Research and Challenges on Materials around Energy Storage · Research and Challenges on Materials...

Research and Challenges on Materials around Energy Storage

Mathias Noe on behalf of JP ES

EERA Inter-JP cross-fertilization workshop on materials for energy applications and technologies

28 - 29 April 2015, Brussels

AMPEAAdvanced Materials and Processes

for Energy Applications

www.eera-set.eu

Overview: JP Energy Storage

SP1: Electrochemical Energy Storage

SP2: Chemical Energy Storage

SP3: Thermal Energy Storage

SP5: Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

SP6: Energy Storage Techno-Economics

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EERA Inter-JP workshop on materials for energy – April 28-29 2015 - Brussels

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Chemical Energy Storage

Techno–Economics

Super Magnetic Energy Storage

Electrochemical Energy Storage

Thermal Energy Storage

Mechanical Energy Storage

SP 1SP 2

SP 4

SP 6

SP 3

SP 5

JP ES Organisation: 6 sub programmes

4EERA Inter-JP workshop on materials for energy – April 28-29 2015 - Brussels

JP ES Organisation: 6 sub programmes

SP1: Electrochemical Energy Storage (M. Conte, ENEA)Batteries, Super Capacitors

SP2: Chemical Energy Storage (O. Gillia, CEA) Hydrogen, Methanol, Ammonia

SP3: Thermal Energy Storage (A. Wörner, DLR)

Advanced Fluids, PCM, Thermochemical Heat Storage

SP4: Mechanical Energy Storage (A. Harby, SINTEF)

Hydro, Fly wheels, Compressed Air

SP5: Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (X. Granados, CSIC)Materials, Technology, Applications

SP6: Energy Storage Techno-Economics (P. Hall, U. Sheffield)MARKAL Model

JP ES Coordinator: M. Noe, KITwww.eera-set.eu


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• BERA/ Vito• VUB

• UKERC

• CIEMAT• IMDEA Energy• Tecnalia• IK4• CICe• UPM• CTC• CSIC

• CEA• INERIS

• SAS IEE

• VTT

• UJV Řež

• DTU

• SINTEF• IFE• NTNU

• Uporto • AIT

• BAS IGIC

• FOM-DIFFER

• ENEA• RSE• CNR• UPadova

• KIT• DLR• FZJ• HZG• GFZ• RWTH Aachen

Partnership and Resources

Launch 2011:• 26 Participants• from 12 EU-Member States• Resources committed: 300 PY/Y

Current Status 2015:• 34 Participants• from 15 EU-Member States• Resources committed: 430 PY/Y

Progress: 40% increase and new memberships under evaluation


Objectives

Overall objectives are• overcome diverse european research activities on Energy Storage by

introducing well coordinated strategies• join forces and projects and support continuous collaboration• sharing knowledge, facilities, methods, data and experience• work on interfaces within energy storage and integrate with other

technologies

… and by this achieve

• european industrial leadership in Energy Storage Research and Technologies

• significant support of the realization of SET-Plan goals

Accelerating development and deployment of energy technologies to meet the 2020 and 2050 Energy and Climate Change goals

SET-Plan

www.eera-set.eu7EERA Inter-JP workshop on materials for energy – April 28-29 2015 - Brussels

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Main Objectives

• Identification of key performances and specific research needs scaled down at material level of the electrochemical storage systems in various applications.

• Selection and investigation in a coordinated manner of key materials.

• Application of modelling and simulation for analysing the performance degradation.

• Preparation of joint roadmaps for further research and development of materials and supporting activities for advanced electrochemical storage systems not sufficiently covered from European projects or national programmes.

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SP1 – Electrochemical Energy Storage

WP1: BatteriesWP2: Super CapacitorsWP3: Advanced and Alternative SystemsWP4: Supporting Activities



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ForB

atte

ries

EASE-EERA Roadmap and SET Plan IR


SP1 – Electrochemical Energy StorageBatteries

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• New storage principle: Li rich fcc materials enable highest packing densities for Li+

• Ultrahigh volumetric energy densities of up to 7800 Wh/L• Li exchange is fast, at a volume change of only 3% of the material

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Li2VO2F, discharged and chargedyellow: 2O+1F; green: 2Li+1V

R. Chen, M. Fichtner, et al., Disordered Lithium-Rich Oxyfluoride as Promising Intercalation Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries, Adv. Energy Materials (2015)

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Li Rich FCC Materials




Li Rich FCC Materials

Goals of the research

• Improve cyclic stability by development of dedicated coatings• Improve performance by testing various electrolyte formulation• Elaborating different cation compositions, where V is partially or fully exchanged to

further increase voltage and energy density• Making and testing pouch cells• Development of a first upscale process for synthesis of the material



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High Efficiency NiFe Batteries

• Low cost• Extremely safe (aqueous electrolyte)• Long lifetime (30-60 years)• BUT: Low efficiency (40-70%), low power

Our research• Nano structuring• Addition of FeS to electrodes

Outcome• Increase of efficiency to over 95%




EASE-EERA Roadmap and SET Plan IRFo

rSup

er C

apac

itors


SP1 – Electrochemical Energy StorageSuper Capacitors


+ -

Actual Technology Symmetric SCAC / AC aqueous / organic

AC >2000 m2g-1

CathodeAnode

Electrolyte / Separator

AC >2000 m2g-1

200 Fg-1 aqueous 1 V200 Fg-1 organic 2.5 V5-8 Wh Kg-1 - device

+ -

Hybrid Aqueous SCMnO2 / CX

MnO2 36 m2g-1

CathodeAnode


carbonxerogel

3000 m2g-1

270 Fg-1 aqueous 1.6 V20 Wh Kg-1 – active carbon material242 Fg-1 1.6 V (polymer electrolyte) 18.5 Wh Kg-1 – active material

+ -

Asymmetric SCCX / CX

CathodeAnode


200 Fg-1 aqueous 1.8 V25 Wh Kg-1 – active carbon material

carbonxerogel

3000 m2g-1

carbonxerogel

3000 m2g-1

PROGRESS


SP1 – Electrochemical Energy StorageSuper Capacitors


G. A. Tiruye, J. Palma, et al. All-solid state supercapacitors operating at 3.5 V by using ionic liquid based polymer electrolytes, J. Power Sources 2015, 279, 472

All-solid capacitors by using Ionic Liquid based Polymer Electrolytes

Al Current collector

Activated Carbon Impregnated with IL-b-PE

+

-

Al Current Collector

Electrochemical properties of solid SCs

Ionic conductivity of IL-b-PE thin film


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SP2 – Chemical Energy Storage

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Main Objectives

• Hydrogen storage in gaseous form (including hyperbarstorage), liquid form (cryogenic hydrogen and chemical hydrides) and solid form, i.e. absorbed (metal hydrides) or adsorbed on surfaces (Carbon Nanotubes, Metal Organic Frameworks)

• Alternate chemicals such as ammonia, methanol, methane and formic acid are also considered as storage media and their potential with regard to increasing volumetric energy density will be scientifically investigated

WP1: Hydrogen for Energy StorageWP2: Other Chemicals for Energy StorageWP3: Towards Multicriteria Evaluation


SP2 – Chemical Energy StorageLiquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier

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Reversible hydrogenation for hydrogen storage

• high storage density

• storage at ambient conditions

• applicable for energy storage

or storage of the chemical

• heat integration for increased

efficiency


SP2 – Chemical Energy StorageMembranes

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Power to Gas/Fuel/Chemicals for large scale, seasonal storage based on a closed carbon cycleSurplus renewable power to CO2-neutral fuel



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Why plasma for CO2 conversion?

Characteristics of CO2 plasmolysisChannelling energy in molecular vibration to break chemical bond,not to heat the gas (non‐thermodynamic equilibrium)

• High energy efficiency (~60% demonstrated)• High gas flow and power flow density (45W/cm2) • Fast dynamic response (intermittent power supply)• No scarce materials employed (Pt catalyst in PEM)

Research QuestionHow to separate CO from O2, CO2 exit gas stream?


ApproachMaterials for Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide separating membranes

30 kW @ 915 MHz


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• Polymer membranes: Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF) based on molecular sieve and affinity for one species: Zn4O(COO)6 clusters, Copper salts embedded Nafion®

• Ceramic membranes: 100nm micro porous amorphous silica layer matrix deposited based on molecular sieving

• Mixed Oxygen-Ionic and Electronic (MIEC) conducting membranes based on BSCF perovskite (Yttrium doped Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe 0.2-xYxO3-δ). Great prospect in oxygen separation: flux 60-80 ml/cm2 per minute driven by oxygen chemical potential gradient (slight under pressure)

• Electro-chemical YSZ oxygen pumps (Yttria-stabilized Zirconia). Electric field driven. The operating temperature is shown to lower from 800˚C to 400˚C in plasma synergy

• Dual phase carbonate membranes for CO2 separation, based on molten carbonate of Li/K/Na in ceramic matrix (YSZ or GDC=gadolinia doped ceria)

Membranes for O2 and CO2 separation


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SP3 – Thermal Energy Storage

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Main Objectives

• Development of new materials with superior thermo-physical and thermo-mechanical properties, high energy density and improved heat conductivity (new salt systemsand phase change materials)

• Increase of energy density of storage materials• Development of advanced heat transfer fluids for thermal energy storage systems• Improvement of relevant thermo-physical properties of storage materials• Identification of advanced heat transfer mechanism for charging and discharging• Reduction of thermal energy losses and exergy losses

WP1: Storage MaterialsWP2: Design and Internal Heat Transfer ConceptsWP3: Storage IntegrationWP4: Methodology for Economic Assessment


SP3 – Thermal Energy StorageMolten Salts Developments

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Reduction of melting temperature (DLR)

• Research on new salt mixtures to < 150ºC• Mixtures with reasonable component costs

Improvement of thermal stability (DLR)

• Stability of nitrate/nitrite mixtures andmetallic corrosion to ~560ºC

• Alternative salt systems (e.g. halogen salts) to > 560°C

Improvement of heat capacity and thermal conductivity (CIC)• Nano-salts: Addition of SIO2 nanoparticles to molten salt mixtures of NaNO3 salts

Heat capacity increased up to 100%, Thermal conductivity increased

NO3 / NO2 = 0.56

Molten Salts


SP3 – Thermal Energy StorageMetallic Phase Change Materials

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Metal AlloysHigh temperature range (T>300 ºC)Mg-Zn, Mg-Zn-Al, Zn-Al, Al-Si and others• Very high thermal conductivity• Very fast thermal response• Very high operation power rates • Constant operation temperature • High temperature TES solution

with large storage capacity

Metallic Nano-ClustersNano-scaled metallic clusters of different atomic size and of different nature elements (Mg, Zn, Al, etc.)

• Fully customizable design of the melting temperature range of the fluid

• Fully customizable design of latent heat cascades

• Enhanced storage capacity adapted to the particular application


SP3 – Thermal Energy StorageSolid/Solid PCM

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Polyalcohols

Advantages• No leakage in heat exchangers• No phase segregation• Low volume expansion

Studies of the CEA• Stability cycling tests• Material boosting• Compatibility with metallic

foams used in heat exchangers

Solid 1 Solid 2 Liquid

ΔH≈300 J/gTTRS= 180°C

ΔH≈30 J/gTFUS=260°C

Pentaerythitol


SP3 – Thermal Energy StorageComposite Materials

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Salt – Ceramic - Graphite• NaLiCO3-MgO-Graphite (1:1:0.1)• Graphite optimized for thermal conductivity and thermal energy storage density• Thermal conductivity improved 900% :

Salt: 0.5 W/mK Composite: 4.5 W/mK• Good physical and chemical compatibility


SP3 – Thermal Energy StorageComposite Materials

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P. Mantilla, A. Yedre, M. González, C. Manteca, Development of PCM/carbon-based composite materials, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 107, 2012, 205


PCM Carbon-based composites

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SP5 – Superconducting MagneticEnergy Storage

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Main Objectives

• Higher in-field current densities: Improving in field properties of relevant HTS materials (MgB2 and YBCO), wire architectures and superconducting joints allow the operation of a SMES at higher fields thereby (quadratically) increasing the volumetric energy density.

• Low AC loss conductors

• Longer lengths of high quality HTS & MgB2 conductors

• High amperage conductors

WP1: MaterialsWP2: System Technology incl. Cryogenic InfrastructureWP3: System Integration & Up-Scaling



SP6 – SMESCharacterization

2 G wire still has a large potential for improvements

Source: C. Senatore, Conductor progress in EuCARD-2Overview of electrical, mechanical and thermo-physical properties of REBCO CCsDépartement de Physique de la Matière Condensée & Département de Physique Appliquée Université de Genève, Switzerland

Critical current density of High-Temperature-Superconductors


SP6 – SMESMaterial Synthesis

MgB2 wire and tape manufacturing

Wire and tape properties depend on doping and geometry


SP6 – SMESCharacterization and Modelling

First 3‐D Simulation

100 1000

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

Ia (A)

24 mm

18 mm

6 mm12 mm

Q (J/m)

straight

1 mm

ellipse

strip

Low loss and high amperage conductors with Roebel structures

Roebel cables with 14 kA at 4 K have been successfully tested

Courtesy: F. Grilli, KIT

Courtesy: F. Grilli, KIT

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SP6 – Techno-Economics:

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Main Objectives

• Assemble data sets for historical electrical price data and volatility for differing member states

• Development of a database of different member state approaches to energy systems modelling

• Incorporation of future price and volatility metrics from differing energy systems models from different EU States

• Perform an on-going “Horizon Scanning” exercise− Monitor developments in energy storage in markets outside of EU e.g. California− Monitor promising new technologies not considered in the general EU SET portfolio e.g. Aquion and thermal

energy storage in Ice Bears

• Assess and compare both the economic and social benefits of energy storage to the EU economy

WP1: MARKAL Type Models in EUWP2: Horizon ScanningWP3: Benefits and Consequences of Energy Storage


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Summary

Several cooperation opportunities on Synthesis, Modelling and Characterization of materialsin the fields of:

• SP1: Elechtrochemical Energy Storage• Batteries:

• Li-ion Batteries: cathods (LiX-materials), anods (LTO,CM, Si,…), electrolytes (additives, SV,…)• Other: NiFe

• Supercapacitors: AC, aqueous, organic, hybrid aqueous…..

• SP2: Chemical Energy Storage• LHOC• Membranes: MOF, Silika, BSCF perovskite, YSC,…

• SP3: Thermal Energy Storage• Molten Salts: alternative salt systems (e.g. halogen salts) • Metallic PCM: metal alloys and metallic nano-clusters• Solid/Solid PCM: polyalcohols (e.g. pentaerythritol)• Composite Materials: salt-ceramic-graphit and PCM carbon-based composites

• SP5: Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage• Characterization: electrical, mechanical and thermo-physical properties of REBCO CCs• Material Synthesis: MgB2 wire and tape• Modelling: First 3-D simulation of Roebel structures


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Acknowledgment


Grateful acknowledgment to the researchs of our JP for their input:

Thomas Bauer, CICe, SpainMario Conte, ENEA, Italy

Bruno D‘Aguanno, CICe, SpainYulong Ding, BCCES, UK

Maximilian Fichtner, KIT, GermanyJean-François Fourmigué, CEA , FranceAdelbert Goede, DIFFER, Netherlands

Xavier Granados, CSIC, SpainPeter Hall, University of Sheffield, UK

Karsten Müller, Universität Erlangen, Germany Antje Wörner, DLR, Germany

Ángel Yedra Martínez, CTC, Spain

And you for your attention

Research and Challenges on Materials around Energy Storage · Research and Challenges on Materials...

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