Rescue of retrospective aerosol measurements:

a challenge for Estonian Environmental ObservatoryRescue of retrospective

aerosol measurements:

a challenge for Estonian

Environmental Observatory

hannes.tammet@ut.ee

Järvselja 20150615

A charged aerosol particle drifting in electric field:

Z = electric mobility112 sVcm

cm / V

s / cm E

v

Charged aerosol particle = air ion

Air ions have been measured in Tartu since 1937

+ v = Z E E

Particle Velocity Mobility Electric field

Common unit

0.000001

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

1 10 100 1000 10000

Diameter, nm

Mob

ility

: cm

2 V-1

s-1

Diameter and mobility ofa singly charged aerosol particle

smallions

particles

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1 10 100 1000 10000

Diameter, nm

Prob

abilit

yProbability to be neutral or

carry few elementary charges

0 e (neutral)

1 e (singly charged)

3 e

2 e

0.1

1

10

100

1 10 100 1000 10000

Diameter, nm

Parti

cles

/ ch

arge

s

Number of elementary charges is to be multipliedwith this coefficient to get total number of particles

Harrison R.G. and Aplin K.L. (2002) Aerosol variations inferred from historical atmospheric electrical data. Proc. XIIIth Annual Conference The Aerosol Society, Lancaster, April 2002, 113-116.

Harrison R.G. (2003) Climate change and long-term variations in the atmospheric electrical system. Proc.12th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Versailles, vol2, 703-706, 2003.

Harrison R.G. (2003) Long-term changes in aerosol and the electrical conductivity of oceanic air. Proc. 14th annual conference, The Aerosol Society, Reading, 2nd-3rd April 2003, 22-25.

Harrison R.G. and Aplin K.L. (2002) Mid-nineteenth century diurnal smoke concentrations at Kew, London. Atmos Environ 36, 25 4037-4043.

Harrison R.G. and Aplin K.L. (2003) Nineteenth century Parisian smoke variations inferred from Eiffel Tower atmospheric electrical observations. Atmos Environ 37, 5319-5324.

Some papers by Giles Harrison:

Original instrumentsand early measurements in Tartu:

Jaan Reinet 1951—1955

(Arnold Susi, Hugo Marran)

Paul Prüller 1960—1963

(Olev Saks)

Tahkuse

Tahkuse Air Monitoring Station is located about 27 km from Pärnu. The routine measurements at Tahkuse are carried out by Hilja Iher since 1985.

Preliminary measurements were made here at 1984

Tahkuse 1985–1994:

Tahkuse air ion spectrometer

The full range spectrometer

was launched at Tahkuse 1988. The air ions are measured using 20 simultaneous

electrometric amplifiers.

Additional commutation of voltages yields concentrations

of 40 fractions in the size range of

0.4 – 80 nm.

Tahkuse 2007:

EAS = Electrical Aerosol Spectrometer

The project EAS was started in seventies.

Technically perfect instruments were designed by

Aadu Mirme in eighties. Today improved versions of

EAS are manufactured by a small company AIREL.

The technological solutions achieved during

developing the EAS were subsequently used by

Aadu Mirme in contemporary universal aerosol and

air ion mobility spectrometers NAIS and ANAIS.

EAS & NAIS are widely used and well known for

everybody who is active in atmospheric aerosol

research today.

EAS = Electrical Aerosol Spectrometer

EASBSMA EAS

Measurements by EAS and air ion spectrometer

Source: Hõrrak, U., Mirme, A., Salm, J., Tamm, E., and Tammet, H. (1998) Air ion measurements as a source of information about atmospheric aerosols. Atmos. Res. 46, 233–242.

100

1000

10000

1 10 100 1000Particle diameter : nm

dn

/ d (l

n d

) : c

m-3

EAS, April

EAS, May

Ion spectrometer, April

Ion spectrometer, May

Tartu, Tähe 4, measurements of finest nanometer particles

Location & instrument Years Formats

Waldorf (USA) + Vilsandi (EST) 1979 punched tape

Tahkuse AIS + meteo 1988–2002 txtraw

Tahkuse NO2 + meteo 1991–2015 txt

Tahkuse AIS + meteo 2003–2015 txt, sum

Tahkuse EAS 2003–2015 nc, ncs, vc, vcs, sig, txt

Tahkuse weather observations 2003–2015 paper

Tahkuse reports 2003–2015 xls

Tahkuse RM2-B (Rn) 2004, 2007 xls, paper

Tahkuse AlphaGuard + meteo 2007–2015 dvd, txt

Tahkuse Vaisala meteo 2006–2015 txt

Tahkuse BSMA 2011 txt

Tahkuse NAIS 2011–2015 txt, sum

Tõravere EAS 2007–2013 nc, ncs, vc, vcs, sig, txt

Järvselja KAIS 2009 txt, xls

Järvselja BSMA 2008–2009 txt

Järvselja EAS 2012–2015 block-spectra, sum

Järvselja NAIS 2012–2015 block-spectra, sum

Tartu BSMA 2004–2014 txt

Tartu KAIS 2006–2014 txt

Tartu RM2-B (Rn) 2007–2008 ?

Tartu NAIS 2011–2012 block-spectra

Tartu SIGMA 2011–2014 txt

Tartu TSI SMPS 2014 txt

Som

e s

aved

da

ta

acco

rdin

g to

Kau

po K

omsa

are

The DataCite global consortium (https://

www.datacite.org) supports archiving of research

data and helps to assign to datasets digital object

identifiers (DOI).

This opportunity is now used uploading

few datasets to a safe repository and

making the data openly accessible.

Dataset ATMEL2007A Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.15155/repo-1 The dataset provides scientists and students with a collection of data for exploring the correlations and trends in fair-weather atmospheric electricity, air pollution effects, and trends in global climate (Tammet, 2009). It includes hourly averages of digitally available data from 13 stations including 7 stations of the former World Data Centre network. Additional stations are Wank Peak (Germany), Marsta (Sweden), Tahkuse (Estonia), Tartu (Estonia), Hyytiälä (Finland), and Carnegie research ship. The atmospheric electric measurements are accompanied with meteorological and air pollution data. The total amount of included hourly average values is about 12,000,000. New data can easily be imported into the dataset and the excerpts of the data can be exported as traditional tables using the included free software. Introductory presentation of the dataset is available in the included pdf-documents:

Introduction to the ATMEL2007A. Motivation of the dataset ATMEL2007A. Sources of ATMEL2007A data. Explanation of data formats in ATMEL2007A. Brief overview of the ATMEL2007A data. Tools for data management in ATMEL2007A. Manual of ATMEL2007tablemaker.

ReferencesDolezalek, H. (1992). The World Data Centre on atmospheric electricity and global change monitoring, Eur. Sci. Notes Inform. Bull., 92-02, 1–32. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a249486.pdf.Tammet, H. (2009). A joint dataset of fair-weather atmospheric electricity. Atmos. Res., 91, 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.01.012.

Dataset Nanoion2010_11 Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.15155/repo-2

The positive and negative small and intermediate air ions were routinely measured at Tartu, Estonia (58.373 N, 26.727 E, 70 m a.s.l.) by means of a unique instrument SIGMA (Tammet, 2011). The dataset includes results of a measurement campaign started at 1 April 2010 and finished at 8 November 2011. The dataset presents unique information about nanoparticles up to 7.4 nm in diameter in the atmospheric air (Tammet et al., 2013, 2014). The genesis and subsequent evolution of nanoparticles is a key to understanding the formation of atmospheric aerosols, which is an essential factor of the Earth's climate. The particles are classified according to their size and electric mobility. The full mobility range was logarithmically uniformly divided into 16 fractions. 10 of these fractions include the intermediate ions and 6 include the small ions. Immediately was determined the particle electric mobility while the size was calculated as the mobility equivalent diameter of the particle.The dataset contains files:

nanoion2010_11description.pdf – information about the origin of data and structure of the data files, nanoion2010_11instrument.pdf – description of the instrument SIGMA used for measuring nanoparticle mobility and size distribution, nanoion2010_11hours.xls – hourly averages of nanoparticle distribution according to their mobility and size, complemented with meteorological data, nanoion2010_11records.xls – five minute averages of nanoparticle distribution according to mobility and size, nanoion2010_11diagrams.ppt – contour plots of nanoparticle size distribution evolution during 147 days, nanoion2010_11.zip – compressed package of files for download and offline use on a personal computer.

ReferencesTammet, H. (2011). Symmetric inclined grid mobility analyzer for the measurement of charged clusters and fine nanoparticles in atmospheric air. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45, 468–479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.546818.Tammet, H., Komsaare, K., Hõrrak, U. (2013). Estimating neutral nanoparticle steady-state size distribution and growth according to measurements of intermediate air ions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 9597–9603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9597-2013, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/9597/2013/.Tammet, H., Komsaare, K., Hõrrak, U. (2014). Intermediate ions in the atmosphere. Atmos. Res., 135–136, 263–273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.009.

Dataset Hyytiala08_10aerosol Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.15155/repo-3

The dataset Hyytiala08_10aerosol contains results of routine measurements of atmospheric aerosols carried on in a well equipped boreal research station during 3 years. The particle size range from 3 nm to 15μm is split into 60 fractions and the records of distribution function are presented for 21682 hours of measurements. The dataset provides scientists with a tool for exploring the structure and dynamics of atmospheric aerosol size distribution. Additionally, it can serve as a basis for data analysis exercises for students in field of environmental sciences.The dataset includes three files:

Data_Hyytiala08_10aerosol.xls – a table, which contains 60 columns of values of the particle size distribution function and 30 columns of complementary variables.Description_Hyytiala08_10aerosol.pdf – detailed description of origin and structure the data. Additionally includes sample diagrams, which illustrate the data and may provoke new ideas for studies on atmospheric aerosol.Package_Hyytiala08_10aerosol.zip – a compressed package, which contains both the data file and the description file. The package is to be downloaded to a personal computer, unzipped and used offline.

The dataset was compiled in process of studies on coagulation sink of fine nanoparticles and small ions by Tammet and Kulmala (2014) and can be used for examination of air ion balance in the atmosphere.

ReferenceTammet, H., Kulmala, M. (2014). Empiric equations of coagulation sink of fine nanoparticles on background aerosol optimized for boreal zone. Boreal Environ. Res., 19, 115–126. http://www.borenv.net/BER/pdfs/ber19/ber19-115.pdf.

FACTS:

a lot of old data is lost

some data is saved written or typed on paper

some data is saved on punched tapes

some data is saved on old floppy disks

a lot of data is saved on hard disks of different computers in a disordered state

a limited amount of data is well arranged and saved in DataCite repository

CONCLUSIONS

We need at least one expert who'sfull-time job is management and processing both the prospective and retrospective data

I guess this would cost about 100000 € per year

Otherwise the earlier work of about 10 scientist during about 20 years will be finally lost and the prospects for current work will be problematic

Thank you !