Request for Proposal: WfW-PPP (Volume 2) Utilisation of ... · Utilisation of Invader Plant Biomass...

Department of Water Affairs & Forestry: Working for Water

Request for Proposal: WfW-PPP (Volume 2)

Utilisation of Invader Plant Biomass

March 2004 This report contains 93 pages

DWAF WfW RFP Volume 2

Department of Water Affairs & Forestry: Working Request for Proposal: WfW-PPP

March 2004

Contents

Glossary of Terms 2

1 Purpose of this Document 6

A Invader Plants Inventory: Methodology and Findings 7 A.1 Methodology 8 A.2 Results 10 A.3 Logistics 15

B Wood Quality 20 B.1 Methodology: Sampling and Data Processing 21 B.2 Results 21

C Charcoal 24 C.1 Methodology 25 C.2 Results 25 C.3 Environmental Considerations for Charcoal Manufacturing 27 C.4 Possible Environmental Impact of Charcoal Manufacture 30

D Biomass Removal 35 D.1 WfW’s Recommended Clearing Norms and Treatment Methods 35 D.2 Some Methods of Work as Applied by WfW, Applicable to

Operations Similar to those Involved in Harvesting Operations 39 D.3 Working for Water Herbicide Policy 46

E Information on WfW Clearing Teams 66 E.1 WfW Management of Clearing sub-contractors 67

F Quotation form for WfW Contractors 71 F.1 Quotation form 73 F.2 Quotation guidelines 80

G WfW-PPP RFP Declaration 89

H Wood Chips 91

DeptEnrionmentDWAF WfW RFP Volume 2


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Glossary of Terms AP - Agulhas Plains Region

APO - Annual Plan of Operations

BAFO - Best and Final Offer

DBH - Diameter at breast height

DKH - Diameter at knee height

DWAF - Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

DWAF / WfW - These terms are used interchangeably in the RFP

ECP - Eastern Cape Plains Region

HDIs - Historically Disadvantaged Individuals as defined

HDE - Historically Disadvantaged Enterprise as defined

PFMA - Public Finance Management Act, No. 1 of 1999, as amended from

time to time

PIM - Preliminary Information Memorandum

PPP - Public Private Partnership

R/ha - Rand per hectare

RFP - Request for Proposal

RFQ - Request for Qualification

SBIs - Small Business Initiatives as defined

SI - Secondary Industries programme

SMEs - Small and Medium Enterprises

SPV - Special Purpose Vehicle as defined

WCP - West Coast Plains Region

WfW - Working for Water programme

DeptEnrionmentDWAF WfW RFP Volume 2 2


March 2004

Definitions

For purposes of this RFP document, the following terms shall have the meanings assigned hereunder. Some terms are more comprehensively defined in the Draft PPP Agreement.

Annual Plan of Operations – the annual plan to be drawn up by the Institution and the Preferred Bidder setting out the Polygons in a particular Sub-region on which the Preferred Bidder is required to perform the Project Deliverables.

Additional Payment – any deductions from and/or payments to be added to the Net Payment due to the Institution or the Preferred Bidder (other than the Unitary Payment and the Project Payment), such as amounts in respect of any penalty deductions levied against the Preferred Bidder.

Bidder - an entity, which qualified at RFQ stage to submit a Tender in response to this RFP.

Biomass - plant material from Invader Plants that have been Cleared.

Biomass unit price – the price to be paid by the Preferred Bidder to the Institution, to be calculated on the Rand value per tonnage of Biomass removed from the invaded land.

Clearing subcontractors – Any subcontractor that will be contracted by the Preferred Bidder to clear particular areas of invaded land.

Committed Subcontractors – entities that have committed to participate in the PPP as contractors or subcontractors of the SPV and have authorised the lead member of the Bidder in submitting this Tender.

Density - the average crown density of Invader Plants in any Polygon, categorised as per the following 5 density classes: ≤ 5%, > 5% ≤ 25%, > 25% ≤ 50%, > 50% ≤ 75% and > 75% ≤ 100%.

Equity ownership - the percentage of an enterprise or business owned by individuals or, in respect of a company, the percentage of a company’s shares that are owned by individuals, who are actively involved in the management of the enterprise or business and exercise control over the enterprise, or business, commensurate with their degree of ownership.

Employment equity - the implementation of workplace practices designed to redress disparities in employment, occupation and income within the national labour market, resulting from apartheid and other discriminatory laws and practices.

Evaluation Panel – members appointed to a panel formed by the Institution for purposes of selecting a Preferred Bidder for this PPP.

Harvest – the extraction of the Usable Biomass by the Preferred Bidder. Harvesting has the corresponding meaning.



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HDE - historically disadvantaged enterprise, being a business enterprise (company, close corporation, trust, partnership, voluntary association, sole trader or other trading entity) in respect of which the majority of the rights of ownership, management and control lies with HDIs.

HDI - historically disadvantaged individual/s, being black (African, Coloured or Indian) people, women and people with disabilities.

Institution – the Government of the Republic of South Africa acting through its Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), to be used interchangeably in this RFP document with the acronym DWAF.

Invader Plants – certain species of invader plants as defined in Section 1 of the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 (“CARA”).

Net Payment – the payment owing to either the Institution or the Preferred Bidder in respect of each Quarter, calculated by deducting, from the amounts due to the Preferred Bidder by the Institution for clearing, treating and harvesting the invaded land (as measured in hectares), all amounts due by the Preferred Bidder to the Institution for the tonnage of the Biomass removed from the invaded land, including Additional Payments due by the Preferred Bidder to the Institution.

Parties - the Institution and the Private Party.

PPP Agreement - Concession agreement between the Institution and the Preferred Bidder/s, in terms of which Invader Plants will be cleared, treated and harvested from invaded land, and the extracted Biomass exploited by the Preferred Bidder.

Project - means this PPP, in which the Private Party performs the functions of Clearing and Herbicide Treatment and Harvests and conducts First-haul Transportation of the Usable Biomass in order to process such Usable Biomass for the Private Party’s own commercial purposes, as set out in more detail in the draft PPP Agreement.

Project Deliverables - collectively, the carrying out of the Clearing, the Herbicide Treatment, the Harvesting and First-haul Transportation operations.

Polygon - a piece of land within a Sub-region, the boundaries of which are determined by the size, number and species of Invader Plants contained on that piece of land.

Preferred Bidder – the Bidder/s selected by the Evaluation Panel to enter into negotiations in respect of a PPP Agreement with the Institution. The term Preferred Bidder will also be used to refer to the “Private Party” as defined.

Private Party – the term used in the draft PPP Agreement for the private sector partner or SPV. Once an agreement is signed the Preferred Bidder becomes the Private Party.

Quarter - a period of 3 (three) calendar months.

Removal unit price – the price to be paid by the Institution to the Preferred Bidder, to be calculated on the Rand value per hectare of Biomass removed from the invaded land.



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RFP document – this Request for Proposal document comprising of 3 (three) volumes prepared by the Institution for purposes of submission of Tenders by the Bidders.

Regions – collectively, the Agulhas Plains Region, the Eastern Cape Plains Region and the West Coast Plains Region, or where the context dictates, any one of them.

Size-class - the average maturity of the Invader Plants in a particular Polygon categorised as either seedling, young or mature as further defined in the draft PPP Agreement.

Small business initiatives - small businesses identified by the Institution as conforming to the evaluation criteria developed by it, allowing them to qualify for skills training and support provided by WfW.

Special Purpose Vehicle – a company to be incorporated by the Preferred Bidder in accordance with the company laws of the Republic of South Africa, for the purpose of entering into and implementing the PPP Agreement.

Sub-region – a sub-division within a Region, in respect of which the Preferred Bidder must perform the Project Deliverables over a twelve-month period.

Technical experts – authorised representatives nominated by the Institution and the Private Party to assist with the preparation of the Annual Plan of Operations for a Sub-region.

Tender – a formal bid by a Bidder in response to this RFP document.

Transaction Advisors – advisors appointed by the Institution to assist and advise the Institution in concluding this PPP, consisting of KPMG Services (Proprietary) Limited as Lead and Financial Advisors, the University of Stellenbosch as Technical Advisors and Edward Nathan and Friedland (Proprietary) Limited as Legal Advisors.

Usable Biomass – Biomass that will be harvested by the Preferred Bidder for which it will pay the Biomass Unit Price.

WfW Clearing Teams - a person or group of persons who have completed or assisted in performing contracts for clearing and chemical treatment of Invader Plants in terms of a contract with WfW, and who for purposes thereof have undergone training by WfW in methods of clearing and chemical treatment of Invader Plants.



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1 Purpose of this Document In this RFP document, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) invites the Bidders who met the pre-qualification criteria under the Request for Qualification (RFQ), to submit a formal bid (“Tender”) regarding their interest in entering into a Public Private Partnership (PPP) in respect of the Working for Water (WfW) Secondary Industries Programme (SI). Based on the information contained in the Tenders, DWAF shall nominate a Preferred Bidder/s with whom final negotiations will be entered into for purposes of concluding the PPP Agreement regulating the relationship between DWAF and the Preferred Bidder/s.

Format of the RFP document

This RFP document has been issued with a CD, containing information that forms part of this RFP. The CD contains all information which was previously supplied (on CD) during the Expression of Interest (EOI) and RFQ stages. Paragraph A.3.1 provides additional detail on the CD contents.

The RFP document, apart from the CD, comprises of three parts and has been issued as follows:

Volume 1 of the document, which contains Sections 1 to 8;

Volume 2 of the document, which contains Appendices A-H; and

Volume 3 of the document, which contains the Draft PPP Agreement.

Any cross-referencing between the three documents shall occur as follows:

References to paragraphs 1-8 refer to Volume 1 of the RFP document.

References to paragraphs / Appendices A-H refer to Volume 2 of the RFP document.

References to the draft PPP Agreement refer to Volume 3 of the RFP document.

This document is Volume 2 of the RFP document.



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A Invader Plants Inventory: Methodology and Findings



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A.1 Methodology A quantitative inventory, by means of a biometrically rigorous enumeration of the abundance and distribution of resource populations was conducted.

As the biomass will not be extracted from commercial forest plantations, but from naturally occurring jungles, the development of the inventory had to be based on non-standard, non-plantation and non-commercial forestry concepts.

A.1.1 Field work and Biometric assessment

A.1.1.1 Stem Analysis and Regression Models The objective of the biomass sampling study was to estimate foliage (leaves and twigs) mass, and wood biomass in sections of stems and branches with diameters less than 25mm, from 25 to 50mm and more than 50mm, for trees of different species and regions.

Yield assessment was done by firstly felling trees and weighing the biomass of different components (foliage, and wood of various diameter classes) for a small sample of the population. These data were used to develop regression equations for estimating the biomass of the above-mentioned components, from diameter at knee height (DKH) for A. cyclops and A. saligna, and from diameter at breast height (DBH) for A. mearnsii.

It was estimated that these results deviated by 10%. As a worst case scenario, mean figures were adjusted by multiplying with 0.90 accordingly.

A.1.1.2 Temporary Sample Plots to Determine Biomass/ha Temporary sample plots (TSPs), were laid out and DKH or DBH, of standing trees inside these plots, were measured. These data were statistically analysed to obtain estimates of biomass of the different components (foliage, twigs, and various stem diameter classes) from regression equations, per hectare per locality.

A.1.1.3 Biometric assessment A forest inventory was carried out in areas infested by the alien tree species Acacia cyclops and Acacia saligna, on the Agulhas Plains, in the Eastern Cape Plains and on the West Coast Plains. Sample trees were felled to construct prediction equations which were subsequently used to estimate the timber below a knee height diameter of 25 mm, between 25 and 50 mm and above 50 mm. In addition equations were developed to estimate leaf biomass from DKH. A sampling study was subsequently carried out to construct prediction models at stand level. Sample plots of variable size were established across the area where the two species



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occur. The diameter at knee height of all trees with a diameter greater than 25 mm was measured. The population was stratified according to region and species. A further stratification to account for the effect of canopy density on biomass was not feasible because canopy density was confounded with locality.

A.1.2 Determination of the Area of Infestation by Means of Satellite Remote Sensing Two relatively cloud free images were selected from the Satellite Application Centre catalogue (http://www.sac.co.za) for this study. The images were taken at different times. The first image acquired on 23 November 2001(175-083-4) covers the West Coast Plains area, while the second acquired on 3 January 2002(174-083-5) covers the area of the Agulhas Plains. The Eastern Cape Plains images were obtained on 6 December 2001 (170-0830) and 15 February 2002 (171-0830) and image processing techniques were used to determine the areas of infestation, as well as the different infestation densities, using seven spectral bands of the Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) sensor. This sensor features a spatial resolution of 30m. The evaluation and interpretation of the data sets were performed on a Pentium III PC using the image processing software ERDAS IMAGINE, version 8.4.

Due to varying illuminating conditions, the spectral reflectance properties of the terrain was affected in parts of the satellite imagery. This would have resulted in some misclassifications. However with the aid of a GPS, some of the invaded areas indicated on the satellite images have been verified in the field. This type of ground proofing reduces the experimental error of the invasive biomass calculations as well as calculations of the available biomass per invading alien plant species and per region concerned.

All areas with infestation levels of less than 50% crown coverage were excluded from the calculations.

The procedure for the analysis of the satellite imagery is based upon the methodology that had been previously developed for the identification of Acacia saligna in a test area close to Atlantis in the Western Cape. After geo-referencing, registering and normalising (i.e. correction of spectral reflectance variation as induced by varying sun angle and topography) the individual images, it was possible to perform a preliminary classification of the images using the results of the classified test image.

By combining various interpretation tools it was possible to design a classification model based on the ISODATA in full ‘ISODATA clustering’ (also referred to as ‘unsupervised classification’) classification algorithm for the identification of different levels of Acacia cyclops and A. saligna infestations. A selection of active growing vegetation is first made using the NDVI (Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index), this excludes all pixels of non-vegetation, i.e. bare soil, water, roads, etc. The clustering process, used on the selection of vegetation in the image, is based on the natural groupings of pixels (i.e. picture elements) when plotted in a feature space. This computer-automated procedure enables the user to specify parameters that the computer uses to uncover statistical patterns that are inherent in the data.



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The actual biomass estimation was carried out calculating the number of pixels per class for all test areas and multiplied by the spatial resolution to obtain area (ha) per class for each image. The total of all classes was used to reflect the total infested area per image. Corrections were made for possible under/over estimation and is shown in the tables below.

The information indicating different species and locations derived from satellite images will be supplied as 1:50000 map sheets (a map represents approximately 25x25km). These maps include transport network information. Maps of the West Cape Plains and Agulhas Plains have been numbered according to the standard notation conventions of the Surveyor General and for the Eastern Cape Plains in grid numbers. This information was provided on the CD issued with the RFQ document.

It was estimated that these results deviated by 30%. As a worst case scenario, mean figures were adjusted by multiplying with 0.70 accordingly.

A.1.3 Calculation of Invading Alien Plant Biomass The objective of the sampling study is to estimate the amount of timber recoverable from selected areas. Simultaneously it is imperative to strike a balance between accuracy and cost of determining the inventory. In line with current developments in sampling methods, multiphase regression sampling was applied. In general, this implies that an auxiliary variable, which can be measured economically, is measured on a large number of sampling units.

The mathematical combination of areas from the satellite imagery and the biomass data enabled the calculation of the biomass of the different components/ha, per location or region.

The main advantage of the biometric assessment used is that the precision and accuracy of the results can be calculated. This means that it is possible to place confidence levels on the results.

A.2 Results

A.2.1 Biometric Assessment All biomass figures refer to fresh (green) mass.



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Table 1: Mean biomass (tonne/ha) by species, component and region. (Based on field assesments and regression models)

Species Component Mean Fresh Biomass per ha (tonne) WCP AP ECP A. cyclops Diam. >50 mm 11.29 63.11 79.66 A. cyclops Diam. 25-50 mm 15.09 51.22 50.96 A. cyclops Branches <25 mm 25.40 71.10 39.60 A. cyclops Foliage 31.20 40.40 27.30 A. saligna Diam. >50 mm 18.56 30.22 A. saligna Diam. 25-50 mm 19.96 49.11 A. saligna Branches <25 mm 26.90 43.00 A. saligna Foliage 14.80 22.50 A. mearnsii Diam. >75 mm 59.80 A. mearnsii Diam. 50-75 mm 25.75 A. mearnsii Diam. 25-50 mm 25.10 A. mearnsii Branches <25 mm 17.90 A. mearnsii Foliage 12.20

Table 2: Mean biomass (tonne/ha. by species, component and region. (Based on field assessments and regression models). Adjustment factor: 0.90

Species Mean Biomass per ha (tonne) WCP AP ECP A. cyclops Diam. >50 mm 10.16 56.80 71.69 A. cyclops Diam.25-50mm 13.58 46.10 45.86 A. cyclops Branches<25mm 22.86 63.99 35.64 A. cyclops Foliage 28.08 36.36 24.57 A. saligna Diam.>50mm 16.70 27.20 A. saligna Diam.25-50mm 17.96 44.20 A. saligna Branches<25mm 24.21 38.70 A. saligna Foliage 13.32 20.25 A. mearnsii Diam.>75mm 53.82 A. mearnsii Diam.50-75mm 23.18 A. mearnsii Diam.25-50mm 22.59 A. mearnsii Branches<25mm 16.11 A. mearnsii Foliage 10.98



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A.2.2 Satellite Imagery

Table 3: Areas by species and regions with >50% crown density (ha)

Species Infested areas (ha) WCP AP ECP A. cyclops 4,057 16,849 40,256 A. saligna 12,024 4,988 A. mearnsii 69,338

Table 4: Areas by species and regions with >50% crown density (ha). Adjustment factor: 0.70

Species Infested areas (ha) WCP AP ECP A. cyclops 2,840 11,794 28,179 A. saligna 8,417 3,492 A. mearnsii 48,537

A.2.3 Combination of Biometric assessment and Satellite imagery

Table 5: Estimated biomass (tonne) by species, component and region (Calculated from Tables 1 & 3)

Species Component Biomass per species, component and region (tonne)

WCP AP ECP A. cyclops Diam. >50 mm 45,804 1,063,340 3,206,793 A. cyclops Diam. 25-50 mm 61,220 863,006 2,051,446 A. cyclops Branches <25 mm 103,048 1,197,964 1,594,138 A. cyclops Foliage 126,578 680,700 1,098,989 A. saligna Diam. >50 mm 223,165 150,737 A. saligna Diam. 25-50 mm 239,999 244,961 A. saligna Branches <25 mm 323,446 214,484 A. saligna Foliage 177,955 112,230 A. mearnsii Diam. >75 mm 4,146,412 A. mearnsii Diam. 50-75 mm 1,785,454 A. mearnsii Diam. 25-50 mm 1,740,384 A. mearnsii Branches <25 mm 1,241,150 A. mearnsii Foliage 845,924



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Table 6: Estimated biomass by species, component and region(tonne). (Calculated from Tables 2 & 4)

Species Component Biomass per species, component and region (tonne)

WCP AP ECP A. cyclops Diam.>50mm 28,856 669,904 2,020,280 A. cyclops Diam.25-50mm 38,569 543,694 1,292,411 A. cyclops Branches<25mm 64,920 754,717 1,004,307 A. cyclops Foliage 79,744 428,841 692,363 A. saligna Diam.>50mm 140,594 94,965 A. saligna Diam.25-50mm 151,199 154,325 A. saligna Branches<25mm 203,771 135,125 A. saligna Foliage 112,112 70,705 A. mearnsii Diam.>75mm 2,612,240 A. mearnsii Diam.50-75mm 1,124,836 A. mearnsii Diam.25-50mm 1,096,442 A. mearnsii Branches<25mm 781,925 A. mearnsii Foliage 532,932



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A.2.4 Biomass Inventory Results: Stem Length Distributions Information for the West Coast Plains, Agulhas Plains and Eastern Cape Plains are given in

this section.

Fig. A-1: Stem length distributions (m) of alien biomass in the West Coast and Agulhas Plains regions. Box and Whiskers plots provide without any assumptions of the distribution, a simple, non-parametric graphical summary of the fibre length range of samples. The box contains the middle 50% of the distribution as well as the median (box top = 75th percentile, box bottom = 25th percentile), the top whisker = the top 25% of the distribution and the bottom whisker = the bottom 25% of the distribution. Stars at either the top or bottom are values classified as outliers. The arithmetic means (solid black dot) are super-imposed on the distributions. Legend for Region-Species-Diameter Class Combinations: A = Agulhas Plains, W = West Coast Plains, E = East Coast Plains. s = A. saligna, c = A. cyclops, <25 and 25-150 and 50-150 = stem diameter classes (mm).



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A.3 Logistics

A.3.1 RFP CD Contents The contents of the CD, issued with the RFP document, are as follows:

DESCRIPTION Reference in RFP document

Freeware - Software to view Maps

Agulhas Plains - Maps Paragraph 3.3 (Schedule A1)

West Coast Plains - Maps Paragraph 3.3 (Schedule A3)

Eastern Cape Plains - Grids Paragraph 3.3 (Schedule A2)

Map Overlays to view 10x10 Block references (Excel) Refer to Note 1 below

Estimated cost of clearing and herbicide treatment (Excel) Paragraph 5.3.1

Guidelines on Herbicide Application (Excel) Paragraph 6.5

Agulhas Plains – Transport cost estimation (Excel) Paragraph A.3.2.2

West Coast Plains – Transport cost estimation (Excel) Paragraph A.3.2.1

Eastern Cape Plains – Transport cost estimation (Excel) Paragraph A.3.2.3

Woodchips: Methodology and Results Appendix H

Work Study Reports

West Coast Plains

Eastern Cape Plains

Working for Water Articles (In press for publication) Please keep confidential

Request for Proposal document (Volume 1)

Request for Proposal document (Volume 2)

Draft PPP Agreement (Volume 3)



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Note 1:

For purposes of an inventory and future transport / logistical plans, the Regions have been broken down into 10km x 10km blocks. The detail to the block references are provided on the CD.

Maps on the CD are Regional maps in *.jpg format.

Overlays are grids of 10x10 kilometre blocks containing Biomass which have been grouped so that each group, distinguishable by a common coloured number for all blocks in the group (colouring purely to aid visual grouping), contains approximately 80 0000 to 100 000 tons of Biomass.

The groupings illustrated on the map overlays (Excel) were performed in a manner so as to create groupings of approximately 100 000 tons of Biomass from all the available blocks, in which the Biomass per grouping is more concentrated. (Optimised grouping was achieved through mixed integer programming).

Guidance on printing maps and overlays attached to Schedules A1, A2 and A3 of the draft PPP Agreement is outlined below:

Print *.jpg maps on paper

Print the overlays from overlays in the Excel workbook on transparencies

- CT-sheet to go with West Coast map

- AP-sheet to go with Agulhas Plains map

- EC-sheet to go with Eastern Cape map

Note: The West Coast and Agulhas Plains maps and overlays are supposed to fit as printed, in other words – once printed, the overlay fits squarely over the map (paper and transparency edges perfectly aligned).

The Eastern Cape transparency will be slightly problematic.

It does not establish a square fit. (The transparency is out 6mm to the left and 7 mm down).

The size of the blocks in the printed grid of the overlay is slightly smaller than the grid on the map. This causes the overlay grid to be close to the map grid in a specific alignment position but it deviates progressively as one goes further away from the specific alignment position.

Therefore it is necessary to manually maneuver the transparency once placed over the map.



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A.3.2 Transport Cost Estimates Biomass is distributed over land areas, which need to be linked to physical positions in the study regions, in order to arrive at transport cost estimates. To achieve this, each study area is divided into 10x10 kilometre square blocks and the biomass enclosed in each block is assigned to a point with a specific co-ordinate, in a grid system, specific to each study area. The grid can be viewed as an overlay of each study area. The overlays in the figures below, present views of the relative dispersion of biomass in each study region and serves as basis for calculating distances.

Distance and mass are viewed as the primary drivers of transport cost. Distributed mass approximated as a point mass allows for the estimation of the cost of transport:

Firstly, between blocks inside the study area, for the purpose of consolidation.

Secondly between consolidation points or any specific points inside the study area and any other specific points outside the study area, provided that the relative position of the point outside to a block inside the study area, is known.

The CD contains transport cost estimation models of the particular scenario where all Biomass in each study region is converted into charcoal, at optimally distributed retorts of specific capacity, in each study region. It is assumed that wood is transported to retorts in wet form and transported from retorts to hypothetical single final destinations.

A.3.2.1 West Coast Plains The distribution of the biomass in the West Coast Plains area is represented in Table A-4 below. Each block in the overlay shows the estimated biomass in thousands of tonne contained in the underlying physical area. The co-ordinates shown are the co-ordinates of the top left corner of each block. Saldanha is in block 0 East 0 South.

The CD’s transport cost estimation model for the West Coast Plains estimates cost for two scenarios of final destination of charcoal, namely Cape Town and Saldanha.

Coordinates km 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 2 3 6 10 7 14 7 7 1 20 13 10 3 0 - 30 10 15 0 1 1 40 11 9 1 16 0 50 14 36 39 6 1 60 5 22 32 7 6 70 27 2 1 1 80 21 13 3 4 90 4 21 28 4



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Coordinates km 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 7 16 5 110 0 15 11

Table A-4: Biomass in '000 tonne per 10x10km map overlay block

A.3.2.2 Agulhas Plains The distribution of the biomass in the Agulhas Plains area is represented in Table A-5 below. Each block in the overlay shows the estimated biomass in thousands of tonne contained in the underlying physical area. The blocks also depict the relative position of each block to all other blocks in the study area. The co-ordinates shown are the co-ordinates of the top left corner of each block. Onrusrivier is in block 0 0.

The CD’s transport cost estimation model for the Agulhas Plains estimates cost for the scenario of final destination of charcoal as Cape Town.

Coordinates km 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 0 15 23 127 73 33 32 17 6 3 3 14 25 17 13 5 11

10 - 71 56 34 39 30 23 24 13 4 28 0 - 20 6 47 91 24 16 19 15 19 13 13 1 30 5 91 33 16 12 24 19 0 40 1 0 - 31 21

Table A-5: Biomass in '000 tonne per 10x10km map overlay block

A.3.2.3 Eastern Cape Plains The distribution of the biomass in the Eastern Cape Plains area is represented in Table A-6 below. Each block in the overlay shows the estimated biomass in thousands of tonne contained in the underlying physical area. The blocks also depict the relative position of each block to all other blocks in the study area. The co-ordinates shown are the co-ordinates of the top left corner of each block. Port Elizabeth is in block 100 East 30 North.

The CD’s transport cost estimation model for the Eastern Cape Plains estimates cost for the scenario of final destination of charcoal as Port Elizabeth.



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Co-ordinates East

km 000 010 020 030 040 050 060 070 080 090 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280

180

170 - -

North160 15 18 12

150 13 26 19 37

140 7 4 37 34 4

130 49 48 23 26 29 0

120 105 34 13 51 67 42 40 -

110 169 111 125 6 34 33 13 13 -

100 22 61 52 54 108 66 29 43 17 -

090 13 24 44 63 74 31 46 49 18 29

080 35 54 59 45 29 54 52 41 30 36 16

070 53 36 12 11 24 16 24 77 43 35 24 12

060 74 36 44 47 11 9 14 15 4 4 19 8

050 61 63 33 58 43 21 14 7 15

040 57 70 83 50 62 40 20 11

030 29 46 24 22 39 37 41 64 33 27 2

020 18 22 19 6 18 34 63 12

010 32 33 29 1

000 14 20

Table A-6: Biomass in '000 ton per 10x10km map overlay block



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B Wood Quality



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B.1 Methodology: Sampling and Data Processing Sample preparation for wood density and fibre length analyses started with the cutting of discs from each selected stem. One half of every disc was sent to the Forest and Forest Products Research Centre, University of Natal for radiation densitometry analyses. Radial density profiles (bark to pith) based on measurements taken at 0.5mm intervals were obtained. It was not possible to determine the age of the woody material from these profiles, because of the fairly uniform wood density of the profiles. From the other halves of these discs, three small samples were taken for maceration, staining, mounting and fibre length measurements.

B.2 Results Results of both wood fibre length and wood density distributions on the West Coast Plains, Agulhas Plains and Eastern Cape Plains are shown below.

B.2.1 Wood fibre length distributions



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Fig. A-2: Wood fibre length distributions as determined by macerations, staining and length measurements with a digitiser. Box and Whiskers plots provide without any assumptions of the distribution, a simple, non-parametric graphical summary of the fibre length range of samples. The box contains the middle 50% of the distribution as well as the median (box top = 75th percentile, box bottom = 25th percentile), the top whisker = the top 25% of the distribution and the bottom whisker = the bottom 25% of the distribution. Stars at either the top or bottom are values classified as outliers. Legend for Region-Species-Locations Combinations: A = Agulhas Plains, W = West Coast Plains, E = East Coast Plains. As = A. saligna, Ac = A. cyclops and Am = A. mearnsii, 25-50mm and >50mm diameter classes. The numbers at the end of the combinations refer to localities.



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B.2.2 Wood density distribution

Fig. A-3: Wood density distributions as determined by radiation densitometry. Measurements taken at 0.5mm intervals from pith to bark. Box and Whiskers plots provide without any assumptions of the distribution, a simple, non-parametric graphical summary of the density range of a samples. The box contains the middle 50% of the distribution as well as the median (box top = 75th percentile, box bottom = 25th percentile), the top whisker = the top 25% of the distribution and the bottom whisker = the bottom 25% of the distribution. Stars at either the top or bottom are values classified as outliers. Legend for Region-Species-Location Combinations: A = Agulhas Plains, W = West Coast Plains, E = East Coast Plains. As = A. saligna, Ac = A. cyclops and Am = A. mearnsii. The numbers at the end of the combinations refer to locality.



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C Charcoal



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C.1 Methodology Small batches of wood from the three most prevalent alien wood species, namely Acacia saligna (Port Jackson), Acacia cyclops (rooikrans) and Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) were collected from the Western Cape-, Agulhas- and Eastern Cape coastal plains areas. A few samples of Leptospermum laevigatum from the Agulhas plains were also included. 1 to 2 kilogram samples of wood were carbonised in a laboratory scale carbonisation oven to determine suitable conditions for the process, as well as the quality of product obtainable. This was regarded as important, as the characteristics of the charcoal obtained could play a deciding role in determining the target markets that might be addressed, and therefore the feasibility of profitable production.

As it was suspected that variations in environmental and soil characteristics, as well as differences between species might influence the results, samples were obtained from different localities spread over the area under investigation and from species prevalent in those areas.

Samples were dried to approximately 20% moisture before use, and standard test methods based on SABS specification 1399 were used to analyse the product.

Additional samples of a range of other alien species of lesser abundance were obtained, and chemical analyses of the ash was done to determine impact of unintentional inclusion in the wood stockpile on charcoal quality. The species analysed are: A. Cyclops, A. mearnsii, Leptospermum laevigatum, A. longifolia, A. pygnantha, Eucalyptus cladocalyx, P. radiata, A. implexa, A melanoxylon, A. terminalis, Rhus lancea, P. pinaster,

C.2 Results

C.2.1 Analytical results for charcoal from alien wood species

Property Yield (%) (dry/dry) Ash (%) Volatiles

(%) Carbon (%)

SABS Specification <5% < 20% > 75%

Area Species West Coast A. cyclops 30 5 11 78

A. saligna 30 5 12 81 A. mearnsii 28 2 8 88

Agulhas A. cyclops 30 3 10 86 A. saligna 31 3 10 85 L. laevigatum 32 2 9 88



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Property Yield (%) (dry/dry) Ash (%)

Volatiles (%)

Carbon (%)

E. Cape A. cyclops 31 4 8 85 A. mearnsii 30 2 10 87 Average 30 3 10 85

Chemical analysis of ash of various wood species Element P K Ca Mg Na Mn Fe Cu Zn B % mg/kg A. cyclops 1.0 35 1200 350 A. saligna 0.6 22 900 300 A. mearnsii 0.5 33 2200 550 L. laevigatum 0.5 30 5300 700 Other samples: Minimum value 0.4 8.5 21.3 4.9 1220 599 0 76 51 341 Maximum value 2.5 16.4 36.5 11.3 76262 23463 3817 573 967 937 Average value 1.5 11.3 29.7 7.58 34076 5001 1360 183 276 592

C.2.2 Discussion

C.2.2.1 Yield Yields obtained are very dependant on process conditions. No attributable variations were observed between species or locations. Note that relatively high yields are obtained in laboratory scale experiments, as energy for carbonisation is supplied by electrical heating.

C.2.2.2 Ash content Samples from the West Coast exhibit somewhat higher ash content than for the other regions. The values are however not excessively high, and should not present problems for production to SABS-ISO or DIN specifications.



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C.2.2.3 Volatile content Data does not exhibit a large variation across species, and all regions and species are well within specification.

C.2.2.4 Fixed carbon content Values for charcoal from A.saligna and A.cyclops are lower than for the other species, but not seriously so. Somewhat higher temperatures of carbonisation will reduce the volatiles and deliver a product of higher fixed carbon content.

C.2.2.5 Chemical analysis Chemical analyses show some variation in elemental content, as summarized in the table above. No serious deviation from the values obtained for the main alien species have been observed. Results for specific species can be supplied on request.

C.3 Environmental Considerations for Charcoal Manufacturing

C.3.1 Equipment and Processes Literature and plant visits revealed that many different charcoal manufacturing systems are in use at present. These range from very old batch systems to modern continuous retort systems. Most of the old batch systems, such as brick kilns, and even earth pits or heaps, have remained in use, mostly because of their low capital cost and low technology requirements. Most of the modern continuous systems on the other hand, require a large investment of capital, requires at least some technological expertise, and are more expensive to operate. The high cost is however offset by higher yield and more consistent high quality product.

The type of raw material available will also play a large role in determining the best equipment to use. Some of the more sophisticated systems require that the wood be cut into smaller pieces, bringing additional cost, while older batch systems on their part, cannot utilise small pieces of wood or biomass.

The quantity, form and quality of the raw material all play a role in deciding on the most economical means of production as does the environmental requirements laid down for the proposed site.

It has been said that the preparation of wood material before carbonisation is more important in determining the quality of charcoal than the system used.

Determining factors for the selection of a suitable charcoal manufacturing systems are:



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The form of the woody matter available. In the scenario under investigation branches and stems of wild growth of Acacia species, are more likely than not to be crooked in form. This will make dense packing in a batch kiln very difficult, while retort systems that require smaller pieces of material will be able to deal with this material with fewer problems.

The low density of the stands and the consequent short-term availability of sufficient amounts of raw material at most sites, may necessitate the use of mobile or easily demountable systems.

The environmental requirements that will place a premium on high efficiency equipment

The capital and running cost of the equipment, taking into consideration the availability of unskilled labour in the production areas.

Systems that could conform to these requirements are the following:

Brick kilns and Armco steel kilns can be used with “afterburners” in order to comply with environmental regulations. The kilns are batch systems, which produce low yields and quality but require low capital cost and technical skills. The crooked raw materials may however create some problems.

The Enviro continuous horizontal retort, which is easy to operate, simple in design and apparently very efficient. This system is environmentally very friendly, portable and locally manufactured. Some intellectual property rights problems need to be clarified however.

Modern imported systems such as the continuous vertical retort by Lambiotte are not recommended, due to the very high capital cost and sophisticated design and operating requirements.

The Carbo batch fed continuous retort system is also very expensive, and may require some modification to suit South African conditions. It is however a tested system with good potential, is environmentally very clean and may be considered if the capital cost can be absorbed. The manufacturers however are apparently only interested in joint operations, and will not sell their equipment.

C.3.2 Environmental considerations Manufacturing of charcoal requires the pyrolysis (dissociation by application of heat energy in the absence of oxygen) of organic matter. Traditionally wood and by-products from the timber industry, such as off-cuts and sawdust were used as raw materials, although lately attention has been given to utilising all kinds of invasive Biomass.

During the process of carbonisation various products/by-products are formed. These are:

Solid (non-volatile) components

- This includes charcoal (lumps and fines) and some ash. The relative amounts of ash and fines produced are very dependent on the process and raw materials in use. As indicated



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earlier, certain of the more modern (mechanical) processes are really only suitable for manufacture of fine charcoal, and even the old, stationary kiln process produce an appreciable amount of charcoal fines and dust.

Non-condensable components

- These components are gases at room temperature, and consist mostly of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, some hydrogen, hydrocarbons like methane, etc. These gases can be, and are used in the retort systems to supply the heat energy for carbonisation, but is mostly wasted in the kiln process.

Condensable components (liquids or solids at room temperature)

- The bulk of this category consists of water, methanol, and acetic acid. Other components are phenols, creosotes, tars, etc. In certain international operations, at least part of these chemical species are isolated and changed into marketable materials. In the simpler systems, everything is vented to the atmosphere as a dense smoke, or combusted and released as mostly carbon dioxide and water vapour.

C.3.3 Effect of Different Manufacturing Systems on Efficiency and Pollution Charcoal manufacturing systems are either batch or continuously operated, and the combustible gases and vapours produced are vented to the atmosphere, burnt for heat energy to drive the carbonisation process, or condensed and utilised in the manufacture of chemical substances.

C.3.3.1 Batch systems These range from very basic covered pits to more modern brick kilns, where part of the wood is normally burned to generate energy for the carbonisation of the remainder. These systems are notorious for the large amounts of smoke and other pollutants generated, especially during start-up, and are of low efficiency, due to the fact that the volatile products are not used for heating, but vented to the atmosphere, normally without burning. In some of the more modern kilns, some of the volatiles are recycled, but due to the discontinuous mode of operation, efficiencies are still low and atmospheric pollution difficult to control.

Kilns have a bad reputation, but can be run with very little smoke or other visible pollution if “afterburning” is used. This will reduce pollution by smoke or organic compounds, but does not address the problem of excessive carbon dioxide emission. (Continuous/retort systems are not totally smoke free either, especially during start-up and shutdown, or when something goes wrong.)

C.3.3.2 Continuous systems On the other end of the scale are sophisticated retort systems of various designs, working in a continuous or nearly continuous fashion. Raw materials are fed continuously (in some of the



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most sophisticated designs), or in semi-batch mode into continuously operated ovens. Gasses and vapours generated during the carbonisation process are recycled and burned to heat the contents of the retort, resulting in higher efficiencies, as well as lower pollution levels. Surplus volatiles are either continuously burnt to (non-polluting) carbon dioxide and water vapour, or condensed to utilise as chemical feedstock for further processing. Due to the better efficiencies, and especially the more environmentally friendly operational parameters of such systems, they are preferred from an environmental point of view, although capital cost will in general be higher than for batch systems

Continuous systems are designed for either vertical or horizontal flow. The horizontal versions tending to be simpler in design and generally less expensive to purchase and much easier to assemble and operate. Locally available horizontal systems are portable and can be moved from place to place at minimal cost. Theoretically both types could be equally efficient in terms of yield per ton of raw material used. Figures of 30 – 35% yield on dry basis are routinely obtained, and up to 40+% has been claimed.

C.4 Possible Environmental Impact of Charcoal Manufacture

C.4.1 Handling and storage of raw materials An operation sized to produce 40 000 to 50 000 tons of charcoal per annum will require a substantially large storage and handling area for wood and other materials. The required throughput of woody material would be 120 000 to 200 000 tons per annum, requiring storage space for at least 50 000 to 100 000 tons on site. Such a site will have noise, dust and rainwater runoff problems typical to large lumberyards. Other problems may be a fire hazard and the control of rodents and other unwanted wildlife that may infest such an area. As this facility is integral to the operation of a retort system, the facility, and the associated problems cannot be ignored.

C.4.2 Operation of the kiln or retort During start-up, when normal temperature gradients are not yet established, a certain amount of smoke may be liberated in even the best systems, but during normal operation of the better-designed retort systems very low levels of air pollution occur. Ideally only water vapour and carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere. In practice a small amount of unburned carbon monoxide or light hydrocarbons may be released, depending on the fuel/air ratio in the combustor. Release of some very fine ash through the smoke stack is possible, but could be minimised through proper design.

Of more concern are the relatively large amounts of so-called pyroligneous acids that are formed during the process. These contain some chemical species that are known or suspected carcinogens, and others that are environmentally/ecologically very unfriendly, e.g. some phenols,



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creosotes, tars, etc. Dumping of water used to cool combustion gasses has for instance been identified as serious water polluter in an otherwise relatively clean system. The same problem should be expected with wastewater generated during cleaning and general housekeeping, as well as run-off during rainy periods. These potential problem areas obviously also occur with batch systems, but are normally overshadowed by the more visible atmospheric pollution.

The yield factors have a big influence on the carbon utilization as is minimising the carbon emission into the atmosphere (mostly as carbon dioxide). Batch operated kilns normally give yields in the 15 to 25 % region. This gives theoretical carbon emission values of 1,8 to 0,8 kg C for every 1 kg of charcoal produced. Continuously operated retorts, on the other hand, give yields of 25 to (a claimed) 35%. This gives theoretical carbon emission values of 0,8 to 0,3 kg per kg.

Kiln

Retort

Yield (%) 15 - 25 25 – 35

Theoretical Carbon emission (kg/kg charcoal produced)

1,8 – 0,8 0,8 – 0,3

This aspect may become very important in the export market, as the North American and European users are becoming more and more aware of the hothouse/carbon sequestration problem and institute carbon sequestration measures.

C.4.3 Handling and storage of charcoal and other products Handling of charcoal will create fines and charcoal dust. Although charcoal is not dangerous in lump form, it nevertheless is a fire hazard. Substantial amounts of charcoal dust can create a serious fire and explosion hazard, and design and operation of handling, packaging and storage facilities and processes must be designed accordingly. Very fine charcoal dust constitutes a health hazard, and dust prevention and personal safety equipment may need special attention. Although charcoal dust may not be detrimental to the surroundings, and may even have certain beneficial effects to the soil, it will, through being black, create a visually unacceptable impact on the surrounding area.

In operations where some of the condensable substances mentioned are collected for further use, the risk of pollution increases dramatically, as many of the constituents of the condensable fraction are very harmful to the environment and will be considered a serious threat if it should enter the surface or groundwater regimes.



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C.4.4 Allowable Limits With reference to Act 45 of 1965, two main scenarios exist, namely areas designated as controlled areas and other areas.

Controlled areas: These are areas designated as such by the minister through publication in the Government Gazette. Certain activities, mainly those with a potential for serious environmental pollution, including charcoal manufacture, are designated as scheduled processes. Strict requirements are laid down for using such processes in controlled areas. Local authorities are responsible for setting standards and for implementing controls on air pollution in such areas under their jurisdiction.

Other (non-controlled) areas: The act does not control activities in such areas. Local authorities are responsible for setting standards and for implementing controls on air pollution in such areas under their jurisdiction. This is normally done by assessing the proposed activity in relation to the surrounding area. Of importance are the proximity of any dwellings, general wind directions, etc. Control is normally only instituted on receipt of complaints from people in the vicinity of such a plant.

Measurement and monitoring of emissions

In rural areas, no measurements are normally required. Evaluation is done on an exception basis, only when complaints are received. Measurement will normally be done by the local authority, and consists mainly of evaluating the colour and intensity of the smoke, and in specific cases, chemical analysis for certain noxious gases. The last item is unlikely in the case of charcoal manufacture.

Where the activity is in a controlled area, Act 45 of 1965 comes into play, as mentioned above. The local authority will determine which analysis should be done. It would be the responsibility of the operator to obtain the measurements, either by doing so himself, or by contracting someone else (which may be the local authority, against payment).

Regulations on allowable emissions have been imposed on the manufacture of charcoal in certain areas, e.g. in Mpumalanga, the Kwa-Natal Midlands, certain parts of the Eastern Cape and elsewhere in relatively densely populated areas, making it very difficult to use anything other than the cleanest of processes.

Although specific limits are not set by the Act or regulations, the Cape Metropolitan Council use the following guidelines for emission to the atmosphere in the area under their control:

Dust and fly-ash from chimneys shall not exceed 200mg/m3.

For incineration opacity excursion shall not exceed 30% for more than 3 minutes in any 30 minute period with an aggregate of 30 minutes in any one day.

Other local authorities may have or may be in the process of promulgating similar regulations in this regard.



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C.4.5 Applicable laws and regulations

Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act

The purpose of the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act 45 of 1965 (APPA), as discussed in paragraph C.4.4, is to provide for the prevention of pollution of the atmosphere. Part II of the Act deals with the control of noxious or offensive gases, and Part III with atmospheric pollution by smoke. Part II of the APPA provides that no person may carry on a “scheduled process” (being a process listed in the Second Schedule to the APPA) in a “controlled area” (as designated by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism) unless he or she holds a current registration certificate authorising such activity. Section 10 of the APPA sets out the procedure for application and issue of such registration certificate.

The “scheduled processes” for which a registration certificate/licence is required, include the following:

Gas, coke and charcoal processes’

Wood-burning and wood-drying processes where wood is burned or heated and gives rise to noxious or offensive gases that are not dealt with in terms of Part III of the Act.

Part III of the Act, dealing with smoke pollution, gives local authorities the responsibility to deal with smoke pollution in their areas of jurisdiction, and thus applies in different ways to non-local authority areas unless the local authority has consented to the national government’s involvement.

C.4.6 Conclusions

Charcoal manufacture has the potential for serious environmental impact, as a range of decomposition (pyrolysis) products is formed during the carbonisation process. Many of these products are noxious or at least obnoxious. Historically, charcoal burning has always been a dirty and environmentally very unfriendly operation.

During the last three decades, however, a number of “cleaner” charcoal manufacturing systems were developed. These were generally continuous or semi-continuous systems where the vapours and gases that were formed were either condensed to be used as chemical feedstock, or burned to heat the carbonisation ovens or simply to prevent pollution of the environment. Even traditional kilns are, or can be operated in a much more acceptable manner by evacuating the gases and vapours to a firebox where they are combusted to less harmful species like carbon dioxide and water vapour.

It is therefore not only possible, but also desirable to operate any commercially sized charcoal manufacturing plant in a socially and environmentally responsible manner at very little if any extra cost.



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Legislation exists to enable local authorities to control undesirable emissions from charcoal manufacturing operations, which is a so-called scheduled operation. It need however not influence any decision to manufacture in a certain area negatively, as methods exist to control pollution.

C.4.7 Recommendations

In the light of the above, it is recommended that:

Local authorities be consulted before any firm plans are made to build a charcoal oven

Contractors should be required to use efficient means of production, so as to minimise the carbon dioxide emissions

Only ovens with afterburning facilities should be allowed.

Attention should be given to potential or actual water and soil pollution problems.



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D Biomass Removal

D.1 WfW’s Recommended Clearing Norms and Treatment Methods Person day norms have been grouped into categories, based on:

treatment stage (initial or follow up),

species type, and

treatment type (cut stump, frill, spray etc).

The norms below DO NOT take local environmental constraints into account, i.e. slope and accessibility. The norm provided is the maximum number of person days it should take to clear a flat, accessible area. For those areas that are unusually steep or inaccessible, local production norms must be applied.

The species covered in the report are not reflective of all species currently being cleared by WfW. Should a species in an area not be listed, but which could easily fit into, or is similar to, one of the categories provided in the tables, the production norm given in this document can be applied.

Should a species not be listed and which cannot easily fit into one of the categories or treatment methods, then local production norms can be applied.

The table below illustrates the categories & treatment types for which additional information is available upon further request. Only the relevant information for trees is provided in this report.

CATEGORY TREATMENT TYPES INITIAL CLEARING Herbaceous Species Stacking No Stacking Trees No stacking Fell, stacking

Small Trees Multistem No stacking No stacking, no herbicide Small tree Stacking, no herbicide Prosopis

Mixed Species Predominantly Herbaceous

No stacking Stacking

Predominantly Woody No stacking Stacking FOLLOW-UP Slashing & herbicide Spray



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The following is the maturity classification used by WfW:

TREES Maturity Class DBH Height Seedlings 0 – 1.5 cm Young 1.6 – 5 cm Adult 6 – 15 cm <10 m Mature Adult 16 – 30 cm >10 m X Large Adult > 30 cm >10 m

D.1.1 Person Day Norm applied by WfW- Trees

D.1.2 Fell & stack

Species Size Class Number of person days per hectare

Wattle, Gum, Pine, Poplar, Jacaranda, Syringa, Mulberry, Port Jackson.

Occ V Scat Scat Med Den Clo

Seedlings 1

(Spray only)

1 (Spray only)

2 (Spray) 3 (Spray) 5 (Spray) 5 (Spray)

Method: Young 3 3 4 10 28 28 >5 cm Frill and apply herbicide; <5 cm Slash and

apply herbicide All material is removed from the agreed floodline

or 20m from any roadside. The rest of the area must be slashed and frilled.

Adult 3 3 4 12 28 28 Mature Adult 3 3 4 12 28 28

X Large Adult 3 3 6 15 40 40

D.1.3 Recommended Treatment Method - Trees Acacia mearnsii and other sprouting species.

If burning is planned, do not stack.

If no burning is planned, stack the brush into brushlines on the contour 5m apart with a break in the brush line of 5m every 20m in length. Stacking can take place underneath the frilled trees.

In riverine areas move the brush out of the 20-year flood line from a river or 20 m from a roadside. The rest of the stand can be frilled.

Person Day Norm applied by WfW – Small Trees



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D.1.3.1 Multistems, no stacking


Bugweed, Guava


Seedlings 1

(Spray only)

1 (Spray only)


Method: Young 2 2 5 12 12 12 >5 cm Frill and apply herbicide; <5 cm Slash

and apply herbicide

Adult 3 3 6 12 13 13

Mature Adult 4 4 7 12 15 15

D.1.3.2 Multistems, no stacking, no herbicide


Acacia Longifolia, Rooikrans


Seedlings 1

(Spray only)

1 (Spray only)


Method: Young 3 3 4 10 25 25 >5 cm Frill and apply herbicide; <5 cm Slash. No removal of material from river courses or

roadsides. NO HERBICIDE ON CUT STUMPS

Adult 3.6 3.6 4.5 10 25 25

Mature Adult 3.6 3.6 4.5 10 25 25

D.1.3.3 Stacking, no herbicide


Acacia Longifolia, Rooikrans


Seedlings 1

(Spray only)

1 (Spray only)


Method: Young 3.6 3.6 5.4 13.5 36 36 All material is removed from the agreed

floodline or 20m from any roadside. The rest of the area must be slashed and frilled. >5 cm

Frill and apply herbicide; <5 cm Slash NO HERBICIDE ON CUT STUMPS

Adult 4 4 5.4 13.5 36 36

Mature Adult 4 4 5.4 13.5 36 36



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D.1.3.4 Prosopis

Species Size Class Number of person days per hectare Prosopis Occ V Scat Scat Med Den Clo

Seedlings 1 (Spray only)

1 Spray only)


Method: Young 1 1 2.3 6 25 25 Plants are cut off at ground level, the stem is treated with herbicide, the brush is cut up and

stacked into heaps or brushlines

Adult 2.3 2.3 3 6.7 25 25 Mature Adult 2.3 2.3 3 6.7 25 25 Mixed Adult and

young, but extremely closed, Very high

spha

40 Person days per hectare

D.1.4 Recommended Treatment Method – Small Trees & Prosopis

Acacia Cyclops (Rooikrans) and other non-sprouting species

Do not stack when the brush will be burnt.

Do not apply herbicide to the cut stumps, Longifolia does not coppice if cut low to the ground.

In riverine areas remove the brush out of the flood line, 20 m from a river or 20 m from a roadside.

Prosopis

Cut plants as low to ground as possible and apply herbicide to all cut surfaces, bark and exposed roots.

Stack/move the slashed brush off the stumps to aid herbicide application and re-establishment of indigenous plant spp.

Stack the brush into brushlines on the contour 5m apart with a break in the brush line of 5m every 20m in length.



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D.2 Some Methods of Work as Applied by WfW, Applicable to Operations Similar to those Involved in Harvesting Operations This section, to be used as guide only, gives a brief introduction to the different methods of clearing used in the Working for Water Programme. It looks at these methods from a management point of view.

D.2.1 Methods of Clearing

The Working for Water video on Clearing Methods is available upon request.

Although clearing plants often requires a combination of methods, this section will place emphasis on hand, machine, herbicide and biological methods.

D.2.2 Using Hand Methods Hand pulling

Slashing

Sawing/felling with a bow saw

General workers can do all of these methods and must wear the following personal protective equipment (PPE) at all times:

- Safety boots with ankle support, Overall, rainsuit, gumboots in wet areas, safety glasses and a yellow Working for Water T-shirt.

- Also provide workers with protective gloves if these are necessary.

D.2.2.1 Hand pulling Many seedling and saplings can be pulled out of the ground by hand. This method is often used during follow-up operations when the plants that have re-grown are still small.

Planning hand pulling - Most feasible after it has rained, as the soil is soft and it is much easier to pull out the roots of the plant.

The best way to hand pull - Works best to use both hands and to pull from as close to the ground as possible. Workers should move forward in a line so that no invading alien saplings are left behind.



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D.2.2.2 Slashing Slashing is the most common method for clearing invading alien trees that have stems that are not thicker than a person’s wrist. If stems are thicker than this, then use another method.

Planning slashing - Slashing is useful to create pathways for workers to get to all areas of the site. Can also be used to clear an area before more mature trees are frilled or felled. Remember to apply herbicide to slashed stems if necessary.

Equipment used - Slashers and cane knives, Sharpening stones.

The best way to slash - Workers cut through trees by slashing the stem into a V from both sides. These cuts are made at about ankle height and at a 45 degree angle. Workers should maintain a good balance before slashing.

Position of team members while slashing - There should be at least three meters between workers at all times when they are slashing.

Applying herbicide after slashing - Herbicide is applied immediately to make sure the plant does not carry on growing. It is important when applying herbicide to cover all the light coloured wood on the stump otherwise it will grow back again. When applying herbicide to the stump make sure that workers do not spray other indigenous plants around it.

D.2.2.3 Bow sawing A bow saw is used for stems of young trees that are thicker than a person’s wrist.

The best way to use a bow saw - The bow saw is moved backwards and forwards across the stem. This is very important. The saw will not work if this method is not followed. Make sure that workers are using the correct side of the saw. Stems should be cut at about ankle height. The trunk should be approximately 9cm thick. It is important to remember to check that there are no people working in the path where the tree will fall.

D.2.3 Using Machines NB: Some regions of the Working for Water programme do not use any mechanical clearing methods.

Felling

Brushcutting



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D.2.3.1 Felling Using a chainsaw.

Chainsaw operators - Being a chainsaw operator was traditionally considered men’s work, but in the Working for Water programme there are many female chainsaw operators. Selection for chainsaw training should not be confined to men only.

Training - Nobody is allowed to work with chainsaws unless they have passed the official chainsaw operator training course. It is compulsory for all contractors to have chainsaw training or at least attend a chainsaw appreciation course.

Safety - When a chainsaw is being used, no one may be within two tree lengths of where the operator is working. It is important to always put up the correct warning signs whenever chainsaw operators are working, especially if they are felling trees on the side of a public road or other public areas. Use red flags to make drivers slow down and even steer them away from an area where trees could fall into the road.

There must be a special area set aside for refuelling chainsaws. The contractor is responsible for marking off this area and making sure that refuelling only happens here.

Applying herbicide - Herbicide must be applied to the stump of a tree immediately after it is felled.

Clearing hang-ups - If an operator misjudges the directional cut, then the tree can fall in the wrong direction. Trees often fall right in between the branches of another tree and do not fall to the ground. This is called a hang-up. It is a very dangerous situation and all hang-ups should be cleared immediately. If necessary, then stop other work to clear the hang-up. Falling trees and branches are the cause of many injuries and deaths in the Working for Water programme and so as a contractor you should see hang-ups as being very serious.

Immediately surround the hang-up with chevron tape to warn other workers of the danger.

Normally an operator can easily roll the trunk off with a felling bar.

If the hang up is firmly wedged into the other trees, then call in other workers to help or use a tractor or other machines.

Felling equipment - Before starting to work, a chainsaw operator should always make sure they have a chainsaw and all the tools and safety equipment they might need on site. There should be a chainsaw, a felling bar, a felling wedge, chevron tape, sharpening tools, a First Aid kit and a fire extinguisher, as well as plenty of fresh, clearly marked drinking water.

PPE needed - Wearing the correct PPE is essential. The minimum required PPE for a chainsaw operator in the field is: Steel toe safety boots, chainsaw gloves, chainsaw pants that conform to EU standards of (with a minimum of 7 layers of ballistic Nylon), tunic, chainsaw helmet with



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visor and earmuffs, non-spill CombiCan, sharpening kit and accompanying tools, whistle, No. 5 bandage and Yellow Working for Water T-shirt. All this protective equipment should fit the operator well and should be working properly.

Checking chainsaws - There are a number of important safety features on the chainsaw that operators must check:

The chain brake The exhaust

The chain catcher The handles

The safety catch The on/off switch

The anti-vibration rubbers

Refuelling a chainsaw - Refuelling should only happen in the designated areas where protective mats have been put over the ground. The refuelling petrol and oil cans must have the correct safety spouts. In fact the spout will only release the petrol or oil when it is firmly pushed into the chainsaw’s fuel tank.

It is a good idea for chainsaw operators to put on all PPE before leaving the refuelling site. They must remember that the correct way to carry a chainsaw is in the right hand with the blade facing behind you and up against your body. And it must of course be switched off.

Sharpening chainsaws - A sharp chain makes the work easier and safer, which is why the chain should be sharpened every time the machine is refuelled. It is important to check that operators only work with sharp chains. You can tell if a chainsaw is sharp by looking at the size of the pieces of wood that come out when the chainsaw is being used. If the chainsaw is sharp, then small chips of wood should come out. If it is blunt, then fine pieces of wood that look like sawdust will come out. If sawdust comes out, then the operator must immediately sharpen his/her chain.

D.2.3.2 Brushcutters Brushcutters are the most effective mechanical tools for cutting through small dense trees. Only operators who have received training may use a brushcutter.

Safe ways of using a brushcutter

Start it on the ground before attaching the idling brushcutter to the harness.

Brushcutter operators must always work at least 10 metres away from each other and the other workers.

They must always use the side of the blade to prevent it from jerking out of control.

The cut stumps must be treated immediately with herbicide.



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PPE - Brushcutters must wear the correct protective leg guards as well as all the other chainsaw PPE listed above.

Checking brushcutters - The following safety checks must be carried out before an operator starts working with a brushcutter:

Make sure that the nut securing the blade is tight.

The on/off switch must work as well as the throttle safety catch.

The nut holding the handle must be tight.

Check the anti-vibration rubbers by pressing down on the shaft between the handle and the engine.

Check that the exhaust nuts are tight.

The harness must always be in good condition and must be adjusted to fit comfortably.

D.2.4 Using Herbicide Methods Most of the Working for Water teams use chemical control methods in the form of herbicides.

No one is allowed to work with herbicides without having passed the official training course.

Contractor responsibilities - Responsibilities when overseeing workers using herbicides:

Workers are wearing the correct PPE like masks, overalls, gloves, and goggles.

Workers follow the correct storage and safety precautions.

The correct application method and application rate is being used.

Pregnant women are not in contact with herbicides.

Applicators are carrying out their responsibilities, obeying safety regulations and applying herbicides as instructed.

Keep an accurate record of herbicide applied per area.

Herbicides are applied as specified in your contract.

Preparing for spraying - On site, herbicides must be kept in a clearly demarcated area in the shade. Sunlight destroys the herbicide. Herbicide applicators must only mix herbicides in this area.

PPE - Herbicides used by Working for Water teams could damage workers’ health, so it is important that even when mixing herbicides workers wear their full protective kit:

Gumboots or Safety boots with leg protectors must be worn.

Protective capes must be worn when using knapsacks.



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Masks and protective glasses protect the face from spray drift.

Elbow length rubber gloves and a hardhat must also be worn.

Managing spraying operations

Herbicide applicators should have received training on how to work with herbicides. One shouldn’t spray herbicide around carelessly or play games with it. Herbicide must never be sprayed into the air.

Plan spraying for days when the weather is good. Do not ever spray when it is raining and never spray when it is very windy as the herbicide could drift onto crops or plants that you do not want to kill. It is also dangerous for the herbicide applicator to spray in windy weather as the herbicide could drift onto them.

When spraying small plants below knee height, you must make sure that your team sprays in a line so that no plants are missed out. The spray should overlap with the spray of the people on either side so that there are no patches left unsprayed. Work out a system to make sure that the whole area is covered. Some contractors use sticks to mark out the area.

NB: It’s important that plants are sprayed evenly with the herbicide. Check that the applicator is not spraying too much in one area. If you see that the leaves of the plant are completely covered with herbicide or that the herbicide is actually dripping off the leaves, then it means that the area has been sprayed too much. This is overkill and is a waste of herbicide that could be used to clear more invading plants.

At the end of the day

All spraying equipment must be carefully washed out at the end of the day.

Ensure that the team has time to clean up their equipment properly before leaving the site for the day.

Allocate sufficient time to pack the equipment carefully into the vehicle you are using. Equipment needs to be secured safely when it is transported.

Ensure that all lances are secured to the side of the container as these can easily break off while it is being transported.

Herbicide applicators are all responsible for keeping their own equipment clean and in good order.

Washing hands - Anyone who has worked with herbicide must wash their hands thoroughly when they have finished working and before meals. Ensure that there is soap and a towel on site.

Piercing herbicide containers - When returning to the storeroom or even at the site, make sure that all empty herbicide containers are pierced in the bottom so that the container cannot be used



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again. People should never drink or use water that has been stored in a bottle or container that has contained herbicide.

D.2.5 Biological Methods Biological control (or biocontrol for short) uses natural enemies to control invading alien plants. These enemies are called biological control agents. They are either insects or plant diseases. They come from the same country that the alien plant comes from. These insects or plant diseases are introduced into South Africa to control the growth of invading alien plants.

Areas that are treated with biocontrol take longer to show results than areas treated with herbicide or manual and mechanical control methods. People need to be patient and leave biocontrol sites alone. If they damage the site, then the biocontrol will become less effective and may even be totally destroyed.

At the moment in the Working for Water programme most projects use mechanical and chemical control methods. Where available, biocontrol is being integrated into these programmes as this will lessen the costs of clearing.

It is impotant to know where all the biocontrol release sites are in an area. These sites must not be cleared at all. Some of the insects are very valuable, either because they are expensive to reproduce or they are uncommon. These valuable insects need enough plants to survive on and so plants in the released sites must not be cleared or sprayed with herbicide. It is possible to see some release sites marked on a site map.

The biocontrol programme is keeping records of where all the biocontrol agents are. Thus if one comes across any uncommon insects on the invading alien plants in an area, then it is best to speak to one of WfW’s Project Managers about this. He/she will complete a monitoring sheet and return it to the biocontrol manager in the region. If unsure whether the insects are biocontrol agents, then collect some in a small container and the Project Manager can send this in with the monitoring sheet.



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D.3 Working for Water Herbicide Policy

D.3.1 Methods of Control a) Selection of appropriate methods of control shall be based on the following criteria:

Species to be controlled

Size of target plants

Density of stand

Accessibility of terrain

Environmental safety

Disposal of dead vegetation

Cost of application

Species to be controlled

Herbicides selected for control shall be registered for use on that species under the conditions specified.

Size of plants

The following methods of control are appropriate for age or size target plants:

Seedlings

Hand pulling or hoeing. Hand pulling should be carried out in sparse stands under conditions where seedlings are easily removed from the soil. Operators should be supplied with suitable gloves or other hand protection. Hoeing is also most suited to sparse stands. Seedlings should be severed below the soil surface or removed from the soil. Soil disturbance should be minimised to reduce re-germination.

Foliar applications of herbicides can be carried out in dense stands or open stands. For dense stands suitable fan nozzles for overall application should be fitted. Sprayers should be fitted with pressure or flow regulators. In stands where individual plants are treated solid cone nozzles should be fitted.



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Saplings

Hand pulling or hoeing. Where appropriate hand pulling or hoeing should be carried out as recommended for seedlings.

Foliar sprays. Overall application or individual plant spraying can be carried out, depending on the density of the stand. Fan nozzles should be fitted for overall spraying and solid cone nozzles for individual plant treatment. Pressure or flow regulators should be fitted to sprayers for overall application. Spraying should be restricted to plants waist height or lower, but ensure there is sufficient foliage to carry the applied herbicide to the root system.

Basal stem treatments. Application of suitable herbicides in diesel can be carried out to the bottom 250 mm of the stem. Applications should be by means of a low pressure, coarse droplet spray from a narrow angle solid cone nozzle.

Cut stump treatments. Stems should be cut as low as practical as stipulated on the label. Herbicides are applied in diesel or water as recommended for the herbicide. Applications in diesel should be to the whole stump and exposed roots and in water to the cut area as recommended on the label

Mature trees. These should be regarded as trees above shoulder height or robust bushes 12-18 months or older.

Basal stem treatments. Suitable herbicides should be applied in diesel to the base of the stem and to any exposed roots. Stems with a diameter up to 50 mm should be treated to a height of 250 mm and stems above 50m diameter to a height of 500 mm. This method is only suitable for stems up to 100 mm in diameter. Application is by means of a low pressure coarse droplet spray from a narrow angle, solid cone nozzle.

Cut stump treatments. Stumps should be cut as low as practical as stipulated on the label. Herbicide is applied in diesel or water as recommended for the herbicide. Applications in diesel should be to the whole stump and exposed roots and in water to the cut area as recommended on the label.

Stem injection. Herbicide solutions are applied directly into pre-made holes in the stem and claydodes of certain cactus species.

Ecoplugs. These are placed directly in the stem of standing trees. They should be used in inaccessible mountainous areas where the use of implements such as chain saws is difficult or hazardous.

Density of stands.

Overall applications can be made to dense stands of seedlings or saplings. Where other desirable vegetation is present (e.g. grass cover), selective herbicides or mixes that will not damage the grass or other desirable vegetation cover should be applied. Fan nozzles and pressure regulators should be fitted to sprayers.



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Environmental considerations.

Protection of the environment is of prime importance. Riperian areas, where most alien vegetation infestations occur, require a particularly careful approach. Only herbicides that are approved for use in riperian areas should be used. Washing of equipment or disposal of waste spray mixture or washings is prohibited in or near water courses where contamination of water can occur.

Desirable vegetation.

Where desirable vegetation is present, e.g. grass cover in pastures or the margins of forests, methods of control must be selected that will cause minimum damage to the desirable vegetation. Alternative methods to foliar spraying should be adopted where there is a danger of damage to adjacent desirable plants occurring.

Disposal of vegetation. Where possible utilizable wood should be removed after felling.

Brushwood is often burned on purpose or accidentally. If burning is planned, brushwood should be spread rather than stacked to limit soil damage as intense fires result in stacked brushwood destroying soil structure and preventing grass establishment for many years.

Felled trees or trees in danger of falling in water courses should be removed so that they do not cause blockages with resulting problems of flooding and damage to infrastructure such as roads and fences.

D.3.2 Regrowth minimisation a) In areas where after initial control of alien vegetation has taken place and regrowth of the

species and/or other undesirable vegetation will occur, the programme should be so structured that a minimum of regrowth will occur and a follow-up programme will be actioned. The following must be taken into consideration:

b) Species coppicing. Many species coppice from cut stumps and/or roots. Cut stumps must be thoroughly treated within 15 minutes of cutting according to label recommendations to minimise regrowth. Root coppice from species such as grey poplar (Populus canescens) and silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) occurs rapidly and control measures must be undertaken before plants become too large to be controlled with foliar sprays. Coppicing stumps should be treated before coppice reaches head height.

c) Seedling control. Germination of acacia species takes place rapidly after a fire and control measures must be put in place as soon as possible to minimise the quantity of herbicide used and the cost of application. Selective herbicides should be used where there is a danger of damage to grass present.



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d) Burning. Burning should be considered part of the control programme to get rid of unwanted brushwood or to stimulate even growth of seedlings so that follow-up control measures are easier.

e) Rehabilitation. Where the danger of erosion exists or where the re-establishment of pastures is desired after clearing, rehabilitation of the area with grasses or other suitable plants should be carried out. The advice of pasture experts should be sought in planning this operation. Other erosion control measures such as the building of weirs should be undertaken where necessary.

D.3.3 Selection of Herbicides a) The selection of herbicides should be based on the following criteria:

Overall policy. Only the following herbicides are approved for use: Garlon 4 (triclopyr (butoxy ethyl ester) 480g/ l ) Viroaxe (triclopyr (butoxy ethyl ester) 480g/ l ) Timbrel 3A (triclopyr (amino salt) 360 g/ l ) Mamba 360 SL (glyphosate 360 g/ l ) Chopper (imazapyr 100 g/ l ) MSMA (MSMA 720 g/ l ) Starane 200 (fluroxypyr 200 g/l ) (blackwood control) Tumbleweed (glyphosate 240 g/ l ) (Tsitsikamma and Kouga only ) Access (picloram (K-salt) 240 g/l ) Ecoplug (glyphosate 0.49) (High altitude teams if registered on particular spp). Molopo SC (tebuthiuron 500g/ l) (Prosopis control only on approval).

b) Efficacy. Where alternative products are available for the same purpose, advice should be sought on the efficacy of these products under the prevailing application conditions.

c) Cost. Where different methods of application exist the cost of application and retreatment, in addition to the cost of the product shall be taken into consideration in deciding on which herbicide to apply.

d) Operator safety.

All measures must be taken to ensure the safety of the operators and where choices exist preference should be given to the safest product. Check the label colour band.

The following table gives the toxicity rating according to the label colour band:

Green

Acute hazard unlikely in normal use



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Blue

Yellow

Red

Slightly hazardous - caution

Moderately hazardous - harmfull

Toxic to very toxic

Label recommendations regarding safety must be strictly observed.

e) Environmental safety.

Herbicides that have the least impact on the environment shall be used.

Every precaution shall be taken to ensure that these products are safely stored, handled and applied.

f) Availability. Products should be readily available from suppliers in the areas of use to limit quantities stored.

D.3.4 Training All contractors (or one of their employees) who apply herbicide for gain in the Working for Water Programme must attend and pass the approved WfW Limited Pest Control Certified Herbicide Course or it's equivalent.

All Project Managers, in order to effectively manage the herbicide operations in their projects, must attend and pass the approved WfW Limited Pest Control Certified Herbicide Course or it's equivalent.

Operating teams shall be trained in the following aspects of herbicide use. Teams must receive training before commencing operations. Training shall be appropriate for the situations where teams will operate and specialised training or teams operating under specialised conditions, e.g. indigenous forests or soil applied herbicides, may be necessary.

a) Supervisors. Team supervisors shall receive training in the following:

Herbicide awareness. Basic training on the mode of action of herbicides.

Operator safety. Handling of concentrates and spray mixtures, personal hygiene and protective clothing.

Safe storage of product at depots and operational sites and spray mixtures at operational sites.

Mixing. Handling of concentrates and mixing techniques.

Safety procedures to be observed during transportation of product, spray mixtures, equipment and personnel.

Care and maintenance of application equipment, saws etc.



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Record keeping in respect of quantities of product/spray mixtures used, area treated, person hours per area/operation, stock control.

Planning. Advanced planning for follow-up operations, transportation, equipment and spares requirements, product procurement and availability. Team management.

First aid. Actions to be taken in case of accidental contamination, suspected and actual poisoning, chronic poisoning, eye contamination and other physical injuries.

Health of operators. Persons unsuitable for use as application operators, e.g. chronically ill, disabled, pregnant women. Allergic reactions. Wearing of protective apparel. Hygiene.

Disposal of waste and spillage.

Managing major and minor spills, accident sites.

Calibrating application equipment.

Environmental safety.

Application techniques. Correct application to obtain most cost effective results.

Suitable and unsuitable application conditions.

b) Operators. Operators should receive training in the following:

Basic herbicide awareness - the purpose and functioning of herbicides and the need for correct application.

Safe handling of concentrates and spray mixtures, toxicity of herbicides, protective clothing, safe application, personal hygiene and disposal of waste.

Application techniques. Correct, thorough application. Preventing waste.

Care of equipment. Cleaning and disposal of washings.

D.3.5 Costing Operations or Programmes a) Prior to the commencement of any control operations or programmes an assessment shall

be made on the cost, based on the following:

Cost of herbicides and adjuvants.

Quantity, to be based on:

- Method of application

- Size and density of target plants.

- Dilution rates

b) Adjuvants required.



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c) Personnel costs. Number of person hours per area/operation.

d) Cost of equipment, spares and maintenance.

e) Cost of transportation, storage and other incidental costs.

f) Follow-up treatments such as seedling and/or coppice control must be similarly costed and built into the total cost of the control operation.

D.3.6 Provision of Equipment a) Application equipment shall be standardised and obtained from approved suppliers.

b) Use of the following brand of knapsacks has been approved. CP 3,

c) CP 15, Matabi, Solo, Agrimex A18.

Where appropriate sprayers must be fitted with pressure regulators or flow regulators.

Spares must be readily available and spares such as nozzles, plumbers tape, nuts, screws, hose and washers must be carried with teams. Suppliers must be consulted on spares requirements.

The following nozzles or their equivalents shall be used as standard TG-1, FL-5VS and TF-VS2 or their equivalents.

d) The teams should have the necessary tools, e.g. spanners, screwdrivers, pliers, to carry out necessary maintenance and repairs in the field.

e) Malfunctioning nozzles should be replaced in the field and no attempt should be made to clean them. Cleaning should be done at the workshop/store using preferably compressed air and water.

f) Small hand held sprayers should be standardised on to Polyspray or equivalent and Hack-pack applicators.

g) Suitable plastic measuring cylinders, beakers and mixing containers must be available and only used for herbicide mixing.

h) Containers must always be provided for clean water for personal use.

D.3.7 Storage, Handling and Transportation a) Storage.

All storage facilities shall comply with the requirements of AVCASA. These can be summarised as follows:

Isolation.

Where possible, a store should preferably be a separate building and should not be sited near a dwelling house, livestock buildings or where fodder, fuel or other flammable



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materials are stored. A minimum of five meters between the store and the other buildings is recommended. If part of a complex, the store must be totally sealed off from the rest of the complex, i.e. no free movement of air between the storage area and the rest of the complex.

The location of the store must take into account the possible pollution risk from spilt chemicals. The store should be away from rivers, dams, boreholes and areas likely to be flooded.

The store should be situated where it can be supervised.

Accessibility.

When planning a store bear in mind the ease of access for delivery or despatch. Also consider the possibility of a fire and the need to be able to approach the building from all sides.

Construction.

Floor.

Earth, timber, bitumen, PVC or linoleum, coarse unscreened or disintegrating concrete is not acceptable. Smooth screeded concrete is ideal, however sealed, steel container floors are acceptable. The doorway should be bunded to a minimum height of 200 mm and this, as well as all wall to floor joints, should be made watertight. The purpose of the bund is to contain spills or fire water which could cause damage to the environment and prevent water (e.g.flood run-off) entering the store.

Walls.

Walls should preferably be brick or concrete block with airbricks or vents 200 mm from the floor and near or at roof level. Containers are acceptable if there is adequate ventilation 200 mm from floor level and near roof level. The container should where possible be placed in a shaded area. If this is not possible ensure good permanent ventilation.

Roof.

The roof should be leak-free and have some form of insulation to maintain temperatures at a reasonable level. Vent in the roof will allow for the escape of hot air during the summer months.

Doors.

Steel doors with an effective locking system are preferred. A wooden door should have a security gate to reduce the risk of forced entry. Containers with fitted security gates can



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be left open to cool the contents during the heat of the day. Only authorised personnel should have access to keys and be allowed in the store.

Windows.

Windows should be adequate to allow enough light into the store to be able to read product labels. All windows should be weather proof, burglar barred and preferably be at/or above head height (“out of sight out of mind”) for security reasons.

Lighting.

There should be sufficient lighting to allow for reading of product labels. If electric lighting is required it must be secure in order to reduce fire risk. The mains control should be outside the store itself.

Sanitation.

Staff should have immediate access to washing facilities with running water, soap and towels. They should be encouraged to use it frequently. An eye wash bottle or similar object must be available at all times for the flushing of contamination from the eyes should it occur. A shower facility is recommended.

Equipment.

Equip the room with a table of suitable strength and height to facilitate reading of labels, decanting and measuring out of herbicides.

Measuring jugs, funnels, pumps and buckets must be kept on hand and kept specifically for the purpose of measuring out herbicides. Do not use household items for this purpose.

For the sake of good housekeeping, have on hand a broom, spade and a supply of dry fine soil as absorbent material to contain and absorb spills.

b) Handling.

The handling of herbicide concentrates requires strict precautions and personnel handling product concentrates must be fully aware of precautions to be observed.

Suitable protective clothing must be available and use thereof is compulsory.

Chemical resistant plastic aprons, gloves and eye protection must be worn when handling concentrates.

Adequate hygiene aids such as plentiful water, soap, towels and eye wash must be readily available.

Suitable absorbent material such as fine dry soil and cleaning equipment must be available to handle accidental spillage.



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In the case of spillage, the spill must be contained immediately and cleaned up with absorbent material such as fine dry soil. The contaminated material should then be disposed of by burying in a safe place.

Concentrates should if possible be decanted in a safe, suitable place and not in the field. Such a handling and mixing area should have a hard impermeable floor, be bunded and have an adequate sump to accommodate run-off from washing, flooding or fire containment. A 1m3 sump /10m2 floor space is recommended.

Concentrates and mixtures should never be decanted into or be mixed in drinking bottles or other food containers.

All containers into which herbicides or adjuvants are decanted must be clearly marked and a copy of the original label secured to the container.

Suitable equipment must be available to prepare spray mixtures. These include plastic measuring cylinders and beakers, mixing containers (buckets) and funnels.

c) In the field the following must be observed:

If concentrates must be handled in the field, observe the precautions listed under b) (Handling) above.

Spray mixtures must be kept in leak-proof, non-spill containers.

The containers should be kept away from personal belongings, foodstuff, drinking water and eating and living areas.

Containers should stand on suitable absorbent material,EG a large piece of thick hesian sack, that will absorb minor drips, out of direct sunlight in a cool place.

Containers must be kept at least 20m away from water bodies.

Filling sites should be selected to prevent damage to desirable vegetation and to enable spillage to be cleaned up and disposed of.

Spray mixture containers must be clearly labelled and only reused for the specific herbicide.

Application equipment and containers should not be cleaned on site but at a suitable designated area at the store.

Suitable protective clothing, overalls, rubber boots, gloves and if necessary eye protection must be worn by operators when handling and applying herbicides.

d) Transportation.

Herbicides and application equipment must be carried on a separate vehicle or in a part of the vehicle isolated from people, food and clothing.



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Vehicles should carry absorbent material to absorb any spillage.

Herbicides and equipment must be secured to prevent spillage and damage.

Product, spray mixtures and equipment must not be left unattended where there is a danger of theft or abuse.

Product should not be left uncovered in the sun.

e) Disposal.

A designated officer should be responsible to ensure that herbicide containers are correctly and safely disposed of, according to AVCASA guidelines.

Empty containers must be destroyed after use and not be used for any other purpose. Under no circumstances may containers be taken home for personal use.

Empty containers should be returned to the store for safe keeping and disposal.

Where arrangements have been made containers should be returned to the supplier.

Containers that have to be destroyed should be triple rinsed, punctured, flattened and, if suitable, burned. See attached pamphlet for details of triple rinsing.

Only sufficient spray mixture that can be used in a day should be prepared. Left- over material should be returned to the depot for safe storage and re-use. Spray mixture should only be disposed of in a suitable site.

Certain spray mixtures should not be left standing overnight and should be safely disposed of. Consult the product label. If mixtures can be left overnight with no adverse effects, they should be kept to reduce costs and pollution from herbicide and wash water.

D.3.8 Public Safety a) Due regard must be paid at all times to the health and safety of the public.

b) Public should be kept out of operational areas where any hazard’s exist. Warning notices should be displayed to this effect where necessary.

c) Herbicides must only be applied strictly according to label recommendations.

d) Product and spray mixtures should be stored so that they are inaccessible to the public.

e) Treatment of areas within 50 m of habitations and public areas (e.g. parks) should be avoided or only carried out in consultation with the parties effected.

f) Public should be informed of control operations in their area by means of verbal communication, notices, pamphlets, the press etc.



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D.3.9 Environmental Safety

Most alien vegetation control operations are carried out in riperian situations which are regarded as environmentally sensitive. In order to minimise the impact of the operation on the natural environment the following must be observed.

a) Area contamination must be minimised by careful accurate application with a minimum amount of herbicide to achieve good control.

b) All care must be taken to prevent contamination of any water bodies. This includes due care in storage, application, cleaning equipment and disposal of containers, product and spray mixtures.

c) Equipment should be washed where there is no danger of contaminating water sources and washings carefully disposed of in a suitable site.

d) To avoid damage to indigenous or other desirable vegetation product should be selected that will have the least effect on non-target vegetation.

e) Coarse droplet nozzles should be fitted to avoid drift onto neighbouring vegetation, e.g. TG-1 or equivalent.

D.3.10 Application a) Equipment.

Only application equipment and accessories specified (refer paragraph D.3.7) shall be used by operating teams.

Equipment shall be inspected regularly between and during applications and necessary repairs carried out.

Leaking sprayers or sprayer not applying correctly should be withdrawn until repairs have been carried out. Spare applicators and parts should always be available so as not to impede operations.

Ensure that correct nozzles are fitted and pressure settings are checked regularly.

Where possible use low water volumes to keep turn around (refilling) time down to a minimum. Caution must be observed to limit drift when using minimum output nozzles.

Always ensure that knapsacks are filled to the maximum.

Equipment must be emptied and cleaned thoroughly after spraying ceases. Spray mixture must not be left in the apparatus overnight.

Apparatus should be stored under lock and key when not in use.



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b) Rates of Application.

Products shall be mixed and applied at rates recommended on the label. This shall not be deviated from without consultation with Working for Water Technical Advisor and suppliers.

Applications should be checked regularly to ensure that they comply with recommendations.

c) Precautions.

Appropriate protective clothing must be changed and washed regularly and should be removed immediately if grossly contaminated.

Spillage must be attended to immediately and appropriately disposed of.

Application teams must be trained to avoid damage to non-target species.

Contamination of all water bodies must be strictly avoided.

Hygiene aids - clean water, soap, towels and eye wash must always be available to spray operators.

d) Adjuvants

Where recommended wetting and spreading agents should be added to spray mixtures. Wetters should always be mixed in accordance with label recommendations.

Dye must be added to all applications where the product has no built in dye to ensure that no target species are missed and plants are correctly treated.

In areas where alkaline water is used for spraying the use of a buffering agent may be necessary. Consult the product label. Buffers should always be added to the water before the herbicide.

In sensitive areas where drift must be controlled, the use of drift control agents may be necessary. Seek expert advice on the use of these agents.

e) Water Sources.

Only clean water may be used for spray mixtures.

Where particulate matter occurs in water, e.g. water drawn from rivers, the water must be filtered to avoid nozzle blockages.

Funnels with filters should be used for filling or filters should be fitted in the application equipment.

Where large volumes of water are transported, tankers or tanks should be fitted with buffer plates particularly where operating in rough terrain.

The product label should be consulted regarding the quality of water suitable for the specific herbicide.



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D.3.11 Weather Conditions.

a) Applications should not be carried out under unfavourable weather conditions that could effect the control obtained or endanger nearby desirable vegetation, water bodies or personnel.

b) Label recommendations regarding suitable application conditions must be followed.

c) The following conditions must be taken into consideration, depending on the method of application.

Application to wet plants.

Threatening rain.

Wind conditions.

Hot, dry conditions

d) Conditions of target plants.

Poor results may result if target plants are not in a suitable condition for treatment. The following conditions may result in poor control.

- Water stressed plants.

- Water logged plants.

D.3.12 Mixing Herbicides a) Mixing must take place according to label instructions.

b) Suitable protective clothing must be worn when handling concentrates.

c) Liquid concentrates should be added to the half full tank which is then topped up.

d) Adjuvants should be added to the tank as per the label instruction prior to the addition of the herbicide when buffering and afterwards for wetters and dyes.

e) Do not mix concentrates together before adding them to the tank..

f) Consult product labels.

g) Proper mixing in knapsacks and hand held applicators is difficult and spray mixtures should be mixed in bulk containers or if necessary (e.g. wettable powders) buckets before pouring into the knapsacks or hand held applicators.

h) Spray mixtures should be agitated continuously if recommended. This is essential after they have been standing for a while.



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D.3.13 Calibration a) Application equipment must be correctly calibrated to obtain optimum results and prevent

wastage through over-application.

b) Calibration should be carried out in the area to be treated.

c) Calibration should be checked frequently during application. The following should be checked:

Correct spray pressure.

Correct nozzle size and spray pattern.

Correct nozzle output.

Volume of application over a specific area.



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ESTIMATED VOLUMES OF PRODUCT PER HECTARE ARE FOR A

DENSE / CLOSED STAND OF THE SPECIFIC SPECIES. FOR LOWER

INFESTATIONS VOLUMES SHOULD BE REDUCED ACCORDINGLY.

MEDIUM = 75% OF DENSE/ CLOSED SPARSE = 50% OF DENSE / CLOSED SCATTERED = 25% OF DENSE / CLOSED VERY SCATTERED = 10 % OF DENSE / CLOSED OCCASIONAL = 1 % OF DENSE / CLOSED

FOR WATER BASED APPLICATIONS, ACTIPRON SUPER WETTERSHOULD

BE ADDED WHERE RECOMMENDED ON THE LABEL. RATE PER HECTARE FOR DENSE / CLOSED STAND – 1.75 l / ha

FOR ALL WATER BASED TREATMENTS A SUITABLE DYE SHOULD BE

ADDED WHEN NECESSARY TO ENSURE THAT ALL TARGET PLANTS ARE TREATED. RATE PER HECTARE FOR DENSE / CLOSED STAND - 350ml / ha

FOR DIESEL BASED APPLICATIONS, SUDAN RED DYE SHOULD BE

ADDED. RATE PER HECTARE FOR DENSE / CLOSED STAND 300 ml / ha.



March 2004

AUSTRALIAN MYRTLE (LEPTOSPERMUM LAEVIGATUM.)

TARGET PLANTS METHOD PRODUCT RATE COMMENTS

BIG TREES CUT DOWN CUT DOWN ATGROUND LEVELDO NOT APPLYHERBICIDE



March 2004

BLACK WATTLE (ACACIA MEARNSII)

TARGET TREES METHOD PRODUCT RATE COMMENTS ESTMATED PRODUCT/ HECTARE

HAND PULL OR HOE OPEN STANDS

FOLIAR SPRAYUP TO 1 m TALL

MAMBA(GLYPHOSATE 360g/l)

150ml/ 10L WATER AVOID WATER COURSE 3 lCONTAMINATION

SEEDLINGS ANDSAPLINGS FOLIAR SPRAY

UP TO 2m TALLTOUCHDOWN(GLYPHOSATE TRIMESIUM480g/l)

3l/ ha 3 l

FOLIAR SPRAY GARLON 4 / VIROAXE 25 – 75ml/ 10L LOW RATE ON 0.5 – 1.5 lUP TO 1.5m TALL (TRICLOPYR ESTER

480g/l)WATER SEEDLINGS

SEE NOTE BELOW

YOUNG TREES FOLIAR SPRAY GARLON 4 / VIROAXE 75ml/ 10L 3 l(TRICLOPYR ESTER WATER

BIG TREES

INACESSABLETREES

CUT STUMP

FRILL

STEMTREATMENT

* CONSULT THE WFWTECHNICAL ADVISOR.

480g/l)TIMBREL 3 A *(TRICL0PHYR AMINESALT 360g / l)TIMBREL 3 A *(TRICLOPHYR AMINESALT 360g / l)

ECO – PLUG ∗

3l / 100lWATER

300ml / 10LWATER

1.5 l / ha

1.5 l / ha

INACESSABLE ORDANGEROUS AREAS

NOTE: USE GARLON 4 / VIROAXE IFGRASS SPECIES ARE PRESENT.



March 2004

1.

BLUEGUMS (EUCALYPTUS SPP.)

TARGET PLANTS METHOD PRODUCT RATE COMMENTS ESTIMATED PRODUCT/ HECTARE

SEEDLINGS HAND PULL

COPPICE FOLIAR SPRAY

BRUSH OFF *(METSULPHFURONMETHYL 500g / kg)PLUSMAMBA *(GLYPHOSATE 360 g /l)

200g / ha

+

3 l / ha

APPLY TO COPPICE 200 g / ha1.5 – 1.8 m TALL 3 l / ha

.

.

FELLED TREES

CUT STUMP CHOPPER(IMAZAPYR 100 g/l)

1250 ml / 10 lWATER

IF SPECIES KNOWN 6 l / haCHECK RATE ON LABEL

FRILL CHOPPER(IMAZAPYR 100g/l)

1250ml / 10 lWATER

IF SPECIES KNOWN 6 l / haCHECK RATE ON LABAEL

* CONSULT THEWFW TECHNICALADVISOR.

SPOT SPRAY COPPICE:16 LITRES WATER16 GMS BRUSH OFF1% MAMBA0.5% ACTIPRON



March 2004 __________________________________________________________________________________________1.________

PORT JACKSON WILLOW (ACACIA SALIGNA.)

TARGET TREES METHOD PRODUCT RATE COMMENTS ESTIMATED PRODUCT /

HECTARE

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

HAND PULL OR HOE OPEN STANDS

MAMBA(GLYPHOSATE 360g/l)

2 – 4l / ha SPOT SPRAY 1.5% 2-4 l / ha SOLUTION

SEEDLINGSTOUCHDOWN

FOLIAR SPRAY (GLYPHOSATE TRI- 2 – 4 l / ha 2-4 l / haMESIUM 480g/l)

GARLON 4 / VIROAXE 50ml/10L l.5 l / ha(TRICLOPYR ESTER WATER SEE NOTE BELOW480g/l)

NOTE: USE GARLON 4 or VIROAXE, IF OTHER PIONEER GRASS SEEDLINGS PRESENT.



March 2004

E Information on WfW Clearing Teams



March 2004

E.1 WfW Management of Clearing sub-contractors Working for Water has two main aims – to remove invading alien plants that are using up water and to provide jobs to unemployed people in communities. To achieve these aims Working for Water helps contractors in the communities to employ teams of people to clear invading alien plants.

E.1.1 The Contract System used by Working for Water There is a written contract between a person who agrees to clear a site of invading alien plants and Working for Water, who agrees to pay for this task. The person who agrees to do the work and who signs the contract, is called the contractor. Illustrated below is a high level summary of the key role players.

National

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry makes policy.

Region

In the regional office, there is a Regional Programme Leader who is responsible for the projects and the personnel in the region. Some of the Working for Water projects are managed by an Implementing Agent.

Area

In each area there is an Area Manager who is responsible for that area. An area is usually one catchment area.

Project

Each project has a Project Manager who manages a number of contract sites in the area or district.

Contractor

The contractor is contracted by Working for Water and works with the Project Manager in the area.

Task

At the clearing site there are work teams, who are employed by the contractor to do the job. The clearing site can be divided into a number of tasks that need to be done.

Site: Piece of land / river bank / mountainous area where invading alien plants grow

Implementing Agent: An organisation that runs a Working for Water project for the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. It could be a conservation authority, a water board or a development organisation. They contract and pay the contractors.



March 2004

Becoming a contractor for the Working for Water programme is not the same as having a permanent job. Working for Water uses a contract system, which means that you need to have contracts in order to have work.

E.1.2 Operation of the System New contractors are allowed to discuss and negotiate their first four contracts with Working for Water. These four contracts are seen as a training period. Working for Water helps and guides new contractors through the first four quotations. The system works in the following way:

Step 1: Register and get a supplier number

One of the first things Working for Water will help new contractors to do is register with Working for Water and get a supplier number. The contractor need to have a supplier number before you can submit a quotation or do any work for Working for Water. This procedure may vary slightly if work is done through an Implementing Agent.

Step 2: Site briefing

Once the contractor have a supplier number he/she can be invited by Working for Water to submit a quotation on a task. After the first three aided contracts, they will compete with other contractors who are also invited to submit a quotation for the task. If a contractor want to submit a quotation, then he/she must attend a site visit briefing session. Here Working for Water gives him/her a description of the work to be done and shows how the area should be cleared.

Step 3: Working out a quotation

The contractor then needs to work out a quotation for the job.

Step 4: Getting an order number and starting the task

Working for Water evaluates the quotations and selects one.

Step 5: Payment

Once the task is finished and the Project Manager is satisfied with the job, he or she signs off the work. The contractor can then send an invoice to Working for Water. The new Public



March 2004

Finance Management Act says that Working for Water must pay the contractor within 30 days of submitting the invoice. The contractor must then pay workers within five days after he or she receives payment from Working for Water.

Requirements for Contractors Once contractors have decided to start a contracting business, they need to decide on

what legal form of business to start – go on their own; form a close corporation, a co-operative, etc.

Contractors need to fulfil certain legal requirements, for example, register as a taxpayer, register for VAT, etc.

They need to open a bank account in the name of their business so that Working for Water can pay you; and so that you can pay your workers.

They need to have a financial system in place so that they have a record of money coming into and going out of the business.

E.1.3 Skills Required Below are basic behavioural characteristics / skills which successful contractors should display or acquire and have adequate knowledge of.

Demonstrate good people skills, which includes:

Leading a team, supervising people and giving work instructions.

Communicating with people and building good relationships in a team.

Managing a crisis.

Managing conflict.

Knowing where workers can get training so that they can develop their skills.

Helping members of the team with problems.

Making sure that the team follows health and safely rules and procedures.

Maintaining a positive attitude, which includes:

Being willing to learn more.

Being a responsible person.

Looking for new contracts and opportunities to keep your business going.



March 2004

Working long hours.

Being determined to be a success.

Solving problems and making good decisions.

Asking for advice.

Acquiring the necessary work skills, including:

Registering on the Working for Water database.

Working out and submitting a quotation.

Participating in the clearing.

Managing the task and making sure that it is done properly, according to the requirements of the contract.

Making sure the work you do is quality work.

Knowing what equipment is needed, and where to order or buy it.

Managing money effectively.

Opening a bank account.

Keeping financial records.

Sending out invoices.

Working out workers’ pay with deductions.

Giving pay slips.

Have adequate knowledge of the following Working for Water requirements:

Identifying at least three invasive alien plants in the area.

Knowing the best way to control each plant.



March 2004

F Quotation form for WfW Contractors



March 2004

Working for the Water

Programme

Quotation

Forms and Guidelines

(Pilot version - April 2001)



March 2004

F.1 Quotation form In order to fill in this form, refer to the Quotation Guidelines. Look at the same number or letter in the Guidelines.

PART A

1 Treatment Area ID 2 Project name……………………………………………………………………………………… 3 Supplier Number 4 Name of contracting entity……………………………………………………………………..… 5 Name of Contractor or legal representative (Surname)…………………………….……………. (First Name)…………….………………..…… 6 Tax number of contracting entity………………………………..………………………………… 7 VAT number (If applicable)……………………………………………………………………….

FOR OFFICE USE ONLY

Quotation accepted Yes No

Order Number

…………………. ………………………… ………………………………. …………….. Name Signature Position Date

Contractor’s Initials

Project Manager’s

Initials



March 2004

PART B

Complete PART B after you have completed PART C and D of the Quotation Form.

Item

Contractor’s Costs

Working for Water costs

Wage cost to clear site

K

18 Capital Build-up

Wage cost of training

J

Regional Services Levy

M

Personal Protective Equipment

O1

O2

Tools and Equipment

P1

P2

Transport

Q1

Q2

Administration and Security

R

Chemicals supplied by Working for Water

S

19 Sub-Total

20 VAT (14%) (If VAT Number supplied) VAT No.: ……………………………..

21 TOTAL QUOTATION COST

22 I declare that all work will be done in accordance with the Working for Water Minimum Standards and Rules and Regulations that I signed when registering with the Working for Water Programme.

……………………………… ………………………………… ………………………

Contractor Name Signature Date …………………………… ………………………………… ……………………… WfW Project Manager Signature Date …………………………… ………………………………… ……………………… WfW Regional Office Signature Date


Project Manager’s

Initials



March 2004

PART C

Team costs

8 Job type

Number of workers in

each job type

9 Daily

equivalent task-rate

(see regional tables)

10 Sick leave

allocation

11 Family

responsibility leave

allocation

Total cost

per day

Contractor

(Supervisory fee)

Machine Operator

Herbicide Applicator

General Worker

Driver

Total number of team

members

A

Total team

costs per day

B


Project Manager’s

Initials



March 2004

Team days

1 2 3 4 12 Treatment method

Dominant species Density class Size class Hectares (ha) to be cleared

C ha

C ha

C ha

C ha

Persondays per hectare (from tables or negotiated with WfW)

D

D

D

D

Persondays to

complete

contract (Add

all E’s and

planned day

works to get

F.)

(C x D =E)

Persondays required

E

E +

E +

E +

F =

(F ÷ A = G) Team days to clear site

G

Training to be provided

(B ÷ A = H) Average daily rate per workers

H

Number of training persondays (negotiated with Working for Water Project Manager)

I

Wage cost of training (H x I x J)

J

(B x G = K) Wage cost to clear site

K

(J + K = L) Wage cost (including training)

L

Regional Services Levy

M

(L + M = N) Total wage cost

N


Project Manager’s

Initials



March 2004

13 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Description

Daily rate Quantity supplied by Contractor

Cost to Contractor (daily rate x

quantity)

Quantity supplied by Working for

Water

Cost to Working for

Water

(daily rate x quantity)

Cost to

Contractor

O1

Cost to

WfW

O2


Project Manager’s

Initials



March 2004

14 Tools and Equipment

Description

Daily rate Quantity supplied by Contractor

Cost to Contractor (daily rate x

quantity)

Quantity supplied by Working for

Water

Cost to Working for

Water

(daily rate x quantity)

Cost to

Contractor

P1

Cost to WfW

P2

15 Transport

Description of vehicle/s

Rate per kilometer

Total Kilometres to be travelled (kms to site x G +

total kilometres to training events)

Cost to Contractor

(rate per km x total kilometres to be travelled)

Cost to Working for Water (rate per

km x total kilometers to be travelled)

Q1

Q2

Contractor’s

Initials Project

Manager’s Initials



March 2004

16 Administration and Security

Description Cost to Contractor

Total cost

R

17 Chemicals to be supplied by Working for Water

Description of chemical Application

Rate per hectare

Total litres Cost to

Working for Water

Total Cost

S

PART D

Attach a copy of the Site Map and the Description of Work to the back of the Quotation Form.


Project Manager’s

Initials



March 2004

F.2 Quotation guidelines

This is a quote for a task of work. In order to quote, you must already have registered as a Contractor with the Working for Water Programme and have a Supplier Number. More than one Contractor may quote for the same piece of work but only one quote will be chosen. You can only start working on the task once your quote has been accepted and an Order Number has been given to you. YOUR QUOTATION WILL BE ASSESSED ON THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA:

a. Legal status

VAT You must have your own VAT number if your turnover is more than R300 000 a year (approximately R25 000 per month). Your VAT payments must be up to date. You must add the VAT amount onto the contract price.

TAX

You must register individually as a tax payer with the Receiver of Revenue and you must provide proof of this registration.

b. Equity Working for Water will give preference to Contractors who:

Were historically disadvantaged; Are women; Are disabled people; Have a system for sharing performance gains with their workers.

c. Quotation Price As a Poverty Relief funded programme, Working for Water attempts to spread the

benefits of the Programme as far as possible. Cost will remain a factor but Working for Water will select a Contractor who can do the job at the best price.

d. If you have had contracts with Working for Water before, you will also be

assessed on your performance on these contracts.

If you have worked for more than 24 months on a Special Public Works Programme in the last five years, you can not be awarded a contract.



March 2004

SITE INSPECTION AND BRIEFING You can only submit a quotation if you have attended the Site Inspection and Briefing Session. If you do not attend, your quotation will be rejected. At the Site Inspection and Briefing Session the Project Manager will give you the following. A quotation number

A site map

A description of the work to be done

FILLING IN THE QUOTATION FORM Follow this guideline in order to complete the Quotation Form: The Quotation Form has four parts:

PART A

These are your details. These Guidelines explain how to fill in this information.

PART B This part includes your final quotation figures. You will have to complete PART C and PART D to get the information you need for PART B. Complete the other parts and come back to

PART B at the end. The Guidelines will help you to complete this section.

PART C These are the calculations you will need to do in order to complete PART B of this Quotation

Form. These Guidelines explain how to calculate this information accurately.

PART D You will be given the Site Map and a Description of the Work when you go to the Site

Inspection and Briefing Session. You must attach these two documents to the back of your Quotation Form.

Block for initials As this Quotation Form could become a legal contract, the Contractor or legal representative needs to initial each page. To initial means that you should sign the first letters of your names. You should also initial any changes or mistakes that you make on the form. When you initial something it means that you have read and agree with what you are signing.



March 2004

PART A 1 Treatment Area ID This is the number that you will be given at the Site Inspection and Briefing Session. 2 Project name This is the name of the project. You will be given this at the Site Inspection and

Briefing Session. 3 This is the number that you are given when you register to be a Contractor with

Working for Water. 4 Name of contracting entity This is the name under which you contract. It will be your own name in the case of an

individual Contractor. It will be a business or group name in the case of a Close Corporation (cc), Co-operative or Community Based Organisation. The name of the contracting entity must always be the same on all documents whether this is the business, individual or co-operative name.

5 Name of Contractor or legal representative If you are an individual Contractor, this is your own name. If you are any other type of

contracting entity, the legal representative is the person who signs on behalf of the business and is legally responsible.

6 Tax number of contracting entity This is the tax number issued by SARS. 7 VAT number (if applicable) This is the number issued by SARS. You will need to have a VAT number if your

annual turnover is over R300 000. (This is approximately R25 000 coming into your business per month.)

PART B

You must complete PART B after you have completed PART C and D of the Quotation Form.



March 2004

PART C

8 Job type This refers to the types of jobs needed for your team. There is space for additional job

types if necessary. Next to each job type, you fill in the number of workers needed to make up your team.

9 Daily equivalent task-rate This is the rate you use to calculate how much you need to pay different types of

workers. You should refer to your regional tables for this rate. 10 Sick leave allocation Workers are allocated 12 days sick leave per year. However, not all workers take all

their sick leave. You need to estimate how much sick leave an average worker will take (it cannot be more than 12 days per year). The average working year is 261 days. To calculate how much sick leave costs you per day, you multiply the daily equivalent task-rate by the number of sick leave days and then divide this amount by the 261 working days in the year.

For example, if you believe your workers will take about 8 days sick leave a year, then

your calculation will be: the daily equivalent task-rate multiplied by 8, divided by 261 (daily rate x 8 ÷ 261).

11 Family responsibility leave allocation Family responsibility leave can be taken: n When the employee’s child is born n When the employee’s child is sick n In the event of the death of the employee’s spouse or life partner; the employee’s

parent, adoptive parent, grandparent, child, adopted child, grandchild or sibling Workers are allocated 3 days family responsibility leave per year. You need to estimate

how much family responsibility leave an average worker will take (it cannot be more than 3 days per year). The average working year is 261 days. To calculate how much family responsibility leave costs you per day, you multiply the daily equivalent task-rate by the number of days of family responsibility leave and then divide this amount by the 261 working days in the year.

For example, if you think your workers will take an average of 2 days family

responsibility leave each, then you multiply the daily equivalent task-rate by 2 days and then divide this amount by the 261 working days in the year (daily rate x 2 ÷ 261).



March 2004

A The total number of team members To get this total, add up the number of workers in each job title, but exclude yourself

(the Contractor). B Total team cost per day This is the total cost per day of all the job types added together. This gives you the

daily rate for the whole team. 12 Treatment method, Dominant species, Density class, Size class and

Tasks These specifications will all be given at the Site Inspection and Briefing Session.

The site may be divided into a number of task areas. If it is not, just use the first column.

C The hectares to be cleared will be given at the Site Inspection and Briefing Session. D The number of persondays per hectare will either be given in the tables or will be

negotiated with Working for Water at the Site Inspection and Briefing Session. E The number of persondays required for the tasks is calculated by multiplying the

hectares to be cleared (C) by the number of persondays per hectare (D). F The persondays to complete the contract is calculated by adding together all the

persondays required for the tasks (E’s) plus planned day works. G The team days required to clear the site is calculated by dividing the persondays

needed to complete the contract (F) by the number of team members (A). H The average daily rate per worker is calculated by dividing the total team cost per day

(B) by the total number of team members (A). I The estimated number of training days per person is negotiated with Working for

Water. J The wage cost of training is calculated by multiplying the average daily rate per worker

(H) by the estimated number of training persondays (I). K The wage cost to clear the site is calculated by multiplying the total team cost per day

(B) by the team days to clear the site (G). L The wage cost is calculated by adding the wage cost of training (J) to the wage cost to clear

the site (K).



March 2004

M The Regional Service Levy is calculated using the wage cost. You will need to contact your local authority to find out how they calculate this levy.

N The total wage cost is calculated by adding the wage cost (L) and the Regional

Services Levy (M) together. 13 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Under ‘Description’, list the PPE that you will need. Under ‘Daily rate’, put the cost per

day for the item as listed in the Working for Water tables. Under ‘Quantity supplied by Contractor’, list the number of each piece of equipment that you will supply. Under ‘Quantity supplied by Working for Water’, list the number of each piece of equipment that you will need Working for Water to supply. To calculate the costs, multiply the daily rate by the quantities.

O The total cost of the PPE is calculated by adding together all the costs. O1 is for the

cost of PPE supplied by the Contractor. O2 is for the cost of PPE to be supplied by Working for Water.

14 Tools and Equipment Under ‘Description’, list the tools and equipment that you will need. Under ‘Daily rate’,

put the cost per day for the item as listed in the Working for Water tables. Under ‘Quantity supplied by Contractor’, list the number of each tool or piece of equipment that you will supply. Under ‘Quantity supplied by Working for Water’, list the number of each tool or piece of equipment that you need Working for Water to supply. To calculate the costs, multiply the daily rate by the quantities.

P The total cost of the tools and equipment is calculated by adding together all the costs.

P1 is for the cost of tools and equipment supplied by the Contractor. P2 is for the cost of tools and equipment to be supplied by Working for Water.

15 Transport Under ‘Description of vehicles’, list the vehicle type, for example, truck, bakkie, etc.

Under ‘Rate per kilometer’, check the tables provided for each type of vehicle. Under ‘Total kilometers to be travelled’, calculate the return journey kilometers to the site multiplied by the number of team days to clear the site (G) and then add the total kilometers you will do to training events.

Q The total cost of the transport to be supplied is calculated by multiplying the ‘Rate per

kilometer’ by the ‘Total kilometers to be travelled’. Q1 is for the cost to the Contractor. Q2 is for the cost to Working for Water.



March 2004

16 Administration and Security Under ‘Description’, list the administrative and security services that you will supply

including daily rates. For stationery and other items include quantities. This should not be more than 2–3% of the contract value.

In order to work out your administration and security costs you need to calculate the

cost of providing at least an income and expenditure statement, monthly invoices and timesheets, workers contracts, production records, stock sheets and pay slips.

R The total cost of the administration to be supplied by the Contractor is calculated by

adding together all the costs. 17 Chemicals to be supplied by Working for Water Under ‘Description of chemical’ put the name of the chemical, dye or adjuvant. The

‘Application Rate per hectare’ can be found in the Working for Water Herbicide Policy. Calculate the total litres you will need and calculate the cost to Working for Water. Ask your Project Manager for assistance with this section if necessary.

S The total cost for chemicals is calculated by adding together all the costs.

PART D

You will be given a copy of the Site Map and the Description of Work at the compulsory Site Inspection and Briefing Session. You must attach copies of these to the back of this Quotation Form.

PART B

You now have the information you need to complete PART B. Go back to page 2 of the Quotation Form and fill it in according to the Guidelines given below.

K Wage cost to clear the site Enter the amount previously calculated for K. You will find K on page 4 of the

Quotation Form. 18 Capital Build-up This is calculated at a recommended rate of 20% of K. This money should be used

towards boosting workers’ salaries, and building up your business’s assets. For example, buying your own equipment and PPE, buying your own First Aid Kit and vehicles, etc. To calculate this you must multiply K by 20 and then divide by 100 (K x 20 ÷ 100 = Capital Build-up)

Pilot Version April 2001



March 2004

J Wage cost of training Enter the amount previously calculated for J. You will find J on page 4 of the

Quotation Form. M Regional Services Levy Enter the amount previously calculated for M. You will find M on page 4 of the

Quotation Form. O Personal Protective Equipment Enter the amount previously calculated for O1 and O2. You will find O1 and O2 on

page 5 of the Quotation Form. P Tools and equipment Enter the amount previously calculated for P1 and P2. You will find P1 and P2 on

page 6 of the Quotation Form. Q Transport Enter the amount previously calculated for Q1 and Q2. You will find Q1 and Q2 on

page 6 of the Quotation Form. R Administration and Security supplied by Contractor Enter the amount previously calculated for R. You will find R on page 7 of the

Quotation Form. S Chemicals to be supplied by Working for Water Enter the amount previously calculated for S. You will find S on page 7 of the

Quotation Form. 19 Sub-total The sub-total is calculated by adding together all the ‘Amounts in Rand’. 20 VAT VAT of 14% of the sub-total is added if you are registered for VAT. If you are registered

for VAT, you must enter your VAT number in the space provided. VAT is calculated by taking the sub-total (22 ) x 14 ÷ 100. If you have a VAT number, you will be able to claim back the VAT on all expenses except wages.

21 Total Quotation Cost This total quotation cost is calculated by adding the sub-total and the VAT. If there is

no VAT, the total will be the same as the sub-total.



March 2004

22 Signature The Contractor or legal representative must print their name and sign here. The date

on which the form is signed must also be filled in.

If you are still unsure of how to complete the Quotation Form, please consult your Project Manager.

SUBMITTING YOUR QUOTATION

Attach the following to your Quotation Form: The Site Map and Description of the Work that you got at the Site Inspection and Briefing Session. Submit the Quotation Form and all the attachments in a sealed envelope to the Working for Water Project Manager. Mark the envelope as follows:

Removal of Alien Plants Project: Contractor/Business Name:

GETTING AN ORDER NUMBER

If you are awarded the contract, Working for Water will issue you with an Order Number. When you receive the Order Number your quotation will become the legal contract between you and Working for Water. After this you can employ your team members and begin work.



March 2004

G WfW-PPP RFP Declaration

I, the undersigned, __________________________________________ (Identity No. ___________________________) the duly authorised representative of

_______________________________________ (Registration No. __________________________)

a company registered in accordance with the laws of _____________________________________,

being either a single entity Bidder submitting a Tender in response to the Request for Proposal (RFP), or the lead member of a Bidder consortium submitting a Tender in response to the RFP (hereinafter

referred to as “the Bidder”) do hereby - 1. acknowledge that the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (“DWAF”) intends to enter into

one or more public-Private Partnerships (“PPPs”) relating to Secondary Industries that may result from the operations of its Working for Water Programme (“WfW”), and DWAF has invited the Bidder to submit a Tender in response to an RFP, and that this RFP Declaration is one element of the information required by DWAF as part of the Tender;

2. represent that I am a duly authorised representative of the Bidder, in that every member of the

Bidder has authorised the company referred to above to be the lead member of the Bidder, and I am duly authorised by such company to sign this RFP Declaration;

3. confirm that the Bidder has read and understood and accepts unconditionally the terms and

conditions set out at paragraph 1.3 of the RFP, in respect of DWAF’s rights regarding Tenders made in response to the RFP, and other aspects of the PPP process;

4. confirm that the Bidder has satisfied itself as to the accuracy and comprehensiveness of all

information, documentation and proposals contained in the Bidder’s Tender and that in evaluating the Bidder’s Tender, DWAF may rely on such information, documentation and proposals as being accurate and comprehensive in relation to the requirements and requests set out in the RFP;

5. declare that the Bidder (including all members of a Bidder consortium) has no interest or

involvement in any other Tender being made in response to the RFP, nor has the Bidder colluded with any other person submitting a response to the RFP;

6. declare that the Bidder (including all members of a Bidder) is not aware of any person within

DWAF or any of DWAF’s Transaction Advisor team (as defined in the RFP) who may directly or indirectly influence or be involved with the evaluation of the Bidder’s Tender (or if the Bidder is aware of any such person, that it has been explicitly stated in the Bidder’s Tender);

7. agree that this RFP Declaration may only be changed by an agreement in writing signed by both

the Bidder and DWAF; 8. agree that any failure by DWAF to insist upon strict adherence to any one or more of the terms of

this RFP Declaration shall not be construed as a waiver of any such term by DWAF, nor deprive



March 2004

DWAF of the right to require strict compliance thereafter with the same or any other term of this RFP Declaration.

SIGNED by the Bidder and witnessed on the following date and at the following place:

DATE PLACE WITNESS SIGNATURE

1.

2. On behalf of the Bidder



March 2004

H Wood Chips



March 2004

Please refer to the CD for the entire section on Wood Chips, which provides information on the methodology applied as well as the results obtained.

Note:

The diagrammatic illustrations in this section are approximately 5MB and therefore cause this document to either crash or affect Email delivery / receipt.


Request for Proposal: WfW-PPP (Volume 2) Utilisation of ... · Utilisation of Invader Plant Biomass...

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Transcript of Request for Proposal: WfW-PPP (Volume 2) Utilisation of ... · Utilisation of Invader Plant Biomass...