an inherent capacityof adaptation to variable agroecological conditions of theregion generating good yields and good quality attributeson sweet corn and grain Hybrids lack those attributes andso their performance is not so good [21ndash23] Note that inhybrids such as H-143C and H-149C increase in populationdensity affects significantly chemical composition and yield
4 Conclusions
The best cycle was 2008 which has the highest grain yieldbiomass RUE LAI IR and light attenuation coefficientRegarding the density factor the highest density 89 plantsmminus2 yielded the highest values for LAI IR K and number ofgrains The cultivate ldquoJiquipilcordquo presented the highest valuesof LAI grain yield and EUR Of the six cultivars evaluated
it is recommended for use in the study area which showeda better adaptation with values of population density of 89plants mminus2
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests
References
[1] C Y Arellanes and F A Casas ldquoTraditional markets Tehua-can Valley-Cuicatlan background and current situationrdquo NewAnthropology vol 24 no 74 pp 93ndash123 2011
[2] M Valdez-Morales K Barry G C Fahey Jr et al ldquoEffect ofmaize genotype developmental stage and cooking process onthe nutraceutical potential of huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis)rdquoFood Chemistry vol 119 no 2 pp 689ndash697 2010
[3] M A Asturias Maize Sacred Food to Hungry Business vol 111IVOS Quito Ecuador 2004
[4] R A Rivetti ldquoMaize production under different regimes ofsupplemental irrigation in Rio Cuarto Argentina Codova IIDry matter productionrdquo Revista de la Facultad de CienciasAgrarias vol 38 no 2 pp 25ndash36 2007
[5] P J D O P de Souza A Ribeiro E J P da Rocha et al ldquoSolarradiation use efficiency by soybean under field conditions in theAmazon regionrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 44 no10 pp 1211ndash1218 2009
[6] R C Muchow M J Robertson and B C Pengelly ldquoRadia-tionuse efficiency of soybean mungbean and cowpea underdifferent environmental conditionsrdquo Field Crops Research vol32 no 1-2 pp 1ndash16 1993
[7] E A Lee and M Tollenaar ldquoPhysiological basis of successfulbreeding strategies for maize grain yieldrdquo Crop Science vol 47no 3 pp S202ndashS215 2007
[8] A Morales-Ruiz R E J Morales M O Franco B DMariezcurrena C G Estrada and M T H Norman ldquoMaizepopulation density light attenuation coefficient and perfor-mancerdquoRevistaMexicana de Ciencias Agrıcolas vol 8 pp 1425ndash1431 2014
[9] G AMaddonni andM EOtegui ldquoLeaf area light interceptionand crop development in maizerdquo Field Crops Research vol 48no 1 pp 81ndash87 1996
[10] L E Dıaz R E Morales M O Franco and L A DomınguezldquoAttenuation coefficient of light intercepted radiation biomassand yield of maize in function of phosphorusrdquo Terra Lati-noamericana vol 29 pp 65ndash74 2011
[11] T R Sinclair and R C Muchow ldquoRadiation use efficiencyrdquoAdvances in Agronomy vol 65 pp 215ndash265 1999
[12] C J Birch G L Hammer and K G Rickert ldquoDry matteraccumulation and distribution in five cultivars of maize (Zeamays) relationships and procedures for use in crop modellingrdquoAustralian Journal of Agricultural Research vol 50 no 4 pp513ndash527 1999
[13] C Gimenez D J Connor and F Rueda ldquoCanopy developmentphotosynthesis and radiation-use efficiency in sunflower inresponse to nitrogenrdquo Field Crops Research vol 38 no 1 pp15ndash27 1994
[14] FH Andrade L Echarte R Rizzalli A DellaMaggiora andMCasanovas ldquoKernel number prediction inmaize under nitrogenor water stressrdquo Crop Science vol 42 no 4 pp 1173ndash1179 2002
International Journal of Agronomy 5
[15] J L Carcova G Abeled and M P Lopez ldquoAnalysis generationyield partition and componentsrdquo inCereal Products FunctionalBasis for Management H E Satorre B R L Arnold A GSlafer et al Eds Editorial Facultad de Agronomıa pp 74ndash98Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina 2004
[16] E M Otegui and F H Andrade ldquoNew relationships betweenlight interception ear growth and kernel set in maizerdquo inPhysiology and Modeling of Kernel Set in Maize M E Westgateand K Boote Eds Crop Science Society of America AmericanSociety of Agronomy Special Publication No 29 chapter 6 pp89ndash102 EE UU Baltimore Md USA 2000
[17] E Garcıa Amendments to the Koppen Climate ClassificationSystem Talleres Larios Mexico City Mexico 2005
[18] K L Tully S A Wood M Almaraz Ch Neill and Ch PalmldquoThe effect of mineral and organic nutrient input on yields andnitrogen balances in western Kenyardquo Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment vol 214 pp 10ndash20 2015
[19] H A Gonzalez C J Sahagun L D Perez et al ldquoCacahuacintlephenotypic diversity of maize in the valley of Toluca MexicordquoRevista Fitotecnia Mexicana vol 29 pp 255ndash261 2007
[20] R R Duran J Sahag and C J Sahagun ldquoThe gene-environment interaction in plant breedingrdquo Revista Chapingovol 16 pp 13ndash16 1992
[21] R A Contreras R C G Martınez and C G Estrada ldquoEffi-ciency in the use of radiation by maize hybrids highlands ofMexicordquo Fitotecnia Mexicana vol 35 pp 161ndash169 2012
[22] E Ortiz-Torres P A Lopez A Gil-Munoz et al ldquoYield andquality of tender maize from native maize populations ofTehuacan Pueblardquo Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura vol 19no 2 pp 225ndash238 2013
[23] C G VazquezM AMejıa HM Y Salinas and RD SantiagoldquoEffect of population density on the quality of grain masaand tortilla corn hybrids with high quality proteinrdquo RevistaFitotecnia Mexicana vol 36 no 3 pp 225ndash232 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Nutrition and Metabolism
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Food ScienceInternational Journal of
Agronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science
Volume 2014
AgricultureAdvances in
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BiodiversityInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
4 International Journal of Agronomy
600700800900
10001100120013001400
Density 1 Density 2 Density 3
Jiquipilco AmarilloCacahuacintle CondorH-50 Z-60
DSH = 591
Yiel
d (g
mminus2
)
Figure 2 Interaction yield versus plant density evaluated at 20082009 and 2010 summer El Cerrillo Toluca Mexico Densities 1 2and 3 = 69 78 and 89 plants mminus2 respectively
10549 gmminus2 in 2009 and 1052 gmminus2 in 2010) Hybrids exhib-ited a consistent performance outstanding ldquoCondorrdquo withyields of 1049 1033 and 1021 gmminus2 for 2008 2009 [22] and2010 respectively Similar results are reported by [8]
Figure 2 exhibits interaction population density withyield showing that the highest yield was for open pollinatedcultivars such as ldquoJiquipilcordquo and ldquoYellowrdquo When populationdensity was increased from 2 to 3 yields were increasedfrom 1088 to 1317 gmminus2 for ldquoJiquipilcordquo while for ldquoYellowrdquoincreased from 1037 to 1245 gmminus2 Concerning hybridsldquoCondorrdquo and ldquoZ-60rdquo exhibited a similar pattern concern-ing response to population density ldquoCondorrdquo exhibited anincrease from 967 to 1173 gmminus2 while Z-60 increased from891 to 1071 gmminus2 The aforementioned results indicate thatopen pollinated genotypes respondwell to population densityincreases and that are well suited to agroecological conditionsof studied area this response is exhibited only for hybridsldquoZ-60rdquo and ldquoCondorrdquo Higher genetic variability of creolesallows phenotypic plasticity and so yield increases with highpopulation densities despite the intraspecific competition
This response has been corroborated by [20] they men-tion that creole genotypes particularly indigenous exhibithigh genetic variability that gives them an inherent capacityof adaptation to variable agroecological conditions of theregion generating good yields and good quality attributeson sweet corn and grain Hybrids lack those attributes andso their performance is not so good [21ndash23] Note that inhybrids such as H-143C and H-149C increase in populationdensity affects significantly chemical composition and yield
4 Conclusions
The best cycle was 2008 which has the highest grain yieldbiomass RUE LAI IR and light attenuation coefficientRegarding the density factor the highest density 89 plantsmminus2 yielded the highest values for LAI IR K and number ofgrains The cultivate ldquoJiquipilcordquo presented the highest valuesof LAI grain yield and EUR Of the six cultivars evaluated
it is recommended for use in the study area which showeda better adaptation with values of population density of 89plants mminus2
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests
References
[1] C Y Arellanes and F A Casas ldquoTraditional markets Tehua-can Valley-Cuicatlan background and current situationrdquo NewAnthropology vol 24 no 74 pp 93ndash123 2011
[2] M Valdez-Morales K Barry G C Fahey Jr et al ldquoEffect ofmaize genotype developmental stage and cooking process onthe nutraceutical potential of huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis)rdquoFood Chemistry vol 119 no 2 pp 689ndash697 2010
[3] M A Asturias Maize Sacred Food to Hungry Business vol 111IVOS Quito Ecuador 2004
[4] R A Rivetti ldquoMaize production under different regimes ofsupplemental irrigation in Rio Cuarto Argentina Codova IIDry matter productionrdquo Revista de la Facultad de CienciasAgrarias vol 38 no 2 pp 25ndash36 2007
[5] P J D O P de Souza A Ribeiro E J P da Rocha et al ldquoSolarradiation use efficiency by soybean under field conditions in theAmazon regionrdquo Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira vol 44 no10 pp 1211ndash1218 2009
[6] R C Muchow M J Robertson and B C Pengelly ldquoRadia-tionuse efficiency of soybean mungbean and cowpea underdifferent environmental conditionsrdquo Field Crops Research vol32 no 1-2 pp 1ndash16 1993
[7] E A Lee and M Tollenaar ldquoPhysiological basis of successfulbreeding strategies for maize grain yieldrdquo Crop Science vol 47no 3 pp S202ndashS215 2007
[8] A Morales-Ruiz R E J Morales M O Franco B DMariezcurrena C G Estrada and M T H Norman ldquoMaizepopulation density light attenuation coefficient and perfor-mancerdquoRevistaMexicana de Ciencias Agrıcolas vol 8 pp 1425ndash1431 2014
[9] G AMaddonni andM EOtegui ldquoLeaf area light interceptionand crop development in maizerdquo Field Crops Research vol 48no 1 pp 81ndash87 1996
[10] L E Dıaz R E Morales M O Franco and L A DomınguezldquoAttenuation coefficient of light intercepted radiation biomassand yield of maize in function of phosphorusrdquo Terra Lati-noamericana vol 29 pp 65ndash74 2011
[11] T R Sinclair and R C Muchow ldquoRadiation use efficiencyrdquoAdvances in Agronomy vol 65 pp 215ndash265 1999
[12] C J Birch G L Hammer and K G Rickert ldquoDry matteraccumulation and distribution in five cultivars of maize (Zeamays) relationships and procedures for use in crop modellingrdquoAustralian Journal of Agricultural Research vol 50 no 4 pp513ndash527 1999
[13] C Gimenez D J Connor and F Rueda ldquoCanopy developmentphotosynthesis and radiation-use efficiency in sunflower inresponse to nitrogenrdquo Field Crops Research vol 38 no 1 pp15ndash27 1994
[14] FH Andrade L Echarte R Rizzalli A DellaMaggiora andMCasanovas ldquoKernel number prediction inmaize under nitrogenor water stressrdquo Crop Science vol 42 no 4 pp 1173ndash1179 2002
International Journal of Agronomy 5
[15] J L Carcova G Abeled and M P Lopez ldquoAnalysis generationyield partition and componentsrdquo inCereal Products FunctionalBasis for Management H E Satorre B R L Arnold A GSlafer et al Eds Editorial Facultad de Agronomıa pp 74ndash98Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina 2004
[16] E M Otegui and F H Andrade ldquoNew relationships betweenlight interception ear growth and kernel set in maizerdquo inPhysiology and Modeling of Kernel Set in Maize M E Westgateand K Boote Eds Crop Science Society of America AmericanSociety of Agronomy Special Publication No 29 chapter 6 pp89ndash102 EE UU Baltimore Md USA 2000
[17] E Garcıa Amendments to the Koppen Climate ClassificationSystem Talleres Larios Mexico City Mexico 2005
[18] K L Tully S A Wood M Almaraz Ch Neill and Ch PalmldquoThe effect of mineral and organic nutrient input on yields andnitrogen balances in western Kenyardquo Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment vol 214 pp 10ndash20 2015
[19] H A Gonzalez C J Sahagun L D Perez et al ldquoCacahuacintlephenotypic diversity of maize in the valley of Toluca MexicordquoRevista Fitotecnia Mexicana vol 29 pp 255ndash261 2007
[20] R R Duran J Sahag and C J Sahagun ldquoThe gene-environment interaction in plant breedingrdquo Revista Chapingovol 16 pp 13ndash16 1992
[21] R A Contreras R C G Martınez and C G Estrada ldquoEffi-ciency in the use of radiation by maize hybrids highlands ofMexicordquo Fitotecnia Mexicana vol 35 pp 161ndash169 2012
[22] E Ortiz-Torres P A Lopez A Gil-Munoz et al ldquoYield andquality of tender maize from native maize populations ofTehuacan Pueblardquo Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura vol 19no 2 pp 225ndash238 2013
[23] C G VazquezM AMejıa HM Y Salinas and RD SantiagoldquoEffect of population density on the quality of grain masaand tortilla corn hybrids with high quality proteinrdquo RevistaFitotecnia Mexicana vol 36 no 3 pp 225ndash232 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Nutrition and Metabolism
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Food ScienceInternational Journal of
Agronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science
Volume 2014
AgricultureAdvances in
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BiodiversityInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of Agronomy 5
[15] J L Carcova G Abeled and M P Lopez ldquoAnalysis generationyield partition and componentsrdquo inCereal Products FunctionalBasis for Management H E Satorre B R L Arnold A GSlafer et al Eds Editorial Facultad de Agronomıa pp 74ndash98Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina 2004
[16] E M Otegui and F H Andrade ldquoNew relationships betweenlight interception ear growth and kernel set in maizerdquo inPhysiology and Modeling of Kernel Set in Maize M E Westgateand K Boote Eds Crop Science Society of America AmericanSociety of Agronomy Special Publication No 29 chapter 6 pp89ndash102 EE UU Baltimore Md USA 2000
[17] E Garcıa Amendments to the Koppen Climate ClassificationSystem Talleres Larios Mexico City Mexico 2005
[18] K L Tully S A Wood M Almaraz Ch Neill and Ch PalmldquoThe effect of mineral and organic nutrient input on yields andnitrogen balances in western Kenyardquo Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment vol 214 pp 10ndash20 2015
[19] H A Gonzalez C J Sahagun L D Perez et al ldquoCacahuacintlephenotypic diversity of maize in the valley of Toluca MexicordquoRevista Fitotecnia Mexicana vol 29 pp 255ndash261 2007
[20] R R Duran J Sahag and C J Sahagun ldquoThe gene-environment interaction in plant breedingrdquo Revista Chapingovol 16 pp 13ndash16 1992
[21] R A Contreras R C G Martınez and C G Estrada ldquoEffi-ciency in the use of radiation by maize hybrids highlands ofMexicordquo Fitotecnia Mexicana vol 35 pp 161ndash169 2012
[22] E Ortiz-Torres P A Lopez A Gil-Munoz et al ldquoYield andquality of tender maize from native maize populations ofTehuacan Pueblardquo Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura vol 19no 2 pp 225ndash238 2013
[23] C G VazquezM AMejıa HM Y Salinas and RD SantiagoldquoEffect of population density on the quality of grain masaand tortilla corn hybrids with high quality proteinrdquo RevistaFitotecnia Mexicana vol 36 no 3 pp 225ndash232 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Nutrition and Metabolism
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Food ScienceInternational Journal of
Agronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science
Volume 2014
AgricultureAdvances in
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BiodiversityInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Nutrition and Metabolism
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Food ScienceInternational Journal of
Agronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science
Volume 2014
AgricultureAdvances in
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BiodiversityInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
