Reproductive Management of Dairy Heifers · 2017. 7. 17. · 1 Paul M. Fricke, PhD Reproductive...

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Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Reproductive Management of Dairy Heifers

Paul M. Fricke, PhDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Dairy ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin - Madison

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

La

cta

tio

n

HeiferCalf

0 12 18 24 30 36 42 48

Age (months)

Heifer DevelopmentAge at 1st Calving = 24 mo

Birth

Puberty (9 mo)

Nonlactating

Conception (14 mo)

Age at 1st calving:24 mo

Primiparous

1st Lactation

1st Calving 2nd Calving

Multiparous

2nd Lactation

Optimal age at calving = 23-24 mo

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

La

cta

tio

n

HeiferCalf

0 12 18 24 30 36 42 48

Age (months)

Heifer DevelopmentAge at first calving = 32 mo

Birth

Puberty (9 mo)

Nonlactating

Conception (23 mo)


Primiparous

1st Lactation


Each day calving is delayed beyond 24 months of age costs $1.50 to $3.00 per heifer

$360 to $720Extra Rearing

CostsPer Heifer

2

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

La

cta

tio

n

HeiferCalf

0 12 18 24 30 36 42 48

Age (months)

Heifer DevelopmentAge at 1st Calving = 20 mo

Birth

Conception (11 mo)

Nonlactating


Primiparous

1st Lactation


Multiparous

2nd Lactation

Reducing age at first calving reduces the nonlactatingperiod but results in impaired mammary developmentand reduction in subsequent milk production

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Calving Age Influences Subsequent Milk Production

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Calving Age (mo)

% F

irs

t L

ac

tati

on

Mil

kP

rod

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n E

xp

ec

ted

Calving heifers at 23 to 24 mo of age is optimal for first lactation milk yieldsAlthough heifers can calve at 19-21 mo of age, they may experience dystocia and metabolic disorders

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Deciding When to Breed Holstein Heifers

Breeding RecommendationsAge = 13 monthsWeight = 875 lb (396 kg)Wither Height = 50 in (127 cm)

Calving RecommendationsAge at first calving = 22 - 24 monthsWeight = 1250 lb (567 kg) post-calving Wither Height = 55 in (140 cm)

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Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Heifer Reproductive Efficiency

Poor ReproductionSR=50%; CR=40%

Average Age:At 1st breeding = 14.0

At conception = 16.4At 1st calving = 25.7

Good ReproductionSR=80%; CR=70%

Average Age:At 1st breeding = 14.0At conception = 14.7At 1st calving = 24.0

0

10

20

30

40

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60

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80

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100

14

.0

14

.4

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.8

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.2

19

.9

20

.6

21

.3

He

ife

rs n

ot

pre

gn

an

t (%

)

Age at conception (mo)

Poor Good

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Lactating Cows vs. Heifers

What is “normal” for conception rate?

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Conception Rate, 1998 Minnesota DHI DataRapnicki P, Stewart S, Eicker S. 2001. Proc 4-State Appl Nutr Mgt Conf, La Crosse, WI

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Conception Rate (%)

Herd

Cou

nt

Lactating Cows

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Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Characterization of Holstein Heifer Fertility in the United States Kuhn et al., J. Dairy Sci. 89:4907-4920; 2006

6 25

213

704

1070

579

701

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

>20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 >80

He

rd C

ou

nt

Conception Rate (%)

Breedings = 537,938Heifers = 362,512Herds = 2,668

Mean CR:

57%

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

CR by Service Number – Holstein CowsAgri-Tech Analytics; 2002-2004; 1,608,870 Holstein AI services

30% 31% 31%29% 28%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

1 2 3 4 5+

Co

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ep

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ate

AI Service Number

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Effect of AI Service Number on Conception Rate in Heifers Kuhn et al., J. Dairy Sci. 89:4907-4920; 2006

53.3 52.949.7

47.9

43.8

39.1

32.7

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Nu

mb

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f AI (x 1

,00

0)C

on

ce

pti

on

ra

te (%

)

AI Service Number

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Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Reproductive Management Protocols for Dairy Heifers

Paul M. Fricke , Ph.D.

Radiotelemetry

HeatWatch®


Behavioral Estrus in Holstein Dairy Cattle Based on HeatWatch

Lactating Cows

Nonlactating Heifers

n 307 114

Standing Events 7.2 ± 7.2 16.8 ± 12.8

Duration of Estrus (h) 7.3 ± 7.2 11.3 ± 6.9

J Dairy Sci 80(Suppl. 1):179; 1997

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Paul M. Fricke, Ph.D.

CIDR InsertsGnRHProstaglandin F2α

Hormonal Manipulation of Ovarian Function in Heifers


PGF Synchronization Protocols(Targeted Breeding System)

Treat all heifers and AI those detected in estrus. Retreat remaining heifers after 14 days and AI those detected in estrus.

14 Days

PGF2α PGF2α

Estrus Estrus

PGF2α

14 Days

TAI (80h)


7 days 56 hours

GnRH PGF2α GnRH

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PM Fricke, Ph.D.

Stevenson et al., J. Dairy Sci. 91:3424; 2008

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Effect of Treatment on Conception Rate in Dairy Heifers Stevenson et al., J. Dairy Sci. 91:3424; 2008

63.767.7

54.3

46.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

CON PGED EDTAI GTAI

Co

nc

ep

tio

n r

ate

(%)

n=140n=127 n=111n=135

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Cost Analysis InputsStevenson et al., J. Dairy Sci. 91:3424; 2008

Item Cost ($) Range ($) Increment ($)

GnRH per dose 1.65 1.50 – 4.50 0.50

PGF2α per dose 2.50 1.50 – 4.50 0.50

CIDR insert 8.00 5.50 – 10.50 1.00

Labor per hour 10.00 6.50 – 18.50 2.00

Rearing cost(heifer/d)

1.65 0.75 – 2.25 0.25

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PM Fricke, Ph.D.

Cost AnalysisStevenson et al., J. Dairy Sci. 91:3424; 2008

$30 $29$34

$55

$42 $40

$50

$85

$0

$20

$40

$60

$80

$100

CON PGED EDTAI GTAI

Program Cost Cost per Pregnancy

PM Fricke, Ph.D.

Synchronization Systems

Pursley & Wiltbank, 1995

Moreira et al., 2001

Fricke et al., 2003

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Study n

Conception (%)

Control Ovsynch

Lactating Cows 1 546 42 39

Lactating Cows 2 311 39 39

Virgin Heifers 2 155 74 35**Differs from Control, P < 0.01

Conception rates after AI to estrus or Ovsynch and timed AI – Heifers vs. Cows

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Connie Cordoba


Experimental DesignLactating Cows – Grazing System

BullsIntroduced(June 10, 2000)

23-day AI breeding period

GnRH(50 μg)

PGF2α(25 mg)

GnRH(50 μg)

Ovsynch (n=114)

-9 -1-3

Timed AI(Day 0; May 19, 2000)

Tail Paint (n=114)


Reproductive Performance1st AI service Cordoba & Fricke, J. Dairy Sci. 85:1752-1763; 2002

Item Ovsynch Tail Paint

Method of AI Timed AI AI at estrus

AI submission rate (%) 100.0a

(114/114)84.2b

(96/114)

Mean d of AI 0.0 12.0 ± 0.6

Conception rate (%) 27.3a

(30/110)47.3b

(43/91)

a,bWithin a row, percentages with different superscripts differ (p<0.01)

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Frequency Distribuation of AICordoba & Fricke, J. Dairy Sci. 85:1752-1763; 2002

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Day of Breeding Period

Nu

mb

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of

Co

ws

Tail PaintOvsynch


Ovsynch cows with low P4 at 2nd GnRHCordoba & Fricke, J. Dairy Sci. 85:1752-1763; 2002

P4-class n

Anovular

% (no)

CR

% (no)

Return to AI

% (no)

LLL 5 80.0 (4) 0.0 (0) 60.0 (3)

HLL 28 0.0 (0) 14.3a (4) 71.4 (20)

LHL 33 24.2 (8) 39.4b (13) 27.3 (9)

HHL 23 0.0 (0) 43.5b (10) 30.4 (7)

Σ 89 13.5 (12) 30.3 (27) 43.8 (39)

a,bDifferent superscripts denote significant contrasts (p<0.05)


HLL Cows(n=28)

Proestrus at 1st GnRH injection

Conception rate = 14.3%20% of HLL cows returned to AI service during the AI

breeding period on d 14 to 17

Low Low

High

TAI(d 0)

G GP

ReturnAI Service(d 14 to 17)

Estrus

Initial HeatEstrus

0 10 15 21514-17

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ProgesteroneThree Follicular Waves

Ovulation 21

Folli

cu

lar

Siz

e

914-17


Progesterone

10Ovulation 21

Folli

cu

lar

Siz

e

Day After Ovulation

Two Follicular Waves


2002 Heifer Field Trial Results

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Experimental DesignNonlactating Holstein dairy heifers

42-day AI breeding period

GnRH(100 μg)

PGF2α(25 mg)

GnRH + TAI(100 μg)

GPG + Tail Chalk (n=175)

0 86

Tail Chalk (n=170)

Once-daily estrus detectionand AI based on tail chalk


Effect of GPG vs. Tail ChalkRivera et al., J. Dairy Sci. 87:2051; 2004

Interval to 1st AI (d) CR

Treatment n Mean Min Max % (no.)

GPG 175 7.5* ± 0.1 1 8 38.3 (67)

TAI 144 (82%) 8.0 ± 0.0 8 8 38.2 (55)

Estrus before TAI 31 (18%) 5.2 ± 0.2 1 7 38.7 (12)

Tail Chalk 172 9.9 ± 0.5 0 38 46.5 (80)

Overall 347 7.6 ± 0.3 0 38 40.0 (138)

*Differs from Tail Chalk (p<0.01).


Four Factors Influence Conception Rate:

FemaleFertility Bull

Fertility Accuracyof Heats AI

Efficiency

PR/AI =

X

XX

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Effect of AI technician Rivera et al., J. Dairy Sci. 87:2051; 2004

Technician

1 2 3

Treatment % (no./no.) % (no./no.) % (no./no.)

GPG 20.0 (12/60) 25.0 (6/24) 53.8 (49/91)

Tail Chalk 30.2 (16/53) 33.3 (12/36) 62.6 (52/83)

Overall 24.8a (28/113) 30.0a (18/60) 58.0b (101/174)

a,bWithin a row, percentages with different superscripts differ


Survival curve of days to first AIRivera et al., J. Dairy Sci. 87:2051; 2004


6 Days 2 Days

GnRH(100 μg)

PGF2α(25 mg)

GnRH +TAI(100 μg)

GPG + CIDR(n=94)

CIDR

6 Days 2 Days

GnRH(100 μg)

PGF2α(25 mg)

GPG(n=96)

GnRH +TAI(100 μg)

Rivera et al., J. Dairy Sci. 88:957; 2005

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Survival to first serviceRivera et al., J. Dairy Sci. 88:957; 2005


Effect of GPG vs. GPG + CIDRRivera et al., J. Dairy Sci. 88:957; 2005

Treatment

Item GPG GPG + CIDR

AI to estrus before TAI 23.9 (23/96) 0.0 (0/94)

Heifers receiving TAI 76.0 (73/96) 100.0 (94/94)

CR (30 d) to estrus 26.1 (6/23) -

CR (30 d) to TAI 29.1 (28/96) 31.9 (30/94)


Effect of AI technicianRivera et al., J. Dairy Sci. 88:957; 2005

Technician

1 2 3

Treatment % (no./no.) % (no./no.) % (no./no.)

GPG 8.0 (2/25) 8.3 (2/24) 51.1 (24/47)

GPG + CIDR 13.6 (3/22) 0.0 (0/24) 56.2 (27/48)

Overall 10.6a (5/47) 4.2a (2/48) 53.7b (51/95)a,bWithin a row, percentages with different superscripts differ

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5 days 3 days

GnRHPGF2α(AM/PM) GnRH +TAI

CIDR Synch(n=127)

CIDR

PGF Synch(n=120)

14 days

PGF2α PGF2α

60 hours

GnRH +TAI

5-day Heifer CIDR Synch protocolThatcher et al, unpublished


Conception rate (32 d) of dairy heifers to TAI

after PGF Synch or CIDR SynchThatcher et al. Unpublished

45.8

53.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PGF Synch CIDR Synch

Co

nc

ep

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n r

ate

(%)

n=120 n=127

Treatments do not differ statistically


5 days 3 days

GnRH PGF2α GnRH +TAI

CIDR Synch

CIDR

CIDR Synch comparing 1 vs. 2 doses of PGF Thatcher et al., Unpublished

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Conception rate (32 d) of dairy heifers to TAI after CIDR Synch using 1 vs 2 doses of PGFThatcher et al. Unpublished

56.1 57.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 x PGF 2 x PGF

Co

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ep

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n r

ate

(%)

n=98 n=101

Treatments do not differ statistically

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

• X-chromosome has 4% more DNA

• Sperm stained with dye & sorted by laser

• 85% accuracy

• Many sperm are damaged or wasted

• Can sort 8-10 straws of semen per hour

Semen Sexing

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Commercial Application of Sex-Sorted Semen in Holstein HeifersDeJarnette et al., J. Dairy Sci. 91:459; 2008 (Abstr.)

56.453.8

45.447.043.1

38.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1st 2nd 3+

Co

nc

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ate

(%)

AI service number

Conventional Sex-Sorted

83.9%of

Conv.

80.1%of

Conv.

49 herds from Jan, 2005 to Jan. 2008; 41,398 sexed semen AI services.Sexed semen resulted in ~45% CR and ~90% female calves in Holstein heifers.

83.3%of

Conv.

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Use of Sexed Semen on Wisconsin Dairy Farms

Ryan Sterry, UW-Extension Polk CountyDenise Brusveen, UW-Extension Sauk County

Kent Weigel, Department of Dairy Science, UW-MadisonPaul Fricke, Department of Dairy Science, UW-Madison

© 2008 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of theUniversity of Wisconsin-Extension

Survey Administration

© 2008 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension

•Conducted Winter ’07-’08

•Administered by UW-Extension county faculty

•20 questions

•Three general response categories

•Never used

•Used, but not currently

•Currently using

•347 responses (307 Dairy, 38 Heifer Growers)

How was survey distributed?

Meeting 85%

Phone 1%

Mail 7%

Farm Visit 7%

Experience with Sexed Semen

Dairy Farms (n=309) Heifer Growers (n=38)


Never Used 53%

Currently Using 39%

Discontinued 8%

Currently Using 63%

Never Used 29%

Discontinued 8%

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Alta 2.4%

Other 1.8%

Semex 1.8%Multiple 12.5%

ABS 9.5%

Accelerated 14.9%

Select Sires 46.4%

Genex10.7%

Alta 2.4%

Other 1.8%

Semex 1.8%Multiple 12.5%

ABS 9.5%

Accelerated 14.9%

Select Sires 46.4%

Genex10.7%

Source of Sexed Semen (n=168)


Age of Heifers at First Breeding - Only Beltsville

Conventional (n=119) Sexed (n=118)


13 or less 17%

15

23%14

41%

16

6%

17

3%

18+

3%

Don’t Use

7%

13 or less 30%15

22%

14

34%

16

6%

17

2%

18+

2%

Don’t Use

4%

Services for Using Sexed Semen - Beltsville


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Paul M. Fricke, PhD

On the Web:

www.uwex.edu/ces/dairymgt/www.uwex.edu/ces/dairyrepro/

Department of Dairy Science

University of Wisconsin - Madison

Reproductive Management of Dairy Heifers · 2017. 7. 17. · 1 Paul M. Fricke, PhD Reproductive...

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