Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on the Microstructure and...

7
Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on the Microstructure and Martensitic Transformation of Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloys M. Dovchinvanchig, 1,2 C. W. Zhao, 1 S. L. Zhao, 1 X. K. Meng, 1 Y. J. Jin, 1 and Y. M. Xing 1 1 College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China 2 Institute of Physics and Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 210351 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Correspondence should be addressed to C. W. Zhao; [email protected] Received 19 February 2014; Revised 18 April 2014; Accepted 2 May 2014; Published 20 May 2014 Academic Editor: Shuichi Miyazaki Copyright © 2014 M. Dovchinvanchig et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. e effect of rare earth element Nd addition on the microstructure and martensitic transformation behavior of Ni 50 Ti 50−x Nd x (=0, 1, 3, 7, 20) shape memory alloy was investigated experimentally. e results showed that the microstructure of Ni-Ti-Nd ternary alloy consists of the NiNd phase and the NiTi matrix. One-step martensitic transformation was observed in all alloys. e martensitic transformation start temperature increased gradually with increasing Nd content for Ni-Ti-Nd alloys. 1. Introduction Ni-Ti based shape memory alloys (SMAs) have unique shape memory effects and super-elasticity behavior and have been used in various fields, particularly in engineering and medical applications [1]. Current research interest on SMAs mainly lies in controlling the martensitic transformation temperature and improving the shape memory effect for their applications. e effects of martensitic transformation, super- elasticity, and shape memory have been widely studied by adding transitional elements to Ni-Ti binary alloys. ese elements include Fe [2], Hf [3], and Pd [4]. It is found that most alloying elements such as Fe lower martensitic transformation temperature, but there are only a few, such as Hf and Pd, which increase martensitic transformation temperature [5]. Moreover, the microstructure and martensitic transfor- mation temperature of the rare earth (RE) of Ce [6], Gd [7], Dy [8], and La [9] in addition to Ni-Ti binary alloys have also been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffrac- tion (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). e addition of these REs to Ni-Ti binary alloys was found to increase the martensitic transformation temperature and change the phase transformation sequence. RE element Nd is also a widely used element, particularly in magnetic materials. However, only few studies have been conducted on Nd addition to shape memory alloy. e only study found in the literature is that on Nd addition to Ni- Ti-Fe alloy, but the Nd fraction is less than 1 at.% [10]. e effect of Nd addition to Ni-Ti binary alloy on microstructure and martensite transformation temperature remains unclear. In this paper, Nd content with atomic fractions of 1%, 3%, 7%, and 20% was added to Ni-Ti binary alloys, and the microstructure and martensitic transformation were studied experimentally. 2. Material and Methods e Ni 50 Ti 50− Nd alloys were prepared by melting each 10 g of raw materials with different nominal compositions (99.9 mass% sponge Ti, 99.7 mass% electrolytic Ni, and 99.95 mass% Nd) in a nonconsumable arc-melting furnace using a water-cooled copper crucible. e alloys are denoted by Nd0, Nd1, Nd3, Nd7, and Nd20 to refer to Ni 50 Ti 50 , Ni 50 Ti 49 Nd 1 , Ni 50 Ti 47 Nd 3 , Ni 50 Ti 43 Nd 7 , and Ni 50 Ti 30 Nd 20 alloys, respectively. Arc-melting was repeated four times to ensure the uniformity of composition. e specimens are spark-cut from the ingots and solution-treated at 850 C for an hour in a quartz tube furnace. Subsequently the specimens Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume 2014, Article ID 489701, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/489701

Transcript of Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on the Microstructure and...

Page 1: Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on the Microstructure and …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2014/489701.pdf · 2019-07-31 · Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on

Research ArticleEffect of Nd Addition on the Microstructure and MartensiticTransformation of Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloys

M Dovchinvanchig12 C W Zhao1 S L Zhao1 X K Meng1 Y J Jin1 and Y M Xing1

1 College of Science Inner Mongolia University of Technology Hohhot 010051 China2 Institute of Physics and Technology Mongolian Academy of Sciences 210351 Ulaanbaatar Mongolia

Correspondence should be addressed to C W Zhao cwzhaoaliyuncom

Received 19 February 2014 Revised 18 April 2014 Accepted 2 May 2014 Published 20 May 2014

Academic Editor Shuichi Miyazaki

Copyright copy 2014 M Dovchinvanchig et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

The effect of rare earth element Nd addition on the microstructure and martensitic transformation behavior of Ni50Ti50minusxNdx

(119909 = 0 1 3 7 20) shape memory alloy was investigated experimentally The results showed that the microstructure of Ni-Ti-Ndternary alloy consists of the NiNd phase and the NiTi matrix One-step martensitic transformation was observed in all alloys Themartensitic transformation start temperature119872

119904increased gradually with increasing Nd content for Ni-Ti-Nd alloys

1 Introduction

Ni-Ti based shape memory alloys (SMAs) have uniqueshape memory effects and super-elasticity behavior and havebeen used in various fields particularly in engineering andmedical applications [1] Current research interest on SMAsmainly lies in controlling the martensitic transformationtemperature and improving the shapememory effect for theirapplicationsThe effects ofmartensitic transformation super-elasticity and shape memory have been widely studied byadding transitional elements to Ni-Ti binary alloys Theseelements include Fe [2] Hf [3] and Pd [4] It is foundthat most alloying elements such as Fe lower martensitictransformation temperature but there are only a few suchas Hf and Pd which increase martensitic transformationtemperature [5]

Moreover the microstructure and martensitic transfor-mation temperature of the rare earth (RE) of Ce [6] Gd[7] Dy [8] and La [9] in addition to Ni-Ti binary alloyshave also been studied using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) X-ray diffrac-tion (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)The addition of these REs to Ni-Ti binary alloys was foundto increase the martensitic transformation temperature andchange the phase transformation sequence

RE element Nd is also a widely used element particularlyin magnetic materials However only few studies have beenconducted on Nd addition to shape memory alloy The onlystudy found in the literature is that on Nd addition to Ni-Ti-Fe alloy but the Nd fraction is less than 1 at [10] Theeffect of Nd addition to Ni-Ti binary alloy on microstructureand martensite transformation temperature remains unclearIn this paper Nd content with atomic fractions of 1 37 and 20 was added to Ni-Ti binary alloys and themicrostructure and martensitic transformation were studiedexperimentally

2 Material and Methods

The Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909alloys were prepared by melting each

10 g of raw materials with different nominal compositions(999 mass sponge Ti 997 mass electrolytic Ni and9995 mass Nd) in a nonconsumable arc-melting furnaceusing a water-cooled copper crucible The alloys are denotedby Nd0 Nd1 Nd3 Nd7 and Nd20 to refer to Ni

50Ti50

Ni50Ti49Nd1 Ni50Ti47Nd3 Ni50Ti43Nd7 and Ni

50Ti30Nd20

alloys respectively Arc-melting was repeated four times toensure the uniformity of composition The specimens arespark-cut from the ingots and solution-treated at 850∘C foran hour in a quartz tube furnace Subsequently the specimens

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2014 Article ID 489701 6 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014489701

2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Table 1 Lattice parameters of Ni-Ti-Nd alloys

Alloy Phase 119886 (nm3) 119887 (nm3) 119888 (nm3) 120573 (∘) 119881 (nm3) SourceNd0 M 02898 04121 04619 9786 005464

This work

Nd1 M 02904 04123 04920 9811 005475A 03009 002724

Nd3 M 02939 04124 04639 9839 005562A 03017 002747

Nd7 M 02940 04136 04650 9925 005579A 03021 002757

Nd20 M 02948 04170 04657 9948 005645A 03026 002771

NiTiM 02898 04108 04646 9778 005480

JCPDF cardnumber65-0145

A 03007 002719JCPDF cardnumber65-4572

NiTi2 1131 14503JCPDF cardnumber72-0442

NiNd 03803 1046 04339 017262JCPDF cardnumber19-0818

were quenched using water Thereafter the specimens aremechanically and lightly polished to obtain a plain surface

The phase transformation temperatures of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909

alloys were determined by DSC using a TA Q2000 calorime-ter The temperature range of heating and cooling was fromminus30∘C to 140∘C and the scanning rate of heating and coolingwas 10∘Cmin SEM observations were conducted using aFEI Quanta 650 FEG equipped with EDS analysis systemsmade by Oxford An XRD experiment was conducted usinga DMAX-2500PC X-ray diffractometer The transmissionelectron microscope (TEM) sample was prepared using thestandard technique involving mechanical grinding followedby Ar+ ion milling TEM experiment was conducted on aJEM-2010 TEM at 200 kV Images were recorded on a Gatan1ktimes1k slow scan CCD camera and processed using the GatanDigitalMicrograph software

3 Results and Discussion

31 Microstructure of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909Alloy Figure 1(a) de-

picts the XRD curves of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909(119909 = 0 1 3 7 20)

alloys at room temperature The diffraction peaks are identi-fied to be from NiTi B191015840 martensite phase NiTi B2 austenitephase NiTi

2phase and NiNd alloy after comparing with

JCPDF cards (numbers 65-0145 65-4572 72-0442 and 19-0818) The detailed crystal plane indices are marked inFigure 1(b) for Nd0 and Figure 1(c) for Nd3 but the relativeintensities of each XRD curve are quite different because ofthe differences in martensite phase fraction and austenitephase fraction In this paper the letter M denotes the NiTiB191015840 martensite phase and the letter A denotes the NiTi B2austenite phase This perspective will be confirmed in the

following DSC analysis Figure 1(d) depicts a comparison of(111)M diffraction peaks of Ni

50Ti50minusxNdx(119909 = 0 1 3 7 20)

alloys The (111)M peak is observed to move toward theleft for Ni

50Ti50minusxNdx(119909 = 1 3 7 20) alloys that is the

diffraction angle decreases with increasing Nd fractionwhich indicates that the interplanar spacing of (111) of themartensite expands with Nd addition from 1 at to 20 atThe lattice parameters of alloys can be also calculated bypeaksrsquo position in XRD curves and shown in Table 1 It isshown clearly that the cell volume 119881 expands for eithermartensite or austenite withNd addition toNi-Ti binary alloyfrom 0 at to 20 atThe observation can also be confirmedin the following composition analysis

32 Morphologies and Compositions of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909

Alloys Figure 2 depicts the backscattering SEM images ofNi50Ti50minusxNdx (119909 = 0 1 3 7 20) alloys For Nd0 alloy

there are two different morphologies namely black phaseand matrix which can be identified in the SEM image(Figure 2(a)) The black phase is in irregular shape anddistributed randomly in the matrix For Nd1 Nd3 and Nd7two different morphologies namely white phase and matrixcan be identified in the SEM images (Figures 2(b)ndash2(d))Some white particles that are nearly round-shape and upto 4 120583m 6 120583m and 11 120583m in diameter respectively withwhite curving areas can be found to be distributed randomlyin the matrix When the Nd content is 20 at the whitephase mainly takes on very irregular shape and becomeslarger and interconnected while some white particles thatare nearly round-shaped and up to 14 120583m are also foundto be distributed in the matrix in Figure 2(e) The size ofthe white particles evidently increases whereas the white

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

x = 20

x = 7

x = 3

x = 1

x = 0

Inte

nsity

2120579 (deg)20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NiTiMNiNd

NiTiA

(a)

2120579 (deg)20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Inte

nsity

(cps

)

(100

)(minus101)

(110

)(422

)(002

)(minus111)

(511

)(020

)(111

)(440

)(minus112)

(112

)

(minus103)

(822

)

(minus131)

(131

)

(212

)

lowast

lowast

lowast

(422

)

lowast

lowast

NiTi2lowast

NiTiM

(b)

(021

)

2120579 (deg)20

0

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

1500

1000

500

Inte

nsity

(cps

)

NiTiMNiNd

NiTiA

(100) M

(minus101) M

(minus111) M

(020) M

(110) A

(111) M

(minus112) M

(132

)(112) M

(200) A

(211) A

(131) M

(212) M

(c)

Inte

nsity

2120579 (deg)44 45 46 47

(111)Mx = 20

x = 7

x = 3

x = 1

x = 0

(d)

Figure 1 XRD curves of Ni50Ti50minusxNdx alloys (a) XRD curves of Ni

50Ti50minusxNdx alloys (b) indexed diffraction peaks in Nd0 (c) indexed

diffraction peaks in Nd3 (d) comparison of (111)M diffraction peaks of Ni50Ti50minusxNdx alloys

phase overspreads steadily on the matrix with increasing Ndfraction

To identify the boundaries between the white phase andthe matrix TEM observation was conducted for Nd1 alloyand the TEM bright field images of a small nearly round-shaped particle with a diameter of 17120583m and a large nearlyround-shaped particle with a diameter of 36120583mare shown inFigure 3The boundaries between these two particles and thematrix look very bright and can be identified clearly at sucha very low magnification which means that the boundariesare incoherent Furthermore Xu et al proposed that thebinding force of RE elements and Ni is much bigger thanthat of Ni and Ti [11] So NiNd phase is formed first andthen NiTi phase crystallization occurs during the Ni-Ti-Ndalloys preparation Thus NiNd phase and NiTi matrix haveno orientation relationship [5]

To identify the phase structure EDS analysis was con-ducted in SEM The compositions of Ni-Ti-Nd alloys are

shown in Table 2 The Ti Ni ratio in the matrix of all Ni-Ti-Nd alloys is measured to be near 1 Thus the matrix can beconcluded to beNiTi phase with a small amount of Nd soluteTheTi Ni ratio in the black phase of Nd0 alloy ismeasured tobe near 2 1 By XRD analysis there is a NiTi

2phase in Nd0

Thus the black phase can be concluded to be NiTi2phase

According to the 773K isothermal section of the ternary alloyphase diagram of the Ni-Ti-Nd no intermetallic compoundscan be found in the Ti-Nd binary system However Ni-Ndbinary alloy phase diagram shows seven kinds of intermetalliccompounds defined as NdNi

5 Nd2Ni7 NdNi

3 NdNi

2 NdNi

Nd7Ni13 and Nd

3Ni [12] The EDS results show that the

Ni Nd ratio in the white phase is near 1 and can be regardedas the NiNd intermetallic compound with a small amount ofTi solute The amount and size of the NiNd phase increasewith increasing Nd fraction (Figure 2)

Furthermore Nd content has also been found in thematrix of Nd3 Nd7 and Nd20 The Nd atomic radius(0206 nm) is known to be larger than Ti atomic radius

4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Ni50Ti50(a)

(a)

Ni50Ti49Nd1(b)

(b)

Ni50Ti47Nd3(c)

(c)

Ni50Ti43Nd7(d)

(d)

Ni50Ti30Nd20(e)

(e)

Figure 2 Back-scattering SEM images of Ni50Ti50minusxNdx alloys (a) Ni

50Ti50 (b) Ni

50Ti49Nd1 (c) Ni

50Ti47Nd3 (d) Ni

50Ti43Nd7 (e)

Ni50Ti30Nd20

(a) (b)

Figure 3 TEM bright field images of Ni50Ti49Nd1alloy (a) small particle (b) large particle

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

Hea

t flow

x = 20

x = 7

x = 3

x = 1

x = 0

Cooling

Heating

Temperature (∘C)0 40 80 120

(a)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Nd concentration (at )0 5 10 15 20

80

60

40

20

0

minus20

minus40

minus60

Ni50Ti50minusxNdx

Nd0Ni507Ti493 [7]

Ni50Ti50 [14]Ni498Ti502 [15]

(b)

Figure 4 DSC curve and martensite transformation temperature of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909alloys (a) DSC curves (b)119872

119904curve

(0176 nm) by 17 and Ni atomic radius (0149 nm) by 38[13] The Nd atom occupies the position of Ni or Ti conse-quentially resulting in an expansion of the NiTi matrix lattice[7] which is consistent with the previous XRD analysis

33 Phase Transformation of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909

AlloysFigure 4(a) depicts theDSC curves of theNi

50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909(119909 =

0 1 3 7 20) alloys Each DSC curve of Nd0 Nd1 Nd3 Nd7and Nd20 shows only one peak during the heating andcooling process which indicates a one-step B2harrB191015840phase transformation Figure 4(b) shows the effect ofNd concentration on martensitic transformation starttemperature 119872

119904 For Nd0 alloy the 119872

119904is measured to

be 7744∘C It is well known that quenched Ni-Ti binaryalloys show one-step B2harrB191015840 transformation and thetransformation temperatures are strongly dependent on Niconcentration [5 7] 01 at increase in Ni concentrationcan lower the119872

119904of Ni-Ti binary alloys by more than 10∘C

For example Liu et al measured the119872119904to be about minus50∘C

for Ni507

Ti493

alloy after annealing at 900∘C for 60min [7]Tabish et al measured the 119872

119904to be minus2212∘C for Ni

50Ti50

alloy after annealing at 1000∘C for 120min [14] Wasilewskiet al measured the119872

119904to be 65∘C for Ni

498Ti502

alloy [15] Inthis work the composition of the matrix in Nd0 is measuredto be Ni

4936Ti5064

which is Ti-rich So a high 119872119904of Ti-

Ni binary alloy Nd0 is reasonable Again the martensitetransformations finish temperature 119872

119891in Nd0 alloy is

higher than room temperature of 20∘C Thus the martensitetransformations have finished at room temperature and theNd0 alloy should be in total martensite phase which is inagreement with the XRD results

Meanwhile as shown in Figure 4 the119872119904increases with

increasing Nd fraction from 1 at to 20 at And all 119872119891

in four DSC curves of Nd addition alloys are lower thanroom temperature Thus martensite transformation cannot

Table 2 Compositions of Ni-Ti-Nd alloys

Ti (at) Ni (at) Nd (at)

Nd0 Matrix 5064 4936 mdashBlack phase 6699 3301 mdash

Nd1 Matrix 5061 4939 0White phase 555 4967 4478

Nd3 Matrix 4924 5021 055White phase 297 4984 4719

Nd7 Matrix 4999 4895 106White phase 431 4772 4797

Nd20 Matrix 4927 4899 174White phase 168 4978 4854

finish fully at room temperature which indicates that boththe austenite phase and the martensite phase exist in the Ni-Ti-Nd alloy For Nd1 alloy the119872

119891is higher than the others

afterwhich themartensite transformation has nearly finishedThus a higher martensite fraction than austenite fraction ispresent Consequently the XRD curve of Nd1 shows that theintensities of themartensite diffraction peaks are significantlyhigher than those of austenite in Figure 1(a) With increasingNd fraction the 119872

119891 the martensite fraction in the alloy

and the relative XRD intensities of the martensite diffractionpeaks also decreased

4 Conclusions

In summary the effect of RE element Nd addition on themicrostructure and martensitic transformation behavior wasinvestigated by XRD SEM TEM and DSC The microstruc-ture of the Ni

50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909alloys consists of NiNd alloy with

a small amount of Ti solute and NiTi matrix with a small

6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

amount of Nd solute The lattice of NiTi matrix is expandedbyNd additionTheNi-Ti-Nd alloy has a one-stepmartensitictransformation Increasing the Nd fraction the martensitictransformation start temperature119872

119904increases gradually

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 51261017) the Program forNew Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant noNCET-10-0909) and the Specialized Research Fund forthe Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant no20101514110002)

References

[1] K Otsuka and X Ren ldquoRecent developments in the research ofshape memory alloysrdquo Intermetallics vol 7 no 5 pp 511ndash5281999

[2] J Frenzel J Pfetzing K Neuking andG Eggeler ldquoOn the influ-ence of thermomechanical treatments on the microstructureand phase transformation behavior of Ni-Ti-Fe shape memoryalloysrdquo Materials Science and Engineering A vol 482ndash484 no1-2 pp 635ndash638 2008

[3] X L Meng W Cai Y D Fu Q F Li J X Zhang and L CZhao ldquoShape-memory behaviors in an aged Ni-rich TiNiHfhigh temperature shape-memory alloyrdquo Intermetallics vol 16no 5 pp 698ndash705 2008

[4] Y LiuM Kohl K Okutsu and SMiyazaki ldquoA TiNiPd thin filmmicrovalve for high temperature applicationsrdquoMaterials Scienceand Engineering A vol 378 no 1-2 pp 205ndash209 2004

[5] K Otsuka and X Ren ldquoPhysical metallurgy of Ti-Ni-basedshape memory alloysrdquo Progress in Materials Science vol 50 no5 pp 511ndash678 2005

[6] W Cai A L Liu J H Sui and L C Zhao ldquoEffects of ceriumaddition on martensitic transformation and microstructure ofTi493

Ni507

alloyrdquoMaterials Transactions vol 47 no 3 pp 716ndash719 2006

[7] A L LiuW Cai Z Y Gao and L C Zhao ldquoThemicrostructureand martensitic transformation of (Ti

493Ni507

)1minus119909

Gd119909shape

memory alloysrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering A vol 438ndash440 pp 634ndash638 2006

[8] A L Liu Z Y Gao L Gao W Cai and Y Wu ldquoEffect of Dyaddition on the microstructure and martensitic transformationof a Ni-rich TiNi shape memory alloyrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 437 no 1-2 pp 339ndash343 2007

[9] J W Xu A L Liu B Y Qian and W Cai ldquoInvestigation onmicrostructure and phase transformation of La added TiNishape memory alloyrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 557ndash559 pp 1041ndash1044 2012

[10] J GWang and F S Liu ldquoPhase transformation andmicrostruc-ture of Ti

50Ni48minus119909

Fe2Nd119909shapememory alloysrdquoChinese Journal

of Aeronautics vol 22 no 3 pp 334ndash338 2009[11] J-WXu A-L Liu andWCai ldquoCrystal structure and formation

mechanism of rare earth rich phases in Ti-Ni-Ce alloysrdquo Journal

of Functional Materials vol 39 no 4 pp 600ndash602 2008 (Chi-nese)

[12] J Q Liu Y H Zhuang and Y Q Hu ldquoThe 773K isothermalsection of the ternary phase diagram of the Nd-Ni-Tirdquo Journalof Alloys and Compounds vol 368 no 1-2 pp 180ndash181 2004

[13] E Clementi D L Raimondi and W P Reinhardt ldquoAtomicscreening constants from SCF functions II Atoms with 37 to86 electronsrdquoThe Journal of Chemical Physics vol 47 no 4 pp1300ndash1307 1967

[14] T A Tabish S Atiq M Ali A N Ch Z U Reham and T ZButt ldquoDevelopment and characterization of Ni

50Ti50

shapememory alloy used for biomedical applicationsrdquo InternationalJournal of Chemical Materials Science and Engineering vol 7no 12 pp 92ndash93 2013

[15] R JWasilewski S R Butler and J EHanlon ldquoOn themartensi-tic transformation in TiNirdquo Metallurgical Transactions vol 1no 1 pp 104ndash110 1967

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 2: Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on the Microstructure and …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2014/489701.pdf · 2019-07-31 · Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on

2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Table 1 Lattice parameters of Ni-Ti-Nd alloys

Alloy Phase 119886 (nm3) 119887 (nm3) 119888 (nm3) 120573 (∘) 119881 (nm3) SourceNd0 M 02898 04121 04619 9786 005464

This work

Nd1 M 02904 04123 04920 9811 005475A 03009 002724

Nd3 M 02939 04124 04639 9839 005562A 03017 002747

Nd7 M 02940 04136 04650 9925 005579A 03021 002757

Nd20 M 02948 04170 04657 9948 005645A 03026 002771

NiTiM 02898 04108 04646 9778 005480

JCPDF cardnumber65-0145

A 03007 002719JCPDF cardnumber65-4572

NiTi2 1131 14503JCPDF cardnumber72-0442

NiNd 03803 1046 04339 017262JCPDF cardnumber19-0818

were quenched using water Thereafter the specimens aremechanically and lightly polished to obtain a plain surface

The phase transformation temperatures of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909

alloys were determined by DSC using a TA Q2000 calorime-ter The temperature range of heating and cooling was fromminus30∘C to 140∘C and the scanning rate of heating and coolingwas 10∘Cmin SEM observations were conducted using aFEI Quanta 650 FEG equipped with EDS analysis systemsmade by Oxford An XRD experiment was conducted usinga DMAX-2500PC X-ray diffractometer The transmissionelectron microscope (TEM) sample was prepared using thestandard technique involving mechanical grinding followedby Ar+ ion milling TEM experiment was conducted on aJEM-2010 TEM at 200 kV Images were recorded on a Gatan1ktimes1k slow scan CCD camera and processed using the GatanDigitalMicrograph software

3 Results and Discussion

31 Microstructure of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909Alloy Figure 1(a) de-

picts the XRD curves of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909(119909 = 0 1 3 7 20)

alloys at room temperature The diffraction peaks are identi-fied to be from NiTi B191015840 martensite phase NiTi B2 austenitephase NiTi

2phase and NiNd alloy after comparing with

JCPDF cards (numbers 65-0145 65-4572 72-0442 and 19-0818) The detailed crystal plane indices are marked inFigure 1(b) for Nd0 and Figure 1(c) for Nd3 but the relativeintensities of each XRD curve are quite different because ofthe differences in martensite phase fraction and austenitephase fraction In this paper the letter M denotes the NiTiB191015840 martensite phase and the letter A denotes the NiTi B2austenite phase This perspective will be confirmed in the

following DSC analysis Figure 1(d) depicts a comparison of(111)M diffraction peaks of Ni

50Ti50minusxNdx(119909 = 0 1 3 7 20)

alloys The (111)M peak is observed to move toward theleft for Ni

50Ti50minusxNdx(119909 = 1 3 7 20) alloys that is the

diffraction angle decreases with increasing Nd fractionwhich indicates that the interplanar spacing of (111) of themartensite expands with Nd addition from 1 at to 20 atThe lattice parameters of alloys can be also calculated bypeaksrsquo position in XRD curves and shown in Table 1 It isshown clearly that the cell volume 119881 expands for eithermartensite or austenite withNd addition toNi-Ti binary alloyfrom 0 at to 20 atThe observation can also be confirmedin the following composition analysis

32 Morphologies and Compositions of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909

Alloys Figure 2 depicts the backscattering SEM images ofNi50Ti50minusxNdx (119909 = 0 1 3 7 20) alloys For Nd0 alloy

there are two different morphologies namely black phaseand matrix which can be identified in the SEM image(Figure 2(a)) The black phase is in irregular shape anddistributed randomly in the matrix For Nd1 Nd3 and Nd7two different morphologies namely white phase and matrixcan be identified in the SEM images (Figures 2(b)ndash2(d))Some white particles that are nearly round-shape and upto 4 120583m 6 120583m and 11 120583m in diameter respectively withwhite curving areas can be found to be distributed randomlyin the matrix When the Nd content is 20 at the whitephase mainly takes on very irregular shape and becomeslarger and interconnected while some white particles thatare nearly round-shaped and up to 14 120583m are also foundto be distributed in the matrix in Figure 2(e) The size ofthe white particles evidently increases whereas the white

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

x = 20

x = 7

x = 3

x = 1

x = 0

Inte

nsity

2120579 (deg)20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NiTiMNiNd

NiTiA

(a)

2120579 (deg)20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Inte

nsity

(cps

)

(100

)(minus101)

(110

)(422

)(002

)(minus111)

(511

)(020

)(111

)(440

)(minus112)

(112

)

(minus103)

(822

)

(minus131)

(131

)

(212

)

lowast

lowast

lowast

(422

)

lowast

lowast

NiTi2lowast

NiTiM

(b)

(021

)

2120579 (deg)20

0

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

1500

1000

500

Inte

nsity

(cps

)

NiTiMNiNd

NiTiA

(100) M

(minus101) M

(minus111) M

(020) M

(110) A

(111) M

(minus112) M

(132

)(112) M

(200) A

(211) A

(131) M

(212) M

(c)

Inte

nsity

2120579 (deg)44 45 46 47

(111)Mx = 20

x = 7

x = 3

x = 1

x = 0

(d)

Figure 1 XRD curves of Ni50Ti50minusxNdx alloys (a) XRD curves of Ni

50Ti50minusxNdx alloys (b) indexed diffraction peaks in Nd0 (c) indexed

diffraction peaks in Nd3 (d) comparison of (111)M diffraction peaks of Ni50Ti50minusxNdx alloys

phase overspreads steadily on the matrix with increasing Ndfraction

To identify the boundaries between the white phase andthe matrix TEM observation was conducted for Nd1 alloyand the TEM bright field images of a small nearly round-shaped particle with a diameter of 17120583m and a large nearlyround-shaped particle with a diameter of 36120583mare shown inFigure 3The boundaries between these two particles and thematrix look very bright and can be identified clearly at sucha very low magnification which means that the boundariesare incoherent Furthermore Xu et al proposed that thebinding force of RE elements and Ni is much bigger thanthat of Ni and Ti [11] So NiNd phase is formed first andthen NiTi phase crystallization occurs during the Ni-Ti-Ndalloys preparation Thus NiNd phase and NiTi matrix haveno orientation relationship [5]

To identify the phase structure EDS analysis was con-ducted in SEM The compositions of Ni-Ti-Nd alloys are

shown in Table 2 The Ti Ni ratio in the matrix of all Ni-Ti-Nd alloys is measured to be near 1 Thus the matrix can beconcluded to beNiTi phase with a small amount of Nd soluteTheTi Ni ratio in the black phase of Nd0 alloy ismeasured tobe near 2 1 By XRD analysis there is a NiTi

2phase in Nd0

Thus the black phase can be concluded to be NiTi2phase

According to the 773K isothermal section of the ternary alloyphase diagram of the Ni-Ti-Nd no intermetallic compoundscan be found in the Ti-Nd binary system However Ni-Ndbinary alloy phase diagram shows seven kinds of intermetalliccompounds defined as NdNi

5 Nd2Ni7 NdNi

3 NdNi

2 NdNi

Nd7Ni13 and Nd

3Ni [12] The EDS results show that the

Ni Nd ratio in the white phase is near 1 and can be regardedas the NiNd intermetallic compound with a small amount ofTi solute The amount and size of the NiNd phase increasewith increasing Nd fraction (Figure 2)

Furthermore Nd content has also been found in thematrix of Nd3 Nd7 and Nd20 The Nd atomic radius(0206 nm) is known to be larger than Ti atomic radius

4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Ni50Ti50(a)

(a)

Ni50Ti49Nd1(b)

(b)

Ni50Ti47Nd3(c)

(c)

Ni50Ti43Nd7(d)

(d)

Ni50Ti30Nd20(e)

(e)

Figure 2 Back-scattering SEM images of Ni50Ti50minusxNdx alloys (a) Ni

50Ti50 (b) Ni

50Ti49Nd1 (c) Ni

50Ti47Nd3 (d) Ni

50Ti43Nd7 (e)

Ni50Ti30Nd20

(a) (b)

Figure 3 TEM bright field images of Ni50Ti49Nd1alloy (a) small particle (b) large particle

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

Hea

t flow

x = 20

x = 7

x = 3

x = 1

x = 0

Cooling

Heating

Temperature (∘C)0 40 80 120

(a)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Nd concentration (at )0 5 10 15 20

80

60

40

20

0

minus20

minus40

minus60

Ni50Ti50minusxNdx

Nd0Ni507Ti493 [7]

Ni50Ti50 [14]Ni498Ti502 [15]

(b)

Figure 4 DSC curve and martensite transformation temperature of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909alloys (a) DSC curves (b)119872

119904curve

(0176 nm) by 17 and Ni atomic radius (0149 nm) by 38[13] The Nd atom occupies the position of Ni or Ti conse-quentially resulting in an expansion of the NiTi matrix lattice[7] which is consistent with the previous XRD analysis

33 Phase Transformation of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909

AlloysFigure 4(a) depicts theDSC curves of theNi

50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909(119909 =

0 1 3 7 20) alloys Each DSC curve of Nd0 Nd1 Nd3 Nd7and Nd20 shows only one peak during the heating andcooling process which indicates a one-step B2harrB191015840phase transformation Figure 4(b) shows the effect ofNd concentration on martensitic transformation starttemperature 119872

119904 For Nd0 alloy the 119872

119904is measured to

be 7744∘C It is well known that quenched Ni-Ti binaryalloys show one-step B2harrB191015840 transformation and thetransformation temperatures are strongly dependent on Niconcentration [5 7] 01 at increase in Ni concentrationcan lower the119872

119904of Ni-Ti binary alloys by more than 10∘C

For example Liu et al measured the119872119904to be about minus50∘C

for Ni507

Ti493

alloy after annealing at 900∘C for 60min [7]Tabish et al measured the 119872

119904to be minus2212∘C for Ni

50Ti50

alloy after annealing at 1000∘C for 120min [14] Wasilewskiet al measured the119872

119904to be 65∘C for Ni

498Ti502

alloy [15] Inthis work the composition of the matrix in Nd0 is measuredto be Ni

4936Ti5064

which is Ti-rich So a high 119872119904of Ti-

Ni binary alloy Nd0 is reasonable Again the martensitetransformations finish temperature 119872

119891in Nd0 alloy is

higher than room temperature of 20∘C Thus the martensitetransformations have finished at room temperature and theNd0 alloy should be in total martensite phase which is inagreement with the XRD results

Meanwhile as shown in Figure 4 the119872119904increases with

increasing Nd fraction from 1 at to 20 at And all 119872119891

in four DSC curves of Nd addition alloys are lower thanroom temperature Thus martensite transformation cannot

Table 2 Compositions of Ni-Ti-Nd alloys

Ti (at) Ni (at) Nd (at)

Nd0 Matrix 5064 4936 mdashBlack phase 6699 3301 mdash

Nd1 Matrix 5061 4939 0White phase 555 4967 4478

Nd3 Matrix 4924 5021 055White phase 297 4984 4719

Nd7 Matrix 4999 4895 106White phase 431 4772 4797

Nd20 Matrix 4927 4899 174White phase 168 4978 4854

finish fully at room temperature which indicates that boththe austenite phase and the martensite phase exist in the Ni-Ti-Nd alloy For Nd1 alloy the119872

119891is higher than the others

afterwhich themartensite transformation has nearly finishedThus a higher martensite fraction than austenite fraction ispresent Consequently the XRD curve of Nd1 shows that theintensities of themartensite diffraction peaks are significantlyhigher than those of austenite in Figure 1(a) With increasingNd fraction the 119872

119891 the martensite fraction in the alloy

and the relative XRD intensities of the martensite diffractionpeaks also decreased

4 Conclusions

In summary the effect of RE element Nd addition on themicrostructure and martensitic transformation behavior wasinvestigated by XRD SEM TEM and DSC The microstruc-ture of the Ni

50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909alloys consists of NiNd alloy with

a small amount of Ti solute and NiTi matrix with a small

6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

amount of Nd solute The lattice of NiTi matrix is expandedbyNd additionTheNi-Ti-Nd alloy has a one-stepmartensitictransformation Increasing the Nd fraction the martensitictransformation start temperature119872

119904increases gradually

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 51261017) the Program forNew Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant noNCET-10-0909) and the Specialized Research Fund forthe Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant no20101514110002)

References

[1] K Otsuka and X Ren ldquoRecent developments in the research ofshape memory alloysrdquo Intermetallics vol 7 no 5 pp 511ndash5281999

[2] J Frenzel J Pfetzing K Neuking andG Eggeler ldquoOn the influ-ence of thermomechanical treatments on the microstructureand phase transformation behavior of Ni-Ti-Fe shape memoryalloysrdquo Materials Science and Engineering A vol 482ndash484 no1-2 pp 635ndash638 2008

[3] X L Meng W Cai Y D Fu Q F Li J X Zhang and L CZhao ldquoShape-memory behaviors in an aged Ni-rich TiNiHfhigh temperature shape-memory alloyrdquo Intermetallics vol 16no 5 pp 698ndash705 2008

[4] Y LiuM Kohl K Okutsu and SMiyazaki ldquoA TiNiPd thin filmmicrovalve for high temperature applicationsrdquoMaterials Scienceand Engineering A vol 378 no 1-2 pp 205ndash209 2004

[5] K Otsuka and X Ren ldquoPhysical metallurgy of Ti-Ni-basedshape memory alloysrdquo Progress in Materials Science vol 50 no5 pp 511ndash678 2005

[6] W Cai A L Liu J H Sui and L C Zhao ldquoEffects of ceriumaddition on martensitic transformation and microstructure ofTi493

Ni507

alloyrdquoMaterials Transactions vol 47 no 3 pp 716ndash719 2006

[7] A L LiuW Cai Z Y Gao and L C Zhao ldquoThemicrostructureand martensitic transformation of (Ti

493Ni507

)1minus119909

Gd119909shape

memory alloysrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering A vol 438ndash440 pp 634ndash638 2006

[8] A L Liu Z Y Gao L Gao W Cai and Y Wu ldquoEffect of Dyaddition on the microstructure and martensitic transformationof a Ni-rich TiNi shape memory alloyrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 437 no 1-2 pp 339ndash343 2007

[9] J W Xu A L Liu B Y Qian and W Cai ldquoInvestigation onmicrostructure and phase transformation of La added TiNishape memory alloyrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 557ndash559 pp 1041ndash1044 2012

[10] J GWang and F S Liu ldquoPhase transformation andmicrostruc-ture of Ti

50Ni48minus119909

Fe2Nd119909shapememory alloysrdquoChinese Journal

of Aeronautics vol 22 no 3 pp 334ndash338 2009[11] J-WXu A-L Liu andWCai ldquoCrystal structure and formation

mechanism of rare earth rich phases in Ti-Ni-Ce alloysrdquo Journal

of Functional Materials vol 39 no 4 pp 600ndash602 2008 (Chi-nese)

[12] J Q Liu Y H Zhuang and Y Q Hu ldquoThe 773K isothermalsection of the ternary phase diagram of the Nd-Ni-Tirdquo Journalof Alloys and Compounds vol 368 no 1-2 pp 180ndash181 2004

[13] E Clementi D L Raimondi and W P Reinhardt ldquoAtomicscreening constants from SCF functions II Atoms with 37 to86 electronsrdquoThe Journal of Chemical Physics vol 47 no 4 pp1300ndash1307 1967

[14] T A Tabish S Atiq M Ali A N Ch Z U Reham and T ZButt ldquoDevelopment and characterization of Ni

50Ti50

shapememory alloy used for biomedical applicationsrdquo InternationalJournal of Chemical Materials Science and Engineering vol 7no 12 pp 92ndash93 2013

[15] R JWasilewski S R Butler and J EHanlon ldquoOn themartensi-tic transformation in TiNirdquo Metallurgical Transactions vol 1no 1 pp 104ndash110 1967

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 3: Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on the Microstructure and …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2014/489701.pdf · 2019-07-31 · Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

x = 20

x = 7

x = 3

x = 1

x = 0

Inte

nsity

2120579 (deg)20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NiTiMNiNd

NiTiA

(a)

2120579 (deg)20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Inte

nsity

(cps

)

(100

)(minus101)

(110

)(422

)(002

)(minus111)

(511

)(020

)(111

)(440

)(minus112)

(112

)

(minus103)

(822

)

(minus131)

(131

)

(212

)

lowast

lowast

lowast

(422

)

lowast

lowast

NiTi2lowast

NiTiM

(b)

(021

)

2120579 (deg)20

0

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

1500

1000

500

Inte

nsity

(cps

)

NiTiMNiNd

NiTiA

(100) M

(minus101) M

(minus111) M

(020) M

(110) A

(111) M

(minus112) M

(132

)(112) M

(200) A

(211) A

(131) M

(212) M

(c)

Inte

nsity

2120579 (deg)44 45 46 47

(111)Mx = 20

x = 7

x = 3

x = 1

x = 0

(d)

Figure 1 XRD curves of Ni50Ti50minusxNdx alloys (a) XRD curves of Ni

50Ti50minusxNdx alloys (b) indexed diffraction peaks in Nd0 (c) indexed

diffraction peaks in Nd3 (d) comparison of (111)M diffraction peaks of Ni50Ti50minusxNdx alloys

phase overspreads steadily on the matrix with increasing Ndfraction

To identify the boundaries between the white phase andthe matrix TEM observation was conducted for Nd1 alloyand the TEM bright field images of a small nearly round-shaped particle with a diameter of 17120583m and a large nearlyround-shaped particle with a diameter of 36120583mare shown inFigure 3The boundaries between these two particles and thematrix look very bright and can be identified clearly at sucha very low magnification which means that the boundariesare incoherent Furthermore Xu et al proposed that thebinding force of RE elements and Ni is much bigger thanthat of Ni and Ti [11] So NiNd phase is formed first andthen NiTi phase crystallization occurs during the Ni-Ti-Ndalloys preparation Thus NiNd phase and NiTi matrix haveno orientation relationship [5]

To identify the phase structure EDS analysis was con-ducted in SEM The compositions of Ni-Ti-Nd alloys are

shown in Table 2 The Ti Ni ratio in the matrix of all Ni-Ti-Nd alloys is measured to be near 1 Thus the matrix can beconcluded to beNiTi phase with a small amount of Nd soluteTheTi Ni ratio in the black phase of Nd0 alloy ismeasured tobe near 2 1 By XRD analysis there is a NiTi

2phase in Nd0

Thus the black phase can be concluded to be NiTi2phase

According to the 773K isothermal section of the ternary alloyphase diagram of the Ni-Ti-Nd no intermetallic compoundscan be found in the Ti-Nd binary system However Ni-Ndbinary alloy phase diagram shows seven kinds of intermetalliccompounds defined as NdNi

5 Nd2Ni7 NdNi

3 NdNi

2 NdNi

Nd7Ni13 and Nd

3Ni [12] The EDS results show that the

Ni Nd ratio in the white phase is near 1 and can be regardedas the NiNd intermetallic compound with a small amount ofTi solute The amount and size of the NiNd phase increasewith increasing Nd fraction (Figure 2)

Furthermore Nd content has also been found in thematrix of Nd3 Nd7 and Nd20 The Nd atomic radius(0206 nm) is known to be larger than Ti atomic radius

4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Ni50Ti50(a)

(a)

Ni50Ti49Nd1(b)

(b)

Ni50Ti47Nd3(c)

(c)

Ni50Ti43Nd7(d)

(d)

Ni50Ti30Nd20(e)

(e)

Figure 2 Back-scattering SEM images of Ni50Ti50minusxNdx alloys (a) Ni

50Ti50 (b) Ni

50Ti49Nd1 (c) Ni

50Ti47Nd3 (d) Ni

50Ti43Nd7 (e)

Ni50Ti30Nd20

(a) (b)

Figure 3 TEM bright field images of Ni50Ti49Nd1alloy (a) small particle (b) large particle

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

Hea

t flow

x = 20

x = 7

x = 3

x = 1

x = 0

Cooling

Heating

Temperature (∘C)0 40 80 120

(a)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Nd concentration (at )0 5 10 15 20

80

60

40

20

0

minus20

minus40

minus60

Ni50Ti50minusxNdx

Nd0Ni507Ti493 [7]

Ni50Ti50 [14]Ni498Ti502 [15]

(b)

Figure 4 DSC curve and martensite transformation temperature of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909alloys (a) DSC curves (b)119872

119904curve

(0176 nm) by 17 and Ni atomic radius (0149 nm) by 38[13] The Nd atom occupies the position of Ni or Ti conse-quentially resulting in an expansion of the NiTi matrix lattice[7] which is consistent with the previous XRD analysis

33 Phase Transformation of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909

AlloysFigure 4(a) depicts theDSC curves of theNi

50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909(119909 =

0 1 3 7 20) alloys Each DSC curve of Nd0 Nd1 Nd3 Nd7and Nd20 shows only one peak during the heating andcooling process which indicates a one-step B2harrB191015840phase transformation Figure 4(b) shows the effect ofNd concentration on martensitic transformation starttemperature 119872

119904 For Nd0 alloy the 119872

119904is measured to

be 7744∘C It is well known that quenched Ni-Ti binaryalloys show one-step B2harrB191015840 transformation and thetransformation temperatures are strongly dependent on Niconcentration [5 7] 01 at increase in Ni concentrationcan lower the119872

119904of Ni-Ti binary alloys by more than 10∘C

For example Liu et al measured the119872119904to be about minus50∘C

for Ni507

Ti493

alloy after annealing at 900∘C for 60min [7]Tabish et al measured the 119872

119904to be minus2212∘C for Ni

50Ti50

alloy after annealing at 1000∘C for 120min [14] Wasilewskiet al measured the119872

119904to be 65∘C for Ni

498Ti502

alloy [15] Inthis work the composition of the matrix in Nd0 is measuredto be Ni

4936Ti5064

which is Ti-rich So a high 119872119904of Ti-

Ni binary alloy Nd0 is reasonable Again the martensitetransformations finish temperature 119872

119891in Nd0 alloy is

higher than room temperature of 20∘C Thus the martensitetransformations have finished at room temperature and theNd0 alloy should be in total martensite phase which is inagreement with the XRD results

Meanwhile as shown in Figure 4 the119872119904increases with

increasing Nd fraction from 1 at to 20 at And all 119872119891

in four DSC curves of Nd addition alloys are lower thanroom temperature Thus martensite transformation cannot

Table 2 Compositions of Ni-Ti-Nd alloys

Ti (at) Ni (at) Nd (at)

Nd0 Matrix 5064 4936 mdashBlack phase 6699 3301 mdash

Nd1 Matrix 5061 4939 0White phase 555 4967 4478

Nd3 Matrix 4924 5021 055White phase 297 4984 4719

Nd7 Matrix 4999 4895 106White phase 431 4772 4797

Nd20 Matrix 4927 4899 174White phase 168 4978 4854

finish fully at room temperature which indicates that boththe austenite phase and the martensite phase exist in the Ni-Ti-Nd alloy For Nd1 alloy the119872

119891is higher than the others

afterwhich themartensite transformation has nearly finishedThus a higher martensite fraction than austenite fraction ispresent Consequently the XRD curve of Nd1 shows that theintensities of themartensite diffraction peaks are significantlyhigher than those of austenite in Figure 1(a) With increasingNd fraction the 119872

119891 the martensite fraction in the alloy

and the relative XRD intensities of the martensite diffractionpeaks also decreased

4 Conclusions

In summary the effect of RE element Nd addition on themicrostructure and martensitic transformation behavior wasinvestigated by XRD SEM TEM and DSC The microstruc-ture of the Ni

50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909alloys consists of NiNd alloy with

a small amount of Ti solute and NiTi matrix with a small

6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

amount of Nd solute The lattice of NiTi matrix is expandedbyNd additionTheNi-Ti-Nd alloy has a one-stepmartensitictransformation Increasing the Nd fraction the martensitictransformation start temperature119872

119904increases gradually

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 51261017) the Program forNew Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant noNCET-10-0909) and the Specialized Research Fund forthe Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant no20101514110002)

References

[1] K Otsuka and X Ren ldquoRecent developments in the research ofshape memory alloysrdquo Intermetallics vol 7 no 5 pp 511ndash5281999

[2] J Frenzel J Pfetzing K Neuking andG Eggeler ldquoOn the influ-ence of thermomechanical treatments on the microstructureand phase transformation behavior of Ni-Ti-Fe shape memoryalloysrdquo Materials Science and Engineering A vol 482ndash484 no1-2 pp 635ndash638 2008

[3] X L Meng W Cai Y D Fu Q F Li J X Zhang and L CZhao ldquoShape-memory behaviors in an aged Ni-rich TiNiHfhigh temperature shape-memory alloyrdquo Intermetallics vol 16no 5 pp 698ndash705 2008

[4] Y LiuM Kohl K Okutsu and SMiyazaki ldquoA TiNiPd thin filmmicrovalve for high temperature applicationsrdquoMaterials Scienceand Engineering A vol 378 no 1-2 pp 205ndash209 2004

[5] K Otsuka and X Ren ldquoPhysical metallurgy of Ti-Ni-basedshape memory alloysrdquo Progress in Materials Science vol 50 no5 pp 511ndash678 2005

[6] W Cai A L Liu J H Sui and L C Zhao ldquoEffects of ceriumaddition on martensitic transformation and microstructure ofTi493

Ni507

alloyrdquoMaterials Transactions vol 47 no 3 pp 716ndash719 2006

[7] A L LiuW Cai Z Y Gao and L C Zhao ldquoThemicrostructureand martensitic transformation of (Ti

493Ni507

)1minus119909

Gd119909shape

memory alloysrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering A vol 438ndash440 pp 634ndash638 2006

[8] A L Liu Z Y Gao L Gao W Cai and Y Wu ldquoEffect of Dyaddition on the microstructure and martensitic transformationof a Ni-rich TiNi shape memory alloyrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 437 no 1-2 pp 339ndash343 2007

[9] J W Xu A L Liu B Y Qian and W Cai ldquoInvestigation onmicrostructure and phase transformation of La added TiNishape memory alloyrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 557ndash559 pp 1041ndash1044 2012

[10] J GWang and F S Liu ldquoPhase transformation andmicrostruc-ture of Ti

50Ni48minus119909

Fe2Nd119909shapememory alloysrdquoChinese Journal

of Aeronautics vol 22 no 3 pp 334ndash338 2009[11] J-WXu A-L Liu andWCai ldquoCrystal structure and formation

mechanism of rare earth rich phases in Ti-Ni-Ce alloysrdquo Journal

of Functional Materials vol 39 no 4 pp 600ndash602 2008 (Chi-nese)

[12] J Q Liu Y H Zhuang and Y Q Hu ldquoThe 773K isothermalsection of the ternary phase diagram of the Nd-Ni-Tirdquo Journalof Alloys and Compounds vol 368 no 1-2 pp 180ndash181 2004

[13] E Clementi D L Raimondi and W P Reinhardt ldquoAtomicscreening constants from SCF functions II Atoms with 37 to86 electronsrdquoThe Journal of Chemical Physics vol 47 no 4 pp1300ndash1307 1967

[14] T A Tabish S Atiq M Ali A N Ch Z U Reham and T ZButt ldquoDevelopment and characterization of Ni

50Ti50

shapememory alloy used for biomedical applicationsrdquo InternationalJournal of Chemical Materials Science and Engineering vol 7no 12 pp 92ndash93 2013

[15] R JWasilewski S R Butler and J EHanlon ldquoOn themartensi-tic transformation in TiNirdquo Metallurgical Transactions vol 1no 1 pp 104ndash110 1967

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 4: Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on the Microstructure and …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2014/489701.pdf · 2019-07-31 · Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on

4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Ni50Ti50(a)

(a)

Ni50Ti49Nd1(b)

(b)

Ni50Ti47Nd3(c)

(c)

Ni50Ti43Nd7(d)

(d)

Ni50Ti30Nd20(e)

(e)

Figure 2 Back-scattering SEM images of Ni50Ti50minusxNdx alloys (a) Ni

50Ti50 (b) Ni

50Ti49Nd1 (c) Ni

50Ti47Nd3 (d) Ni

50Ti43Nd7 (e)

Ni50Ti30Nd20

(a) (b)

Figure 3 TEM bright field images of Ni50Ti49Nd1alloy (a) small particle (b) large particle

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

Hea

t flow

x = 20

x = 7

x = 3

x = 1

x = 0

Cooling

Heating

Temperature (∘C)0 40 80 120

(a)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Nd concentration (at )0 5 10 15 20

80

60

40

20

0

minus20

minus40

minus60

Ni50Ti50minusxNdx

Nd0Ni507Ti493 [7]

Ni50Ti50 [14]Ni498Ti502 [15]

(b)

Figure 4 DSC curve and martensite transformation temperature of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909alloys (a) DSC curves (b)119872

119904curve

(0176 nm) by 17 and Ni atomic radius (0149 nm) by 38[13] The Nd atom occupies the position of Ni or Ti conse-quentially resulting in an expansion of the NiTi matrix lattice[7] which is consistent with the previous XRD analysis

33 Phase Transformation of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909

AlloysFigure 4(a) depicts theDSC curves of theNi

50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909(119909 =

0 1 3 7 20) alloys Each DSC curve of Nd0 Nd1 Nd3 Nd7and Nd20 shows only one peak during the heating andcooling process which indicates a one-step B2harrB191015840phase transformation Figure 4(b) shows the effect ofNd concentration on martensitic transformation starttemperature 119872

119904 For Nd0 alloy the 119872

119904is measured to

be 7744∘C It is well known that quenched Ni-Ti binaryalloys show one-step B2harrB191015840 transformation and thetransformation temperatures are strongly dependent on Niconcentration [5 7] 01 at increase in Ni concentrationcan lower the119872

119904of Ni-Ti binary alloys by more than 10∘C

For example Liu et al measured the119872119904to be about minus50∘C

for Ni507

Ti493

alloy after annealing at 900∘C for 60min [7]Tabish et al measured the 119872

119904to be minus2212∘C for Ni

50Ti50

alloy after annealing at 1000∘C for 120min [14] Wasilewskiet al measured the119872

119904to be 65∘C for Ni

498Ti502

alloy [15] Inthis work the composition of the matrix in Nd0 is measuredto be Ni

4936Ti5064

which is Ti-rich So a high 119872119904of Ti-

Ni binary alloy Nd0 is reasonable Again the martensitetransformations finish temperature 119872

119891in Nd0 alloy is

higher than room temperature of 20∘C Thus the martensitetransformations have finished at room temperature and theNd0 alloy should be in total martensite phase which is inagreement with the XRD results

Meanwhile as shown in Figure 4 the119872119904increases with

increasing Nd fraction from 1 at to 20 at And all 119872119891

in four DSC curves of Nd addition alloys are lower thanroom temperature Thus martensite transformation cannot

Table 2 Compositions of Ni-Ti-Nd alloys

Ti (at) Ni (at) Nd (at)

Nd0 Matrix 5064 4936 mdashBlack phase 6699 3301 mdash

Nd1 Matrix 5061 4939 0White phase 555 4967 4478

Nd3 Matrix 4924 5021 055White phase 297 4984 4719

Nd7 Matrix 4999 4895 106White phase 431 4772 4797

Nd20 Matrix 4927 4899 174White phase 168 4978 4854

finish fully at room temperature which indicates that boththe austenite phase and the martensite phase exist in the Ni-Ti-Nd alloy For Nd1 alloy the119872

119891is higher than the others

afterwhich themartensite transformation has nearly finishedThus a higher martensite fraction than austenite fraction ispresent Consequently the XRD curve of Nd1 shows that theintensities of themartensite diffraction peaks are significantlyhigher than those of austenite in Figure 1(a) With increasingNd fraction the 119872

119891 the martensite fraction in the alloy

and the relative XRD intensities of the martensite diffractionpeaks also decreased

4 Conclusions

In summary the effect of RE element Nd addition on themicrostructure and martensitic transformation behavior wasinvestigated by XRD SEM TEM and DSC The microstruc-ture of the Ni

50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909alloys consists of NiNd alloy with

a small amount of Ti solute and NiTi matrix with a small

6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

amount of Nd solute The lattice of NiTi matrix is expandedbyNd additionTheNi-Ti-Nd alloy has a one-stepmartensitictransformation Increasing the Nd fraction the martensitictransformation start temperature119872

119904increases gradually

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 51261017) the Program forNew Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant noNCET-10-0909) and the Specialized Research Fund forthe Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant no20101514110002)

References

[1] K Otsuka and X Ren ldquoRecent developments in the research ofshape memory alloysrdquo Intermetallics vol 7 no 5 pp 511ndash5281999

[2] J Frenzel J Pfetzing K Neuking andG Eggeler ldquoOn the influ-ence of thermomechanical treatments on the microstructureand phase transformation behavior of Ni-Ti-Fe shape memoryalloysrdquo Materials Science and Engineering A vol 482ndash484 no1-2 pp 635ndash638 2008

[3] X L Meng W Cai Y D Fu Q F Li J X Zhang and L CZhao ldquoShape-memory behaviors in an aged Ni-rich TiNiHfhigh temperature shape-memory alloyrdquo Intermetallics vol 16no 5 pp 698ndash705 2008

[4] Y LiuM Kohl K Okutsu and SMiyazaki ldquoA TiNiPd thin filmmicrovalve for high temperature applicationsrdquoMaterials Scienceand Engineering A vol 378 no 1-2 pp 205ndash209 2004

[5] K Otsuka and X Ren ldquoPhysical metallurgy of Ti-Ni-basedshape memory alloysrdquo Progress in Materials Science vol 50 no5 pp 511ndash678 2005

[6] W Cai A L Liu J H Sui and L C Zhao ldquoEffects of ceriumaddition on martensitic transformation and microstructure ofTi493

Ni507

alloyrdquoMaterials Transactions vol 47 no 3 pp 716ndash719 2006

[7] A L LiuW Cai Z Y Gao and L C Zhao ldquoThemicrostructureand martensitic transformation of (Ti

493Ni507

)1minus119909

Gd119909shape

memory alloysrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering A vol 438ndash440 pp 634ndash638 2006

[8] A L Liu Z Y Gao L Gao W Cai and Y Wu ldquoEffect of Dyaddition on the microstructure and martensitic transformationof a Ni-rich TiNi shape memory alloyrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 437 no 1-2 pp 339ndash343 2007

[9] J W Xu A L Liu B Y Qian and W Cai ldquoInvestigation onmicrostructure and phase transformation of La added TiNishape memory alloyrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 557ndash559 pp 1041ndash1044 2012

[10] J GWang and F S Liu ldquoPhase transformation andmicrostruc-ture of Ti

50Ni48minus119909

Fe2Nd119909shapememory alloysrdquoChinese Journal

of Aeronautics vol 22 no 3 pp 334ndash338 2009[11] J-WXu A-L Liu andWCai ldquoCrystal structure and formation

mechanism of rare earth rich phases in Ti-Ni-Ce alloysrdquo Journal

of Functional Materials vol 39 no 4 pp 600ndash602 2008 (Chi-nese)

[12] J Q Liu Y H Zhuang and Y Q Hu ldquoThe 773K isothermalsection of the ternary phase diagram of the Nd-Ni-Tirdquo Journalof Alloys and Compounds vol 368 no 1-2 pp 180ndash181 2004

[13] E Clementi D L Raimondi and W P Reinhardt ldquoAtomicscreening constants from SCF functions II Atoms with 37 to86 electronsrdquoThe Journal of Chemical Physics vol 47 no 4 pp1300ndash1307 1967

[14] T A Tabish S Atiq M Ali A N Ch Z U Reham and T ZButt ldquoDevelopment and characterization of Ni

50Ti50

shapememory alloy used for biomedical applicationsrdquo InternationalJournal of Chemical Materials Science and Engineering vol 7no 12 pp 92ndash93 2013

[15] R JWasilewski S R Butler and J EHanlon ldquoOn themartensi-tic transformation in TiNirdquo Metallurgical Transactions vol 1no 1 pp 104ndash110 1967

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 5: Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on the Microstructure and …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2014/489701.pdf · 2019-07-31 · Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

Hea

t flow

x = 20

x = 7

x = 3

x = 1

x = 0

Cooling

Heating

Temperature (∘C)0 40 80 120

(a)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Nd concentration (at )0 5 10 15 20

80

60

40

20

0

minus20

minus40

minus60

Ni50Ti50minusxNdx

Nd0Ni507Ti493 [7]

Ni50Ti50 [14]Ni498Ti502 [15]

(b)

Figure 4 DSC curve and martensite transformation temperature of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909alloys (a) DSC curves (b)119872

119904curve

(0176 nm) by 17 and Ni atomic radius (0149 nm) by 38[13] The Nd atom occupies the position of Ni or Ti conse-quentially resulting in an expansion of the NiTi matrix lattice[7] which is consistent with the previous XRD analysis

33 Phase Transformation of Ni50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909

AlloysFigure 4(a) depicts theDSC curves of theNi

50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909(119909 =

0 1 3 7 20) alloys Each DSC curve of Nd0 Nd1 Nd3 Nd7and Nd20 shows only one peak during the heating andcooling process which indicates a one-step B2harrB191015840phase transformation Figure 4(b) shows the effect ofNd concentration on martensitic transformation starttemperature 119872

119904 For Nd0 alloy the 119872

119904is measured to

be 7744∘C It is well known that quenched Ni-Ti binaryalloys show one-step B2harrB191015840 transformation and thetransformation temperatures are strongly dependent on Niconcentration [5 7] 01 at increase in Ni concentrationcan lower the119872

119904of Ni-Ti binary alloys by more than 10∘C

For example Liu et al measured the119872119904to be about minus50∘C

for Ni507

Ti493

alloy after annealing at 900∘C for 60min [7]Tabish et al measured the 119872

119904to be minus2212∘C for Ni

50Ti50

alloy after annealing at 1000∘C for 120min [14] Wasilewskiet al measured the119872

119904to be 65∘C for Ni

498Ti502

alloy [15] Inthis work the composition of the matrix in Nd0 is measuredto be Ni

4936Ti5064

which is Ti-rich So a high 119872119904of Ti-

Ni binary alloy Nd0 is reasonable Again the martensitetransformations finish temperature 119872

119891in Nd0 alloy is

higher than room temperature of 20∘C Thus the martensitetransformations have finished at room temperature and theNd0 alloy should be in total martensite phase which is inagreement with the XRD results

Meanwhile as shown in Figure 4 the119872119904increases with

increasing Nd fraction from 1 at to 20 at And all 119872119891

in four DSC curves of Nd addition alloys are lower thanroom temperature Thus martensite transformation cannot

Table 2 Compositions of Ni-Ti-Nd alloys

Ti (at) Ni (at) Nd (at)

Nd0 Matrix 5064 4936 mdashBlack phase 6699 3301 mdash

Nd1 Matrix 5061 4939 0White phase 555 4967 4478

Nd3 Matrix 4924 5021 055White phase 297 4984 4719

Nd7 Matrix 4999 4895 106White phase 431 4772 4797

Nd20 Matrix 4927 4899 174White phase 168 4978 4854

finish fully at room temperature which indicates that boththe austenite phase and the martensite phase exist in the Ni-Ti-Nd alloy For Nd1 alloy the119872

119891is higher than the others

afterwhich themartensite transformation has nearly finishedThus a higher martensite fraction than austenite fraction ispresent Consequently the XRD curve of Nd1 shows that theintensities of themartensite diffraction peaks are significantlyhigher than those of austenite in Figure 1(a) With increasingNd fraction the 119872

119891 the martensite fraction in the alloy

and the relative XRD intensities of the martensite diffractionpeaks also decreased

4 Conclusions

In summary the effect of RE element Nd addition on themicrostructure and martensitic transformation behavior wasinvestigated by XRD SEM TEM and DSC The microstruc-ture of the Ni

50Ti50minus119909

Nd119909alloys consists of NiNd alloy with

a small amount of Ti solute and NiTi matrix with a small

6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

amount of Nd solute The lattice of NiTi matrix is expandedbyNd additionTheNi-Ti-Nd alloy has a one-stepmartensitictransformation Increasing the Nd fraction the martensitictransformation start temperature119872

119904increases gradually

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 51261017) the Program forNew Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant noNCET-10-0909) and the Specialized Research Fund forthe Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant no20101514110002)

References

[1] K Otsuka and X Ren ldquoRecent developments in the research ofshape memory alloysrdquo Intermetallics vol 7 no 5 pp 511ndash5281999

[2] J Frenzel J Pfetzing K Neuking andG Eggeler ldquoOn the influ-ence of thermomechanical treatments on the microstructureand phase transformation behavior of Ni-Ti-Fe shape memoryalloysrdquo Materials Science and Engineering A vol 482ndash484 no1-2 pp 635ndash638 2008

[3] X L Meng W Cai Y D Fu Q F Li J X Zhang and L CZhao ldquoShape-memory behaviors in an aged Ni-rich TiNiHfhigh temperature shape-memory alloyrdquo Intermetallics vol 16no 5 pp 698ndash705 2008

[4] Y LiuM Kohl K Okutsu and SMiyazaki ldquoA TiNiPd thin filmmicrovalve for high temperature applicationsrdquoMaterials Scienceand Engineering A vol 378 no 1-2 pp 205ndash209 2004

[5] K Otsuka and X Ren ldquoPhysical metallurgy of Ti-Ni-basedshape memory alloysrdquo Progress in Materials Science vol 50 no5 pp 511ndash678 2005

[6] W Cai A L Liu J H Sui and L C Zhao ldquoEffects of ceriumaddition on martensitic transformation and microstructure ofTi493

Ni507

alloyrdquoMaterials Transactions vol 47 no 3 pp 716ndash719 2006

[7] A L LiuW Cai Z Y Gao and L C Zhao ldquoThemicrostructureand martensitic transformation of (Ti

493Ni507

)1minus119909

Gd119909shape

memory alloysrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering A vol 438ndash440 pp 634ndash638 2006

[8] A L Liu Z Y Gao L Gao W Cai and Y Wu ldquoEffect of Dyaddition on the microstructure and martensitic transformationof a Ni-rich TiNi shape memory alloyrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 437 no 1-2 pp 339ndash343 2007

[9] J W Xu A L Liu B Y Qian and W Cai ldquoInvestigation onmicrostructure and phase transformation of La added TiNishape memory alloyrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 557ndash559 pp 1041ndash1044 2012

[10] J GWang and F S Liu ldquoPhase transformation andmicrostruc-ture of Ti

50Ni48minus119909

Fe2Nd119909shapememory alloysrdquoChinese Journal

of Aeronautics vol 22 no 3 pp 334ndash338 2009[11] J-WXu A-L Liu andWCai ldquoCrystal structure and formation

mechanism of rare earth rich phases in Ti-Ni-Ce alloysrdquo Journal

of Functional Materials vol 39 no 4 pp 600ndash602 2008 (Chi-nese)

[12] J Q Liu Y H Zhuang and Y Q Hu ldquoThe 773K isothermalsection of the ternary phase diagram of the Nd-Ni-Tirdquo Journalof Alloys and Compounds vol 368 no 1-2 pp 180ndash181 2004

[13] E Clementi D L Raimondi and W P Reinhardt ldquoAtomicscreening constants from SCF functions II Atoms with 37 to86 electronsrdquoThe Journal of Chemical Physics vol 47 no 4 pp1300ndash1307 1967

[14] T A Tabish S Atiq M Ali A N Ch Z U Reham and T ZButt ldquoDevelopment and characterization of Ni

50Ti50

shapememory alloy used for biomedical applicationsrdquo InternationalJournal of Chemical Materials Science and Engineering vol 7no 12 pp 92ndash93 2013

[15] R JWasilewski S R Butler and J EHanlon ldquoOn themartensi-tic transformation in TiNirdquo Metallurgical Transactions vol 1no 1 pp 104ndash110 1967

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 6: Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on the Microstructure and …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2014/489701.pdf · 2019-07-31 · Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on

6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

amount of Nd solute The lattice of NiTi matrix is expandedbyNd additionTheNi-Ti-Nd alloy has a one-stepmartensitictransformation Increasing the Nd fraction the martensitictransformation start temperature119872

119904increases gradually

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 51261017) the Program forNew Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant noNCET-10-0909) and the Specialized Research Fund forthe Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant no20101514110002)

References

[1] K Otsuka and X Ren ldquoRecent developments in the research ofshape memory alloysrdquo Intermetallics vol 7 no 5 pp 511ndash5281999

[2] J Frenzel J Pfetzing K Neuking andG Eggeler ldquoOn the influ-ence of thermomechanical treatments on the microstructureand phase transformation behavior of Ni-Ti-Fe shape memoryalloysrdquo Materials Science and Engineering A vol 482ndash484 no1-2 pp 635ndash638 2008

[3] X L Meng W Cai Y D Fu Q F Li J X Zhang and L CZhao ldquoShape-memory behaviors in an aged Ni-rich TiNiHfhigh temperature shape-memory alloyrdquo Intermetallics vol 16no 5 pp 698ndash705 2008

[4] Y LiuM Kohl K Okutsu and SMiyazaki ldquoA TiNiPd thin filmmicrovalve for high temperature applicationsrdquoMaterials Scienceand Engineering A vol 378 no 1-2 pp 205ndash209 2004

[5] K Otsuka and X Ren ldquoPhysical metallurgy of Ti-Ni-basedshape memory alloysrdquo Progress in Materials Science vol 50 no5 pp 511ndash678 2005

[6] W Cai A L Liu J H Sui and L C Zhao ldquoEffects of ceriumaddition on martensitic transformation and microstructure ofTi493

Ni507

alloyrdquoMaterials Transactions vol 47 no 3 pp 716ndash719 2006

[7] A L LiuW Cai Z Y Gao and L C Zhao ldquoThemicrostructureand martensitic transformation of (Ti

493Ni507

)1minus119909

Gd119909shape

memory alloysrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering A vol 438ndash440 pp 634ndash638 2006

[8] A L Liu Z Y Gao L Gao W Cai and Y Wu ldquoEffect of Dyaddition on the microstructure and martensitic transformationof a Ni-rich TiNi shape memory alloyrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 437 no 1-2 pp 339ndash343 2007

[9] J W Xu A L Liu B Y Qian and W Cai ldquoInvestigation onmicrostructure and phase transformation of La added TiNishape memory alloyrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 557ndash559 pp 1041ndash1044 2012

[10] J GWang and F S Liu ldquoPhase transformation andmicrostruc-ture of Ti

50Ni48minus119909

Fe2Nd119909shapememory alloysrdquoChinese Journal

of Aeronautics vol 22 no 3 pp 334ndash338 2009[11] J-WXu A-L Liu andWCai ldquoCrystal structure and formation

mechanism of rare earth rich phases in Ti-Ni-Ce alloysrdquo Journal

of Functional Materials vol 39 no 4 pp 600ndash602 2008 (Chi-nese)

[12] J Q Liu Y H Zhuang and Y Q Hu ldquoThe 773K isothermalsection of the ternary phase diagram of the Nd-Ni-Tirdquo Journalof Alloys and Compounds vol 368 no 1-2 pp 180ndash181 2004

[13] E Clementi D L Raimondi and W P Reinhardt ldquoAtomicscreening constants from SCF functions II Atoms with 37 to86 electronsrdquoThe Journal of Chemical Physics vol 47 no 4 pp1300ndash1307 1967

[14] T A Tabish S Atiq M Ali A N Ch Z U Reham and T ZButt ldquoDevelopment and characterization of Ni

50Ti50

shapememory alloy used for biomedical applicationsrdquo InternationalJournal of Chemical Materials Science and Engineering vol 7no 12 pp 92ndash93 2013

[15] R JWasilewski S R Butler and J EHanlon ldquoOn themartensi-tic transformation in TiNirdquo Metallurgical Transactions vol 1no 1 pp 104ndash110 1967

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 7: Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on the Microstructure and …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2014/489701.pdf · 2019-07-31 · Research Article Effect of Nd Addition on

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials