Research Article Chemical, Bioactive, and Antioxidant Potential...

Research ArticleChemical Bioactive and Antioxidant Potential ofTwenty Wild Culinary Mushroom Species

S K Sharma1 and N Gautam2

1Department of Plant Pathology CSK Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University Palampur 176 062 India2Centre for Environmental Science and Technology School of Environment and Earth Sciences Central University of PunjabBathinda 151 001 India

Correspondence should be addressed to N Gautam ngautam86gmailcom

Received 8 May 2015 Accepted 11 June 2015

Academic Editor Miroslav Pohanka

Copyright copy 2015 S K Sharma and N GautamThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in anymedium provided the originalwork is properly cited

The chemical bioactive and antioxidant potential of twenty wild culinary mushroom species being consumed by the people ofnorthern Himalayan regions has been evaluated for the first time in the present study Nutrients analyzed include protein crudefat fibres carbohydrates and monosaccharides Besides preliminary study on the detection of toxic compounds was done onthese species Bioactive compounds evaluated are fatty acids amino acids tocopherol content carotenoids (120573-carotene lycopene)flavonoids ascorbic acid and anthocyanidins Fruitbodies extract of all the species was tested for different types of antioxidantassays Although differences were observed in the net values of individual species all the species were found to be rich in proteinand carbohydrates and low in fat Glucose was found to be the major monosaccharide Predominance of UFA (65ndash70) over SFA(30ndash35) was observed in all the species with considerable amounts of other bioactive compounds All the species showed highereffectiveness for antioxidant capacities

1 Introduction

Wild mushrooms have long been considered as highlynutritious tasty food items from ancient time [1ndash3] Besidesnutritional importance wild edible mushrooms are now wellknown for their pharmaceutical constituents [4 5] Presentlythere are several mushroom species which have establishedtherapeutic properties [6ndash11] In addition mushroom extractis considered as important remedies for the prevention andtreatment of many diseases for thousands of years in sev-eral parts of the world [12 13] Mushrooms are known tocontain immunomodulating compounds which help toimprove immune function in cancer patients during radioand chemotherapy and help to prolong survival times insome types of cancer [14] Another aspect of mushrooms islowering blood pressure and free cholesterol in plasma [15]Major bioactive compounds extracted from mushroomsare well known for their antioxidant [16] antitumor andantimicrobial properties [17] The nutritive nutraceuticalspresent in mushrooms are dietary fibres polyunsaturatedfatty acids (PUFA) proteins amino acids keto acids min-erals antioxidative vitamins and other antioxidants [18ndash20]

Currently 14000 mushroom species are known to existOut of these about 50 species are reported to possessvarying degrees of edibility and almost 3000 species spreadover 31 genera are regarded as prime edible mushroomsTo date only 200 of them are experimentally grown 100of them are economically cultivated approximately 60 arecommercially cultivated and about 10 have reached industrialscale production in many countries [21] Furthermore about2000 aremedicinalmushroomswith variety of health benefitsand 270 species are now considered as potential therapeuticor preventative agents that are ensured for human healthperspective The poisonous mushrooms are relatively smallin number (approximately 1) but there is an estimate thatabout 10may have poisonous attributes while 30 species areconsidered to be lethal [21]

The northern Himalayan regions of India include thestates of Himachal Pradesh (30∘221015840 to 33∘121015840N latitudeand 75∘451015840 to 79∘041015840E longitude) Uttarakhand (28∘431015840N to31∘281015840N latitude and 77∘341015840E to 81∘031015840E longitude) and someparts of Jammu and Kashmir (34∘81015840N and 77∘341015840E) Theregions in these states have extensive areas under forest

Hindawi Publishing CorporationBioMed Research InternationalVolume 2015 Article ID 346508 12 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015346508

2 BioMed Research International

cover (ie more than 50) The people of these areas usedifferent mushroom species for culinary purposes Theyhave very little idea about the medicinal importance ofthese mushroom species Their methods of identification areprimarily based upon sweet smell and color Further theknowledge about the edible species is restricted to the oldaged people Documentations studies of these edible specieshave been done by several workers [22] but the studies onchemical composition and medicinal importance are stilllacking besides the presence of toxic compounds in them Inview of this under present investigations twenty of such wildculinary mushroom species have been evaluated for theirchemical bioactive and antioxidant potential

2 Materials and Methods

21 Collection andProcessing of Samples All the sampleswerecollected during the frequent surveys to the different regionsof northern Himalayas (Table 1) After this the samples werevacuum-dried and preserved in air-tight cellophane bagswith a small amount of 1-4-paradichlorobenzene in porouspackets to keep them free of insects for further analysis

22 Chemical Evaluation Samples were powdered and eval-uated for protein fat carbohydrates ash and crude fibresCrude protein content was estimated using the Kjeldahlmethod by calculating total nitrogen (N) and protein contentwas expressed by N times 438 [23] Crude fat was estimatedusing a Soxhlet apparatus by extraction of known weightof powered samples with petroleum ether Ash content wascalculated by incineration in silica dishes at 525 plusmn 20∘C con-taining 5ndash10 gsample Fibres content was estimated on a fat-free sample using the acid-alkali method (125 each) Totalcarbohydrates percentage was calculated by the difference asthe totalweightminus (moisture content +protein content + crudefat + ash content + crude fibres)

For toxic metal detection diluted HCl (2) and copperfoil (1 times 12 cm strip purified or pretreated with concentratedHNO

3or diluted 3 HCl and rinsed in distilled water) were

taken After that samples (powered samples) were acidifiedwith 10ndash20mL of 5 diluted HCl (2) until colour changedfrom fairy pink to litmus Then strips of copper foil wereadded and boiled for 30 minutes with addition of waterfrom time to time to replace the losses by evaporation Theheavy metals got deposited on the copper foil and gavecharacteristics color to it The color deposited on the Cu foilwas noted after 30 minutes and results were interpreted forthe presence of heavy metals [24]

For monosaccharide composition samples (01 g) wereextracted with 25mL and 15mL and finally with 1mL of 70aqueous methanol After this the extract was centrifuged at4000 rpm (4∘C) for 10min Supernatant was collected andvolumewasmade up to 5mLwith 70methanolThe extractwas passed through Millipore filter (045 120583m) and injected tothe HPLC [24]

23 Bioactive Evaluation231 Fatty Acid Composition Powdered samples were dis-solved in 1mL of solution (prepared by sodium hydroxide

Table 1 List of wild culinary species collected from differentlocalities of twenty species from northern Himalayas

Species Collection locality Altitude(meters)

Agaricus arvensis Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) 2300A campestris Kullu (Himachal Pradesh) 2200

A comtulus Jhatingri (HimachalPradesh) 2300

A silvicola Dharamshala (HimachalPradesh) 1800

Amanita caesarea Janjehli (HimachalPradesh) 2500

A citrine Mcleodganj (HimachalPradesh) 2000

A fulva Mcleodganj (HimachalPradesh) 2000

Cantharellus cibarius Khajjiar (HimachalPradesh) 2400

Conocybe tenera Kufri (Himachal Pradesh) 2400Gymnopilus junonius Nanital (Uttarakhand) 2300

Hygrocybe coccinea Jhatingri (HimachalPradesh) 2300

H nivea Dharamshala (HimachalPradesh) 1800

Inocybe splendens Sonamarg (Jammu andKashmir) 2800

Lactarius pubescens Mcleodganj (HimachalPradesh) 2000

Laccaria laccata Mcleodganj (HimachalPradesh) 2000

Lepista nuda Khajjiar (HimachalPradesh) 2400

Lentinus cladopus Bhadrol (HimachalPradesh) 1200

Pleurotus cystidiosus Palampur (HimachalPradesh) 1400

Russula lepida Mcleodganj (HimachalPradesh) 2000

R mairei Mcleodganj (HimachalPradesh) 2000

pellets (45 g) in 300mL of 50 methanol and vortexing for1 minute then the solution was left for 5 minutes at 100∘Cvortexed again for 1 minute and left at 100∘C in a waterbath for 25 minutes) Methylation was done by adding 2mLof solution (6N hydrogen chloride in methanol) and thenvortexed for 1 minute followed by heating (80∘C) in a waterbath For extraction of fatty acids 125mL of solution (25mLmethyl ter-butyl ether added to hexane) was added and thesolution was shaken for 10 minutes followed by removal ofupper layer and addition of 3mL of solution (10 sodiumhydroxide in water while stirring) Finally the top phase(23) was removed and transferred into a gas chromatographyvial and injected Unsaturation index (UI) was calculated as(mol of each (poly)unsaturated fatty acid times number doublebonds per each fatty acid)100

BioMed Research International 3

232 Amino Acids Powdered samples (01 g) were extractedwith 25mL followed by 15mL and 1mL of 70 aqueousmethanol After this centrifugation was done for 10 minutes(4000 rpm) at 4∘C Supernatants were dissolved in aque-ous methanol and the volume was made up to 5mL Itwas now passed through Millipore filter (045 120583m) Afterthis samples (10 120583L) were dried using vacuum oven andto these dried samples 20 120583L derivatising agent (preparedby ethanol triethylamine water phenylisothiocaynate) wasmixed with it and redried it Now the samples were left for 25minutes at room temperature Lastly 1mL ethanol was addedand injected into UPLC (Waters India Pvt Ltd)

233 Tocopherol Composition Tocopherol composition wasestimated following standard method [25] For this sam-ples were mixed with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) inhexane (10mgmL 100 120583120583L) and IS solution in hexane (120575tocopherol 16 120583gmL 250 120583L) Thereafter samples (500mg)were vortexed for 1min with methanol (4mL)Then sampleswere again vortexed with hexane (4mL) After this 2mL ofsaturated NaCl aqueous solution was added and the mixturewas vortexed (1min) followed by centrifugation at 4000 gfor 5min and the upper layer was separated The sampleswere again reextracted twice with hexane The extractswere then vacuum-dried and redissolved in hexane (1mL)followed by dehydration with anhydrous sodium sulphatethen filtered and transferred into a dark injection vial andanalysed byHPLC (Waters India Pvt Ltd) Chromatographiccomparisons were made by authentic standards Tocopherolcontents in mushroom samples were expressed in 120583g per g ofdry mushroom

234 Evaluation of Other Bioactive Compounds For 120573-carotene and lycopene estimation dried powdered samples(sim5 g) were extracted with 100mL of methanol at 25∘C(150 rpm) for 24 hours and filtered through Whatman Num-ber 4 filter paper The residue was again reextracted with2 additional 100mL portions of methanol These extractswere evaporated to dryness at 42∘C then redissolved inmethanol at a concentration of 50mgmL and stored at 4∘CThe driedmethanolic extract (100mg) was shaken vigorouslywith 10mL of acetonehexanemixture (4 6) for 1 minute andfiltered The absorbance of the filtrate was measured at 453505 and 663 nm [26] 120573-carotene and lycopene content wereestimated using the following equation

Lycopene (mg100mL)

= (00458times119860663) + (0372times119860505)

minus (00806times119860453) 120573-carotene (mg100mL)

= (0216times119860663) minus (0304times119860505)

+ (0452times119860453)

(1)

For phenolic compounds quantification powdered sam-ples (1mL) were mixed with Folin and Ciocalteursquos phenolreagent (1mL) After 3 minutes 1mL of saturated sodiumcarbonate solution was added to the mixture and the volume

was adjusted to 10mL with distilled water The reaction waskept in the dark for 90 minutes after which the absorbancewas read at 725 nm Gallic acid was used to calculate thestandard curve (001ndash04mM 1198772 = 09999) and the resultswere expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents pergram of extract [27]

Total flavonoids of the sample extracts were measuredby AlCl

3method [28] For this an aqueous extract (15mL)

was mixed with deionized distilled water (5mL) and 03mLof 5 NaNO

2 After five minutes of incubation at room

temperature 15mL of 2 aluminium trichloride (AlCl3)

solution was added After the next 6 minutes 2mL of 1MNaOH was added The mixture was vigorously shaken onorbital shaker for 5min at 200 rpm and the absorbance wasread at 510 nm against a blank Quercetin with differentconcentrations was used as a standard

For ascorbic acid quantification standard ascorbic acidsolution (5mL L-ascorbic acid in 3 phosphoric acid) wasadded to 5mL of phosphoric acid A microburette was filledwith dye and the samples were titrated with the dye solutionto a pink color which persisted for 15 seconds The dyefactor (milligrams of ascorbic acid per milliliter of dye usingformula 05titrate) was determined A sample was preparedby taking 10 g of sample grounded in metaphosphoric acidand the volume was increased up to 100mL It was titratedafter filtration until a pink color appeared [24] The amountof ascorbic acid was calculated with the use of the followingequation

mg of ascorbic acid per100 g or mL

=Titrate times Dye factor times Vol madeAliquot of extract times wt of sample

times 100(2)

Anthocyanidins were quantified by using standardmethod [29] Briefly 05 g of samples was mixed withthe solvent (mixture of 85 15 (vv) of ethyl alcohol andhydrochloric acid 15M) followed by ultrasonication for 15minutes and filtration throughWhatman filter paper number1 Standard solution was prepared with cyaniding chloridewith a concentration of 5ndash15120583gmL in solvent which wasused The absorption was measured at 546 nm The totalquantity of anthocyanins (expressed in g of cyanidingchloride100 g extract) = (119860

119901times 119898st times 119891 times 100)(119860 st times 119898119901)

where 119860119901is absorption rate of the sample solution 119898

119901is

mass of the processed sample in g 119860 st is absorption rate ofthe standard solution 119898st is mass of the processed standardsolution in g and 119891 is dilution coefficient

24 Antioxidant Assays DPPH scavenging activity was mea-sured with adding DPPH (200120583L) solution at differentconcentrations (2ndash10mgmL) to 005mL of the samples(dissolved in ethanol) An equal amount of ethanol was addedto the control Ascorbic acid was used as the control [30]Theabsorbancewas read after 20min at 517 nm and the inhibitionwas calculated using the formula

DPPH scavenging effect () =1198600minus 119860119875

1198600

times 100 (3)


where 1198600was the absorbance of the control and 119860

119875was the

absorbance in the presence of the sampleFor ABTS radical scavenging activity 10120583L of the sample

was added to 4mL of the diluted ABTS∙+ solution (preparedby adding 7mM of the ABTS stock solution to 245mMpotassium persulfate kept in the dark at room temperaturefor 12ndash16 h before use) The solution was then diluted with5mM phosphate-buffered saline (pH 74) and absorbancewas measured at 730 nm after 30min [31] The ABTS radicalscavenging activity was calculated as

119878 = (119860controlminus119860 sample

119860control)times 100 (4)

For reducing power estimation samples (200 120583L) weremixed with sodium phosphate buffer (pH 66) 1mM FeSO

4

and 1 potassium ferricyanide and incubated for 20minat 50∘C after that trichloroacetic acid was added and themixtures were centrifuged Supernatant (25mL) was mixedwith an equal volume of water and 05mL 01 FeCl

3 The

absorbance was measured at 700 nm [32]For Fe2+ chelating activity 1mL of the sample (2ndash10mg

mL) was mixed with 37mL of ultrapure water after thatthe mixture was reacted with ferrous chloride (2mmolL01mL) and ferrozine (5mmolL 02mL) for 20min and theabsorbance was read at 562 nm with using EDTA as controlThe chelating activity was calculated using the formula

chelating activity () = [(119860119887minus 119860119904)

119860119887

]times 100 (5)

where 119860119887is the absorbance of the blank and 119860

119904is the

absorbance in the presence of the extract [33]The scavenging activity of superoxide anion radicals

was measured following standard method [34] Samples (0ndash20mgmL 1mL) and Tris-HCl buffer (500mM pH 823mL) were incubated in a water bath at 25∘C for 20min andafter this pyrogallic acid (50mM 04mL) was added HClsolution (80M 01mL) was added to terminate the reactionafter 4min The absorbance of the mixture was measuredat 320 nm The scavenging ability was calculated using thefollowing formula

scavenging ability () = (1 minus119860 sample


where 119860control is the absorbance of control without thepolysaccharide sample and 119860 sample is the absorbance in thepresence of the polysaccharide sample

For ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assayfirstly FRAP reagent was prepared by mixing TPTZ (25mL10mM in 40mM HCl) 25mL of 300mM acetate buffer and25mL of FeCl

3sdot6H2O After this freshly prepared FRAP

reagent (18mL) was taken in a test tube and incubated at30∘C in water bath for 10 minutes Then absorbance wasread at 0min (119905

0) After this 100 120583L of sample extract or

standard and 100 120583L of distilled water were added to the testtube mixed and incubated at 30∘C for 30 minutes Thenthe absorbance was taken at 593 nm (119905

30) Ferrous sulphate

was used as standard [35 36] FRAP activity was determinedagainst a standard curve of ferrous sulphate and the valueswere expressed as 120583M Fe2+ equivalents per gram of extractand calculated using the following equation

FRAP value = Absorbance (sample+ FRAP reagent)

minusAbsorbance (FRAP reagent) (7)

25 Statistical Analysis All experiments were performed 3times and with 3 replicates The results were analyzed usingone-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) 119901 lt 005 was con-sidered significant and SPSS software (SPSS Inc ChicagoIL USA) was used to calculate differences Tukey-HSD at119901 lt 005 test was used to determine significant differences

3 Results

31 Chemical Evaluation Nutrient composition of the wildculinary mushrooms is shown in Table 2 Protein was foundin high levels and varied between 516 in Inocybe splendensand 2263 in Agaricus arvensis Protein percentage inPleurotus cystidiosus (2069) Amanita caesarea (1972)Agaricus campestris (1838) Cantharellus cibarius (1819)and Lentinus cladopus (1859) was also found to be highAll the twenty culinary species were found to be low in fatcontent Fat ranged from010 in Laccaria laccata to 038 inInocybe splendens In general these wild culinary mushroomsconsumed by local people were found to be higher in proteinand low in fat although differences were observed in netvalue of individual species Crude fibres ranged from 108in Hygrocybe coccinea to 242 in Lentinus cladopus Ashcontent varied between 011 in Inocybe splendens and 096in Agaricus arvensis Carbohydrates calculated by differencewere also found to be in abundant amounts and theirpercentage was ranged from 3119 in Inocybe splendens to5712 in Agaricus arvensis Nutrient contents of Inocybesplendens Hygrocybe nivea and Conocybe tenera were foundto be less as compared to other species

There are several reports about the toxicity reports due tomushrooms on humans in these areas and hence preliminarystudies were done to check the toxicity level of mushroomsFor all the twenty species being used by the people forculinary purposes the test was found to be negative Thatmeans these species are nontoxic and hence recommendedfor consumption

All the culinarymushroom species contained glucose andrhamnose as the principal carbohydrates (Table 3) Neverthe-less the present study also describes the presence of xyloseand mannose in all the studied species However galactoseand fructose were detected in very low percentage in someof the species Russula mairei contained lowest percentageof glucose (2160) and Agaricus arvensis contained highestpercentage of glucose (6412)

32 Bioactive Evaluation The results of fatty acid composi-tion (total saturated fatty acids SFA monounsaturated fattyacids MUFA and polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA) of allthe species are shown in Table 4 In general the major fatty


Table 2 Percent chemical composition of twenty wild culinary mushroom species collected from northern Himalayan regions

Species Protein Crude fat Fibres Ash CarbohydratesAgaricus arvensis 2263 plusmn 02l 022 plusmn 00a 211 plusmn 00c 096 plusmn 00a 5712 plusmn 27m

A campestris 1838 plusmn 06j 012 plusmn 00a 117 plusmn 00b 087 plusmn 00a 4345 plusmn 24j

A comtulus 1285 plusmn 02f 020 plusmn 00a 193 plusmn 00b 030 plusmn 00a 3928 plusmn 38i

A silvicola 1714 plusmn 01i 026 plusmn 00a 182 plusmn 00b 054 plusmn 00a 4853 plusmn 32k

Amanita caesarea 1972 plusmn 03h 021 plusmn 00a 118 plusmn 00b 042 plusmn 00a 4216 plusmn 19l

A citrine 1112 plusmn 01e 017 plusmn 00a 162 plusmn 00b 040 plusmn 00a 2715 plusmn 32a

A fulva 1011 plusmn 01d 022 plusmn 00a 183 plusmn 00b 011 plusmn 00a 3212 plusmn 23d

Cantharellus cibarius 1819 plusmn 05j 027 plusmn 00a 208 plusmn 00c 055 plusmn 00a 5642 plusmn 29m

Conocybe tenera 861 plusmn 03c 025 plusmn 00a 091 plusmn 00a 026 plusmn 00a 3710 plusmn 37h

Gymnopilus junonius 1423 plusmn 01g 023 plusmn 00a 123 plusmn 00b 041 plusmn 00a 4929 plusmn 73k

Hygrocybe coccinea 1215 plusmn 06f 034 plusmn 00a 108 plusmn 00b 020 plusmn 00a 3644 plusmn 23g

Hygrocybe nivea 760 plusmn 02b 026 plusmn 00a 114 plusmn 00b 016 plusmn 00a 3214 plusmn 23d

Inocybe splendens 516 plusmn 04a 038 plusmn 00a 085 plusmn 00a 011 plusmn 00a 3119 plusmn 25c

Lactarius pubescens 1512 plusmn 07h 024 plusmn 00a 198 plusmn 00b 044 plusmn 00a 3240 plusmn 20d

Laccaria laccata 1014 plusmn 04d 010 plusmn 00a 195 plusmn 00b 036 plusmn 00a 3018 plusmn 42b

Lepista nuda 1018 plusmn 07d 025 plusmn 00a 126 plusmn 00b 021 plusmn 00a 3313 plusmn 52e

Lentinus cladopus 1859 plusmn 09j 024 plusmn 00a 242 plusmn 00c 049 plusmn 00a 5649 plusmn 21l

Pleurotus cystidiosus 2069 plusmn 03k 020 plusmn 00a 216 plusmn 00c 042 plusmn 00a 5220 plusmn 36n

Russula lepida 1210 plusmn 04f 028 plusmn 00a 119 plusmn 00b 017 plusmn 00a 3415 plusmn 43f

R mairei 1103 plusmn 09e 022 plusmn 00a 138 plusmn 00b 013 plusmn 00a 3640 plusmn 31g

Values are expressed as mean plusmn SE and different letters represent the significant difference in each column with 119901 le 005 according to Tukeyrsquos test

Table 3 Percent monosaccharide composition of twenty species collected from northern Himalayan regions showing richness in glucoserhamnose mannose xylose and galactose and fructose in lower percentage

Species Xylose Glucose Rhamnose Mannose Galactose FructoseAgaricus arvensis 1017 plusmn 03g 6412 plusmn 27o 2210 plusmn 27k 415 plusmn 07e 09 plusmn 00b 006 plusmn 00a

A campestris 520 plusmn 02d 4863 plusmn 22k 1719 plusmn 15h 310 plusmn 02d 07 plusmn 00b 002 plusmn 00a

A comtulus 421 plusmn 05c 3510 plusmn 30g 1018 plusmn 17b 232 plusmn 02c 01 plusmn 00b 005 plusmn 00a

A silvicola 646 plusmn 01e 4412 plusmn 37j 1429 plusmn 15f 319 plusmn 06d 02 plusmn 00b 006 plusmn 00a

Amanita caesarea 1215 plusmn 04h 5360 plusmn 26r 2317 plusmn 12l 531 plusmn 06f 07 plusmn 00b 001 plusmn 00a

A citrine 416 plusmn 01c 2860 plusmn 21d 1281 plusmn 16j 112 plusmn 00b 03 plusmn 00b NDA fulva 621 plusmn 02e 3215 plusmn 29f 1425 plusmn 17f 280 plusmn 05c 02 plusmn 00b NDCantharellus cibarius 1327 plusmn 05i 5972 plusmn 34m 2217 plusmn 23k 498 plusmn 07e 08 plusmn 00b 006 plusmn 00a

Conocybe tenera 225 plusmn 01a 3867 plusmn 28h 1029 plusmn 35a 113 plusmn 00b ND NDGymnopilus junonius 821 plusmn 05h 5516 plusmn 34l 1618 plusmn 21g 232 plusmn 02c 05 plusmn 00b 005 plusmn 00a

Hygrocybe coccinea 316 plusmn 01b 2916 plusmn 37e 1112 plusmn 15c 110 plusmn 06b ND NDH nivea 315 plusmn 00b 2261 plusmn 26b 1316 plusmn 12e 130 plusmn 06b ND NDInocybe splendens 429 plusmn 02c 2862 plusmn 25d 981 plusmn 16a 098 plusmn 00a ND NDLactarius pubescens 528 plusmn 03d 3215 plusmn 22f 1225 plusmn 20d 284 plusmn 07c 07 plusmn 00b 002 plusmn 00a

Laccaria laccata 523 plusmn 05d 2412 plusmn 45c 1219 plusmn 21d 198 plusmn 05b 02 plusmn 00b 001 plusmn 00a

Lepista nuda 210 plusmn 01a 4061 plusmn 27i 1019 plusmn 15b 210 plusmn 00c ND NDLentinus cladopus 921 plusmn 05f 6119 plusmn 30n 2118 plusmn 13j 332 plusmn 02d 06 plusmn 00b 005 plusmn 00a

Pleurotus cystidiosus 1079 plusmn 06g 5911 plusmn 27m 1912 plusmn 15i 410 plusmn 06e 06 plusmn 00b 004 plusmn 00a

Russula lepida 515 plusmn 01d 3261 plusmn 36f 1316 plusmn 12e 231 plusmn 01c ND NDR mairei 426 plusmn 01c 2160 plusmn 21a 1281 plusmn 16d 212 plusmn 00c ND NDND = not detectedValues are expressed as mean plusmn SE and different letters represent the significant difference in each column with 119901 le 005 according to Tukeyrsquos test


Table4Percentfattyacid

compo

sitionof

allthe

twentywild

culin

arymushroo

mspeciesc

ollected

from

different

region

sofn

orthernHim

alayas

Species

C900

C100

C120

C160

C1611

C171

C181

C182

C202

UI

Agaricu

sarvensis

006plusmn00a

030plusmn001

a028plusmn00a

186plusmn003

a006plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

018plusmn00a

324plusmn00a

221plusmn02a

057plusmn002

a

Acampestr

is003plusmn00a

026plusmn002

a021plusmn00a

119plusmn002

a009plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

035plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

218plusmn03a

046plusmn002

a

Acomtulus

006plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

ND

117plusmn001

a007plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

038plusmn00a

173plusmn00a

134plusmn01a

036plusmn001

a

Asilvicola

008plusmn00a

033plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

156plusmn002

a009plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

015plusmn00a

154plusmn00a

221plusmn03a

040plusmn001

a

Amanita

caesarea

004plusmn00a

032plusmn002

a019plusmn00a

196plusmn002

a012plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

031plusmn00a

219plusmn00a

128plusmn00a

039plusmn001

a

Acitrin

a006plusmn00a

028plusmn001

aND

091plusmn00a

011plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

031plusmn00a

159plusmn00a

168plusmn00a

037plusmn001

a

Afulva

004plusmn00a

021plusmn001

a025plusmn002

a010plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

015plusmn00a

164plusmn00a

123plusmn00a

031plusmn002

a

Cantharellu

scibarius

007plusmn00a

033plusmn002

a022plusmn001

a110plusmn002

a007plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

037plusmn00a

294plusmn00a

118plusmn01a

045plusmn002

a

Conocybe

tenera

006plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

ND

007plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

035plusmn00a

014plusmn00a

138plusmn00a

019plusmn00a

Gymnopilusjun

onius

005plusmn00a

031plusmn001

a014plusmn001

a18

7plusmn003

a008plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

088plusmn00a

049plusmn00a

121plusmn

01a

026plusmn001

a

Hygrocybe

coccinea

004plusmn00a

025plusmn002

a017plusmn00a

033plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

017plusmn00a

024plusmn00a

119plusmn00a

016plusmn00a

Hnivea

007plusmn00a

022plusmn001

aND

005plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

053plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

138plusmn02a

020plusmn00a

Inocybesplendens

002plusmn00a

019plusmn001

a023plusmn001

a089plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

003plusmn00a

018plusmn00a

010plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

Lactariusp

ubescens

001plusmn00a

023plusmn001

a016plusmn00a

075plusmn00a

007plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

026plusmn00a

344plusmn00a

083plusmn00a

046plusmn002

a

Laccarialaccata

002plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

ND

101plusmn

00a

006plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

092plusmn00a

284plusmn00a

029plusmn00a

042plusmn001

a

Lepista

nuda

003plusmn00a

024plusmn00a

ND

043plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

037plusmn00a

026plusmn00a

Lentinus

cladopu

s009plusmn00a

033plusmn002

a032plusmn00a

146plusmn00a

055plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

032plusmn00a

245plusmn00a

295plusmn00a

057plusmn002

a

Pleurotuscystid

iosus

006plusmn00a

031plusmn001

a028plusmn00a

135plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

098plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

221plusmn02a

052plusmn002

a

Russu

lalep

ida

006plusmn00a

019plusmn001

aND

033plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

049plusmn00a

204plusmn03a

165plusmn00a

042plusmn001

a

Rmairei

001plusmn00a

017plusmn001

aND

026plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

063plusmn00a

201plusmn02a

010plusmn00a

028plusmn001

a

ND=no

tdetected

Values

aree

xpressed

asmeanplusmnSE

andlette

rsin

thes

uperscrip

tsrepresentthe

significantd

ifference

ineach

columnwith119901le005accordingto

Tukeyrsquos

test


Table 5 Percent amino acids composition of all the wild culinary species collected from northern Himalayas

Species Aspartic acid Arginine Alanine Proline TyrosineAgaricus arvensis 038 plusmn 00a 027 plusmn 00a 014 plusmn 00a 006 plusmn 00a 019 plusmn 00a

A campestris 030 plusmn 00a 019 plusmn 00a 010 plusmn 00a 002 plusmn 00a 014 plusmn 00a

A comtulus 027 plusmn 00a 015 plusmn 00a 010 plusmn 00a 002 plusmn 00a 012 plusmn 00a

A silvicola 029 plusmn 00a 023 plusmn 00a 008 plusmn 00a 003 plusmn 00a 017 plusmn 00a

Amanita caesarea 039 plusmn 00a 025 plusmn 00a 013 plusmn 00a 007 plusmn 00a 021 plusmn 00a

A citrina 021 plusmn 00a 020 plusmn 00a 011 plusmn 00a 004 plusmn 00a 015 plusmn 00a

A fulva 033 plusmn 00a 017 plusmn 00a 007 plusmn 00a 003 plusmn 00a 016 plusmn 00a

Cantharellus cibarius 020 plusmn 00a 029 plusmn 00a 013 plusmn 00a 006 plusmn 00a 020 plusmn 00a

Conocybe tenera 031 plusmn 00a 021 plusmn 00a 006 plusmn 00a 001 plusmn 00a 010 plusmn 00a

Gymnopilus junonius 025 plusmn 00a 025 plusmn 00a 014 plusmn 00a 005 plusmn 00a 017 plusmn 00a

Hygrocybe coccinea 022 plusmn 00a 012 plusmn 00a 004 plusmn 00a 001 plusmn 00a 011 plusmn 00a

H nivea 019 plusmn 00a 013 plusmn 00a 004 plusmn 00a 001 plusmn 00a 011 plusmn 00a

Inocybe splendens 023 plusmn 00a 020 plusmn 00a 008 plusmn 00a 004 plusmn 00a 014 plusmn 00a

Lactarius pubescens 022 plusmn 00a 023 plusmn 00a 010 plusmn 00a 004 plusmn 00a 015 plusmn 00a

Laccaria laccata 024 plusmn 00a 022 plusmn 00a 008 plusmn 00a 001 plusmn 00a 013 plusmn 00a

Lepista nuda 033 plusmn 00a 021 plusmn 00a 006 plusmn 00a 001 plusmn 00a 012 plusmn 00a

Lentinus cladopus 036 plusmn 00a 029 plusmn 00a 013 plusmn 00a 005 plusmn 00a 018 plusmn 00a

Pleurotus cystidiosus 035 plusmn 00a 027 plusmn 00a 012 plusmn 00a 004 plusmn 00a 020 plusmn 00a

Russula lepida 021 plusmn 00a 020 plusmn 00a 006 plusmn 00a 002 plusmn 00a 012 plusmn 00a

R mairei 020 plusmn 00a 019 plusmn 00a 006 plusmn 00a 001 plusmn 00a 011 plusmn 00a

Values are expressed as mean plusmn SE and letters in superscript represent the significant difference in each column with 119901 le 005 according to Tukeyrsquos test

acids found in the studied species were linoleic acid (C182)followed by oleic acid (C181) and palmitic acid (C160)Besides these three main fatty acids already described sixmore were identified and quantified PUFA were the maingroup of fatty acids documented in all the species Agaricusarvensis Amanita caesarea Cantharellus cibarius Lentinuscladopus and Pleurotus cystidiosus contained lower value ofMUFA but higher percentage of PUFA as compared to otherspecies due to the higher percentage of linoleic acidHoweverUFApredominated over SFA in all the studied species rangingfrom 65 to 70

Amino acid composition of all the species is shown inTable 5 In all the species aspartic acid (019ndash039) wasfound to be predominated amino acid followed by tyrosine(010ndash021) arginine (012ndash029) alanine (004ndash014)and proline (001ndash007) Amanita caesarea Agaricus arven-sis Cantharellus cibarius Lentinus cladopus and Pleurotuscystidiosus contained maximum amount of these aminoacids Tocopherol contents in all the studied mushroomspecies including three wild are detailed in Table 6 120572-tocopherol and 120573-tocopherol were found to be present in allthe species However 120574-tocopherol was documented fromfew species only Tocopherol content was ranged from 090to 433 120583gg in all the species Cantharellus cibarius (433 plusmn00 120583gg) contained all the three isomers in higher amount ascompared to other species 120573-tocopherol was found in higheramounts as compared to 120572-tocopherol 120574-tocopherol wasdetected only in nine species Cantharellus cibarius (433 plusmn00 120583gg) contained higher amounts of 120574 tocopherol

Results obtained for 120573-carotene lycopene flavonoidsascorbic acid and anthocyanidins composition of all the

twenty species are presented in Table 7 Phenols werethe major antioxidant component detected in significantamounts from all the species (1912ndash6336mgg) followedby anthocyanidins (614ndash1425mg cyanidin chloride100 gextract) flavonoids (114ndash417mgg) ascorbic acid whichwas found in small amounts (020ndash099mgg) 120573-carotene(021ndash079 120583g100 g) and lycopene (019ndash038 120583g100 g) Eachspecies differed with other species in net amounts of all thesecomponents Species like Agaricus arvensis Amanita cae-sarea Gymnopilus junonius Lentinus cladopus and Pleurotuscystidiosus contained higher values of these components ascompared to other species

33 Antioxidant Evaluation Antioxidant properties of allthe species were expressed as EC

50values for comparison

(Table 8) Higher EC50

values indicate lower effectivenessin antioxidant properties EC

50values obtained for DPPH

radical scavenging activity in all the species showed differ-ences in effectiveness in antioxidant properties Among allthe species Cantharellus cibarius showed lowest EC

50values

(176 plusmn 02mgmL) followed by Amanita caesarea (202 plusmn02mgmL) and Agaricus arvensis (212 plusmn 04mgmL) Otherspecies showed slightly higher EC

50values and therefore

lesserDPPH radical scavenging activityCantharellus cibariusshowed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and Inocybesplendens showed lower DPPH radical scavenging activitythan other species

For ABTS radical scavenging activities EC50ranged from

426 to 145mgmL Lowest EC50

values were obtained forAmanita caesarea (145 plusmn 06mgmL) showing high antiox-idant activities of this species Higher EC

50values were


Table 6 Tocopherol composition (120583gg) of twenty species collected from northern Himalayan regions

Species 120572-tocopherol 120573-tocopherol 120574-tocopherol TotalAgaricus arvensis 065 plusmn 00a 124 plusmn 00b 112 plusmn 00b 301 plusmn 00d

A campestris 062 plusmn 00a 120 plusmn 00b 110 plusmn 00b 292 plusmn 00c

A comtulus 055 plusmn 00a 096 plusmn 00a ND 151 plusmn 00b

A silvicola 075 plusmn 00a 087 plusmn 00a 098 plusmn 00a 260 plusmn 00c

Amanita caesarea 095 plusmn 00a 156 plusmn 00b 122 plusmn 00b 373 plusmn 00d

A citrina 043 plusmn 00a 116 plusmn 00b ND 159 plusmn 00b

A fulva 041 plusmn 00a 142 plusmn 00b ND 183 plusmn 00b

Cantharellus cibarius 125 plusmn 00b 179 plusmn 00b 129 plusmn 00b 433 plusmn 00e

Conocybe tenera 025 plusmn 00a 086 plusmn 00a ND 111 plusmn 00b

Gymnopilus junonius 083 plusmn 00a 156 plusmn 00b 117 plusmn 00b 356 plusmn 00d

Hygrocybe coccinea 046 plusmn 00a 072 plusmn 00a ND 118 plusmn 00b

H nivea 041 plusmn 00a 070 plusmn 00a ND 111 plusmn 00b

Inocybe splendens 025 plusmn 00a 052 plusmn 00a ND 077 plusmn 00a

Lactarius pubescens 066 plusmn 00a 102 plusmn 00b 092 plusmn 00a 260 plusmn 00c

Laccaria laccata 035 plusmn 00a 117 plusmn 00b ND 152 plusmn 00b

Lepista nuda 021 plusmn 00a 093 plusmn 00a ND 114 plusmn 00b

Lentinus cladopus 085 plusmn 00a 151 plusmn 00b 119 plusmn 00b 355 plusmn 00d

Pleurotus cystidiosus 115 plusmn 00b 162 plusmn 00b 116 plusmn 00b 393 plusmn 00d

Russula lepida 032 plusmn 00a 065 plusmn 00a ND 097 plusmn 00a

R mairei 031 plusmn 00a 059 plusmn 00a ND 090 plusmn 00a

ND = not detectedValues are expressed as mean plusmn SE and different letters represent the significant difference in each column with 119901 le 005 according to Tukeyrsquos test

Table 7 Other bioactive compounds evaluated from all the species

Species 120573-carotene(120583g100 g)

Lycopene(120583g100 g)

Phenoliccompounds

(mg100 g of gallicacid)

Flavonoids(mg gallic acidequivalentsg)

Ascorbic acid(mg100 g)

Anthocyanidins(mg cyanidinchloride100 g

extract)Agaricus arvensis 075 plusmn 00a 038 plusmn 00a 5513 plusmn 21i 270 plusmn 00b 085 plusmn 00a 1219 plusmn 02f

A campestris 050 plusmn 00a 027 plusmn 00a 4317 plusmn 17h 225 plusmn 00b 050 plusmn 00a 1026 plusmn 03d

A comtulus 070 plusmn 00a 030 plusmn 00a 3116 plusmn 21f 218 plusmn 00b 057 plusmn 00a 990 plusmn 05c

A silvicola 048 plusmn 00a 027 plusmn 00a 3912 plusmn 31g 214 plusmn 00b 048 plusmn 00a 1102 plusmn 04e

Amanita caesarea 071 plusmn 00a 029 plusmn 00a 6232 plusmn 29j 417 plusmn 00c 091 plusmn 00a 1725 plusmn 08e

A citrina 057 plusmn 00a 039 plusmn 00a 4113 plusmn 11h 335 plusmn 00c 077 plusmn 00a 1293 plusmn 05f

A fulva 039 plusmn 00a 021 plusmn 00a 3916 plusmn 18h 311 plusmn 00c 079 plusmn 00a 1347 plusmn 06g

Cantharellus cibarius 079 plusmn 00a 033 plusmn 00a 6336 plusmn 25j 445 plusmn 00c 099 plusmn 00a 1425 plusmn 07h

Conocybe tenera 045 plusmn 00a 020 plusmn 00a 351 plusmn 14f 190 plusmn 00b 035 plusmn 00a 799 plusmn 04b

Gymnopilus junonius 070 plusmn 00a 031 plusmn 00a 5317 plusmn 32i 395 plusmn 00c 080 plusmn 00a 1412 plusmn 08h

Hygrocybe coccinea 037 plusmn 00a 025 plusmn 00a 3011 plusmn 31f 298 plusmn 002b 037 plusmn 00a 1021 plusmn 03d

H nivea 038 plusmn 00a 022 plusmn 00a 1912 plusmn 21e 214 plusmn 00b 032 plusmn 00a 692 plusmn 05a

Inocybe splendens 021 plusmn 00a 019 plusmn 00a 1832 plusmn 21e 237 plusmn 00b 020 plusmn 00a 639 plusmn 04a

Lactarius pubescens 047 plusmn 00a 033 plusmn 00a 5119 plusmn 31i 334 plusmn 00c 039 plusmn 00a 1259 plusmn 03f

Laccaria laccata 040 plusmn 00a 030 plusmn 00a 3962 plusmn 28f 251 plusmn 00b 035 plusmn 00a 1262 plusmn 06f

Lepista nuda 039 plusmn 00a 020 plusmn 00a 2337 plusmn 21f 247 plusmn 00b 034 plusmn 00a 795 plusmn 03b

Lentinus cladopus 075 plusmn 00a 030 plusmn 00a 5513 plusmn 19i 390 plusmn 00c 077 plusmn 00a 1372 plusmn 05e

Pleurotus cystidiosus 079 plusmn 00a 028 plusmn 00a 5320 plusmn 27i 399 plusmn 00c 082 plusmn 00a 1525 plusmn 06e

Russula lepida 027 plusmn 00a 020 plusmn 00a 3076 plusmn 22f 198 plusmn 00b 029 plusmn 00a 624 plusmn 02d

R mairei 023 plusmn 00a 023 plusmn 00a 2710 plusmn 31f 114 plusmn 00b 027 plusmn 00a 614 plusmn 02d



Table 8 EC50 values for different antioxidant assays on twenty wild culinary species collected from northern Himalayas

SpeciesDPPH radical

scavenging activity(mgmL)

ABTS(mgmL)

Reducingpower

(mgmL)

Fe2+ chelatingactivity (mgmL)

Scavenging onsuperoxide anionradical (mgmL)

FRAP (120583mol Fe2+equivalentsgDW)

Agaricus arvensis 212 plusmn 04 319 plusmn 03 227 plusmn 03 114 plusmn 03 134 plusmn 01 174 plusmn 01A campestris 328 plusmn 05 310 plusmn 04 312 plusmn 05 202 plusmn 02 141 plusmn 05 156 plusmn 03A comtulus 314 plusmn 02 327 plusmn 03 311 plusmn 06 192 plusmn 01 204 plusmn 05 144 plusmn 01A silvicola 308 plusmn 03 335 plusmn 05 395 plusmn 02 184 plusmn 02 209 plusmn 04 141 plusmn 00Amanita caesarea 202 plusmn 02 145 plusmn 06 244 plusmn 01 140 plusmn 04 044 plusmn 03 186 plusmn 01A citrina 321 plusmn 04 319 plusmn 04 257 plusmn 07 224 plusmn 03 111 plusmn 02 150 plusmn 00A fulva 329 plusmn 03 325 plusmn 03 278 plusmn 02 192 plusmn 05 110 plusmn 03 146 plusmn 02Cantharellus cibarius 176 plusmn 02 159 plusmn 04 162 plusmn 05 127 plusmn 02 039 plusmn 04 185 plusmn 03Conocybe tenera 513 plusmn 02 321 plusmn 06 512 plusmn 03 174 plusmn 05 109 plusmn 02 156 plusmn 00Gymnopilus junonius 258 plusmn 02 284 plusmn 04 195 plusmn 02 221 plusmn 03 127 plusmn 06 078 plusmn 00Hygrocybe coccinea 382 plusmn 02 329 plusmn 05 312 plusmn 08 135 plusmn 02 198 plusmn 02 111 plusmn 00H nivea 364 plusmn 03 426 plusmn 05 311 plusmn 02 145 plusmn 06 194 plusmn 01 113 plusmn 00Inocybe splendens 412 plusmn 03 315 plusmn 06 519 plusmn 01 176 plusmn 04 199 plusmn 07 124 plusmn 00Lactarius pubescens 287 plusmn 02 339 plusmn 04 487 plusmn 03 187 plusmn 02 221 plusmn 06 162 plusmn 04Laccaria laccata 319 plusmn 04 323 plusmn 03 412 plusmn 02 194 plusmn 06 191 plusmn 02 156 plusmn 00Lepista nuda 371 plusmn 03 326 plusmn 04 421 plusmn 03 204 plusmn 05 184 plusmn 01 136 plusmn 00Lentinus cladopus 215 plusmn 05 229 plusmn 09 286 plusmn 02 219 plusmn 01 110 plusmn 02 166 plusmn 00Pleurotus cystidiosus 217 plusmn 06 295 plusmn 02 257 plusmn 01 211 plusmn 03 104 plusmn 01 158 plusmn 03Russula lepida 310 plusmn 02 321 plusmn 01 410 plusmn 03 284 plusmn 02 123 plusmn 02 119 plusmn 00R mairei 317 plusmn 03 311 plusmn 01 516 plusmn 02 295 plusmn 03 114 plusmn 01 216 plusmn 00Values are expressed as mean plusmn SE

obtained for Hygrocybe nivea (426 plusmn 05mgmL) showinglowest ABTS radical scavenging activities of this speciesReducing power of Cantharellus cibarius (162 plusmn 05mgmL)was measured higher than other species Higher EC

50values

for reducing activity were measured in Inocybe splendens(519 plusmn 01mgmL)

Higher effectiveness in ferrous ion chelating activitywas detected in Agaricus arvensis (114 plusmn 01mgmL) andlow effectiveness was detected in Russula mairei (295 plusmn03mgmL) Nevertheless Cantharellus cibarius (127 plusmn02mgmL) Amanita caesarea (140 plusmn 04mgmL) Hygro-cybe coccinea (135 plusmn 02mgmL) and H nivea (145 plusmn06mgmL) showed lower EC

50values than remaining

species EC50

values of scavenging ability on superoxideradical were found to be maximum in Amanita caesarea(044 plusmn 03mgmL) and minimum in Lactarius pubescens(221 plusmn 06mgmL) Gymnopilus junonius showed maximumFRAP activity with least EC

50values (078mgmL) and

Russula mairei showed minimum antioxidant activity withhigh EC

50values (216mgmL)

4 Discussion

Although there are previous reports on documentation ofculinary edible species from the regions native to northernHimalayas but there are no reports on the evaluation stud-ies as well as toxicity status of all these culinary speciesThe wild edible species Agaricus bisporus Boletus edulis

Morchella esculenta Cordyceps sinensis and Lentinula edodeswhich have been extensively worked out in India and otherparts of the world for their compositional and medicinalaspects have not been undertaken for investigations presently[37ndash40] Compositional studies showed that most of theculinary species were rich in protein carbohydrates andlow in fat There are several reports on richness of wildedible mushrooms with protein and carbohydrate contentsand low fat levels which directly make them nutritionallyrich [24 25 41] Nevertheless under present studies thedifferences between the nutrient concentrations of all thespecies differed but Agaricus arvensis Pleurotus cystidiosusAmanita caesarea Agaricus campestris Cantharellus cibariusand Lentinus cladopus showed higher nutrient percentagewhich is comparable to other wild and commercially cul-tivated species [25 42] The crude fat content detected inall the species was not found to be significantly differentCrude fibres were detected in appreciable percentage fromall the species which make them important in nutritionalpoint of viewThe results are in conformity with the previousreports on several wild edible Pleurotus and Lentinus speciesfrom northwest India [24 43] The species Inocybe splendensHygrocybe nivea and Conocybe tenera were not found tocontain higher percentage of nutrients Although previousreports showed that nutrients composition in wild species isless as compared to cultivated species [25] however Agaricusarvensis Pleurotus cystidiosus Amanita caesarea Agaricuscampestris Cantharellus cibarius and Lentinus cladopus were


found to be rich in protein and carbohydrates similar tocommercially grown species [25]

Fatty acid composition showed the dominance of UFAover SFA in all the studied mushrooms species which is inconformity with the other studies [41] The differences wereobserved in net amounts in all the species Unsaturationindex of Agaricus arvensis and Lentinus cladopus (057 plusmn002) was found to be significantly higher than otherspecies Whereas Inocybe splendens (005 plusmn 00) showedleast Unsaturation Index High UFA shows the medicinalimportance of these culinary mushrooms as these increasethe HDL cholesterol and decrease LDL cholesterol triacyl-glycerol lipid oxidation and LDL susceptibility to oxidation[44] Predominance of UFA over SFA in all the species showssimilar results as obtained for other wild and commerciallycultivated species [24 25] 120572- and 120573-tocopherol were detectedin higher amounts than third isomer in all the studied speciesSimilar findings were made in other wild and cultivatedspecies with higher 120572- and 120573-tocopherol than 120574-tocopherol[25] The high levels of these two compounds correspondwith a higher oxidative activity which is associated withcardiovascular protection [45] Phenolic compounds weredetected in higher amounts than other bioactive compoundsPresence of high phenolic compounds accounts for the highantioxidant properties of all the species [42] 120573-carotenelycopene and ascorbic acids were detected in low amountsAnthocyanidins were also detected from these wild speciesin appreciable amounts The presence of these functionalmedicinal compounds inmedicinal andor edible mushroomis due to habitat or substrates in which these grow to be highin the functionalmoleculesThe categories of thesemoleculesare anthocyanidins beta-glucans selenium ganoderic acidtriterpenes or cordycepinThe compounds identified in theseextracts show that at least a part of the functional compoundsin medicinal andor edible mushroom is due to growingmushrooms on substrates that are high in the functionalmolecules To these categories can be added anthocyanidinsbeta-glucans selenium ganoderic acid triterpenes or cordy-cepinThe amounts of these have been found to vary with thetype of extraction as ethanolic extract yields higher amountsof anthocyanidins as compared to methanolic hot water andcold water extracts [29]

All the studied species showed significant antioxidantproperties measured on the basis of EC

50values Never-

theless each species showed different antioxidant activitywith highly effective and less effective EC

50values Better

antioxidant properties of some species are due to presence ofhigher phenolic compounds 120573-carotene lycopene ascorbicacids anthocyanidins and tocopherol amounts in themHigh reducing power of some species is due to the presence ofhigher amounts of reducers (antioxidants) in them Presentlyinvestigated species are commonly used for culinary pur-poses in the regions native to northern Himalayas Many ofthe species in these regions are not evaluated previously fordetailed compositional analysisTheir knowledge is restrictedto old aged villagers of the regions and neglected for thecommercial exploitations There are no positive reportson toxicity of these mushrooms analyzed presently hencethese are safe for further experimental work related to

drug discovery All the culinary species contained impor-tant and useful nutraceuticals such as unsaturated fattyacids phenolics carotenoids ascorbic acid tocopherolsand anthocyanidins besides these some important aminoacids were detected in these mushrooms which could beused for the purpose of being used as functional ingredi-ents Since nutraceuticals are powerful in maintaining andpromoting health longevity and life quality the commer-cial exploitation of these species will certainly create animpact on nutritional therapy and also will be beneficialtodayrsquos food industry Direct use of these species for con-sumption and other culinary aspects is safe and healthpromoting with advantage of the additive effects of allthe bioactive and antioxidant compounds present in thesespecies

Abbreviations

AlCl3 Aluminum trichloride

ANOVA Analysis of varianceDW Distilled waterDPPH 22-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylFeCl3 Ferric chloride

FRAP Ferric reducing antioxidant powerg GramsGAEs Gallic acid equivalentsGC Gas ChromatographyHCl Hydrochloric acidH2O Water

H3PO4 Phosphoric acid

HPLC High performance liquid chromatographyK2HPO4 Potassium hydrogen phosphate

L Litersm Metersmg MilligramsmL MillilitersmM MillimolarMTBE Methyl tertiary-butyl etherMUFA Monounsaturated fatty acidsN NitrogenNaOH Sodium hydroxideND Not detected∘C Degree centigradePUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acidsrpm Rotation per minuteSFA Saturated fatty acidsTPTZ Tripyridyltriazinevol Volume Percent120583g Microgram120583M MicromolarUI Unsaturation indexUFA Unsaturated fatty acidsUPLC Ultra performance liquid chromatography

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper


Acknowledgment

The authors wish to thank Science and Engineering BoardDepartment of Science and Technology New Delhi forresearch Grant (SBFTLS-042013) to carry out presentstudies

References

[1] W M Breene ldquoNutritional and medicinal value of specialtymushroomsrdquo Journal of Food Protection vol 53 pp 883ndash8941990

[2] S Chang and P Miles ldquoMushroom biologymdasha new disciplinerdquoMycologist vol 6 no 2 pp 64ndash65 1992

[3] P Manzi L Gambelli S Marconi V Vivanti and L Pizzoferra-to ldquoNutrients in edible mushrooms an inter-species compara-tive studyrdquo Food Chemistry vol 65 no 4 pp 477ndash482 1999

[4] P Bobek O Ozdın and M Mikus ldquoDietary oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus) accelerates plasma cholesterol turnover inhypercholesterolaemic ratsrdquo Physiological Research vol 44 no5 pp 287ndash291 1995

[5] P Bobek and S Galbavy ldquoHypocholesterolemic and antiathero-genic effect of oystermushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in rabbitsrdquoNahrung vol 43 no 5 pp 339ndash342 1999

[6] S Khatun A Islam U Cakilcioglu and N Chatterjee ldquoRe-search on mushroom as a potential source of nutraceuticals areview on Indian perspectiverdquo American Journal of Experimen-tal Agriculture vol 2 no 1 pp 47ndash73 2012

[7] J A Vaz L Barros A Martins J S Morais M H Vasconcelosand I C F R Ferreira ldquoPhenolic profile of seventeen por-tuguese wild mushroomsrdquo LWT Food Science and Technologyvol 44 no 1 pp 343ndash346 2011

[8] J A Vaz L Barros A Martins C Santos-Buelga M HVasconcelos and I C F R Ferreira ldquoChemical compositionof wild edible mushrooms and antioxidant properties of theirwater soluble polysaccharidic and ethanolic fractionsrdquo FoodChemistry vol 126 no 2 pp 610ndash616 2011

[9] T Ozen C Darcan O Aktop and I Turkekul ldquoScreening ofantioxidant antimicrobial activities and chemical contents ofedible mushrooms wildly grown in the Black Sea region ofTurkeyrdquo Combinatorial Chemistry amp High Throughput Screen-ing vol 14 no 2 pp 72ndash84 2011

[10] V E C Ooi and F Liu ldquoA Review of pharmacological activitiesof mushroom polysaccharidesrdquo International Journal of Medic-inal Mushrooms vol 1 no 3 pp 195ndash206 1999

[11] S PWasser and A LWeis ldquoMedicinal properties of substancesoccurring in higher Basidiomycete mushroom current per-spectiverdquo International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms vol 1pp 31ndash62 1999

[12] P M Kidd ldquoThe use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycansin cancer treatmentrdquo Alternative Medicine Review vol 5 no 1pp 4ndash27 2000

[13] C Israilides and A Philippoussis ldquoBio-technologies of recy-cling agro-industrial wastes for the production of commerciallyimportant fungal polysaccharides andmushroomsrdquo Biotechnol-ogy and Genetic Engineering Reviews vol 20 pp 247ndash259 2003

[14] T Mizuno ldquoBioactive biomolecules of mushrooms food func-tion and medicinal effect of mushroom fungirdquo Food ReviewsInternational vol 11 no 1 pp 5ndash21 1995

[15] Y Kabir and S Kimura ldquoDietary mushrooms reduce bloodpressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)rdquo Journal of

Nutritional Science and Vitaminology vol 35 no 1 pp 91ndash941989

[16] J-L Mau S-Y Tsai Y-H Tseng and S-J Huang ldquoAntioxidantproperties of hot water extracts from Ganoderma tsugae Mur-rillrdquo LWTmdashFood Science and Technology vol 38 no 6 pp 589ndash597 2005

[17] A Smania F D Monache E F A Smania M L Gil L CBenchetrit and F S Cruz ldquoAntibacterial activity of a substanceproduced by the fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus (Fr) MurrrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 45 no 3 pp 177ndash181 1995

[18] W Andlauer and P Furst ldquoNutraceuticals a piece of historypresent status and outlookrdquo Food Research International vol 35no 2-3 pp 171ndash176 2002

[19] C L Kruger and S W Mann ldquoSafety evaluation of functionalingredientsrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 41 no 6 pp793ndash805 2003

[20] P H Mattila V I Piironen E J Uusi-Rauva and P E Koivis-toinen ldquoVitamin D contents in edible mushroomsrdquo Journal ofAgricultural and Food Chemistry vol 42 no 11 pp 2449ndash24531994

[21] R P Tewari ldquoMushroom their role in nature and societyrdquo inFrontiers inMushroomBiotechnology R D Rai R C Upadhyayand S R Sharma Eds pp 1ndash8 NRCM Chambaghat India2005

[22] K C Semwal S L Stephenson V K Bhatt and R P BhattldquoEdible mushrooms of the Northwestern Himalaya India astudy of indigenous knowledge distribution and diversityrdquoMycosphere vol 5 no 3 pp 440ndash461 2014

[23] E V Crisan and A Sands ldquoEdible mushrooms nutritionalvaluerdquo in The Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms ST Chang and W A Hayes Eds pp 137ndash165 Academic PressNew York NY USA 1978

[24] N S Atri S K Sharma R Joshi A Gulati and A Gula-ti ldquoNutritional and neutraceutical composition of five wildculinary-medicinal species of genus Pleurotus (Higher Basid-iomycetes) from Northwest Indiardquo International Journal ofMedicinal Mushrooms vol 15 no 1 pp 49ndash56 2013

[25] L Barros T Cruz P Baptista L M Estevinho and I C FR Ferreira ldquoWild and commercial mushrooms as source ofnutrients and nutraceuticalsrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicologyvol 46 no 8 pp 2742ndash2747 2008

[26] M Nagata and I Yamashita ldquoSimple method for simultaneousdetermination of chlorophyll and carotenoids in tomato fruitrdquoNippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi vol 39 no 10 pp 925ndash9281992

[27] V L Singleton and J A Rossi ldquoColorimetric detection oftotal phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acidreagentsrdquo American Journal of Enology and Viticulture vol 16pp 144ndash158 1965

[28] L K Jagadish V Venkata Krishnan R Shenbhagaramanand V Kaviyarasan ldquoComparitive study on the antioxidantanticancer and antimicrobial property of Agaricus bisporus (JE Lange) Imbach before and after boilingrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 8 no 4 pp 654ndash661 2009

[29] E Vamanu and S Nita ldquoAntioxidant capacity and the cor-relation with major phenolic compounds anthocyanin andtocopherol content in various extracts from the wild edibleBoletus edulis mushroomrdquo BioMed Research International vol2013 Article ID 313905 11 pages 2013

[30] E Vamanu ldquoBiological activities of the polysaccharides pro-duced in submerged culture of two edible Pleurotus ostreatus


mushroomsrdquo Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology vol2012 Article ID 565974 8 pages 2012

[31] P L Li L Huo W Su et al ldquoFree radical-scavenging capacityantioxidant activity and phenolic content of Pouzolzia zeylan-icardquo Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society vol 76 no 5 pp709ndash717 2011

[32] C Papuc M Crivineanu G Goran V Nicorescu and N Dur-dun ldquoFree radicals scavenging and antioxidant activity ofEuropean mistletoe (Viscum album) and European birthwort(Aristolochia clematitis)rdquo Revista de Chimie vol 61 no 7 pp619ndash622 2010

[33] VOOyetayo CDong andY Yao ldquoAntioxidant and antimicro-bial properties of aqueous extract from Dictyophora indusiatardquoThe Open Mycology Journal vol 3 no 1 pp 20ndash26 2009

[34] S Marklund and G Marklund ldquoInvolvement of the superoxideanion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenientassay for superoxide dismutaserdquo European Journal of Biochem-istry vol 47 no 3 pp 469ndash474 1974

[35] I F F Benzie and J J Strain ldquoThe ferric reducing ability ofplasma (FRAP) as a measure of lsquoantioxidant powerrsquo the FRAPassayrdquo Analytical Biochemistry vol 239 no 1 pp 70ndash76 1996

[36] D J Huang b Ou and R L Prior ldquoThe chemistry behindantioxidant capacity assaysrdquo Journal of Agricultural and FoodChemistry vol 53 no 6 pp 1841ndash1856 2005

[37] P Manzi A Aguzzi and L Pizzoferrato ldquoNutritional value ofmushrooms widely consumed in Italyrdquo Food Chemistry vol 73no 3 pp 321ndash325 2001

[38] P Manzi S Marconi A Aguzzi and L Pizzoferrato ldquoCommer-cial mushrooms nutritional quality and effect of cookingrdquo FoodChemistry vol 84 no 2 pp 201ndash206 2004

[39] I P Krbavcic and I C Baric ldquoInfluence of deep fat fryingon some nutritional parameters of novel food based on mush-rooms and fresh soft cheeserdquo Food Chemistry vol 84 no 3 pp417ndash419 2004

[40] D Agrahar-Murugkar andG Subbulakshmi ldquoNutritional valueof edible wild mushrooms collected from the Khasi hills ofMeghalayardquo Food Chemistry vol 89 no 4 pp 599ndash603 2005

[41] V A Dıez and A Alvarez ldquoCompositional and nutritionalstudies on two wild edible mushrooms from northwest SpainrdquoFood Chemistry vol 75 no 4 pp 417ndash422 2001

[42] L Barros M-J Ferreira B Queiros I C F R Ferreira and PBaptista ldquoTotal phenols ascorbic acid120573-carotene and lycopenein Portuguese wild edible mushrooms and their antioxidantactivitiesrdquo Food Chemistry vol 103 no 2 pp 413ndash419 2007

[43] S K Sharma and N S Atri ldquoNutraceutical composition ofwild species of genus Lentinus Fr fromNothern Indiardquo CurrentResearch in Environmental ampAppliedMycology vol 4 pp 11ndash322014

[44] P J Kanu K Zhu J Baby Kanu H Zhou H Qian and K ZhuldquoBiologically active components and nutraceuticals in sesameand related products a review and prospectrdquo Trends in FoodScience and Technology vol 18 no 12 pp 599ndash608 2007

[45] F S Reis E Pereira L Barros M J Sousa A Martins and I CF R Ferreira ldquoBiomolecule profiles in inediblewildmushroomswith antioxidant valuerdquoMolecules vol 16 no 6 pp 4328ndash43382011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of


StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of



Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of


Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


AddictionJournal of



BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Autoimmune Diseases


Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of


Pharmaceutics


MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of


cover (ie more than 50) The people of these areas usedifferent mushroom species for culinary purposes Theyhave very little idea about the medicinal importance ofthese mushroom species Their methods of identification areprimarily based upon sweet smell and color Further theknowledge about the edible species is restricted to the oldaged people Documentations studies of these edible specieshave been done by several workers [22] but the studies onchemical composition and medicinal importance are stilllacking besides the presence of toxic compounds in them Inview of this under present investigations twenty of such wildculinary mushroom species have been evaluated for theirchemical bioactive and antioxidant potential

2 Materials and Methods

21 Collection andProcessing of Samples All the sampleswerecollected during the frequent surveys to the different regionsof northern Himalayas (Table 1) After this the samples werevacuum-dried and preserved in air-tight cellophane bagswith a small amount of 1-4-paradichlorobenzene in porouspackets to keep them free of insects for further analysis

22 Chemical Evaluation Samples were powdered and eval-uated for protein fat carbohydrates ash and crude fibresCrude protein content was estimated using the Kjeldahlmethod by calculating total nitrogen (N) and protein contentwas expressed by N times 438 [23] Crude fat was estimatedusing a Soxhlet apparatus by extraction of known weightof powered samples with petroleum ether Ash content wascalculated by incineration in silica dishes at 525 plusmn 20∘C con-taining 5ndash10 gsample Fibres content was estimated on a fat-free sample using the acid-alkali method (125 each) Totalcarbohydrates percentage was calculated by the difference asthe totalweightminus (moisture content +protein content + crudefat + ash content + crude fibres)

For toxic metal detection diluted HCl (2) and copperfoil (1 times 12 cm strip purified or pretreated with concentratedHNO

3or diluted 3 HCl and rinsed in distilled water) were

taken After that samples (powered samples) were acidifiedwith 10ndash20mL of 5 diluted HCl (2) until colour changedfrom fairy pink to litmus Then strips of copper foil wereadded and boiled for 30 minutes with addition of waterfrom time to time to replace the losses by evaporation Theheavy metals got deposited on the copper foil and gavecharacteristics color to it The color deposited on the Cu foilwas noted after 30 minutes and results were interpreted forthe presence of heavy metals [24]

For monosaccharide composition samples (01 g) wereextracted with 25mL and 15mL and finally with 1mL of 70aqueous methanol After this the extract was centrifuged at4000 rpm (4∘C) for 10min Supernatant was collected andvolumewasmade up to 5mLwith 70methanolThe extractwas passed through Millipore filter (045 120583m) and injected tothe HPLC [24]

23 Bioactive Evaluation231 Fatty Acid Composition Powdered samples were dis-solved in 1mL of solution (prepared by sodium hydroxide

Table 1 List of wild culinary species collected from differentlocalities of twenty species from northern Himalayas

Species Collection locality Altitude(meters)

Agaricus arvensis Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) 2300A campestris Kullu (Himachal Pradesh) 2200

A comtulus Jhatingri (HimachalPradesh) 2300

A silvicola Dharamshala (HimachalPradesh) 1800

Amanita caesarea Janjehli (HimachalPradesh) 2500

A citrine Mcleodganj (HimachalPradesh) 2000

A fulva Mcleodganj (HimachalPradesh) 2000

Cantharellus cibarius Khajjiar (HimachalPradesh) 2400

Conocybe tenera Kufri (Himachal Pradesh) 2400Gymnopilus junonius Nanital (Uttarakhand) 2300

Hygrocybe coccinea Jhatingri (HimachalPradesh) 2300

H nivea Dharamshala (HimachalPradesh) 1800

Inocybe splendens Sonamarg (Jammu andKashmir) 2800

Lactarius pubescens Mcleodganj (HimachalPradesh) 2000

Laccaria laccata Mcleodganj (HimachalPradesh) 2000

Lepista nuda Khajjiar (HimachalPradesh) 2400

Lentinus cladopus Bhadrol (HimachalPradesh) 1200

Pleurotus cystidiosus Palampur (HimachalPradesh) 1400

Russula lepida Mcleodganj (HimachalPradesh) 2000

R mairei Mcleodganj (HimachalPradesh) 2000

pellets (45 g) in 300mL of 50 methanol and vortexing for1 minute then the solution was left for 5 minutes at 100∘Cvortexed again for 1 minute and left at 100∘C in a waterbath for 25 minutes) Methylation was done by adding 2mLof solution (6N hydrogen chloride in methanol) and thenvortexed for 1 minute followed by heating (80∘C) in a waterbath For extraction of fatty acids 125mL of solution (25mLmethyl ter-butyl ether added to hexane) was added and thesolution was shaken for 10 minutes followed by removal ofupper layer and addition of 3mL of solution (10 sodiumhydroxide in water while stirring) Finally the top phase(23) was removed and transferred into a gas chromatographyvial and injected Unsaturation index (UI) was calculated as(mol of each (poly)unsaturated fatty acid times number doublebonds per each fatty acid)100





Lycopene (mg100mL)

= (00458times119860663) + (0372times119860505)



+ (0452times119860453)

(1)












times 100(2)




119901is




1198600

times 100 (3)



119875was the






4


3 The




119860119887

]times 100 (5)


119904is the
















3 Results











































compo

sitionof

allthe

twentywild

culin

arymushroo

mspeciesc

ollected

from

different

region

sofn

orthernHim

alayas

Species

C900

C100

C120

C160

C1611

C171

C181

C182

C202

UI

Agaricu

sarvensis

006plusmn00a

030plusmn001

a028plusmn00a

186plusmn003

a006plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

018plusmn00a

324plusmn00a

221plusmn02a

057plusmn002

a

Acampestr

is003plusmn00a

026plusmn002

a021plusmn00a

119plusmn002

a009plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

035plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

218plusmn03a

046plusmn002

a

Acomtulus

006plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

ND

117plusmn001

a007plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

038plusmn00a

173plusmn00a

134plusmn01a

036plusmn001

a

Asilvicola

008plusmn00a

033plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

156plusmn002

a009plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

015plusmn00a

154plusmn00a

221plusmn03a

040plusmn001

a

Amanita

caesarea

004plusmn00a

032plusmn002

a019plusmn00a

196plusmn002

a012plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

031plusmn00a

219plusmn00a

128plusmn00a

039plusmn001

a

Acitrin

a006plusmn00a

028plusmn001

aND

091plusmn00a

011plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

031plusmn00a

159plusmn00a

168plusmn00a

037plusmn001

a

Afulva

004plusmn00a

021plusmn001

a025plusmn002

a010plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

015plusmn00a

164plusmn00a

123plusmn00a

031plusmn002

a

Cantharellu

scibarius

007plusmn00a

033plusmn002

a022plusmn001

a110plusmn002

a007plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

037plusmn00a

294plusmn00a

118plusmn01a

045plusmn002

a

Conocybe

tenera

006plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

ND

007plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

035plusmn00a

014plusmn00a

138plusmn00a

019plusmn00a

Gymnopilusjun

onius

005plusmn00a

031plusmn001

a014plusmn001

a18

7plusmn003

a008plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

088plusmn00a

049plusmn00a

121plusmn

01a

026plusmn001

a

Hygrocybe

coccinea

004plusmn00a

025plusmn002

a017plusmn00a

033plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

017plusmn00a

024plusmn00a

119plusmn00a

016plusmn00a

Hnivea

007plusmn00a

022plusmn001

aND

005plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

053plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

138plusmn02a

020plusmn00a

Inocybesplendens

002plusmn00a

019plusmn001

a023plusmn001

a089plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

003plusmn00a

018plusmn00a

010plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

Lactariusp

ubescens

001plusmn00a

023plusmn001

a016plusmn00a

075plusmn00a

007plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

026plusmn00a

344plusmn00a

083plusmn00a

046plusmn002

a

Laccarialaccata

002plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

ND

101plusmn

00a

006plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

092plusmn00a

284plusmn00a

029plusmn00a

042plusmn001

a

Lepista

nuda

003plusmn00a

024plusmn00a

ND

043plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

037plusmn00a

026plusmn00a

Lentinus

cladopu

s009plusmn00a

033plusmn002

a032plusmn00a

146plusmn00a

055plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

032plusmn00a

245plusmn00a

295plusmn00a

057plusmn002

a

Pleurotuscystid

iosus

006plusmn00a

031plusmn001

a028plusmn00a

135plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

098plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

221plusmn02a

052plusmn002

a

Russu

lalep

ida

006plusmn00a

019plusmn001

aND

033plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

049plusmn00a

204plusmn03a

165plusmn00a

042plusmn001

a

Rmairei

001plusmn00a

017plusmn001

aND

026plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

063plusmn00a

201plusmn02a

010plusmn00a

028plusmn001

a

ND=no

tdetected

Values

aree

xpressed

asmeanplusmnSE

andlette

rsin

thes

uperscrip

tsrepresentthe

significantd

ifference

ineach


Tukeyrsquos

test


































50values







50values were



























Phenoliccompounds




























SpeciesDPPH radical


ABTS(mgmL)

Reducingpower

(mgmL)






50values




species EC50




50values (216mgmL)

4 Discussion







50values Never-


50values Better



Abbreviations










Acknowledgment


References





















































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of





Lycopene (mg100mL)

= (00458times119860663) + (0372times119860505)



+ (0452times119860453)

(1)












times 100(2)




119901is




1198600

times 100 (3)



119875was the






4


3 The




119860119887

]times 100 (5)


119904is the
















3 Results











































compo

sitionof

allthe

twentywild

culin

arymushroo

mspeciesc

ollected

from

different

region

sofn

orthernHim

alayas

Species

C900

C100

C120

C160

C1611

C171

C181

C182

C202

UI

Agaricu

sarvensis

006plusmn00a

030plusmn001

a028plusmn00a

186plusmn003

a006plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

018plusmn00a

324plusmn00a

221plusmn02a

057plusmn002

a

Acampestr

is003plusmn00a

026plusmn002

a021plusmn00a

119plusmn002

a009plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

035plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

218plusmn03a

046plusmn002

a

Acomtulus

006plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

ND

117plusmn001

a007plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

038plusmn00a

173plusmn00a

134plusmn01a

036plusmn001

a

Asilvicola

008plusmn00a

033plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

156plusmn002

a009plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

015plusmn00a

154plusmn00a

221plusmn03a

040plusmn001

a

Amanita

caesarea

004plusmn00a

032plusmn002

a019plusmn00a

196plusmn002

a012plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

031plusmn00a

219plusmn00a

128plusmn00a

039plusmn001

a

Acitrin

a006plusmn00a

028plusmn001

aND

091plusmn00a

011plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

031plusmn00a

159plusmn00a

168plusmn00a

037plusmn001

a

Afulva

004plusmn00a

021plusmn001

a025plusmn002

a010plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

015plusmn00a

164plusmn00a

123plusmn00a

031plusmn002

a

Cantharellu

scibarius

007plusmn00a

033plusmn002

a022plusmn001

a110plusmn002

a007plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

037plusmn00a

294plusmn00a

118plusmn01a

045plusmn002

a

Conocybe

tenera

006plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

ND

007plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

035plusmn00a

014plusmn00a

138plusmn00a

019plusmn00a

Gymnopilusjun

onius

005plusmn00a

031plusmn001

a014plusmn001

a18

7plusmn003

a008plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

088plusmn00a

049plusmn00a

121plusmn

01a

026plusmn001

a

Hygrocybe

coccinea

004plusmn00a

025plusmn002

a017plusmn00a

033plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

017plusmn00a

024plusmn00a

119plusmn00a

016plusmn00a

Hnivea

007plusmn00a

022plusmn001

aND

005plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

053plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

138plusmn02a

020plusmn00a

Inocybesplendens

002plusmn00a

019plusmn001

a023plusmn001

a089plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

003plusmn00a

018plusmn00a

010plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

Lactariusp

ubescens

001plusmn00a

023plusmn001

a016plusmn00a

075plusmn00a

007plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

026plusmn00a

344plusmn00a

083plusmn00a

046plusmn002

a

Laccarialaccata

002plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

ND

101plusmn

00a

006plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

092plusmn00a

284plusmn00a

029plusmn00a

042plusmn001

a

Lepista

nuda

003plusmn00a

024plusmn00a

ND

043plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

037plusmn00a

026plusmn00a

Lentinus

cladopu

s009plusmn00a

033plusmn002

a032plusmn00a

146plusmn00a

055plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

032plusmn00a

245plusmn00a

295plusmn00a

057plusmn002

a

Pleurotuscystid

iosus

006plusmn00a

031plusmn001

a028plusmn00a

135plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

098plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

221plusmn02a

052plusmn002

a

Russu

lalep

ida

006plusmn00a

019plusmn001

aND

033plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

049plusmn00a

204plusmn03a

165plusmn00a

042plusmn001

a

Rmairei

001plusmn00a

017plusmn001

aND

026plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

063plusmn00a

201plusmn02a

010plusmn00a

028plusmn001

a

ND=no

tdetected

Values

aree

xpressed

asmeanplusmnSE

andlette

rsin

thes

uperscrip

tsrepresentthe

significantd

ifference

ineach


Tukeyrsquos

test


































50values







50values were



























Phenoliccompounds




























SpeciesDPPH radical


ABTS(mgmL)

Reducingpower

(mgmL)






50values




species EC50




50values (216mgmL)

4 Discussion







50values Never-


50values Better



Abbreviations










Acknowledgment


References





















































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of



119875was the






4


3 The




119860119887

]times 100 (5)


119904is the
















3 Results











































compo

sitionof

allthe

twentywild

culin

arymushroo

mspeciesc

ollected

from

different

region

sofn

orthernHim

alayas

Species

C900

C100

C120

C160

C1611

C171

C181

C182

C202

UI

Agaricu

sarvensis

006plusmn00a

030plusmn001

a028plusmn00a

186plusmn003

a006plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

018plusmn00a

324plusmn00a

221plusmn02a

057plusmn002

a

Acampestr

is003plusmn00a

026plusmn002

a021plusmn00a

119plusmn002

a009plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

035plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

218plusmn03a

046plusmn002

a

Acomtulus

006plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

ND

117plusmn001

a007plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

038plusmn00a

173plusmn00a

134plusmn01a

036plusmn001

a

Asilvicola

008plusmn00a

033plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

156plusmn002

a009plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

015plusmn00a

154plusmn00a

221plusmn03a

040plusmn001

a

Amanita

caesarea

004plusmn00a

032plusmn002

a019plusmn00a

196plusmn002

a012plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

031plusmn00a

219plusmn00a

128plusmn00a

039plusmn001

a

Acitrin

a006plusmn00a

028plusmn001

aND

091plusmn00a

011plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

031plusmn00a

159plusmn00a

168plusmn00a

037plusmn001

a

Afulva

004plusmn00a

021plusmn001

a025plusmn002

a010plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

015plusmn00a

164plusmn00a

123plusmn00a

031plusmn002

a

Cantharellu

scibarius

007plusmn00a

033plusmn002

a022plusmn001

a110plusmn002

a007plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

037plusmn00a

294plusmn00a

118plusmn01a

045plusmn002

a

Conocybe

tenera

006plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

ND

007plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

035plusmn00a

014plusmn00a

138plusmn00a

019plusmn00a

Gymnopilusjun

onius

005plusmn00a

031plusmn001

a014plusmn001

a18

7plusmn003

a008plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

088plusmn00a

049plusmn00a

121plusmn

01a

026plusmn001

a

Hygrocybe

coccinea

004plusmn00a

025plusmn002

a017plusmn00a

033plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

017plusmn00a

024plusmn00a

119plusmn00a

016plusmn00a

Hnivea

007plusmn00a

022plusmn001

aND

005plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

053plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

138plusmn02a

020plusmn00a

Inocybesplendens

002plusmn00a

019plusmn001

a023plusmn001

a089plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

003plusmn00a

018plusmn00a

010plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

Lactariusp

ubescens

001plusmn00a

023plusmn001

a016plusmn00a

075plusmn00a

007plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

026plusmn00a

344plusmn00a

083plusmn00a

046plusmn002

a

Laccarialaccata

002plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

ND

101plusmn

00a

006plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

092plusmn00a

284plusmn00a

029plusmn00a

042plusmn001

a

Lepista

nuda

003plusmn00a

024plusmn00a

ND

043plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

037plusmn00a

026plusmn00a

Lentinus

cladopu

s009plusmn00a

033plusmn002

a032plusmn00a

146plusmn00a

055plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

032plusmn00a

245plusmn00a

295plusmn00a

057plusmn002

a

Pleurotuscystid

iosus

006plusmn00a

031plusmn001

a028plusmn00a

135plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

098plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

221plusmn02a

052plusmn002

a

Russu

lalep

ida

006plusmn00a

019plusmn001

aND

033plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

049plusmn00a

204plusmn03a

165plusmn00a

042plusmn001

a

Rmairei

001plusmn00a

017plusmn001

aND

026plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

063plusmn00a

201plusmn02a

010plusmn00a

028plusmn001

a

ND=no

tdetected

Values

aree

xpressed

asmeanplusmnSE

andlette

rsin

thes

uperscrip

tsrepresentthe

significantd

ifference

ineach


Tukeyrsquos

test


































50values







50values were



























Phenoliccompounds




























SpeciesDPPH radical


ABTS(mgmL)

Reducingpower

(mgmL)






50values




species EC50




50values (216mgmL)

4 Discussion







50values Never-


50values Better



Abbreviations










Acknowledgment


References





















































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of







































compo

sitionof

allthe

twentywild

culin

arymushroo

mspeciesc

ollected

from

different

region

sofn

orthernHim

alayas

Species

C900

C100

C120

C160

C1611

C171

C181

C182

C202

UI

Agaricu

sarvensis

006plusmn00a

030plusmn001

a028plusmn00a

186plusmn003

a006plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

018plusmn00a

324plusmn00a

221plusmn02a

057plusmn002

a

Acampestr

is003plusmn00a

026plusmn002

a021plusmn00a

119plusmn002

a009plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

035plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

218plusmn03a

046plusmn002

a

Acomtulus

006plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

ND

117plusmn001

a007plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

038plusmn00a

173plusmn00a

134plusmn01a

036plusmn001

a

Asilvicola

008plusmn00a

033plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

156plusmn002

a009plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

015plusmn00a

154plusmn00a

221plusmn03a

040plusmn001

a

Amanita

caesarea

004plusmn00a

032plusmn002

a019plusmn00a

196plusmn002

a012plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

031plusmn00a

219plusmn00a

128plusmn00a

039plusmn001

a

Acitrin

a006plusmn00a

028plusmn001

aND

091plusmn00a

011plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

031plusmn00a

159plusmn00a

168plusmn00a

037plusmn001

a

Afulva

004plusmn00a

021plusmn001

a025plusmn002

a010plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

015plusmn00a

164plusmn00a

123plusmn00a

031plusmn002

a

Cantharellu

scibarius

007plusmn00a

033plusmn002

a022plusmn001

a110plusmn002

a007plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

037plusmn00a

294plusmn00a

118plusmn01a

045plusmn002

a

Conocybe

tenera

006plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

ND

007plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

035plusmn00a

014plusmn00a

138plusmn00a

019plusmn00a

Gymnopilusjun

onius

005plusmn00a

031plusmn001

a014plusmn001

a18

7plusmn003

a008plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

088plusmn00a

049plusmn00a

121plusmn

01a

026plusmn001

a

Hygrocybe

coccinea

004plusmn00a

025plusmn002

a017plusmn00a

033plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

017plusmn00a

024plusmn00a

119plusmn00a

016plusmn00a

Hnivea

007plusmn00a

022plusmn001

aND

005plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

053plusmn00a

004plusmn00a

138plusmn02a

020plusmn00a

Inocybesplendens

002plusmn00a

019plusmn001

a023plusmn001

a089plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

003plusmn00a

018plusmn00a

010plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

Lactariusp

ubescens

001plusmn00a

023plusmn001

a016plusmn00a

075plusmn00a

007plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

026plusmn00a

344plusmn00a

083plusmn00a

046plusmn002

a

Laccarialaccata

002plusmn00a

022plusmn00a

ND

101plusmn

00a

006plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

092plusmn00a

284plusmn00a

029plusmn00a

042plusmn001

a

Lepista

nuda

003plusmn00a

024plusmn00a

ND

043plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

002plusmn00a

020plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

037plusmn00a

026plusmn00a

Lentinus

cladopu

s009plusmn00a

033plusmn002

a032plusmn00a

146plusmn00a

055plusmn00a

001plusmn00a

032plusmn00a

245plusmn00a

295plusmn00a

057plusmn002

a

Pleurotuscystid

iosus

006plusmn00a

031plusmn001

a028plusmn00a

135plusmn00a

009plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

098plusmn00a

204plusmn00a

221plusmn02a

052plusmn002

a

Russu

lalep

ida

006plusmn00a

019plusmn001

aND

033plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

005plusmn00a

049plusmn00a

204plusmn03a

165plusmn00a

042plusmn001

a

Rmairei

001plusmn00a

017plusmn001

aND

026plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

008plusmn00a

063plusmn00a

201plusmn02a

010plusmn00a

028plusmn001

a

ND=no

tdetected

Values

aree

xpressed

asmeanplusmnSE

andlette

rsin

thes

uperscrip

tsrepresentthe

significantd

ifference

ineach


Tukeyrsquos

test


































50values







50values were



























Phenoliccompounds




























SpeciesDPPH radical


ABTS(mgmL)

Reducingpower

(mgmL)






50values




species EC50




50values (216mgmL)

4 Discussion







50values Never-


50values Better



Abbreviations










Acknowledgment


References





















































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


































50values







50values were



























Phenoliccompounds




























SpeciesDPPH radical


ABTS(mgmL)

Reducingpower

(mgmL)






50values




species EC50




50values (216mgmL)

4 Discussion







50values Never-


50values Better



Abbreviations










Acknowledgment


References





















































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of



























Phenoliccompounds




























SpeciesDPPH radical


ABTS(mgmL)

Reducingpower

(mgmL)






50values




species EC50




50values (216mgmL)

4 Discussion







50values Never-


50values Better



Abbreviations










Acknowledgment


References





















































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of



SpeciesDPPH radical


ABTS(mgmL)

Reducingpower

(mgmL)






50values




species EC50




50values (216mgmL)

4 Discussion







50values Never-


50values Better



Abbreviations










Acknowledgment


References





















































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of





50values Never-


50values Better



Abbreviations










Acknowledgment


References





















































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Acknowledgment


References





















































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of






















Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of

Research Article Chemical, Bioactive, and Antioxidant Potential...

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