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REPUBLIC OF KENYA

National Climate Change Action Plan: Knowledge Management and

Capacity Development

Chapter 1.0: Introduction, Methodology and Evidence-Based Policy and Planning

November, 2012

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Table of Content 1.0 Introduction, Methodology and Evidence-Based Planning………………………………………….1 1.1 Background…………………………………………………………………………………………………1 1.2 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………..………..1

1.3 Evidence Based Policy and Planning.......................................................................4 1.3.1 Evidence-Based Policy…………………………………………………………………...…4 1.3.2 Evidence Use in Policy Making and Planning………………………………………4 1.3.3 Need for Evidence Use in Climate Change Policy Making and Planning...6 1.3.4 Evidence-Based Policy Making in Kenya....................................................6 1.3.5 Scientific Evidence in Policy Making………………………………………………….11

1.3.6 Potential Sources of Data Sets for Evidence in Climate Change Policy Making and Planning……………………………………………………………..……....12 1.3.7 Barriers and Opportunities for Evidence use in Policy…………………..……21 1.3.8 Way Forward………………………………………………………………………………….24 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..….34

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Abbreviations and Acronyms AAI Action Aid International AfDB African Development Bank AU African Union AUC African Union Commission CAHOSCC Committee of African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change CDKN Climate and Development knowledge Network CDM Clean Development Mechanism CPPMU Central Planning and Project Monitoring Department CIAT International Centre for Tropical Agriculture CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat improvement Centre CCS Climate Change Secretariat DDC Data Distribution Centre DRSRS Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing DFID Department for International Development DMCN Drought Monitoring Centre, Nairobi DNA Designated National Authority EBP Evidence-Based Policy EMCA Environment Management Coordination Act ERS Economic Recovery Strategy. FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FEWS/NET Famine Early warning Systems Network GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Green House Gas ICARDA International Centre for Agricultural research in Dry Areas ICPAC International Climate Prediction and Application Centre ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agro-Forestry ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ICT Information Communication Technology IDRC International Development Research Centre IDS Institute of Development Studies IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFPRI International Food and Policy Research Institute IGAD Intergovernmental Authority for Development IIED International Institute for Environment Development IISD International Institute for Sustainable Development IPPC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPRSP Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LCA Linking Climate Adaptation Project MDGs Millennium Development Goals. MED Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate. NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NIMES National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System MOPND Ministry of Planning and National Development. MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy NEMA National Environment Management Authority NSS National Statistical System KMD Kenya Meteorological Department KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics PARU Poverty Analysis and Research Unit PER Public Expenditure Reviews PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.

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PPA Participatory Poverty Assessments RCOF Regional Climate Outlook Forum RCMRD Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlement Programme UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WMO World Meteorological Organization WRI World Resources Institute WWF World Wildlife Foundation

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1.0 Introduction, Methodology and Evidence-Based Policy 1.1 Background Work to develop a Knowledge Management and Capacity Development Plan as part of the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) began in April 2012. It was implemented on consultancy basis by Arid Lands Information Network (ALIN), a Kenya-based NGO that specializes in knowledge management and sharing. The consultancy was one of nine sub-components set up to develop the NCCAP. The components were as follows:

Subcomponent 1: Long-term National Low Carbon Development Pathway;

Subcomponent 2: Enabling Policy and Regulatory Framework;

Subcomponent 3: National Adaptation Plan;

Subcomponent 4: Nationally Appropriate Mitigations Actions;

Subcomponent 5: National Technology Action Plan;

Subcomponent 6: National Performance and Benefit Measurement;

Subcomponent 7: Knowledge Management and Capacity Development;

Subcomponent 8: Finance; and

Subcomponent 9: Coordination. According to the Terms of Reference, the main objective of the Subcomponent 7 was to develop a National Framework for Climate Knowledge Management and Capacity Development. The primary expected outputs for the assignment included (i) A synthesis report on inventory of institutions and organizations involved in climate change issues with their respective capacities; (ii) Roster of experts working on climate change with their respective thematic areas and capacities; (iii) Institutional and technical strengths and needs assessment report with enabling capacity development plan; and (iv) Mechanism for climate change knowledge platform including education, information and awareness plan. Prior to the approval of the Inception Report for the assignment, two additional outputs were included namely (v) development of an education, information and awareness plan and (vi) deepening the links between science and evidence-based policy and planning. 1.2 Methodology The development of this action plan was preceded by a series of activities aimed at establishing the status of existing knowledge management systems as well capacities of key implementing institutions to deliver their mandates with regard to climate change in Kenya. The focus was on the principal national institutions mandated to address climate change, particularly the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), which is both the National Implementing Entity (NIE) and the Designated National Authority for climate change work in Kenya; the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) and the Climate Change Secretariat (CCS) of the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR). Others were sectoral focal points of other ministries. A series of stakeholders’ consultations were convened throughout the country as a way of getting stakeholders inputs into the process of developing the NCCAP. (a) Data Collection A range of data collection instruments and approaches including a questionnaire survey; focus group discussions, in depth one-on-one interviews and desk studies were undertaken in order to establish existing climate change knowledge management systems; levels of capacity within key institutions dealing with climate change particularly with a view to establishing capacity gaps and recommending capacity building actions. A focused scoping of climate change institutions was undertaken to identify existing knowledge management systems in use by key climate change institutions and to develop rosters of climate change experts and institutions. The

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questionnaire also sought to establish existing capacities of the sampled institutions and to determine capacity gaps to the extent possible. (b) Knowledge Management In order to determine the most suitable climate change knowledge management system to set up for Kenya, similar systems established by other countries were examined and processes followed to set them up studied. Climate change knowledge systems established by The Philippines and Nepal were found as the most suitable on which to benchmark the Kenya system. Insights were also gleaned from other highly rated climate change knowledge management systems particularly weADAPT.org, an online ‘open space’ on climate adaptation issues (including the synergies between adaptation and mitigation) which allows practitioners, researchers and policy makers to access credible, high quality information and to share experiences and lessons learnt with the weADAPT community. The resulting Climate Change Knowledge Management System Prototype for Kenya is therefore a hybrid that will form the basis for the ultimate creation of a Knowledge Management for Climate Change (KM4C2) System for Kenya. (c) Capacity Development As an initial step to the capacity assessment, several consultative meetings were held with the Climate Change Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, the Africa Adaptation Programme, the Subcomponent 7 Technical Working Group and the teams addressing the other subcomponents. These consultative meetings provided useful guidance and insights into the understanding of the assignment and the appropriateness of the selected approach, methodologies and tools. In conducting the actual capacity assessment, various methodologies and tools were developed and utilized. The key design considerations were made on how the data and information collected was to be analyzed, reported and utilized. The selection of the tools used in this capacity assessment was based on the available time and resources allocated for this assignment and included (i) Desk reviews, (ii) Focus group discussions, (iii) Facilitated workshops, (iv) Interviews and (v) Self assessments. (i) Desk reviews: Extensive desk reviews were made with a view of determining the scale and scope of the assessment. During these reviews, decision was made regarding which capacities needed to be included in the assessment and how these capacities would be assessed. Relevant documentation and materials from the targeted institutions were collected and reviewed to develop an understanding of the respective organization’s involvement in climate change and their operating environments. Among the documents reviewed were the Constitution of Kenya (2010), Vision 2030, ministry and institutional strategic plans and reports, and literature on best practice in capacity assessment and development. (ii) Facilitated workshops: A series of consultative county workshops were organized by the CCS of the MEMR. These workshops presented opportunities for subcomponent 7 to identify the existing capacity and gaps at the county level. The team received useful information from five of these county consultative workshops held in Nakuru, Eldoret, Kisumu, Kakamega and Nairobi. Two other facilitated stakeholder workshops specific to subcomponent 7 were held at the Kenya School of Monetary Studies and Kenya Institute of Education. The first workshop was attended by private sector and civil society organisations, universities, research institutions and parastatals while the second workshop was attended by representatives of the ministerial focal points, NEMA and the KMD. During these consultative stakeholder workshops, Focus Group Discussions were employed for in depth analysis of capacity requirements. The Focus Group Discussions were used to bring

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together purposively selected participants to gather information and discuss issues and concerns based on key capacity issues. To keep the group discussion sessions on track, a checklist was prepared and used for the in‐depth discussion of various capacity issues. (iii) Interviews: Follow-up face to face interviews, using semi-structured questionnaires were undertaken with selected ministerial focal points. The ministries interviewed involved were Agriculture; Livestock; Energy; Tourism; Finance; Planning and National Development and Vision 2030; Public Health and Sanitation and; the Office of the Prime Minister. The face-to-face interviews offered the flexibility to probe for details, and allow new questions to be brought up during the interactions as a result of the responses from the interviewees. The interviews also provided an opportunity to validate the information obtained during the consultative stakeholder workshops. (iv) Self-assessment: A suitable self-assessment questionnaire (Annex 3) was developed and administered to the selected organizations involved in the development and implementation of climate change action plan. Institutions involved in this exercise were the CCS; NEMA; KMD; selected line ministry focal points; and county representatives. The self-assessment questinnaire provided greater insights on the constraints faced by the various institutions in executing their mandates with regard to climate change, the existing capacities and the gaps. Responses from the questionnaire were then analysed, consolidated and inferences made to inform the development of the capacity development action plan. Alongside these processes, information focused on establishing the state of public awareness about climate change was sought through the use of a questionnaire, about how Kenyans access climate change information and knowledge; channels available to them and preferred methods of accessing climate change information and knowledge. The questionnaire was administered in seven counties. Additionally, it was administered among members of grassroots organisations based in Kajiado County and out of five of ALIN’s Kenya-based Maarifa (knowledge) centres. The National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) had highlighted the low levels of awareness about climate change among the Kenyan public. It had also noted the need to integrate climate change in Kenya’s education system at all levels. In order to determine the level to which climate change formed part of the national curriculum if at all, the contents of curricular of primary, secondary and tertiary institutions developed by the Kenya Institute of Education were analyzed. Additionally, courses offered at selected public universities were examined. Heads of departments and sections of the sampled universities were interviewed in order to determine the extent to which climate change as a subject had been integrated into education at that level. (d) Integrating climate change into Kenya’s education system Two approaches were used to find out the extent to which climate change has been integrated into Kenya’s education system if at all. The first approach was content analysis with respect to government primary, secondary and tertiary institutions, excluding universities. Since all the curriculums at these levels of government institutions is developed by Kenya Institute of Education (KIE), the exercise involved the analysis of the curriculums of these institutions to identify where and how content about climate change is taught. For universities, a purposeful sample was used to undertake in-depth interviews with department and sections’ heads of departments likely to include climate change in their courses. The choice of sampling method was influenced by the time available for this assignment and resource restrictions. Course outlines of these selected courses were examined in order to determine the extent to which climate change had been infused or integrated into those courses.

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In response to the additional identified output on deepening the links between science and evidence-based policy and planning, a review (Section 1.3) was undertaken to understand the barriers and opportunities for enhancing the use of science as evidence for policy formulation and planning. This review formed the basis for the other sections of knowledge management and capacity development. 1.3 Evidence Based Policy and Planning 1.3.1 Evidence-Based Policy Evidence-based policy (EBP) has been defined as an approach which helps people make informed decisions about policies and projects by putting the best available evidence at the heart of policy development and implementation (Davis, 2004). The primary goal is to improve the reliability of advice concerning the efficiency and effectiveness of policy settings and possible alternatives (Head, 2009). Evidence-based policy making, therefore, refers to a policy process that helps planners make better-informed decisions by using the best available evidence at the centre of the policy process (UNICEF, 2008). Evidence in this case may include information produced from monitoring and evaluation systems; research including academic research; local and traditional knowledge; historical experience; and “good practice” information. 1.3.2 Evidence Use in Policy Making and Planning Recent times have witnessed widespread interest in development of policies that are better informed by evidence. This is as a result of the view that governments need to improve the quality of their decision making in a world characterized by rapid change, competing demands and scarce resources (Zussman, 2003). Without evidence, policy makers would have to resort back to intuition, ideology and conventional wisdom or at best theory alone (Banks, 2009a), and such policies run the risk of going astray, given the complexities and interdependencies of society, the economy and human dynamics (Banks, 2009a: Banks 2009b). Also influencing the urgency for evidence-based planning is the competition among various government programmes for funding, and decisions have to be made about which programmes to scale back, and which to restructure in order to enhance efficiency and give priority to the deserving programmes in light of the limited resources available (Urban Institute, 2003). Policies based on evidence are, therefore, critical to policy makers because they allow the use of existing information in formulating policies that have minimal risks of failure (Banks, 2oo9a). A pre-requisite for integrating evidence into policy making is the need for good evidence that is accurate and reliable. This means not only collecting the data and information and investing in research, but also having an efficient knowledge and information management system. Head, (2009) states that in identifying the policy issue, methods for gathering information and assessing reliable evidence, communicating and transferring knowledge into decision-making are crucial. Equally critical are methods of evaluating the effectiveness of implementation and programme delivery in a complex policy area. This implies that the providers of information (researchers/analysts, public and private institutions or communities) must have the requisite skills in generation and dissemination of the information, and that the users (policy makers and planners) should have the ability to use the information and to discriminate between the evidence on what is reliable and useful and that which is not. Policy making is a cyclic process (Figure 1.1) that begins with agenda setting, which is recognition and definition of a problem or opportunity, and an organized call to government action. In response, the legislative and bureaucratic machinery of government formulate, adopt and implement a strategy to address the problem. Evidence plays an important role in all stages in the policy making process, and especially in the policy agenda setting, formulation and implementation (Head, 2009). Analysis of the policy effectiveness (monitoring and evaluation)

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in turn reveals the short comings in formulation or implementation and this feeds in as evidence into the review of the policies or development of new policies. It is therefore imperative that those involved in the policy making are acquainted with the processes and the need for evidence in support polices formulated. The primary concern is how to improve the generation and utilization of evidence, its analysis and incorporation into the policy processes.

Figure 1.1: Policy Making Process Policy is developed in a fluid environment, subjected to competing vested and political interests and socio-economic factors. This is even more challenging when dealing with complex development issues such as climate change where evidence on which responses must be based keeps shifting rapidly, involves many different interactive elements and stakeholders, and is knowledge intensive (Banks, 2009b). The use of evidence in such a case makes a difference to policy making processes by (i) revealing gaps in a policy; (ii) facilitating the analysis of the challenges so that the nature and extent of the problem is understood and appropriate recommendations are made to inform the design and choice of policy; (iii) forecasting the future through modeling, that allows for assessment of scenarios and impact; (v) monitoring of policy implementation; and (iv) evaluation of policy impacts (UNICEF, 2008). Incorporation of evidence into the policy making processes, therefore, makes it possible to draw inferences from past successes, thereby decreasing the risk of failures in development and implementation of future policies. This ensures that policies designed and actions taken respond to the needs and

Problem /opportunities

definition (agenda setting)

Poilcy formulation

(Constructing policy options)

Selection of preferred

policy option

Policy Design

Policy Implementation and monitoring

Evaluation

Engage with stakeholders and customers

Engage with Politicians

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demands of the public and that they are not based on assumptions or beliefs. Stakeholder involvement in all the stages of the policy making process is vital. Organisations, individuals and communities and special interest groups such as women, the youth and persons with disabilities affected by the proposed policies have the right to information and to engage in the design, planning and decision-making processes. Therefore, in formulating policy positions, policy makers need to take into account these factors as well as the views of relevant ministers, previous policy directions and increasingly, the views of treasury and finance departments where resources are mobilised (Marston et al., 2003). 1.3.3 Need for Evidence Use in Climate Change Policy Making and Planning Climate change impacts on a broad range of environmental and developmental areas and, therefore, the need for evidence in policy making and planning is paramount. For effective planning, there is need for evidence based on good, timely and reliable climate data and information. The availability of evidence would inform the policy making and planning process in order to facilitate the development of appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies. Given the complexity and unpredictability of climate change, inappropriate policies due to insufficient evidence are likely to have adverse consequences, with high cost implications to society, hence the need to ensure the availability of systems and strategies in place to ensure the provision of this vital information. As a country and as noted in the NCCRS, Kenya has inadequate data and information at the national and local levels on the effects of climate change. The research and evaluation knowledge base on environmental issues in the country is inadequate to inform many areas of policy and practice and are scattered in various research institutions in forms that cannot easily be adopted for use in policy and planning. Temperature and precipitation changes are the two climatic elements that have been systematically collected and widely studied, and KMD has provided data on temperature and rainfall changes over the last fifty years (GoK, 2010). At the national level, there is limited information on the country’s vulnerability to impacts of climate change, and on the status of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigation capacity of key natural resources. Such baseline information, similar to the district poverty index maps is unavailable. Uncertainties of climate change and existence of knowledge gaps on vulnerability and climate change pathways cloud decision making processes and consequently decisions made. In this context, therefore, mechanisms for creating wide range knowledge platforms and a framework for generating data and knowledge of climate change in Kenya is vital. The information from these knowledge platforms would not only inform policy and planning processes in addressing climate change, but would also identify the opportunities that the country can take advantage off. 1.3.4 Evidence-Based Policy Making in Kenya Kenya has been involved in development planning since independence. In an effort aimed at enhancing strategic planning, in 2000 Kenya developed and launched the Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP) for the period 2000-2003. The IPRSP outlined broadly measures aimed at revamping economic growth and poverty reduction, focusing on facilitating sustained and rapid economic growth; improved governance and security; increased ability of the poor to raise their income levels; improving the quality of life of the poor; and improving equity and participation. Specific measures were put in place to monitor progress and implementation which subsequently informed the development of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The PRSP also outlined the priority intervention measures necessary for poverty reduction and economic growth, and was the product of a broad-based and inclusive consultation process that took place at the national, regional, district and divisional levels in the country. To inform the PRSP, in-depth consultations were undertaken through Participatory Poverty Assessments (PPA) conducted in selected districts which further enhanced stakeholder involvement and to reach the lowest communities in the consultation process. The process

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received continuous policy guidance from the Cabinet, the Cabinet Sub-Committee on Economic Management, the National Consultative Forum, a National Steering Committee comprising of Chairpersons of the various Sector Working Groups, Permanent Secretaries, Civil Society organizations and the private sector. Implementation of the PRSP programmes resulted in valuable qualitative and quantitative data which were vital in identifying implementation and policy gaps and also informed the development of the Economic Recovery Strategy (ERS) that succeeded the PRSP. The process also triggered an increased demand for detailed poverty data and the need for monitoring and evaluation of poverty programmes. In the development of the ERS, the Government took cognizance of the concerns raised above and outlined a range of reforms, aimed at enhancing Results-Based Management among others, to promote efficiency and effectiveness in implementation of Government programmes. In addition, the Government through ERS recognized the role of performance tracking in addressing governance issues and proposed formation of a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system to address this concern. The Government in turn responded to this demand by establishing two units in the Ministry of Planning and National Development, namely: Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate (MED) and the Poverty Analysis and Research Unit (PARU) in the Central Bureau of Statistics. Arising from this, the National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System (NIMES) coordinated by the Ministry of Planning, National Development and Vision 2030 (MOPND) was also established in 2004. The launch of NIMES has to date, ensured that a system of tracking the progress of the ERS and the Vision 2030 is in place, and institutional arrangements for tracking progress on policies and programmes are in existence. At the sector level, the government in its current development planning and budgeting has adopted the Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) to guide the efficient and effective use of government resources.1 To facilitate MTEF, the functions of the government have been rationalized and mapped into ten Sectors namely:

Agriculture and Rural Development.

Energy, Physical Infrastructure and ICT.

General Economic, commercial and Labour Affairs.

Health.

Education.

Government, Justice, Law and Order.

Public Administration and International Relations.

National security.

Social protection, Culture and Recreation.

Environmental protection, Water and Housing. As part of the MTEF process, the Government undertakes Annual Public Expenditure Reviews whose main objective is to inform the next budget process by reviewing progress in previous periods and using lessons learned to make future expenditure decisions. These annual reviews generate information that aids policy making and planning, and acts as the basis for setting development priorities at the sector level. Box 1 provides an example of the evidence that can be drawn from the poverty maps which have been used to generate policies and programmes. Box 2 shows how the evidence generated from the study on the Economics of Climate Change in Kenya recommended and led to the development of the NCCRS.

1 http//:www.treasury.go.ke

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Box 1: What poverty Maps can be Used for

Box 1: What Poverty Maps can be used for?2 Kenya: Poverty Incidence Location Level - Percent population below the rural poverty line)

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics. 2003. Geographic Dimensions of Well-Being Kenya: Where are the Poor? From Districts to Locations, Volume 1. Ministry of Planning and National Development, Nairobi, Kenya, Chapter 4.3, p. 14.

The Purpose of the Poverty maps are:

Highlighting geographic variations Aggregate, national level indicators often hide important differences between different regions or areas. These differences exist and can often be substantial. The map provides an example of how disaggregated poverty indicators can reveal additional information to aggregate, national level, indicators.

2 http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20239110~menuPK:462100~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html

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Box 1: What Poverty maps can be used for?

Simultaneously displaying different dimensions of poverty and/or its determinants In addition to revealing disaggregated information, another advantage of poverty maps is their legibility maps are powerful tools for presenting complex information in a visual format that is easy to understand. They can summarize multiple dimensions in a simple display, something difficult to do otherwise. The disaggregation by geographic area may for example be used to simultaneously display two or more indicators, for instance by presenting poverty headcounts and location of schools or medical centres. These maps encourage visual comparison and provide evidence on the spatial trends, clusters, or other patterns. Understanding poverty determinants A poverty map can be used to display simultaneously the outcome of interest (income poverty, incidence of disease, school enrollment, etc.) and its determinants (school location, infrastructure, health centre location, natural resources endowment, access to input and output markets, etc.). This allows deepening of the understanding of the determinants of poverty. The spatial representation can therefore complement regression analysis to help understand the influence of these determinants and their interaction. Selecting and designing interventions Poverty maps are used to inform policy makers on what intervention to select (when choosing from a number of policy options) and on the details of its possible design. Selecting interventions Poverty maps can be used to identify areas in which development has been lagging behind, and which may, therefore benefit most from additional resources - e.g. from additional infrastructure, or from transfer programs such as subsidized credit and funds for public works. Maps with information on poverty and many of its determinants have been used to identify which interventions to implement in a specific area. When deciding on a public investment program for example, information on the specific needs of various areas can help increase the effectiveness of investments, since some areas would benefit more from certain types of investments than others. It might be the case, for instance that investments in roads and transportation would be more effective in some regions, while investments in public service infrastructure would improve economic opportunities in others. Poverty mapping have also been used for emergency response and food aid programs and have assisted in select interventions in time for effective implementation during droughts or other natural disasters. Designing interventions Once an intervention has been decided, poverty mapping can further be useful for planning its actual design. Geographic targeting of resources Targeted interventions aim at specific groups of the population, and the identification of the target population can be based on a variety of criteria. One possibility is to decide to target specific geographic areas. Sometimes, interventions decide to target specific individuals within specific areas (combining geographical targeting with some kind of test of individual compliance with the criteria selected - for instance, linked to income levels, enrolment in schools, participation in a specific health care program, etc.).

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Box 2: The Economic Costs of Climate Change Impacts in Kenya

The first key finding is that existing climate variability has significant economic costs in Kenya.

Periodic floods and droughts (extreme events) already cause major socio-economic impacts and reduce economic growth in Kenya. Recent major droughts occurred in 1998-2000, 2004/05 and in 2009. Major floods occurred in 1997/98 and 2006.

The economic costs of droughts affect the whole economy. The 1998-2000 event was estimated to have economic costs of $2.8 billion from the loss of crops and livestock, forest fires, damage to fisheries, reduced hydro-power generation, reduced industrial production and reduced water supply. The 2004 and 2005 droughts affected millions of people and the recent 2009 drought has led to major economic costs from restrictions on water and energy.

The 1997/98 floods affected almost 1 million people and were estimated to have total economic costs of $0.8 to $1.2 billion arising from damage to infrastructure (roads buildings and communications), public health effects (including fatalities) and loss of crops. The more recent 2006 event affected over 723,000 people in Kenya.

The continued annual burden of these events leads to large economic costs (possibly as much as $0.5 billion per year, equivalent to around 2 % of GDP) and reduces long-term growth. There is some indication that there has been an intensification of these extreme events over recent decades and these may reflect a changing climate already. However, these impacts also have to be seen in the context of changing patterns of vulnerability, for example from changing land–use patterns, rising populations, etc. Nonetheless, a key finding is that Kenya it is not adequately adapted to deal with existing climate risks.

Recommendations The study has outlined a number of recommendations and future priorities. A key recommendation is the need for Kenya to get ready and act now Specific actions are outlined below. Improving the estimates. Further work is needed to improve these initial estimates and to give a degree of confidence in the analysis. Such a follow-on phase might include:

A broader consideration of additional risks not yet covered, e.g. within existing sectors (such as assessing additional health risks), for additional sectors yet covered (e.g. tourism and industry) and for cross-sectoral issues and indirect effects.

For the key priorities identified here, a deeper analysis by sector, i.e. to further explore coastal risks, health burdens, agriculture, water/flood risks, energy supply and demand and ecosystem services. This would need a multi-stakeholder assessment of adaptation pathways at different scales, with estimates of costs, focused on short- and medium priorities that are most relevant for policy.

On the low carbon side, it would be useful to undertake a more comprehensive analysis of future emission projections and potential opportunities, with full marginal abatement cost curves and analysis of urgent priorities across all sectors.

For both adaptation and mitigation, analysis of the costs, including government, the sector and individuals. This step would provide both adaptation and low carbon costs in detail and as part of an investment and financial flow analysis (by sector). Matching the costs against the wide range of potential finance is a prerequisite for a viable investment plan.

Taken together, this analysis could form the basis of an expanded climate strategy that links national policy to sectoral objectives and targets, with [………..]

Source: Stockholm Environment Institute 2009. Economic Costs of Climate Change Impacts in Kenya. Final Report Submitted in Advance of COP15. Pg. ii & ix

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1.3.5 Scientific Evidence in Policy Making Policy making characteristically requires many different kinds of evidence and science is one of these types of evidence that can play an important and positive role in informing and even supporting policy decisions ((Zussman, 2003; Argyrous, 2009). In any policy area there is a great deal of important evidence held by both frontline managers and staff in departments, agencies and institutions, including the citizens and, customers or consumers to whom the policy is directed. Very often these groups will have a clearer idea about what the problems are, why the situation is as it is and why previous initiatives did or did not work. They are also well placed to advice on how a new policy can be put into practice on the ground and what pitfalls need to be avoided3. Although scientific findings are among the range of sources of evidence and influencing factors that shape policy makers’ decisions and actions, its use in policy making is limited. This is to some extent, attributed to the complicated nature of translating scientific research findings into forms of evidence useable by policy makers (Strydom et al. 2010). Therefore, if researchers could communicate their findings more effectively to influence policy, and policymakers made constructive use of research, scientific evidence would have a greater impact on policy development than it has had to date (Crew and Young, 2002). A major advantage of scientific evidence is that it exposes policy making to a wider range of validated concepts and experiences, enabling policies to be formulated based on solid technical bases, as well as opening up a range of policy options for policy makers to consider (Strydom et al., 2010). Therefore, to enhance its use, Mitchell (2004) distinguishes three ways that science can influence policy. Firstly, policy makers can request scientific evidence in order to incorporate it into current policy making debates. Secondly, scientific evidence can be provided showing decision makers the consequences of their decisions and resulting in changed behaviour of decision-makers, and thirdly, scientific evidence can first convince policy makers that there is a problem that requires a policy to address it. Several factors influence the contribution of science to policy making. Whereas research aims to investigate, learn and produce knowledge by gathering information, contemplation, trial, and/or synthesis, policy on the other hand aims for continuity or change of a practice, including plans and their evolution when put into practice (Crew and Young, 2002). Research processes are lengthy, with set procedures that cannot be ignored, while policy processes may happen anytime, within limited timeframe constrained by the need for urgent decisions regarding an issue. In some cases, the evidence is not always as clear or consistent as expected and, at times, it may not even be readily available when required (Strydom et al., 2010). Often, there is no synchrony between research and policy agendas. Whereas policy makers are accountable to society for the development of appropriate policies, scientists are driven by the desire for scientific excellence and publication. The asymmetry between the two also evident in the Kenya scenario, significantly contributes to lack of use of scientific evidence in policy. Stone (2002) states some of the reasons why scientific evidence is not used in policy as:

Inadequate supply of, and access to, relevant information

Researchers’ poor comprehension of policy process and unrealistic recommendations

Ineffective communication of research

Ignorance or anti-intellectualism of politicians or bureaucrats

Inadequate capacity among policy makers

Politicization of research, using it selectively to legitimize decisions

Gaps in understanding between researchers, policy makers and the public

Time lag between dissemination of research and impact on policy

Research being deemed as unimportant, censored or controlled

Various deductions about the same issues based on adopted methodology.

3 http://www.ofmdfmni.gov.uk/practical-guide-policy-making.pdf.

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In spite of these setbacks, scientific evidence is still crucial in supporting policy development, and an understanding of how different types of evidence make their way to policy makers would facilitate adoption of appropriate communication strategies to get the information across. A Workshop held Nairobi Kenya in 2006, co-organized by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and Action Aid International (AAI), as part of the Linking Climate Adaptation (LCA) project funded by Department for International Development (DFID), advanced several recommendations which Kenya could adopt, as means by which to enhance the capacity of policymakers and stakeholders to incorporate evidence in decision-making and deepening links between science and stakeholders4. These include:

Adopting participatory research approaches where stakeholders’ are engaged right from the beginning to capture their concerns/priorities and develop/strengthen trust among potential collaborators;

Translating research output into useful products by involving users in the development of such products;

Adopting a phased approach to research. Develop concept notes, share and incorporate other stakeholders/partners at an appropriate stage taking into consideration available resources;

Building capacity of users and disseminators to interpret and disseminate research information;

Ensuring the research agenda contributes to previous and ongoing national development programmes and other regional and global development agenda (such as NAPAs, NAMAs, NEPAD Energy/Agriculture Action Plans, UNFCCC).

1.3.6 Potential Sources of Data Sets for Evidence in Climate Change Policy

Making and Planning Within the country context there exist a wide range of databases which could act as potential sources of evidence for climate change policy and planning. As mentioned above, the need for such information in policy making and planning as well as coping with the negative impacts of climate and maximizing on the benefits in the design and implementation strategies cannot be overemphasized. The two broad categories of potential sources of information that can be used as evidence include (i) National databases and (ii) Regional and international databases. (a) National Databases (i) The Ministry of Planning and National Development and Vision 2030 The National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System The overarching mandate of National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation (NIMES) is “to provide government with reliable mechanism to measure the efficiency of government programmes and the effectiveness of public policy…provide government with the needed policy implementation feedback to efficiently reallocate its resources over time”5. In this regard, an essential element of NIMES are the monitoring reports generated by this process that have provided for evidence-based policy making in the context of the Vision 2030. The five strategic areas of intervention for NIMES include (i) Quantitative and qualitative data collection, indicators construction and archiving; (ii) Research and results analysis; (iii) dissemination for advocacy and sensitisation; (iv) project monitoring and evaluation; (v) Capacity development and policy coordination. NIMES is highly integrated with other M&E systems, and directly linked to the ministries through the Ministerial Monitoring and Evaluation Committees (MMECs) and at the districts through the District Monitoring and

http://community.eldis.org/.5994ce60/webx.pdf. 10th September, 2012 – 12.00 hrs.

5 Ministry of Planning and National Development, 2007

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Evaluation Committees (DMECs); to track implementation progress of development plans at the sector/ministry and district levels (MOPND 2007). The system also expects to integrate the private sector, parastatals, the civil society and development partners’ reporting. The key data outputs of NIMEs are:

Annual progress reports, midterm review and terminal evaluation reports.

Progress reports on Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

Policy research papers, policy briefs and seminar proceedings.

In-depth analyses of demographic and of census data.

Project monitoring reports.

Sector indicators and a core set of national indicators used in monitoring and evaluation. According to MOPND and V2030 (2007), a significant amount of data administrative and other information are collected. However, little attention is paid to data analysis and quantitative and qualitative findings are rarely used to inform future planning and policy making. Furthermore, even though much of the data originates from the lower geographical levels (villages and districts), there is inadequate supply of information flowing back for planning at these levels. NIMES, therefore, anticipates enhancing institutional and other capabilities for data generation and access by various stakeholders both at the national and local levels. As the national entity responsible for tracking implementation of government policies and projects, NIMES produces various review and progress reports among other publications including;

Annual Progress Reports on Implementation of the Vision 2030 First medium Term Plan 2008-2012.

Annual Public Expenditure Reviews.

End of term reviews.

Progress reports on MDGs.

Policy research papers, policy briefs and seminar proceedings.

In-depth analysis of demographic and census data.

Project monitoring reports. These reports provide progress on the implementation of the governments’ development plans as well as updates on the mid-term priorities. The annual progress reviews provide an analysis of the performance of implementation to various stakeholders. These reports include suggestions to modification of policies, strategies, targets and in some cases of indicators used to track implementation. The Annual Public Expenditure Review provides analysis on how efficient the State has been in providing public services with taxpayer’s money. The Review provides advice on how to spend more efficiently within and across sectors. It also shows who is gaining access to public services and how to target improvements to those groups which are still lagging behind. The National Statistical System Coordinated by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), the National Statistical System (NSS) is the national system for collection, management, dissemination and utilization of official country statistics (Imatia 2009). Official statistics produced are those compiled by various government ministries, departments and other related agencies, and include data on administrative records, sample surveys and participatory assessments among others. The administrative records include large volumes of information on operations of health, education, social services, trade, productivity such as agriculture, industry; economic performance (balance of payments, expenditure, prices trends); and other socio-economic data. Some of this data is subject specific, restricted in coverage and content by legal and administrative considerations, as well as inconsistent; as it is compiled by different institutions independent of each other and using different methodologies, definitions and classifications. In addition, most of the

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information from these sources remains in raw form and are not turned into useful information for management and planning. To meet the unprecedented increase in demand for national statistical services and improve data collection, dissemination and access, the government with assistance of development partners, formulated the medium-term strategic plan for the National Statistical System in 2003. The plan critically assessed data gaps, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the KNBS and the national statistical system and identified and prioritized expected statistical user needs in order to meet them for policy decision-making and planning. The plan was designed to cover, the main official data producing agencies including Ministries of the Education, Health, Agriculture, Trade, Industry, Gender, Transport, and Communication, and the Departments of Judiciary, Police, Prisons, Probation, Civil Registration, Immigration, Central Bank of Kenya, the Kenya Revenue Authority, the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit at MOPND as well as research and academic institutions as collaborating agencies. To facilitate the data collection, an inter-agency co-ordination committee was established for data collection and dissemination programmes and for technical co-ordination on establishment and implementation of standards and methodology through the entire statistical system and professional resources. The role of KNBS includes initiating effective dialogue with data users and respondents thereby creating statistical awareness which in turn improves user satisfaction and build confidence in the statistics. Products from the KNBS include economic surveys and statistical abstracts (annual publications); quarterly economic surveys; and periodical surveys. The Kenya Threshold 21 Model Kenya Threshold 21 (T21) model is a new tool developed by the Government of Kenya and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to enhance its efforts in mitigating the risks and impacts of climate change6. The main objective of the T21 Model is to strengthen the country’s institutional and systemic capacity and leadership, to address climate change risks and opportunities through a nationally coordinated approach. The model is being used to develop more coherent adaptation policies that encourage sustainable development, poverty eradication, and increased wellbeing of vulnerable groups within the context of Kenya’s Vision 2030 programme. It is a model that analyzes the risks and impacts of climate change across the major sectors in the economy, society and environment. Once completed, the Model will enable policy makers better understand the key challenges and issues related to long-term development of the country including a better understanding and design of the policy responses and mitigation measures to cope and effectively manage the impacts of climate change. The Model will also enable policy makers and experts from all sectors better understand the interrelations across sectors and impacts over time. Policies thus formed will benefit from cross fertilization of sector analyses and thereby generate more clarity on the costs and benefits of interventions including the non-economic benefits accruing to society and the environment. This will consequently enable the government to determine the costs of adaptation programmes and efficient allocation of resources. The ultimate aim is to complement Kenya T21 with the available budgetary models and other short-term and medium-term planning tools. It is expected to provide a comprehensive long-term perspective on planning and development to include issues of climate change, MDGs and the Kenya Vision 2030. (ii) Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Climate Change Secretariat The Climate Change Secretariat (CCS) falls under the Ministry of Environment and Mineral

6 https://www.undp-aap.org/sites/undp-aap.org/files/Kenya Threshold 21 Climate Change

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Resources (MEMR) and was set up to coordinate climate change issues in the country. The Secretariat therefore, is the national reference point with regard to climate change. The CCS also has the responsibility for communicating international and national policies on climate change and reporting on Kenya’s progress with regard to implementation of the policies. In this regard, CCS is custodian of crucial information and data that is required to inform the policy processes of various institutions in development of climate change measures. Among the information available include international multilateral agreements on climate change; communiqué from regional and international meetings; climate change initiatives; reports on the status and impacts of climate change; and project profiles. The Kenya Meteorological Department The mandate of the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) is the provision of meteorological information and services for the safety of life, protection of property and conservation of the natural environment to ensure sustainable development of the nation. The KMD is also responsible for Climate Change and Pollution Monitoring Services delivered by a sub-branch whose main functions include (i) to undertake climate change monitoring, detection and attribution especially in terms of the trends and occurrence of severe weather and extreme climate events; (ii) to monitor background atmosphere and urban air pollution; (iii) to undertake vulnerability assessments to climate change; and (iv) to develop mitigation and adaptation options/strategies to climate change. The Climate Change Division’s main objective is to carry out extensive scientific research including monitoring, detection and assessment for climate change in the country that is consistent with the regional/global issues of climate change. Therefore, the Division generates large amounts of data and information used in management, planning, and emergency preparedness; climate prediction; and public awareness of climate change issues. Collaborating very closely with KMD are two other institutions that are mainly involved in research and systematic observations in the area of climate change that include:

The Drought Monitoring Centre, Nairobi (DMCN): This is a specialised institution of the Africa’s Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD) which undertakes climate monitoring and seasonal predictions of climate stress for the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) region and thereby providing climate information that can be used for early warning by the countries in the region.

The Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi: This department has the responsibility of training of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) Class 1 meteorological personnel. It is a regional training centre for east and central African countries. The staff also undertakes applied research in climatology including climate variability and change and, therefore, their impacts on various socio-economic sectors thus generating lots of data useful for policy making and planning.

Types of data and information generated by these institutions include:

Systematic observation of atmospheric chemical composition and related physical parameters on a regional to global scale generating long-term measurements of atmospheric chemical composition and background pollution that include provision of vital information on greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols in Equatorial Africa, and the effect of biomass burning on the regional build- up of tropospheric ozone;

Surface climate observations for the purposes of detecting and attributing effects of climate change and monitoring and predicting climate change;

Observations in the major drainage basins especially for surface discharge and water storage fluxes;

Research studies/papers on various aspects of climate change and its impacts. The National Environment Management Authority

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The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) established in 2002 under the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, (EMCA) of 1999, is the principal instrument of government in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment,. It is the country’s Designated National Authority (DNA) on Clean Development Mechanisms. The functions of the Authority can be categorized into five main areas namely; Compliance and Enforcement; Planning and Research; Education and Information; Legal Services and Finance and Administration. Based on its critical role as the countries DNA, the Authority generates lots of information including project profiles, assessment reports, and environmental management guidelines. In an effort to bring together national institutions that generate environmental data and information, the Kenya Environmental Information Network was initiated with support from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The network creates a framework for cooperation and coordination amongst various stakeholders thus preventing duplication of information. Partner institutions that generate environmental data and information as part of the network include the:

Department of Resource Survey and Remote Sensing

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

Kenya Forestry Research Institute

Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute

Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute

Kenya Meteorological Department

Kenya National Cleaner Production

Kenya Wildlife Service

Ministry of Energy

Ministry of State for Planning National Development and Vision 2030

National Environment Management Authority

National Museums of Kenya

Nature Kenya The Department of Resource Survey and Remote Sensing The Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS) a department in the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources established in 1976, is mandated with the collection, storage, analysis, updating and dissemination of geo-spatial information on natural resources to facilitate informed decision-making for sustainable management of these resources with the major aim of alleviating poverty and environmental management. Data collected forms the basis for formulation of policies and development plans and help decision-making in various government ministries, and resource planning and management agencies. The services provided by the Department include:

Preparing maps, datasets and reports

Aerial surveys and mapping

Aerial censuses

Digital cartography and map compilation and printing

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) analysis

Satellite scenes or sub-scenes

Training in Remote sensing, GIS and Geographical Positioning Systems (GPS)

Image processing and printing

Aerial photography

Development of panchromatic photographic films

Photo interpretation

Reconnaissance flights

(iii) Data sets from line ministries and climate change focal points Each line ministry and the institutions within the ministries including research organisations

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within respective ministries, collect data specific to their mandate and functions as outlined in Annex 2. Data is, therefore, scattered in various institutions. This data is fragmented, and are not always processed, digitized or stored in a systematic manner. Further, data users such as planners and researchers often encounter significant challenges in accessing the information. The challenges experienced with the data include limitations/gaps, inconsistencies, poor management, lack of databases and at times its unavailability. In addition to the above, at the national level data collection activities are also done within a framework for statistical information which is co-ordinated by the Central Planning and Project Monitoring Department (CPPMU) within each of the ministries. The CPPMU departments engage the technical departments through established directorates and divisions for generating data through collection activities as well as designing the procedures and protocols for data management, analysis and dissemination. The CPPMU’s are part of the broader framework of NIMES under the MOPND and, therefore, feed information into this process. iv) Indigenous Knowledge

Many communities are custodians of critical knowledge and information that can be incorporated in the management of climate change. The challenge however, is how this knowledge and information can be collected and collated and used strategically. (b) Regional and International Climate Change–Related Databases (i) Regional climate change related databases The Intergovernmental Authority on Development Climate Prediction and Applications Centre The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC) formerly known as the Drought Monitoring Centre, Nairobi (DMCN) is a specialized Institution of (IGAD), serving 10 countries in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) in providing climate risk reduction information and early warning services in support of sustainable development of vulnerable communities7. The products in the ICPAC/IGAD marketplace include disaster risk reduction products such as:

Climate hazards maps (regional risks of various droughts; floods and other climate hazards; time series of temporal changes; daily, seasonal, annual, decadal, and climate change variability modes).

Monitoring and early warning products including products from the innovative process known as the regional climate outlook forum (RCOF) aimed at providing consensus early warning seasonal climate information. RCOF process involves a forum to catalyze linkages amongst meteorologists, users’ specific sectors, governments, NGOs, universities, and international climate institutions, where a consensus seasonal climate outlook for the region for the coming season is formally released. RCOF also includes a pre-rainfall season capacity building component for climate scientists from the member countries to improve the understanding of the regional climate processes and develop seasonal specific climate outlooks.

Sector-specific climate risks including: Health Applications - regular climate based malaria outlook based on regional

consensus climate outlooks. Agriculture and food security - in partnership with FEWS/NET seasonal food

security early warning based on ICPAC’s seasonal climate outlook products. Water resources and hydro power management - in most of the GHA

countries, ICPAC is collaborating with the hydrological institutions on the

7 http://www.icpac.net/

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translations of the seasonal climate outlooks to useful products to monitor the inflows into the hydropower dams and prediction of hydrological droughts and floods.

Climate variability impacts and vulnerability mapping - regional evidences and attributions, regional down scaling and regional climate scenarios development, impacts/ vulnerability and adaptation.

Disaster Management climate products from ICPAC form important tools for informing disaster early warning, preparedness, contingency planning and conflict early warning and response.

The Climate for Development in Africa Programme Climate for Development in Africa Programme (ClimDev-Africa Programme) is an initiative of the African Union Commission (AUC), the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) that is mandated at the highest level by African leaders to create a solid foundation for the African response to climate change.8 Through the establishment of a solid science and observational infrastructure; strong working partnerships between various stakeholders; and creation and strengthening of knowledge frameworks, ClimDev-Africa Programme aims at facilitating wide availability and access of climate information, quality analysis of data and information for decision support and management, and promotion of awareness and advocacy. The Committee of African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change

The Committee of African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change (CAHOSCC) was established in 2009 by the AU Assembly of Heads of State and Governments to spearhead African Common Position on Climate Change and to ensure that Africa speaks with one voice in global climate change negotiations. Coordinated under the NEPAD's Climate Change and Natural Resource Management programme, it began its work with CoP15 in Copenhagen, carried on in Cancun, Mexico (CoP16) and at CoP17 in Durban South Africa.9 The climate change programme works through a variety of mechanisms to meet its goals, including:

Facilitating brainstorming and conferences across the continent;

Assisting where possible with the work of climate change scientists in the region;

Supporting the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment meetings;

Participating in relevant climate change conferences; and

Preparing policy briefs and providing technical support in building African positions. The programme is planning to start collecting data and information on climate change mitigation and adaptation on the continent. The objective is to establish a database of relevant climate change information, and to develop sub-regional climate change frameworks The Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources Development The Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources Development (RCMRD), is a regional organization that was established under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and the then Organization of African Unity (OAU), to provide services to member States in the fields of surveying, mapping, remote sensing, GIS, GPS and in natural resources and environmental management. The Centre’s core functions include: Resource mapping and surveying.

Environmental management and impacts assessment.

Research and development.

8http://www.afdb.org/en/topics-and-sectors/initiatives-partnerships/climate-for-development-in-africa-

climdev-africa-initiative/ 9 http://www.nepad.org/climatechangeandsustainabledevelopment

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Early warning and disaster management.

Dissemination of geospatial data.

Project implementation and advisory services.

Training/capacity building in geo-information and basic information technology.

Maintenance and repair of surveying and mapping equipment.

Since its establishment, RCMRD continues to provide geo-information services and products in response to increasing demands by member States for development planning and timely service delivery. Kenya as a member State can greatly benefit from these services in its development planning. (ii) International climate change related databases The potential international climate change-related data sources include the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN-Habitat), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the World Bank and the African Development Bank (AfDB). Other sources data and information have been obtained through international research organisations such as the International Centre for Research in Agro forestry (ICRAF), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), and the International Maize and Wheat improvement Centre (CIMMYT) among others; and civil society organisations such as Action Aid International (AAI), CARE International, Oxfam International, Plan International, World Wildlife Foundation (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Birdlife International, World Vision, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), International Development Research Centre (IDRC), the World Resources Institute (WRI), Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) and the International Institute for Environment Development (IIED) among others. Data and information available from these institutions include policy briefing papers, policy briefs, assessment methodologies, climate information, research data, project profiles and lessons learnt, adaptation and mitigation experiences and projects developed; evaluation and impact studies and successful case studies. The World Meteorological Organization10, a specialized agency of the United Nations is responsible for meteorology, operational hydrology and related geographical sciences. WMO promotes cooperation in the establishment of networks for making meteorological, climatological, hydrological and geophysical observations, as well as the exchange, processing and standardization of related data, and assists in technology transfer, training and research. It also fosters collaboration between the national meteorological and hydrological services of its members besides furthering the application of meteorology to public weather services, agriculture, aviation, shipping, the environment, water issues and the mitigation of the impacts of natural disasters. WMO facilitates the free and unrestricted exchange of data and information, products and services in real-or near-real time on matters relating to safety and security of society, economic welfare and the protection of the environment. It contributes to policy formulation in these areas at national and international levels. In the specific case of weather-, climate- and water-related hazards, which account for nearly 90% of all natural disasters, WMO's programmes provide vital information for advance warnings to facilitate the adoption of appropriate strategies to minimize their impact.

10 http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_change_services.php

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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the preeminent source of climate change information11. The IPCC reviews and collates research on a range of climate change related issues and records climate data in its data distribution centre (DDC). The IPCC is a scientific body, which reviews and assesses the most recent scientific, technical and socio-economic information produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of climate change12. Because of its scientific and intergovernmental nature, IPCC embodies a unique opportunity to provide rigorous and balanced scientific information to decision makers. By endorsing the IPCC reports, governments acknowledge the authority of their scientific content, thereby providing policy perspective to policy makers. Under the UNDP, the Energy and Environment component of Country Programme plays a vital role in supporting Kenya meet its obligations to international environment agreements while enhancing the contribution of natural resources and the environment to poverty reduction and sustainable socio-economic development. The programme component strategic areas of focus include: climate change adaptation and mitigation to support responses to climate change risk, vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation at all levels. The convergence for climate change are: i) upstream advocacy and mainstreaming climate change in all sectors of national development; ii)building capacity in climate change mitigation and adaptation to increase the resilience of the communities and ecosystems to the impacts of climate change and , integrating climate change concerns into sustainable community-based management of natural resources and; iii) support to climate change mitigation initiatives that strengthen Kenya’s human and institutional and systemic capacities to implement the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, access to carbon markets via formulation of Cleaner Development Mechanism (CDM) projects that also link mitigation to conservation and management of natural resources, cleaner production and renewable energy. This is realized through supporting development of appropriate policies, strategies, tools and innovative programmes that integrate environment into national planning and budgeting processes. Through its global programmes, UNDP provides a wealth of experience and information that the country can make reference to. With regard to UNEP, its efforts on climate change are shaped by the UNFCCC and are aimed at helping the country respond to its needs under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol13. Under UNEP, various initiatives such as publications of the Climate Change Science Compendium and UNEP Year Books that brings insight into Earth System Science and the Programme of Research on Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation (PROVIA) have been undertaken. These and other such initiatives provide a platform for strengthening the science-policy interface by availing information about the most relevant and current environmental issues. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome has a widespread presence in Africa. FAO’s overarching mandate is the support of food security in member countries. However, it also undertakes a range of activities. FAO recently launched a climate change adaptation strategy signalling internationally FAO’s intent to engage in climate change adaptation. FAO has access to a wealth of agro-met data that could be applied to climate change projections in its agricultural support programmes (IFPRI, 2010). FAO also maintains an international online database on aspects of food and agriculture production, trade, consumption, and prices. Crop and livestock production statistics can also be obtained from the FAOSTAT. The ProdSTAT module contains detailed agricultural production data for all reporting countries worldwide. Access is free from FAO website (http://www.fao.org/). Detailed data are available only through subscription.

11 http://uct.academia.edu/GinaZiervogel/Papers/198979/Climate_Change_and_Adaptation_In_African_Agriculture 12 http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml#.UE884KBad2U 13 http://www.unep.org/climatechange/Introduction.aspx

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The World Bank has been involved in many development initiatives in the Africa region. The Bank produces Annual reports on, Africa Development Indicators, which present a broad picture of development across Africa. These reports, produced since 1965 to date contain data on indicators of development for 53 African countries covering inflation; Millennium Development Goals; Paris Declaration indicators; private-sector development; trade; balance of payments; national accounts; infrastructure; human development; rural development and agriculture; environment and climate change; labour, migration, and population; Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS); malaria; capable states and partnerships; governance and polity; and household welfare(IFPRI 2010). 1.3.7 Barriers and Opportunities for Evidence Use in Policy (a) Barriers to Use of Evidence in Policy Improving the understanding of the effects of climate change on development and livelihoods is a necessary prerequisite to developing appropriate management strategies and ensuring the products of science/evidence can be translated into practical benefits for the users. While climate information is critical to planning both at the macro and micro levels, availability of timely, adequate, credible and reliable information is constrained by various challenges. Based on consultations with stakeholders the following were indicated as barriers to the use of evidence in climate change policy making and planning in Kenya: (i) Poor communication and lack of engagement between data suppliers and users: Communication between scientists and policy makers remains poor. This status is aggravated by scientific evidence having limited relevance to current policy problems. Scientists are often too conservative and lack skills in communicating their results, especially when this could result in major policy changes, and therefore keep waiting for enough evidence to communicate. Scientists rarely participate in the policy and decision-making processes and, therefore, are often not able to conceptualize the current policy issues, resulting in a mismatch between the policy and scientific agendas. Communication between policy makers and scientists is worsened by inadequate dissemination of scientific research results and poor packaging of information in a manner that policymakers are unable easily understand and incorporate into policy. (ii) Limited staff and technical capacity for climate observation and climate change research: Despite improvements in collection and generation of climate data and information in the country, it is inadequate to support policy making and planning Climate change research and systematic observation requires more specialized skills in monitoring, data analysis, data management and dissemination. The technical capacity in climate change science and research of staff in some of the key implementing organisations is inadequate and in some cases lacking, and they are therefore not able generate the required data and information for use in policy making and planning. (iii) Technology barriers: Climate change research, prediction and monitoring require high computing capacity and high precision equipment; and are an expensive investment. The equipment is expensive and is not available locally. Most institutions mandated to generate climate-related and climate-specific data lack the requisite equipment for data collection, research and modeling. The current equipment are inadequate and, in some cases, inefficient or obsolete for quality data collection at national level. This is compounded by the fact that there are very few qualified staff to operate and maintain the equipment. (iv) Time taken to produce scientific evidence: The scientific research process is slow in terms of the time required to produce credible results that have been validated. This at times is in conflict with the short-term needs of policy makers who urgently require the information to form the basis for their decisions.

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(v) Unreliability and credibility of the information: A lot of data found in the sector institutions is raw and data gaps exist resulting in inconsistencies and omissions, making them unsuitable for use in planning. There is no systematic and analyzed climatic data and the data is scattered in various institutions. (vi) Insufficient funding for research and analysis: Many institutions are not functioning optimally due to insufficient funds to undertake research and acquire new modern equipment to carry out day-to-day operations; purchase of spare parts and consumables; and for maintenance of equipment. This has hampered their ability to continuously collect and generate accurate data leading to gaps, inconsistencies and omissions. (vii) Inadequate data processing and storage: Large amounts of climate relevant data are produced by various institutions. However, much of this data is unprocessed and stored in forms that are not easily retrievable. Technology developments have presented challenges in conversion of old data into retrievable forms limiting their availability. Currently, a lot of data are still stored in paper forms that are in danger of deteriorating or being lost. Unavailability of quality control standards in data collection has resulted in low quality data, and there is no central repository for climate change data. (viii) Limited access to and use of scientific information and other forms of evidence: Although several users appreciate and use the existing meteorological and climate information and services, there are still some sectors which do not use this information although they acknowledge the influence of weather and climate in their sectors. Even for those sectors which apply the information, there are still gaps in the coordination between the producers and the users of the weather and climate information, making it a hindrance in the timely application of information and products. In some cases data or information access points are limited further hindering availability. ix) Poor coordination among the various actors generating climate information: Vast information is generated by various research organizations through collaborative initiatives with international universities, research institutions and civil society organizations and that never find its way into the policy arena. In some cases the information held by institutions is bound by intellectual property and, therefore, not easily accessible to the public and policy for their use. This is most profound where patents and business incentives are involved, particularly among profit driven private sector organizations. (b). Opportunities for Evidence Use in Policy Making and Planning Evidence-based policy making and planning is increasingly being adopted to ensure that polices formulated are based on solid evidence and that alternative policy options have been considered and the resultant policies can stand the test of time. In this regard, there is no dispute on the importance of data and information in planning, especially when dealing with unfamiliar and emerging issues such as climate change. However, the evidence can only be relevant if it is availed effectively and timely to the end user. This sets the basis for efficient management of current climate risks and for managing changed climate risks of the future. All strategies adopted to adapt and mitigate against climate change will depend on good and reliable climate knowledge and information. In view of this, as Kenya embarks on the implementation of the National Climate Change Response Strategy, there is need to adopt policy decisions informed by knowledge streams resulting from continuous analysis, and those generated through research and other types of information including indigenous knowledge. It will, therefore, be particularly important to: (i) Create linkages between research institutions and end users of

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information: Promotion of dialogue between the suppliers (researchers and analysts, institutions and communities) and users (policy makers and other stakeholders) of scientific evidence and other information is essential, to matching the resultant strong demand for research, with good supply of appropriate evidence. Development of appropriate mechanism to mainstream science evidence in policy formulation should be pursued in order to align the scientific agenda with the policy priorities. Policy makers in turn need to recognize the importance of taking an interdisciplinary approach to policy making by involving as many stakeholders as possible in the policy development process; recruiting policy analysts with various skills, including technical and managerial skills; and involving both internal and external experts. (ii) Enhance analytical skills of data supplier and users: There is an urgent need to enhance skills of scientists, stakeholders, communities and policy makers as data and information generators and users. Capacity building of researchers/analysts in technical and social analysis; viability and feasibility studies; modeling and projecting; and in packaging and disseminating the data and information to policy makers in appropriate forms using the right channels and at the right time is essential. Equally important is enhancing the capacity and knowledge of policy makers in socio-economic and policy research and analysis; how to gain access to information; and how to critically analyze and appraise the information and use in policy making and planning. (iii) Improve government financial investment for climate change research: Climate change is an emerging issue that impacts on various sectors and, therefore, there is need for investment in research to generate data and information critical for policy making and planning. It will also be critical for the Government to allocate adequate funding to facilitate technology development and innovation. In this regard the Government needs to increase funding to the key institutions mandated to generate climate change data that can be used in policy making and planning. The funding should be complimented with adequate human resource, physical infrastructure and equipment for efficient and effective functioning and to fast-track the process of building evidence knowledge on climate change based on the local situation. (iv) Strengthen the identification of consumer information needs and use of appropriate strategies to disseminate information: Since climate change impacts across all sectors of development, the stakeholder base is equally wide. In order to communicate effectively with all stakeholders, it is essential to identify the information needs and best modes of communication for each stakeholder category. This information should specifically be packaged to meet the requirements of each stakeholder category. For effective dissemination and wide access, there is a need for an efficient knowledge management system that involves dissemination (pushing information out) and providing access (web-based or other repositories) from which all stakeholders can tap information and from which policy makers can draw evidence for policy formulation and planning. Such a system could also act as a central depository (database) for all information on climate change. Such a knowledge management system will not only be used for informing decision making, but could also be used for generating consensus between interests of various institutions of society and those of the policy makers in the policy making process. Training journalists and the media in assessing, using and presenting data would facilitate dissemination of information. (v) Enhance education, public awareness and roles of the media: Formal and non-formal education along with civic education is fundamental in developing respect for nature, and an understanding of the need to protect the environment. In this regard, the current efforts of mainstreaming sustainable environment management at different levels of education and training should be strengthened to integrate issues of climate change. Enhancing and supporting the integration of education in sustainable development into all learning programmes, projects and initiatives, will raise the level of environmental awareness and build capacity of a critical mass that understand, appreciate and incorporate issues of environment

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and climate change in planning. Creating awareness and networking using various strategies on the value of environment management stewardship, is essential to enhance individual and corporate responsibility, to promote behavioral change, ownership and investments in environmental management and clean development. (vi) Strengthen collaboration among institution in data generation and supply: Climate change research and systematic observation are multidisciplinary requiring collaboration between institutions that are either specialized or are responsible for the various sectors in the country. Various capacities are resident in the individual organisations, providing opportunities for collaboration to enhance synergy and complementarity in address climate change issues. In addition to fostering collaboration with other countries and regional and international initiatives for short term specialized research and technical training, specialized institutions could provide opportunities for enhancing the capacity of national institutions in climate change data collection and dissemination. (vii) Strengthen capacity of public research institutions to mobilize resources from external funding agencies: Capacity development efforts should focus on developing capacity of scientific staff to conduct research in the context on climate change adaptation and mitigation and in line with the country’s development objectives. This will go along way in synchronizing and deepening links between the policy and science agendas. 1.3.8 Way Forward To foster a culture of evidence requires a critical mass of practitioners, and empowering different groups to participate in evidence-based debates. This requires resources as well as an ability to produce evaluate and use evidence14. As demonstrated in Figure 1.2, as the policy making process increasingly becomes evidence-based, the need for accurate and timely availability of evidence is crucial and of increasing importance. Similarly, the technical capacities of institutions involved in generating (supply side) and in using (demand side) the information generated (evidence) needs to improve continuously. Over time, the use of evidence in policy making and planning will enhance the confidence of policymakers and stakeholders in the decisions that they take (Strydom et al. 2010). The implementation of the NCCRS needs to adopt policy decisions informed by knowledge streams from various sources of information both formal and informal. Promotion of dialogue between the suppliers and users of evidence will be paramount to ensure that the evidence supplied is of relevance to the policy agenda at the point in time. Creating a culture for evidence use in policy and planning needs to be promoted. In view of this is there is an urgent need for the country to put in place mechanisms that generate evidence as requisite for policy making and planning. The evidence will guide the development of the envisaged policy and regulatory framework and in establishing the critical country’s baseline data which is currently unavailable or inconsistent, to facilitate and advise the development the low carbon pathways, adaptation and mitigation strategies. The evidence will also form the basis for establishing the National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework, through which the country’s progress on GHG emissions, Clean Development Mechanisms and international obligations can be tracked. This evidence will also be critical in advising the development of suitable financial policies and instruments under climate financing to advance the implementation of the NCCRS and compliance to the Kyoto Protocol.

14 http://www.gaportal.org/sites/default/files/OsloPrinciples_EN.pdf Oslo Principles on Democratic

Governance Assessments. Oslo Governance Forum 3 -5 October 2011.

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Adopted from UNICEF, 2008 Figure 1.2: Relationship between the evidence-based policy making versus the

technical and information requirement In this regard, strengthening the capacity of nationally based academics, communities of practice, networks, think tanks, research institutes, civil society, national statistical offices, in-depth journalism and Government administration in technical and social analysis; viability and feasibility studies; modeling and projecting; and in packaging and disseminating the right data and information to right policymakers in the right forms and at the right time is critical. Equally enhancing the skills and knowledge of policy makers and planners on socio-economics, policy research and analysis; how to gain access to information; and how to critically appraise the information is required. To promote wide access of the data and information there is need for an efficient knowledge management system that is consistently updated and user friendly, and from which policymakers, researchers, analysts and other stakeholders, including men, women and youth from the national to the community levels, can tap information and draw evidence for policy formulation and for planning. Education, training, awareness creation and networking on the value of the environment management stewardship, will be essential to enhance individual and corporate responsibility, and promote behavioral change, ownership and investments in environment management and clean development. Based on the above review and the analysis undertaken, the Chapters that follow provide key findings that have informed this Action Plan.

Evidence-based

Opinion

based

Knowledge requirementsGather and Analyse Evidence

Technical capacity

Policy process

19

Annex 2: Summary of data and information generated by key sector ministries and institutions

Ministry/Institution

Mandate Types of data and information generated

1.0 Ministry of Planning and National Development - National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System (NIMES)

Provision of f annual progress reports on the governments key policy documents15

Annual progress reports, midterm review and terminal evaluation reports (ERS and Vision 2030, Progress reports on Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) Participatory Policy research papers, policy briefs and seminar proceedings, In-depth analysis of demographic and census data Project monitoring reports. Sector indicators and a core set of for national indicators used in monitoring and evaluation. Data and Information from regional offices

2.0 Office of the Prime Minister - Climate Change Coordination Unit

To lead a transformative Government for prosperity, unity and fairness16

Policies and plans MTEF reports Public Expenditure Reviews M&E reports Project profiles Environment and Climate change management guidelines Annual progress reports Periodic reports from the National Social and Economic Council meeting.

3.0 Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources - Department of Environment

To promote, conserve, protect, monitor and sustainably manage the environment and mineral resources for national development17

Environment legislation Policies and plans MTEFs M&E reports Project profiles Data and Information from regional offices Environment audit reports Environment management guidelines EIA reports National state of environment reports Project profiles and reports NAMA and NAPA Reports Meteorological and climatological data Atmospheric chemical composition and pollution data (including GHC

15 MOPND 2007. Master Plan for the Implementation of a National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System 16 http://www.primeminister.go.ke/DOCS/Strategic%20Plan%20Short%20Ver%20new.pdf Office of the Prime Minister Strategic Plan2009 - 2012 17 Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources 2009. Strategic Plan 2009 -2012

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Ministry/Institution

Mandate Types of data and information generated

emissions) Daily forecast data Seasonal rainfall forecast

4.0 Ministry of Water and Irrigation

To facilitate sustainable management and development of water resources for national development18

Environment legislation Policies and plans Sector medium term reports Ministerial expenditure reviews MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Terminal evaluation reports Performance contract progress reports Project reports Baseline data Feasibility studies Data and Information from regional offices

5.0 Ministry of Housing To improve livelihoods of Kenyans through facilitation of access to adequate housing in sustainable human settlements.19

Housing Industry statistics Policies and plans Sector medium term reports Ministerial expenditure reviews MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Terminal evaluation reports Performance contract progress reports Hosing census Environment legislation Data and Information from regional offices

6.0 Ministry of Energy To facilitate the provision of clean, secure, sustainable and affordable energy services for social-economic development while protecting the environment.

Policies and plans Sector medium term reports Ministerial expenditure reviews MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Terminal evaluation reports Performance contract progress reports Project reports

18 www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&task Ministry of Water and Irrigation Strategic Plan 2009 - 2012 19 mail.housing.go.ke/.../ict@housing.../. Ministry of Housing Strategic Plan 2008 -2013

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Ministry/Institution

Mandate Types of data and information generated

Environment legislation Baseline data Project feasibility studies/reports Data and Information from regional offices

7.0 Ministry of Agriculture To improve the livelihoods of Kenyans by promoting competitive farming as a business through appropriate policy environment, effective support services and sustainable natural resources management.20

Categories of land Number of farm holdings/ Acreage under crop Soil conservation Crop protection services Inputs (imports and us) Irrigation schemes (acreage, region) Forestry production and services Agricultural cooperatives Market prices Weather Early warning systems Staff returns Policies and plans Sector and Ministerial expenditure reviews MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Terminal evaluation reports Performance contract progress reports Project reports Research reports, Journal Articles Conference proceedings Workshop proceedings Feasibility studies Data and Information from regional offices

20 www.kilimo.go.ke Ministry of Agriculture Strategic Plan 2008 -2012

22

Ministry/Institution

Mandate Types of data and information generated

8.0 Ministry of Livestock To create a favourable legal framework for the sustainable development of the livestock industry; and to provide support services that increase productivity, value addition and market access for the sub- sector products.21

Livestock production Species and type population Livestock products trade Staff returns Environment legislation Policies and plans Sector medium term reports Sector and Ministerial expenditure reviews MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Terminal evaluation reports Performance contract progress reports Project reports Baseline data Feasibility studies Data and Information from regional offices

9.0 Ministry of Fisheries Promotion and utilization of fisheries resources, promotion and development of responsible and sustainable aquaculture to active involvement of fisher communities in fisheries management, while taking into consideration environmental conservation.22

Fisheries production Trade (export & imports) Staff returns Environment legislation Policies and plans Sector medium term reports MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Terminal evaluation reports Performance contract progress reports Project /Research reports, Journal Articles Conference proceedings Workshop proceedings Quarterly and Annual reports Feasibility studies Data and Information from regional offices

21 http://www.livestock.go.ke/index.php/aboutus/strategic-plan 22 http://www.fisheries.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=1

23

Ministry/Institution

Mandate Types of data and information generated

10.0 Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation

To provide of effective leadership and participate in the provision of quality public health and sanitation services that are equitable, responsive, accessible, and accountable to Kenyans23

Health statistics and indicators Policies and plans Sector medium term reports Sector and ministerial expenditure reviews MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Terminal evaluation reports Performance contract progress reports Research reports, Journal Articles Conference proceedings Workshop proceedings Project reports Baseline data Feasibility studies Environment legislation Quarterly and Annual reports Data and Information from regional offices

11.0 Ministry of Special Programmes

To co-ordinate disaster preparedness and response, and mitigate humanitarian effects through relief and recovery programmes.24

Policies and plans Sector medium term reports Ministerial expenditure reviews MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Performance contract progress reports Project reports Early warning reports Disaster risk management reports

12.0 Ministry of Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands

To provide policy direction and leadership in planning, implementation and coordination

Environment legislation Policies and plans Sector medium term reports

23 http://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net/fileadmin/uploads/ihp/Documents/Country_Pages/Kenya/Kenya%20ministy_of_public_health_and_sanitation_strategic_plan%202008-2012.pdf Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation Strategic Plan 2008 -2012 24 http://www.sprogrammes.go.ke/images/plan2.pdf Ministry of Special Programmes Strategic Plan 2008 -2012

24

Ministry/Institution

Mandate Types of data and information generated

of development in Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands25

Ministerial expenditure reviews MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Performance contract progress reports Project reports Feasibility studies reports

13.0 Ministry of Trade and Industry

To facilitate trade and investment by championing an enabling environment for domestic and export business to thrive.26

Trade statistics (internal and external trade) Policies and plans Sector medium term reports Sector/ministerial expenditure reviews Periodic M&E reports Terminal evaluation reports Performance contract progress reports Project reports Feasibility studies Environment legislation Data and Information from regional offices

14.0 Ministry of Industrialization To facilitate an expanding, globally competitive and innovative industrial sector by creating an enabling environment.27

Industry statistics Policies and plans Sector medium term reports Sector and ministerial expenditure reviews MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Terminal evaluation reports Performance contract progress reports Project reports Baseline data Feasibility studies Environment legislation Data and Information from provincial offices

25 www.northernkenya.go.ke/.../... Ministry of Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands Strategic Plan 2008-2012 26 http://www.trade.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=103&Itemid=133 Ministry of Trade Strategic Plan 2008-2012 27 http://www.industrialization.go.ke/images/downloads/Strategic_Plan_Final_2008-12.pdf. Ministry of Industrialization Strategic Plan 2008-2012

25

Ministry/Institution

Mandate Types of data and information generated

15.0 Ministry of Tourism To facilitate sustainable tourism for national development and posterity. 28

Tourism industry statistics Policies and plans Sector medium term reports Ministerial expenditure reviews Periodic M&E reports Terminal evaluation reports Performance contract progress reports Environment legislation Project reports Feasibility studies Data and Information from provincial offices

16.0 Ministry of Education To provide, promote and co-ordinate lifelong education, training and research for Kenya's sustainable development. To focus on priority areas within overall education goals, notably towards attaining 'universal primary education' by 2005, within the context of the wider objective of 'Education for All (EFA)' by 201529

Education statistics Policies and plans Sector medium term reports Ministerial expenditure reviews MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Terminal evaluation reports Performance contract progress reports Project reports Baseline data Feasibility studies Data and Information from provincial office

17.0 Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology

To develop higher and technical education and enhance integration of science, technology, and innovation into national production systems for sustainable development.30

Higher education statistics Policies and plans Sector medium term reports Ministerial expenditure reviews MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Terminal evaluation reports Performance contract progress reports Research /Project reports

28 http://www.tourism.go.ke/ministry.nsf/doc/STRATEGIC_PLAN_2008-2012.pdf/$file/STRATEG... Ministry of Tourism Strategic Plan 2008-2012 29 http://www.education.go.ke/Home.aspx?department=1 Ministry of Education Strategic Plan 2008 - 2012 30 http://chet.org.za/manual/media/files/chet_hernana_docs/Kenya/National/MHEST%20Strategic%20Plan%202008-2012.pdf Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology Strategic Plan 2008-2012

26

Ministry/Institution

Mandate Types of data and information generated

Journal Articles Conference proceedings Workshop proceedings Baseline data Feasibility studies Consultancy reports

Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development

To promote, coordinate, monitor, and evaluate gender equality, women's empowerment, social development, care, participation, and protection of children, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups as a n integral part of national development. 31

Policies and plans Sector medium term reports Ministerial expenditure reviews MGD reports Periodic M&E reports Performance contract progress reports Project/ social analysis reports Consultancy reports

31 http://www.gender.go.ke/index.php/News/strategic-plan.html.

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