Reproduction in fishes. Reproduction what defines male vs. female?
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Transcript of Reproduction in fishes. Reproduction what defines male vs. female?
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Reproduction in fishes
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Reproduction
what defines ‘male’ vs. ‘female’?
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Reproduction
what defines ‘male’ vs. ‘female’? – reproductive investment
sexual strategies:females must be ‘careful’ in mate selection due to cost
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Reproduction
what defines ‘male’ vs. ‘female’?
sexual strategies:females must be ‘careful’ in mate selection due to costmale investments in reproduction :
advertisement, colors, tubercules, kypes, displaysnest building, territorial defenseparental care, brood guarding
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Reproduction
bioenergetics: C = E + M + G + S + R
C – consumptionE – excretionM – metabolismG – growthS – storageR – reproduction
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Reproduction
sexual strategies: females must be ‘careful’ in mate selection due to cost
- energy investment in eggs- migration, brooding
male investments in reproduction :- advertisement, colors, tubercules, kypes, displays- mate competition- nest building, territorial defense, migration- parental care, brood guarding
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Anatomy
hagfish, lamprey: single gonadsno ducts; release gametes into body cavity
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Anatomy
hagfish, lamprey: single gonadsno ducts; release gametes into body cavity
sharks: paired gonadsinternal fertilizationsperm emitted through cloaca, along grooves in claspers
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Anatomy
hagfish, lamprey: single gonadsno ducts; release gametes into body cavity
sharks: paired gonadsinternal fertilizationsperm emitted through cloaca, along grooves in claspers
chimaeras, bony fishes: paired gonadsexternal and internal fertilizationsperm released through separate opening
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Anatomy
hagfish, lamprey: single gonadsno ducts; release gametes into body cavity
sharks: paired gonadsinternal fertilizationsperm emitted through cloaca, along grooves in claspers
chimaeras, bony fishes: paired gonadsexternal and internal fertilizationsperm released through separate opening
most teleosts: ova maintained in continuous sac from ovary to oviductexceptions: Salmonidae, Anguillidae, Galaxidae, non-
teleosts - these release eggs into body cavity when ripe
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Anatomy
in general: gametes produced only during spawning seasongonads reduced during non-reproductive season
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Timing and location of spawning
strategy: avoid competition for spawning habitatmaximize access to food for offspring minimize access to offspring by predators
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Timing and location of spawning
strategy: avoid competition for spawning habitatmaximize access to food for offspring minimize access to offspring by predators
example: Lake Champlainanadromous – salmoncatadromous – eelsfall spawners – lake trout, whitefishspring spawners – smeltlittoral spawners – sculpins, sunfishes, bassesstream spawners – suckers, darters, minnows, sturgeonpelagic eggs – burbot
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Reproduction
fecundityegg size and number inversely relatedegg number directly related to female size (within species)
related to food supply, competition= population-regulating mechanism
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Reproduction
fecundityfractional spawners – produce eggs continuously,
spawn frequentlybatch spawners – single reproductive season
release all eggs in a short period
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Reproduction
onset of reproductionmales typically mature earlier and smaller than femalesmature earlier if survival and growth are lowstable environment – delayed reproduction
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Reproduction
onset of reproductionmales typically mature earlier and smaller than femalesmature earlier if survival and growth are lowstable environment – delayed reproduction
survivorshiphigh if egg production is low, and vice versahigh fecundity fish respond more rapidly to change
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Reproduction
frequency of reproductionsemelparity - spawn and then die
- huge investment in egg production
iteroparity - repeated reproduction allows compensation for a “bad” yearmore common in more unstable environments may not spawn every year (sturgeon)
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Reproductive strategies
fertilization external except livebearers (elasmobranches, Poecilidae, etc)
mass spawning events (Clupeiformes, smelt, etc.)
several males to each female (Salmoniformes, lampreys)
several females to each male (Gobiidae)
single-pair matings (guppies)
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Reproductive strategies
non-guarders - pelagic (broadcast) spawners
semi-buoyant eggshigh fecundityegg and larval ‘migrations’
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Reproductive strategies
non-guarders - pelagic (broadcast) spawners- benthic spawners
on coarse substrates (lake trout)on vegetation (carp, perch)on fine substrates (smelt)
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Reproductive strategies
non-guarders - pelagic (broadcast) spawners- benthic spawners- brood hiders
build redd on coarse substrates (salmon, lamprey)
credit: Thomas B. Dunklin
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Reproductive strategies
non-guarders - pelagic (broadcast) spawners- benthic spawners- brood hiders
build redd on coarse substrates (salmon, lamprey)beach spawners (grunion)use another species (bitterling)
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Reproductive strategies
guarders - nest builders (largemouth bass)
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Reproductive strategies
guarders - nest builders (largemouth bass)
rock and gravel (like a lentic redd - sunfishes)plant material (sticklebacks)holes, crevices, cavities (gobies, sculpin, blennies)froth (bettas)anemones (clown fish)
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Reproductive strategies
Bearers - carry eggs and/or fry with them
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Reproductive strategies
Bearers - external bearers
transfer: Gasterosteidae, Sygnathidae (pipefishes, seahorses)
grade from attachment to skin, to open pouch, to closed pouchgill chambers, forehead
obstetrical catfish carry eggs on ventral surface
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Reproductive strategies
Bearers - external bearers
mouth: males or females some cichlids and bonytongues
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Reproductive strategies
Bearers - external bearers
- internal bearers (viviparity)facultative - killifishes
obligate - Lake Baikal sculpins, marine rockfishes (Scorpaenidae)
livebearers - Poeciliids, many sharksgradient of nutrient supply from mother
superfetation
placental viviparity - sharks
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Reproductive strategies
the other extreme: minimal male investmentLophiiformes: deepsea anglerfishes
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Alternative reproductive strategies
sexual vs asexual – pros and cons
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Alternative reproductive strategies
Hermaphroditismsynchronous (or simultaneous) hermaphrodites
Myctophiformes: (laternfishes) - several familiesAtheriniformes: Aplocheilidae, PoeciliidaePerciformes: Serranidae (sea basses, hamlets),
Labridae (wrasses), and others
"Egg-trading" in black hamlets Hypoplectrus nigricans (serranid)
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Alternative reproductive strategies
Hermaphroditismconsecutive (sequential) hermaphrodites
first male (protandrous) – less commonStomiiformes (lightfish, dragonfish)Scorpaeniformes: PlatycephalidaePerciformes: Serranidae, Labridae, and others
blue-headed wrasse
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Alternative reproductive strategies
Hermaphroditismconsecutive (sequential) hermaphrodites
first male (protandrous) – less common
first female (protogynous)Synbranchiformes (swamp eels – only freshwater example)Perciformes: Serranidae, Maenidae, Labridae
from 100% female -> 100% malefrom 100% female -> 50% male / 50% femalesome do not pass thru a female stage ("primary males")
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Alternative reproductive strategies
Unisexual species
processes of DNA re-assortment in sexual species:
1. crossing-over during first meiotic division 2. random segregation of chromosomes in second meiotic division 3. addition of male and female chromosomes after fertilization
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Alternative reproductive strategies
parthenogenesis: females produce diploid eggs, no sperm used
premeiotic endomitosis - mitotic division without cytokinesis
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Alternative reproductive strategies
parthenogenesis: females produce diploid eggs, no sperm used
premeiotic endomitosis - mitotic division without cytokinesis
gynogenesis: females produce diploid eggs, use sperm to stimulate development
male genome not usedcongeneric species are used for spermexample: Poecilia formosa (Amazon molly)
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Alternative reproductive strategies
parthenogenesis: females produce diploid eggs, no sperm used
premeiotic endomitosis - mitotic division without cytokinesis
gynogenesis: females produce diploid eggs, use sperm to stimulate development
male genome not usedcongeneric species are used for sperm
androgenesis – does not exist (why?)
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Alternative reproductive strategies
parthenogenesis: females produce diploid eggs, no sperm used
premeiotic endomitosis - mitotic division without cytokinesis
gynogenesis: females produce diploid eggs, use sperm to stimulate development
male genome not usedcongeneric species are used for sperm
hybridogenesis: one genome from female in egg, male genome discarded - then uses sperm to restore ploidy - no crossing over example: Poeciliopsis monacha-lucida
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Alternative reproductive strategies
Alternative male strategies
- jacks (salmon and trout)
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Alternative reproductive strategies
Alternative male strategies
- jacks (salmon and trout)
- sneakers (“SF”s) in bluegills, wrasses, sunfishesevolutionarily stable strategy - if small, become SF, avoid stress of being parental male
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Alternative reproductive strategies
Alternative male strategies
- jacks (salmon and trout)
- sneakers (“SF”s) in bluegills, wrasses, sunfishesevolutionarily stable strategy - if small, become SF, avoid stress of being parental male
- satellite males (mimic females) in bluegills, hover near nest
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DEVELOPMENT
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Developmental stages
egg <0.5 mm - 10 cmvariable shape, attachmentsvariable buoyancywater hardening
yellow perch egg mass
round goby (0.5 mm)
lake trout (5 mm)
skate (5 cm)
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Developmental stages
eggembryo - dependent on mother or yolk sac for food (free embryo)
Credit: Fly Anglers online
Susan Middleton & David Liittschwager
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Developmental stages
eggembryo - dependent on mother or yolk sac for food (free embryo)larvae - not fully functional, may look totally unlike adult
ends when axial skeleton is formed
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Developmental stages
eggembryo - dependent on mother or yolk sac for food (free embryo)larvae - not fully functional, may look totally unlike adult
ends when axial skeleton is formedjuvenile - small functional individual, immatureadult - reproductively mature
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Developmental stages
eggembryo - dependent on mother or yolk sac for food (free embryo)larvae - not fully functional, may look totally unlike adult
ends when axial skeleton is formedjuvenile - small functional individual, immatureadult - reproductively mature
Credit: USFWS, GLFC
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indirect development (perch) - larval stages go through trophic phases different from adults
intermediate (salmonids) - embryonic stage with yolk; virtually no larval stage
direct development (gobies) - juvenile is fully functional miniature of adults (no larval stage)
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Genetics
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Sex determinationheterogametic sex can be male or female
Genetics
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Sex determinationheterogametic sex can be male or female
Polyploidy - more than two sets of chromosomes critical difference between odd and even sets
Genetics
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Sex determinationheterogametic sex can be male or female
Polyploidy - more than two sets of chromosomes critical difference between odd and even sets - use of triploid grass carp
Genetics
http://www.bajthomas.btinternet.co.uk
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Natural polyploidstriploids - Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliid triploids- different solutions to the problem of triploid gametes….
Genetics
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Natural polyploidstriploids - Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliid triploids
tetraploids (autotetraploids vs. allotetraploids)Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefish)Salmonidae (all trouts - autotetraploid)
ancestral chromosome doubling eventCypriniformes
some cyprinidsall catostomids are allotetraploid
SiluriformesCorydoras catfishes
PerciformesOnly Lucioperca sandra: 2n = 24 in Sweden
but 2n = 48 in Finland
Genetics
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Natural polyploidstriploids - Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliid triploids
tetraploids (autotetraploids vs. allotetraploids)
hexaploids and octaploids (rare in carp)
Genetics
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Natural hybrids
salmonids
centrarchids
Genetics