REPORTS ON SURVEYS WITH THE R/V "DR. F R I D T J O F NANSEN''

A SURVEY OF THE F I S H RESOURCES OF BURMA,

SEPTEMBER - NOVEMBER 1 9 7 9

I O d d KIakkenx) and Sann ~ u n ~ ~ ~ )

! i I

I ! l 1

l

l x ) I n s t i t u t e of M a r i n e R e s e a r c h , B e r g e n

xx) P e o p l e s P e a r l and F i s h e r i e s C o r p o r a t i o n , R a n g o o n

l

I 1

i M a r c h P 9 8 0

l

CONTENTS

Page

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N

y 2 . b5ATERIAL5AND METHODS

2 . 1 V e s s e l and equipment 2 l r)$is' 2 . 2 O p e r a t i o n o f a c o u s t i c ins t rument& 2 1

2.3 Sampling and p r o c e s s i n g of a c o u s t i c d a t a 3

2.4 Sampling and p r o c e s s i n g of b i o l o g i c a l d a t a 4

3 . RESULTS

3 . 1 D e s c r i p t i o n o f work 5

3.2 Hydrography 5

3.3 S u r f a c e o b s e r v a t i o n s and s o n a r c o n t a c t s 6

3.4 Bottom c o n d i t i o n s 7

3.5 D i s t r i b u t i o n and abundance a f p e l a g i c f i s h 8

! 3 . 5 . 1 The Arakan c o a s t 8 l 3.5.2 The D e l t a and Tenasserim a r e a s 9

l 3 .6 D i s t r i b u t i o n and abundance o f demersa l f i s h 10

3 . 6 . 1 The Arakan c o a s t 1 0

i 3.6.2 The D e l t a a r e a 11

I 3 .6 .3 The 'I tenasserim c o a s t 11

C r u s t a c e a n s

Shrimps i n s h a l l o w w a t e r s

Deep s e a shr imps and l o b s t e r g 1 2 - Biomass o f f i s h 13

A c o u s t i c e s t i m a t e s 1 3

E s t i m a t e s from c a t c h r a t e s l 4

LIT ERATURE f

1. INTRODUCTION

)d According to an agreement between the government of Burma,%p United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

and the Norwegian agency for development aid (NORAD)

x the fishery research vessel "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" &l / s l 6

undertake two surveys of the Burmese waters, The first

survey was carried out between 25 September and 18 October

1979, the second will take place in March - April 1980. An analysis of the results from both surveys will be

presented in June 1980. The present report is a

presentation of processed data and preliminary results

from September - November 1979. The following scientific

participated:

Institute of Marine Research, Peoples Pearl and Fisheries Bergen Corporation, Rangoon

O. Nakken (Cruiseleader) Sann Aung (Teamleader)

S. Brattås Soe Tin

J. Maude Myo Aung

K. StrØmsnes Department of Fisheries, Rangoon

Sein Lwin

The Burmese Navy

Sann Muint

r The teamlead lea der Mr. Davidson Thomas, joined the vessel between 23 October and 2 November.

i The above staff took part in observational work and carried

i out analysis and processing of observations to the extent , 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ s t ~ r P ;p wh-&e-l-i--i~k--cou-1d-=d-be done onboard the vessel . Further evaluation

of the observations and preparation of the present report

was done at the Institute of Marine Research, Bergen.

The figures are drawn by K. StrØmsnes and modified for

reduction by A. Raknes.

i j l - 2 - l

j l : I 2. MATERIALSAND METHODS j '

2.1 Vessel and equipment

1 The R/V "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" is a 150-foot stern trawler = ,

I with a main engine of 1500 horsepower. The vessel is 1 t

! equipped for acoustic surveying, bottomf- and midwater

I

i , trawling, hydrography and plankton observations.

The acoustic equipment consisted of two scientific sounders --- y (120 and 38 two echoLntegrators, a searchlight sonar l l

l )i (18 kHz) and a neqsonde (50 kHz) . The bottom trawl was a l

I ,-"- l / high opening shrimp trawl, 1800 meshes (40 mm mesh size) in 1 i

i ?Vcircumference, the lengths of headlline I- . and groundirope 1 -

being 96 feet and 63 feet respectively. The pelagic trawl

I was 1600 meches (200 m mesh size) in circumference, with

1 four equal panels (sides), particularly designed for catching / 1 l small pelagic fish. Both trawls had a small meshed inner- l

7

,W net of meshsize 1 cm in the codlends L- *

Hydrographic observations were carried out with Nansen 44

y bottles JA which temperature readings and samples for

l salinity and oxygen determinations were collected at

l standard depths. The salinity was determined with an

inductive salinometer and dissolved oxygen by the Winkler .e

,U mqthod.

2.2. Operation of the acoustic instruments

>u Each of the two ech$ounders was operated in conjunction

p with one echkntegrator and the two acoustic systems had

the following settings:

Basic range 0-100 or 0-250 0-100

Transmitter Ext. (10/1) l/l

b ~andkidth and b pulseilength +- - Narrow, 0.6msec Narrow, 0.6msec

TVG and gain 20 log R - 20 dB 20 log R - O dB Recorder gain 4

h ,g Integrator treshold 8

h

38 kHz 120 kHz

i n t e g r a t o r g a i n 20 (x 1 0 ) 20 (x 1 0 )

Depth i n t e r v a l s 4-25 and 25-bottom 4-25 and 25-bottom ( a c c o r d i n g t o 4-50 and 50-bottom 4-50 and 50-bottom bottom d e p t h s ) 4-100 and 100-bottom

The s o n a r was runn ing c o n t i n u o u s l y a t b a s i c r a n g e s 2000

o r 1250 m , sweeping 60 d e g r e e s t o each s i d e . The g a i n s e t t i n g s

of t h e sonar w e r e a d j u s t e d accord ing t o t h e r e v e r b e r a t i o n

c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e w a t e r masses.

2 .3 __J. S a - m ~ l i n g and p r o c e s s i n g of aco .us t ic d a t a

Cont inuouswatchwas k e p t on t h e a c o u s t i c sys tems and when- - 1 h ~ s r l

"4 e v e r t h e echo r e c o r d i n g s changed &ks c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,

t r a w l i n g was c a r r i e d o u t f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and b i o l o g i c a l .--l w sampling purposes . The o u t p u t s of t h e e c h o i n t e g r a t o r s I-

C . ~ . C b w e r e grouped i n ,$" t y p e s of r e c o r d i n g s - p e l a g i c f i s h ,

demersa l f i s h , mesopelagic f i s h and p l a n k t o n - a c c o r d i n g t o

t h e t r a c e p a t t e r n s on t h e echogram and t h e compos i t ion

of t h e t r a w l c a t c h e s . Average v a l u e s o v e r 5 n a u t i c a l m i l e

d i s t a n c e s were c a l c u l a t e d f o r each t y p e of r e c o r d i n g and

p l o t t e d i n maps, and a r i t h r n e t i c mean v a l u e s were made w i t h i n

each 30 x 30 n a u t i c a l m i l e s q u a r e . An echo abundance index

f o r each s q u a r e was c a l c u l a t e d by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e mean

i n t e g r a t o r o u t p u t w i t h t h e a r e a of t h e s q u a r e . Echo,

abundance i n d i c e s f o r any a r e a can now e a s i l y be a r r i v e d a t

by summa t i o n .

The number of s o n a r c o n t a c t s f o r each 5 n a u t i c a l m i l e s a i l i n g

d i s t a n c e w e r e no ted i n t h e a c o u s t i c l o g and p l o t t e d i n maps

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e v i s u a l s u r f a c e s p o t t i n g s .

During t h e f i r s t days o f o p e r a t i o n , a check ing p rocedure

was c a r r i e d o u t i n o r d e r t o s e c u r e r e l i a b l e and adequa te

sampling of a c o u s t i c d a t a . T h i s work r e s u l t e d i n Lhe system

s e t t i n g s g i v e n above, and i n a d d i t i o n it was d e c i d e d t h a t

t h e echo i n t e g r a t o r o u t p u t s from t h e 120 kHzGsystem shou ld

b e used t o o b t a i n i n d i c e s of echo abundance of E i sh . The

r e a s o n f o r t h i s i s e x p l a i n e d by t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s p- g i v e n i n t h e

r f o l l o w i n g t a b l e which show; cor respond ing e c h o / i n t e g r a t o r L -,

o u t p u t s a t 3 8 and 120 kHz f o r d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f s c a t t e r i n g , l a y e r s :

Frequency I S c a t t e r i n g l a y e r of s m a l l p e l a g i c f i s h

------I S c a t t e r i n g l a y e r of p l a n k t o n i c organisms

These o b s e r v a t i o n s show t h a t t h e two sys tems gave a l m o s t

e q u a l o u t p u t s ( M 1 2 0

0.8 M ) a s l o n g a s t h e r e c o r d i n g s 38 c o n s i s t e d of s m a l l p e l a g i c f i s h , w h i l e p l a n k t o n l a y e r s

c o n t r i b u t e d much more t o t h e 3 8 kHz sys tem t h a n t o t h e 120 G 5 kHz system. Consequent ly , even modera te c o n $ e n t r a t i o n s of

rh; z p l a n k t o n would mask weak f i s h echoes ait t h e 38 kHz system;

a f e a t u r e which was f r e q u e n t l y obse rved th roughou t t h e su rvey .

The echo abundance i n d i c e s of f i s h were t h e r e f o r e c a l c u l a t e d

from t h e 120 kHz d a t a which were much less i n f l u e n c e d a n d b i a s e d

by p l a n k t o n i c s c a t t e r i n g . I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e obse rved

f requency d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e caused by resonance s c a t t e r i n g

phenomena, b u t n e i t h e r t h e i d e n t i t y nor t h e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n

of t h e p l a n k t o n i c s c a t t e r e r s i s known.

2.4 Sampling and p r o c e s s i n g of b i o l o g i c a l d a t a

A l l c a t c h e s were s o r t e d i n t o s p e c i e c t o t h e e x t e n t which

t ime p e r m i t t e d , and measurements o f t o t a l l e n g t h (cm below)

w e r e c o l l e c t e d f o r t h e predominant s p e c i e s . Weight and

m a t u r i t y o b s e r v a t i o n s were a l s o made f o r s e l e c t e d s p e c i e s . k@><ttt ;

A lo t -b -5 samples w e r e p r e s e r v e d i n formaldehyde o r f r o z e n f o r 0 5 l%l<! t c:, n&>c-4"

l a t e r a n a l y s e s a t PPFCl,\for s c i e n t i f i c a-s--weL.1-as p r o c e s s i n g /

marke t ing purposes .

3. RESULTS

3.1 Description of work

The area of operation was covered twice and the coverages

during the two cruises are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 (a and b).

During the first cruise the operations started at the

Burma - Bangladesh border in the north,and the area was covered with transects approximately 30 nautical miles apart

south to the border between Burma and Thailand. The transects e c, 2.i :. 2 ,: 3-

started approximately at the 15 m icounterline and had a

maximum seaward extension of 110 nautical miles. Seven itL?T"< ,I,, (,

x$ hydrographic sectionc were worked, 3 off Arakan, 7 in the ' " ' '

-6 Delta area and off the Tenasserim coast. A total of 70 ' i

W trawxstations were carried out for sampling and identifi-

cation purposes.

C- .k During the second cruise the effort was con$entrated within

areas which on cruise no. 1 were found to be of particular

interest concerning fish distribution and abundance, Thus, a L m ~ .

U$t &e Arakan coast most of the urork was done in the areas

off Sandoway and further south; in the Delta area the areas

with bottom depths between 15 and 80-100 m were extensively u>

,Y surveyed, swwere also the nearshore areas off Tavoy; and

9 finallyl exploratory fishing with bottom trawl was conducted at the deep water trawling ground off the Tenasserim coast.

No hydrographic observations were made during the second

'?cruise, but a total of 97 trawgtations were carried .m. out.

P T h e results will to a large extent be considered areawise; 1 1 . ~ ~ c '?

,@the Burma waters being divided into 1 cubareas: J

1. The Arakan coast, North ofo160 N 2. The Delta area, Between 14 N and 16O N 3. The Tenasserim coast, South of 14O N.

3.2 Hydrography (5'5-gs. 3 , 4 and 5) Qk-

%)Fig. 3 shows the salinity distribution l4 5 m depth. The

salinities in the upper layer were particularly low in the

Delta region where the large Irrawaddy and Salween rivers

have their outlets. Northward along the Arakan coastv the

surface layer salinity increased gradually. The salinity

$distributiom in~ig? 3 and 4 a.* thus 1-~4-~.4 the impression of a low-salinity coastal current flowing to the west in the

Delta area and bending northward along the Arakan coast;

the current being maintained by the freshwater influx to

the Delta area.

a{ l / < $ <),,,i, , < c:! fl t 4

[)The upper 75 m was characterized by temperatures between 6;

27 and 30°c, by salinities lower than 34 o/oo and oxygen

contents between 4.0 and 5-0 inl/l ,w&-&hi-r-.khe -enei.- -a-rea.

Below 75 m the temperature and the oxyyen content decreased

rapidly with depth. Off Arakan the oxygen content was

observed to have a minimum between 150 and 300 m and values

below 0.2 ml/l were observed here. Further south, in the

Andaman sea, th lowest oxygen contents (just below 0,7 ml/l) 3 wwere observed depths of 200 m or more and no distinct

intermediate minimum were found.

\y In most of the sections{,and particularly in the Delta areas y (section IV and V).the oxygen isolines showed a tendency to

R& ,,,$J run to the bottom in depths between 50 and 100 m.

Even small changes in the direction of the isolines, Eor

instanve related to seasonal changes in the dynamic stability

G of t:ie water massesymay thus lead to large variations in

oxygen content over vast bottom areas.

3.3 Surface observations and sonar contacts

The visual observations made at the surface are summarized

in Fig. 6 together with the sonar contacts.

e-.-

b0ff Arakan observations of whales (probably sperr&hale)

were made during both cruises. Dolphins were observed far

offshore at the southern Tenasserim coast during cruise no.

1, and during the second cruise a very large school was

u sighted at approximately 16O N. The observations of tunalike \ A

'4 fishefå includedboth tunas, larger carangiids and Spanish pmackerel$, and it is believed that perhaps Spanish mackerel

were most frequently observed. f

During c r u i s e no. 1 some r a t h e r weak sonar c o n t a c t s were

yi obta ined i n t h e open ocean o f f t h e Arakan c o a s t . These

echoes were probably caused by schools of f l y i n g h". f i s h .

9 None of t h e schools could be observed on t h e echosounder L.-- and smal l schools of f l y i n g f i s h "took of fVwhen t h e v e s s e l

Q 4 approched t h e t a r g e t s . A

The v i s u a l obse rva t ions of smal l p e l a g i c f i s h included

s a r d i n e l l a , mackerel ( R a s t r e l l i n q e r s s . ) and scads

(Decapteru? ~9.) . Although anchovies probably made up t h e

l a r g e r p o r t i o n of t h e p e l a g i c f i s h biomass, and most of t h e

sonar echoes o r i g i n a t e d from anchovies bo th i n t h e a r e a s

o f f Arakan and o f f Tavoy, schools of anchovies were ncldm 1

Ci(Jprobably - r 4 9 s igh ted a t t h e s u r f a c e a s t h e i n d i v i d u a l s

i n t h e cu r f ace schools most ly appeared t o be cons iderab ly

l a r g e r than most of t h e anchovies w i t h i n t h e a r e a .

3.4. Bottom cond i t i ons .

F ig . 7 shsws t h e bottom cond i t i ons a s observed a long t h e

'4 c r u i s ~ t t r a c k s i-- by t h e 38 kHz Bottom type 1 i s

u s u i t a b l e f o r a l l k ind of bo t to6krawls , whi le on bottom

type 2 only t r a w l s wi th bobbins can be opera ted success-

f u l l y . The bottom types 3aiid 4 do n o t permit bo'ctom

t r awl ing a t a l l .

O f f Arakan, t h e s l o p e was t o o s t e e p and t h e s l o p e bottom

t o o rough t o permit bottom t r awl ing a t dep ths g r e a t e r

than 1 2 0 - 150 m. This was a l s o exper ienced i n t h e no r th

and western p a r t s of t h e Andaman Sea, whi le sou th of 13O N

t h e bottom t r a w l was opera ted success f own t o 450 - v 4

'7 500 m depth i n an a r e a wi th even and s t eep ing ---- -- - - - w---.

bottom a t dep ths between 2 0 0 and 500 m (F ig . 7 b ) . This a r e a

was l i m i t e d by a s t e e p s l o p e t o t h e wes t , s t a r t i n g a t dep ths

between 450 and 500m, and a r ibbon of ve ry rough bottom t o

t h e e a s t a t dep ths between 2 0 0 and 300 m. The obse rva t ions ?o&

$d (F ig . 7b) w e z e t h u s i n d i c a t m q a l a r g e deep water t r a w l i n g

ground from 13O N and southward, probably extending t o t h e

beyond Burmese wate rs .

Er3

Trn Nany p l a c e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y , o f f Arakan, i s o l a t e d s m a l l r o c k s

o r mud vo lcanoes w e r e observed i n a r e a s w i t h even f l a t

Ubot tom. These i r r e g u l a r i t i e s w e r e d e t e c t e d by t h e s o n a r g o

i=/ m.d d u r i n g b o t t o m t r a w l i n g t h e s o n a r was thereEo-ra f r e q u e n t l y

used t o map t h e bot tom c o n d i t i o n s ahead o f t h e v e s s e l i n

o r d e r t o a v o i d g e a r damage.

3 .5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n and abundance of p e l a g i c f i s h .

a F i g s . 8 and 9 show t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s of ech L-. i n t e g r a t o r

v a l u e s o r i g i n a t i n g from p e l a g i c f i s h , I n F i g . 8 t h e v a l u e s

i n b r a c k e t s a r e e i t h e r t a k e n from t h e o t h e r c r u i s e o r i n t e r -

p o l a t e d , i n o r d e r t o be a b l e t o work o u t aburldance i n d i c e s

f o r t h e e n t i r e c o a s t f o r b o t h c o v e r a g e s .

3 .5 .1 The Arakan c o a s t .

During b o t h c r u i s e c r e c o r d i n g s of p e l a g i c f i s h were o b t a i n e d

a l o n g t h e c o a s t s o u t h of Cheduba I s l a n d (18O40' N ) . F u r t h e r

n o r t h r e c o r d i n g s w e r e s c a r c e . The f i s h - main ly anchov ies

( S t o l e p h o r u s . - sp.) , j u v e n i l e s a r d i n e l l a and mackere l - ru~eas h)@,Q

observed i n s m a l l s c h o o l s and s c a t t e r i n g l a y e r s i n 0 - 30 m

a d e p t h s o v e r bot tom d e p t h s between 20 and 6 0 m. The s c h o o l s

were q u i t e s m a l l and gave no s i g n i f i c a n t s o n a r echoes . ad 5

-V F i g . 9a p r e s e n t d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of p e l a g i c f i s h

obse rved d u r i n g t h e second c r u i s e . The h i g h e s t d e n s i t i e s

were found o f f t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e Arakan c o a s t and t h e

, seaward e x t e n s i o n was l i m i t e d t o 1 2 - 1 5 n a u t i c a l m i l e s .

A t t h e o u t e r p a r t s o f t h e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f and/or f u r t h e r

seawards no r e c o r d i n g s of p e l a g i c f i s h were made d u r i n g any

of t h e two c r u i s e s .

k), Ih i).'ilhe c a t c h r a t e s of p e l a g i c f i s h were low. %n p e l a g i c t r a w l

t h e b e s t c a t c h r a t e o f f Arakan was 450 ky/hour, t h e c a t c h

a c o n s i s t i n g of a m i x t u r e o f I n d i a n anchovy and i l i s h a . One

bottom t r a w l hau1 showed a c a t c h o f 800 kg/hour of moustached D w ~ P d

-

, Y' t h r y s s a i-r+--rn-i--we w i t h demersa l s p e c i e s , b u t o n . . a ~ a v e r a g e

t h e c a t c h r a t e s of p e l a g i c f i s h w e r e less t h a n 150 kg/hour kil-

dkn p e l a g i c t r a w l and less t h a n 7 5 kg/hour i n t h e bot tom t r a w l

h a u l s (Tab le 1) .

Length d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e p e l a g i c s p e c i e s a r e g i v e n i n

Table 2 .

3.5 .2 The D e l t a and Tenasser im a r e a s . .............................. During b o t h c r u i s e ~ a dense s c a t t e r i n g l a y e r was obse rved

50 - 90 m depths o v e r bottom d e p t h s of 80 - 110 m i n t h e

& D e l t a a r e a . The l aye r ,which ascended t o t h e s u r f a c e a t 0%

Wdusk were main ly composed o f s m a l l s q u i d q , j u v e n i l e l a n t e r n 9

9 f i s h and s m a l l p e l a g i c sh r imps , d "comrnon" p e l a g i c f i s h

s p e c i e c c o n t r i b u t e d o n l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e r e c o r d i n g s . C

R I s o l a t e d and s m a l l c o n $ e n t r a t i o n s of anchov ies and s a r d i n e s

were obse rved a t s e v e r a l l o c a l i t i e s i n t h e D e l t a a r e a

between t h e 20 and 50 m c o n t o u r l i n e s . F u r t h e r o f f s h o r e

t h e p e l a g i c f i s h r e c o r d i n g s were s c a r c e and o r i g i n a t e d from

s m a l l s c h o o l s of scad (Decap te rus - s p e ) and mackere l .

c- M During t h e f i r s t c r u i s e v e r y dense c o n $ e n t r a t i o n s o f

p e l a g i c f i s h w e r e observed w i t h i n a l i m i t e d n e a r s h o r e a r e a

o f f Tavoy a t bottom d e p t h s between 20 and 50 m. The f i s h , wc*+*

mainly anchov ies , s a r d i n e l l a and mackere l , w a s r e c o r d e d

$d a s dense s c h o o l s from t h e s u r f a c e down t o 20 - 30 m depth?

Some of t h e s c h o o l s were e x c e l l e n t s o n a r t a r g e t s and were

l r e c o r d e d a t r a n g e s o f 1500 - 2 0 0 0 m. The l a r g e s t were r, .(; j yl'l k" t. 1

e s t i m a t e d t o amount t o s e v e r a l hundred t o n s o f L i s h . i ; I -- - (4 e

l During t h e second c r u i s e t h e r e c o r d i n g s i n t h i s a r e a were linitf

W c o n s i d e r a b l y more s c a t t e r e d . T h i s might p a r t l y becr,caused \ L *h

C. \s y by a nor thward m i g r a t i o n between t h e two c o v e r a g e s y a s

$' i n d i c a t e d by t h e h i g h d e n s i t y p a t c h a t 1 4 O N ( F i g . 9b)? and C

1 K. p a r t l y by t h e p e l a g i c f i s h be ing d i s t r i b u t e d more c l o s e

t o t h e bot tom d u r i n g t h e l a s t coverage when a bot tom t r a w l '7 9"-UC.

hau1 i n t h e a r e a s-kmed a c a t c h r a t e of 1 0 t o n s

a n c h o v i e s (Thryssa s p . ) .

F u r t h e r southward a long t h e c o a s t of T e n a ~ s e r i m ~ r e c o r d i n g s

of p e l a g i c f i s h were s c a r c e and s c a t t e r e d . During c r u i s e

no. 1 some s m a l l s c h o o l s of scad (Decap te rus -.d- S D . ) were

obse rved i n o f f s h o r e a r e a s . I n t h e n e a r s h o r e a r e a s l s u r f a c e .- G s c h o o l ~ o f t u n a l i k e f i s h were y u i t e f r e q u e n t s o u t h of

i\ 12" N ( F i g . 6 a ) .

$ On es average t h e c a t c h r a t e s of p e l a g i c f i s l i were low,both

i n t h e p e l a g i c and i n t h e bot tom t r a w l h a u l s , less t h a n 4 0 kg

p e r hour i n t h e D e l t a a r e a and less t h a n 7 0 kg p e r hour

a l o n g t h e Tenasser im c o a s t ( T a b l e s 4 and 4 ) .

Length d i s t r i b u t i o n s of p e l a g i c f i s h i n t h e D e l t a and 3

Tenasser im a r e a s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e s 5 and 6 , 8 and 9.

3 .6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n and abundance of demersa l f i s h . -7

p F i g s . 1 0 and 11 show t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s of e c h o / i n t e g r a t o r

v a l u e s o r i g i n a t i n g from demersa l f i s h . The v a l u e s i n b r a c k e t s wcl E

y aTe a r r i v e d a t i n t h e same way a s f o r p e l a g i c f i s h .

T a b l e s 1, 4 and 7 p r e s e n t ave rage c a t c h p e r hour t r a w l i n g of 7k hL.1

each f i s h farn i ly ( o r g roup) a c c o r d i n g t o d e p t h i n t h e a r e a s .

3 . 6 . 1 The Arakan c o a s t (F ig . I l a , Tab le 1).

Echo r e c o r d i n g s of demersa l f i s h w e r e l i m i t e d t o w a t e r s I l w i t h bottom d e p t h s s h a l l o w e r t h a n 50 m. I n deeper w a t e r s

J.2p t i% v$ echo t r a c e s i n d l c a t i n g d e n e r s a l f i s h w e r e sea-reePy obse rved

and t h e bottom t r a w l c a t c h e s were s u i t e low (Tab le 1). The

i n c r e a s e d c a t c h i n t h e d e p t h s t a t u m 76 - 150 m i n Tab le 1 L.iab -e mainly caused by one hau1 on t h e n o r t h e r n b o r d e r of

t h e a r e a which amounted t o 470 kg/hour. The mean v a l u e o v e r

d .+m,,A+- $d h a u l s - e x c l u d i n g t h e h i g h e s t - amounted t o 55 kg/hour , a

p f i g u r e which f i - b e t t e r i n w i t h t h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d b o t h i n

$ t h e deeper and s h a l l o w e r d e p t h slicea. Thus, b o t h t h e echo- C

r e c o r d i n g s and t h e c a t c h e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e h i g h e s t consen-

t r a t i o n s of demersa l f i s h were found i n t h e n e a r s h o r e s h a l l o w kttc <Y\#

Q w a t e r a r e a s and t h a t t h e d e n s i t i e s w e e q u i c k l y reduced

w i t h i n c r e a s i n g d e p t h o r d i s t a n c e from t h e s h o r e .

The composi t ion oE t h e c a t c h e s i s g i v e n i n T a b l e 1. Grun t s

(Pomadasyidae) , pomfre t s ( S t r o m a t e i d a e ) and c r o a k e r s

j9 ( S c i a e n i d a e ) - made up t h e b u l k of t h e food&ish&@ i n t h e c a t c h e s ,

\&but a l s o p o n y f i s h e s ( L e i o g n a t h i d a e ) and s h a r k s and r a y s

c o n t r i b u t e d l a r g e l y . The l e n g t h d i s t r i b u t i o n s ( T a b l e 3 ) show - - t h a t s m a l l s i z e d f i s h w e r e predominant b o t h f o r g r u n t c and

4

f 3 . 6 . 2 The D e l t a a r e a ( F i g . l l b , T a b l e 4 ) .

Comparing t h e two d i s t r i b u t i o n maps i n F i g . 11 it may l o o k

a s i f t h e r e c o r d i n g s of demersa l f i s h i n t h e D e l t a a r e a

7 were more s c a t t e r e d t h a n o f f t h e Arakan c o a s t . The main

d i f f e r e n c e between t h e i n t e g r a t o r o u t p u t s i n t h e two a r e a s

was t h a t t h e Arakan c o a s t was c h a r a c t e r i z e d by r e l a t i v e l y

l C $d h i g h c o n $ e n t r a t i o n s w i t h i n a f e w l i m i t e d a r e a s t w h i l e i n *

t h e D e l t a r e g i o n t h e demersa l f i s h r e c o r d i n g s r e p r e s e n t e d

l by "medium" i n t e g r a t o r o u t p u t s 5 - 1 5 mrn/n.mil covered

c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e r a r e a s , t h u s r e s u l t i n g i n h i g h e r i n d i c e s

! of t o t a l abundance of f i s h . T h i s was a l s o r e f l e c t e d i n

t h e t r a w l c a t c h e s w i t h bot tom t r a w l ( T a b l e 4 ) , which showed

I ,y c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r v a l u e s t h a n t h o s e e x p e r i e n c e d a& e//

t h e Arakan c o a s t ~ p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h i n t h e d e p t h zones d e e p e r

t h a n 2 6 m. The predominant s p e c i e s i n t h e c a t c h e s were

c r o a k e r s , s h a r k s and r a y s and polenemus, w h i l e p o n y f i s h and

g r u n t s c o n t r i b u t e d much l e s s t h a n o f f Arakan. Length I

d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e f i s h a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e s 5 and 6 .

3 . 6 . 3 The ------------d------- Tenasser im c o a s t (F ig$ . l l b and T a b l e 7 ) .

The o b s e r v a t i o n s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e d e n s i t i e s of demersa l

l f i s h a l o n g t h e Tenasser im c o a s t w e r e c o n s i d e r a b l y less t h a n I

i n t h e D e l t a a r e a . The b u l k of t h e c a t c h e s i n bot tom t r a w l IniOL.&

I v h a u l s w a e p o n y f i s h (Tab le 7 ) , w h i l e c r o a k e r s , g r u n t s , \ snappers and o t h e r q u a l i t y f i s h - w e r e c a u g h t i n much less

i p q u a n t i t i e s t h a n i n t h e two o t h e r s u b a r e a s . However, t h e h

1 p coverage w i t h i n t h e l a r g e l a n d l o c k e d a r e a s of t h e Tenasser im 4 CC -

c o a s t were poor d u r i n g b o t h surveys] And t h e r e s u l t s a r r i v e d l

l a t w i t h "Dr. F r i d t j o f Nansen" may n o t r e f l e c t t h e t r u e

p p i c t u r e i n t h e many f j o r d s and s t r a i t s i n t h e a r e a . T*

G o c o d i l e f i s h ( P e r i s t e d i o n w e l u r i ) w e r e obse rved i n many

c a t c h e s between 150 and 300 m , b u t t h e a v e r a g e c a t c h r a t e

$of 1 4 0 kg/hour i n T a b l e 7 2 main ly c o n t r i b u t e d t o b y t o n e WA.h

l a r g e hau l .

Length d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e f i s h a r e shown i n Tab les8 and 9 . y-

l

3.7 C r u s t a c e a n s I

3 . 7 . 1 Shrimps i n s l -1~~10~ w a t e r s . I l

y 3 t h e Arakan c o a s t t h e c a t c h e s of shr imps w e r e s t r i c t l y l i m i t e d N c e ~ 6 C& i!

y t o n e a r s h o r e s h a l l o w w a t e r s . The b e s t c a t c h r a t e A weaue r A ' + r y .

70 kg/hour a t 1 5 m d e p t h j u s t n o r t h of Sandoway. The shrimp 1

c a t c h e s d e c r e a s e d r a p i d l y w i t h d e p t h and d i s t a n c e from t h e l !

c o a c t and a t 25 - 30 m bot tom d e p t h t h e c a t c h r a t e s were

between O and 1 0 kg/hour. An i n t e n s i v e l y t r a w l e d a r e a n e a r i

31/ Sandoway d;:owed $ "" a n a v e r a g e c a t c h r a t e of 1 3 kg/hour. For t h e l

w &e 4 t o t a l Arakan c o a s t t h e average w s e 17 kg/hour w i t h i n t h e -

d e p t h zone 1 0 - 25 m (Tab le 1).

I n t h e D e l t a a r w i t h i n

'2 a l l d e p t h zones he

-2 s h r i m ~ c a t c h e s - - i ter a r e a s - l e s s t h a n 75 m

p bottom d e p t h - w e r e dominated by s m a l l s i z e d w h i t e sh r imps 4

'p which have l i t t l e o r no= commercial v a l u e g a n d c a t c h r a t e s

up t o 150 kg/hour of t h e s e a n i m a l s were e x p e r i e n c e d , I n t h e

one deep wa te r hau1 (Tab le 4 ) made w i t h i n t h i s a r e a t h e c a t c h

composi t ion was s i m i l a r t o t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s made i n c o r r e - l sponding d e p t h s o f f Tenasser im.

The c a t c h r a t e s of shr imps i n s h a l l o w w a t e r s o f f Tenasser im

showed a s i m i l a r t r e n d a s o f f Arakan; a marked d e c r e a s e

w i t h d e p t h and d i s t a n c e from t h e c o a s t (Tab le 7 ) .

3.7.2 gggp s e a s&imps and l o b s t e r ( P u e r u l u s s e w e l l i i - ) . A s mentioned p r e v i o u s l y a number of t r a w l h a u l s w e r e c a r r i e d

? o u t on a deep w a t e r t r a w l i n g ground o f f t h e Tenasser im c o a s t .

l The average c a t c h r a t e s o b t a i n e d a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e l a s t

t h r e e columns i n T a b l e 7 . Both deep s e a l o b s t e r and sh r imps ! s w e r e p r e s e n t i n most o f t h e h a u l s and t h e b e s t c a t c h e s

w 4 q occurked a t bot tom d e p t h s between 260 and 330 m ; t h e maximum I

c a t c h r a t e s be ing 28 kg/hour of l o b s t e r and 150 kg/hour of

shr imps . Both t h e s i z e and q u a l i t y of t h e shr imps appeared

t o be cornmercially a c c e p t a b l e . The deep s e a l o b s t e r v a r i e d l

c o n s i d e r a b n l e n g t h (Tab le 11) and t h e l e n g t h d i s t r i b u t i o n P

had two d i s t i n c t modes. A number of t h e l a r g e s t l o b s t e r s t,&$ f

L, (> 1 3 c m ) w a s o v i g e r o u c females .

3 .8 Biomass of f i s h .

P r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e s of f i s h biomass were worked o u t on t h e LD lk

b a s i s o f t h e a c o u s t i c o b s e r v a t i o n s and t h e c a t c h r a t e s j;a

bottom t r a w l .

3 .8 .1 A c o u s t i c _ess&imatg_. .- -

I n d i c e s of echdebundance were c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h s u b a r e a

w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s : 4

<.

2 )d I n d i c e s of echolabundance m (mm. m.m. )

PEL. FISH DEM. FISH 1

AREA CR. l CR. 2 CR. 1 CR. 2

Arakan 29 300 7 8 800 28 2 0 0 36 500 D e l t a 7 7 4 0 0 83 300 34 600 49 300 Tenasser im 62 600 36 500 33 700 39 100

T o t a l 169 300 198 600 96 500 124 900

$J I n o r d e r t o c e ~ n v e c t t h e s e i n d i c e s t o f i s h biomass t h e y must -- be m u l t i p l i e d w i t h a c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r , C , which i s dependent

on t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e a c o u s t i c equipment and t h e

s c a t t e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s of t h e f i s h . For t h e 3 8 kHz sys tem

onboard " D r . F r i d t j o f Nansen" BLINDHEIM e t . a l . (1980) have

q used C = 8 tonnes/mm n.m.2 f o r f i s h which w e r e 4 0 cm i n len@^ and weighing 1 . 0 kg. When c o n s i d e r i n g t h e 120 kHz sys tem,

)* t h i s c o r r e s p o n d s t o a C t v a l u e of 1 0 tonnes/mm n.m.2 a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e r e l a t i o n o b t a i n e d between t h e o u t p u t s of t h e two

,y sys tems d u r i n g t h e s e t t i n g - u p p rocedure .

Now, s i n c e t h e s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s s e c t i o n of f i s h i n c r e a s e s 4%

ty p r o p o r t i o n a l b , ~ h leng&tjd s q u a r e d , and we igh t of f i s h i n c r e a s e s w'

)V p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e cube of t h e leng@v t h e s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s -

7 s e c t i o n p e r u n i t weight d e c r e a s e s l i n e a r l y w i t h len&& c'b3-c .-

;d Adopting theamentioned v a l u e for C , t h i s g i v e s :

where L i s mesured i n cm.

The l e n g t h f requency d i s t r i b u t i o n s ( T a b l e s 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 and

8 , 9 ) show l a r g e v a r i a t i o n s i n leng@&ranges, b u t it a p p e a r s

x t h a t most of b o t h t h e p e l a g i c and demersa l specimens e,te.k-c

c -9 s m a l l s i z e d . Choosing a n o v e r a l l a v e r a g e leng&)60f p e l a g i c

f i s h t o be 8 cm and t h e cor respond ing v a l u e f o r demersa l

f i s h t o be 16 cm t h i s l e a d t o :

C ( p e l ) = 2 tonnes/mm nm2 and C (dem) = 4 tonnes/mm nm 2

When t h e s e f a c t o r s were m u l t i p l i e d w i t h t h e t o t a l abundance

i n d i c e s from c r u i s e no. 2 w e a r r i v e d a t t h e f o l l o w i n g

e s t i m a t e s of biomas$,; ,%.d,

P e l a g i c f i s h bil%pTi'&ss = 400 000 t o n n e s Demersal f i s h biomass = 500 000 t o n n e s

These e s t i m a t e s shou ld b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a f i r s t approx i -

)Q) mation and used w i t h flutmost c a r e . They a r e , a s w e have [,&ri

y s e e n , extrernely s e n s i t o leng@& v a r i a t i o n s and more d a t a

on s p e c i e s compos i t ion and l e n g @ t \ d i d i s t r i b u t i o n a r e needed

9 i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e M - " c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e r e s u l t s .

Most p robab ly b o t h e s t i m a t e s a r e t o o low. Due t o t h e n e a r --- p bottom deadbone o f t h e echabounder - 0.5 t o l. O m w i t h i n

most of t h e a r e a - an unknown q u a n t i t y of demersa l f i s h t:o S

>G w e ~ n o t r e c o r d e d by t h e echo sounder , The l a r g e r p e l a g i c

s p e c i e s were r e c o r d e d o n l y t o a rninor e x t e n t , and t h e s u r -

% f a c e s c h o o l s of s m a l l p e l a g i c s w e r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e -- 'p e s t i m a t e . I t shou ld a l s o be k e p t i n mind t h a t ? p a r t i c u l a r l y

i n t h e D e l t a a r e a and a t t h e c o a s t of Tenasser im,$large

s h a l l o w wate r and l and locked a r e a s were n o t covered by t h e A

survey .

2 , 8 . 2 E s t i m a t e s based o n c a t c h r a t e s .

The c a t c h r a t e s i n bot tom t r a w l h a u l s showed l a r g e v a r i - L\4 Gl b$l\

a t i o n s and a l t h o u g h t h e number of h a u l s q u i t e L a q e r

t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n canno t b e c o n s i d e r e d even enough t o a l l o w cln q.

& &&r es t ima t iqg i \b iomass from c a t c h r a t e s f o r t h e e n t i r e c o a s t .

However, b o t h w i t h i n a l i m i t e d a r e a o f f Sandoway a t t h e

yl Arakan c o a s t , a n d i n t h e D e l t a a r e a 3 t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r a

r e a s o n a b l e e s t i m a t e based on obse rved c a t c h r a t e s were

f u l f i l l e d ,

S U T h e Sandoway a r e a e x t e n d d 4 0 n a u t i c a l m i l e s a l o n g t h e

c o a s t from 18O N t o 18O40' N between bottom d e p t h s of 15

and 35 m , t h e a v e r a g e seaward e x t e n s i o n t h u s b e i n g

approx imate ly 1 8 n a u t i c a l m i l e s .

Q &kflFSLb "ky The D e l t a a r e a wa+e 4 0 n a u t i c a l m i l e s i n t h e nor th - sou th a' C, L d i r e c t i o n , e x t e n d i n g from 95O E t o 97O E , t h u s b e i n g 120

n a u t i c a l m i l e long. The bottom d e p t h s v a r ' & C 9 from 2 0 t o

The d e t a i l s of t h e c a l c u l a t i o n a r e summarized below.

Number Average Swept D e n s i t y o f c a t c h r a t e s a r e a tonnes / Biomass

Area nm2 h a u l s kg/hour (nm2) nm2 t o n n e s

Sandoway 700 1 2 420 O . 03 13 .2 9000 D e l t a 5000 27 530 0.03 1 7 . 1 85000

$ The ground ope of t h e bottom t r a w l was 21 m long and it i s k .c€b

y assummed t h a t t h e t r a w l b.a 1 8 , 5 m wide i n t h e opening ( t h i s 1

1 y cor responds t o 0 . 0 1 n a u t i c a l m i l a ) . I t i s f u r t h e r assumed i

t h a t a l l f i s h i n f r o n t of t h e t r a w l opening were c a u g h t ,

and t h a t t h e d i s t a n c e covered d u r i n g one hour was 3

n a u t i c a l m i l e s . A s t h e s t a n d a r d t r a w l i n g speed was 2.9 - 3.2 k n o t s t h i s l a s t assumpt ion p robab ly h o l d s good.

I

The e s t i m a t e s of biomass a r r i v e d a t r e p r e s e n t t h e t o t a l catc)p com-

1 p o s i t i o n i n t h e bot tom t r a w l h a u l ~ ~ w h i c h a l s o i n c l u d e some 1%

p e l a g i c s p e c i e s . But Tab les 1 and 4 show t h a t t h e s e c o n t i - 4

! b u t i o n s w e r e low.

y The two a r e a s i n v e s t i g a t e d k r e p r e s e n t o n l y a s m a l l f r a c t i o n

o f t h e t o t a l s h e l f w a t e r s of Burma,and it i s d i f f i c u l t t o 4

judge wether t h e r e s u l t s s u p p o r t t h o s e a r r i v e d a t from t h e A

a c o u s t i c d a t a o r n o t . Bear ing i n mind t h a t t h e a c o u s t i c

e s t i m a t e amounts t o 500 000 tonnes o f demersa l f i s h w i t h i n

'C t h e t o t a l i n v e s t i g a t e d a r e a t t h e amount J# 85 0 0 0 t o n n e s

y w i t h i n t h e D e l t a a r e a a p p e a a t o be a b i t low.

i b I t should be no ted t h a t t h e s e numbers i n c l u d e $ a l l s p e c i e s

y and s i z and t h a t more o b s e r v a t i o n s on s p e c i e s and i

l e n g t h composit ions w i th in t h e d i f f e r e n t a r e a s a r e needed

y i n o r d e r t o a r r i v e a t more r e l i a b l e e s t i m a t e s o? biomassp r

a s w e l l a s e s t i m a t e s of p o s s i b l e y i e l d . A more d e t a i l e d

a n a l y s i s and d i scuss ion of s tock s i z e s and p o t e n t i a l y i e l d s

w i l l be undertaken a f t e r t h e s p r i n g survey i n March - A p r i l .

B L I N D H E I M , J . , de B R U I N , G . H . P . and SETERSDAL, G. 1980.

F i g . 2 . Survey routes a n d s t a t i o n s

2 3 Oct - 18 Nov 1979.

Survcy rout-es a n d s t a t i o n s

25 Sep - 1.8 Oct 1979.

a' A r a k a n b) D e l t a a n d

T e n n a s s e r i m .

SECTION 11

119 118 117 116 115

LO0

5 0 0

STATIONS SECTION 111 STATIONS

o F ig . 4 . D i s t r i b u ~ i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e ( t C ) , s a l i n i t y (o /oo) and oxygen ( m l / l )

i n t h r e e s e c t i o n s o f t h e Arakan c o a s t 25 Sep - 18 Oct 1979.

1) Off Akyab 11) Off Sandoway 111) O£f Basse in

Fig. 8. Pelagic f i s h . Average i n t e g r a t o r outputs (mm/nm) within ha l f degree squares. a ) 25 Sep - 18 Oct, b) 23 Oct - 18 Nov.

F i g . 10 . Demersal f i s h . Average i n t e g r a t o r o u t p u t s (mn/nm) w i t h i n I

h a l f degree s q u a r e s .

a ) 25 S e p t - 19 Oct , b) 23 Oct - 1 8 NOV. i

T A B L E i . A v e r a g r (kg p e r hour ) i n bottoin t r d \ \ l .

A r a k a n coas t .

X One hau1 yie ld ing p e r h o u r tra.iiling of C L U P E I D A C , EXGRAULIgAE, P0 MADASYIDAE, IDAC and TRICHIURIDAE i s excluded. Tliis hau! wil! $se the to ta l a v e r a g e ca t ch &li approx i ina t e ly 800 k g p r h o u r .

i

4 5 i t r 4pJ/

g':- #' !

i; j,'-" L ' :i F '

\c\ "i

1 i b

, ,?ti ,

' C + 3

\ '

Aiaka i l T A B L E 2. Lcii~:lli [ i crliiciic y rlisli i l~ii l ioiis -

Specic s

D e c a p t e r u s m a r u a d s i (Round s c a d ) D1issuinieria a c u t a (Rainbow s a r d i n e ) Op i s thop te rus t a r d o o r e ( T a r d o o r e ) Sa rd ine l l a b r a c h y s o m a (Deepbody s a r d i n e l l a ) Sa rd ine l l a g ibbosa (Gold s t r i p e d sn rd in? l l a ) S to l epborus ba t av i ens i s (Ba tav ian anchovy) S to l ephorus indicus (Indian a n c h o v ~ ) T : i r y 6 ~ a m y s t a y (AIoustaclied t h r y a s a ) Upeneus sulpii:ireus (Yel lov goat f i sh)

)C ~ e e j f s e a f i s l i e s

Epinnula o r i e n t a l i s (Snake i n a c k e r e l )

, Cen t ro lophus n i g e r

A r a h a n -

S p e c ~ e s

Cara i igoides c h r y s o p h r y s (Loiigiiose cava l l a ) Ilislia e longata

( E l o l ~ g a t e i l i sha ) l l l sha inc l a s ton ia ( Icdixn i l i5lia) L a c t a r i u c l a c t a r i u s ( F a l s e t r eva l ly ) Lutja:ius s angu ineus (Blood s n a p p e r ) Latjaniis a r g e n t i m a c u l a t u s

1 (?vl~:iqrove r e d s n a p p e r ) 1 .

!\ernipteri is japonicus (Japal iese t h read f in b r e a m ) . . . \e inpi terus nema top l io rus

I (Doiiblelrhip t h read f ln b rean i ) F o m a d y s i s l ias ta

I (Lii icd s i l v e r e d g run t ) At: obiicca n ibe

I (B lack mouth c r a k e r ) 1 J o h i i i ~ s be l anyc r i i / ( D e l a n g e r s c r o , i k r r )

O tho l i t e s r i iber (Siger- toothecl c r o a k c t )

I P?iina!iia r ; incrnphtlialmiis ' ( B i g e y r d c r o a h c r )

R a s t r e l l i g e r k ~ i i a q u r t a (Iricliaii m a c k e r c l )

I Scombcron ia r i i s gil t tat>i\ 1 ( I rdo -pac i f i c Spanisii n i a c k i r e l ) l P a r n ~ u s a r g e n t e u s I ( S l i ve r po rn i r e t )

Lciictli i n ciri

( 5 b 7 8 9 i 0 l 1 12 1 3 1 4 1 5 l 6 17 1 8 1 9 L O >

1 4 8 1 3 17 2 4 1 6 5 1

5 1 1 7 1 0 0 56 25 3 1 8 2 1 3 60 7 0 45 30 i l 2

1 4 1 3 1 5 1 3 38 40 39 1 6 1 5 1 8 1 1 1 2 1 2 7 6

1 4 22 7 4 69 9 i

2 4 58 307 183 2 8 7 22 6

7 5 24 l i f

193 212 67 6 7 7

9 3 1 0 2 1 7 4 1 l

i 26 20 24 1 4 4 7 1

S

80

57 8

269

180

617

l i 1

492 . 56

97

T A B L E 3. Lengtli f r equcqcy dislr:biitioris --

- Lenqth In c m r- 1 5 1 0 1 5 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7 0 7 5 80 85 3 N

2 6

347 80 21 1 1 4 142 16

i 3 40

7 7 383 98 36 33 2

t 2 1 4 6 3

l 1 1

17 157 23 2

2 6

770

5 3

63 i

1 6

3

199

1 2 8 55 i 184

158 935 365 33 23 8 4 1 9 36 i 1 4 1 6 6 6

2 1 8 91 71 180 19 4 385

1 2 31 4 4 l 8 8

9 9 2 1 8 1 3 1 3 1 6 7 9 5 110

7 99 41 4 l 5 I

230 1 6 3 4 2 5 3

1 1 0 7 22 14 7 i 6 4

3 33 39 2

l

TAGLE 4. A v e r a g e (kg p e r h o u r ) i n bottom traxrl .

De l t a a r e a .

DEPTH I S SIETRES

D e c a p t e r u s m a r i i a d s i (Rouiid s c a d ) D u s s u n ~ i e r i a a c u l a (Rainbow s a r d i n e j O p i s t h o p t e r c s t a r d o o r e ( T a r d o o r e ) Sa rd ine l l a g ibbosa (Gold s t r i p e d s a r d i n e l l a ) S to l ephorus inclicus ( Indian anchovy) T l i r i s s ina bae l a ina (Bae la ina anchovy) T h r y s s a n l y s t a s (Moustac!ied t h r y s s a ) ' Upeneus m o l u c c c n s i s (Goldband goat i isl i)

De l t a T A B L E 5 . Li rittli li c r j i~< i i c y c l i ~ t r i l ~ i i t i o i i s

Del ta T.4BLE 6. Lc-ngth i r e q u e ~ c y d i s t r i b u t i o n s

I S p e s i e s Lengtli in c m

I .C 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 3 30 3 5 -10 4 5 5 0 5 5 b0 65 7 0 7 3 5 0 85 2 -.-p -- p

C a i a n g o i d e s ch rysophr ) - s 3 1 7 5 7 4 1 I (Lonsnose c a i a l l a j , I l i sha e longata 1 3 1 3 3 6 , (E lonza te i l i s h a ) / I l ? sha 1 ~ t . 1 x s t o m a 2 6 2 I (Indiar: i l i sha ) i L a c t a r i i . ~ i a c t a r i u s j 3 8 6 5 2 1 ( F a l s e t r e ~ a l ! \ l

L ~ t j z n u s s a ~ i ~ i ~ i ~ i e u s I 3 3 1 (Blood s n a p p z r ) Lut janus a r r e ~ t i i n a c i i l a t u s 1 7 4 4 1

, (1la. igrove r e 6 s n a p p e r ) L i t t ~ a n u s johnii 5 51 4 2 2

! ( J o h n ' s s n a p p r r ) / i e m i p t e r u s japonicus 1 9 1 3 9 1 2 2 5 2 1 0 I ( J a p a n e s e th read f in b r e a m ) I

Se :n ip t e rus ner31atophorus i 5 1 9 5 7 i iDoub!er h ip t h ~ e a d i i n b r e a m ) 1 / Pol:-nemus ind:c,is 1 4 2 3 8 21 6 1 0 2 3 1 5 1 3 4 3 1 3 7 1 1 ' (Thr eadiitl)

P o m a d y s i s h a s t a 7 4

Atrobucca n ihe I 3 9 5 6 1 I [B l ach n ~ o u t h c r o a h e r ) I

Chrysoct i i r a u r e u s 6 29 5 2 5 5 6 8 1 5 2 4 3 1 7 / ( R e e v e ' s crozi.:rr) I i Otoli t l ies r u b e r i l 2 6 i i (T ige r - too thed croaiccr)

Peiinahia i i ia~roccp: :a l i i s i 3 30 3 1 , (B ig -head pennal1 L, o d e r ) Pennah ia macropl i t i :~ l in i i s 5 2 2 46 27

i (B igeye c r o a k e r ) 1 Ras t r c l l . ge r i a n a g i i ta i 1 1 1 40 6 3 (Inriizn m a c k e r e l )

I Sco inhe ro ina rus gii t tatus i 3 2 9 1 8 i I ( I q d o - ~ a c i f i c Spanisli r i iackere l )

Pa rnpus aro,siitiis 1 8 1 0 1 117 3-1 I , (S i lvc r p o t i ~ i r e t )

F o r m i o n ige r 5 5 5 (B lack pomfre t )

--

N

Specic s I,(~iigtli i n cni t

-- 5 6 7 f 9 1 0 l i 1 2 1 3 1-1 1 5 1 6 17 18 1 9 2 0 2

! 7

-/ i TABLE 7 . A r e r a g e ca tc i~ ,Yates ( h g p e r h o u r ) i n bottorn t rL i< i l .

I T e n a s s e r i i n coas t .

D E P T H IN LIE TRES

FALiiLI '

XRIIDAE

l CXRf\YGIDXE

CLUPCIDAY

ENGRA ULIDXE

1,EIOGNrl THIEriE

l LUT JANIDXE

>,I ULLIDAE

MCRAENESOCIDAE

l KEI . I IPTERDAE

POLYNELIIDAE

POhiADASYIDAE

l SCIAESIDAE

SCOMERIDXE

STRO.MATEID.4E

STi?;ODIDAE ! TRICHIURIDAE

SHARI ;~ /RA Y s

I SHRIMPS

PUERULUS SEIVELLI

13RO TULIDAE

l CWLOROPHTHA LLfIDA4E

GEAIPYLIDAE

MYCTOPHID-4E

i . PERISTEDIDAE

h!OLLUSC

MISCELLAYEO CS

I T O T A L

NUhlBER O F HAULS

1

1 0 - 2 5

2 0

1 9

2 9

"34

1 6 6

1

1 4

1 3

6

1 l

3 2

3 9

6

6

7

2 1

22

1 9

9 1

X 5 5 6

1 151 -250

4 1

8 7

2 9

7

6

8

1

1 l

1 4 0

2 8

x ,

] ? b - 5 0

7

1 O

2

C 1

2 2

2

1 6

9

1 6

1

6

28

1

l

3

9

2 1

2

2 3

1 6 2

1251 j ; @ j 3 5 1 - 5 0 0

,

3 O l 4 I 3

8

/ 51-75

i 1

1 2

d i

6

2 1

2 O

2

31

1 O

2 9

4

1 4

4

3

3

4 0

211

50

1 3

2

3 4

7

1 3

1 8

3 4

1 i b - 1 5 0

1 4

3

4

1 5

7 1

2

8

59

2 4

4

1

3 3

4

3

2

2 4

6 1 ': I ?:' O 6 1 2 I l;

T e n a s s e r i m

Spe c i e s

A l e p e s o i jeddaba (Djeddaba c reva l l e ) D e c a p t e r u s m a r ~ ~ a d s i (Round scad ) Dus s u m i e r i a acu:a (Ra lnbon s a r d i n e j Sardi i le l la g ibbosa (Gold s t r i p e d s a r d i n e l l a ) S to l ep l io r~ i s i n d i c ~ i s (Indiaii ancbovy) T h r ) s s a d u s s u m i e r i a

Deep s e a f i s l i a s

Epinnii la o r i e i i t a l i s (Snake m a c k e r e l ) Ch lo ropha lmus a g a s s i z i

S A B L E 8 . Lengtli f r e q u e n c y d i s t r l bu t ions -

Length i n cin

/ Pa l inu r i ch thys s p . 1 8 1 2 50 28 4 I 102

Cubicepc n a t a l e n s i s 10 2 3 21 42 i 7 22 32 9 1 l 7 6

P u e r u l u s s ewe l l i (Deepsea l o b s t e r )

1 5 59 54 l@ 183 258 71 110 i65 171 143 122 104 8 8 42 1 2

Ter lasser i - T O B L E 9. Leng th f r equency dis r r ib i i t ions - -

S p e c i e s

C a r a n g o i d e s ch rysop l l ry s (Longnose ca\-alla) I l i sha c!onga'.a

I (E longa te i l i sha ) ' I l i sha m e l i s t o n l a / (Ipd-an i I i sha )

L a e t a r i u s l a c t a r i u s ( F a l s e t r eva l ly ) Lut janus sangu ineus (Blood s n a p p e r ) Lut janus argsr : t imacula tus (h i ang rove r e d s r iapper) i\!ernipterus Japoii icus ( J a p a n e s e th read f in b r e a n i ) Polyneinus indicus ( ~ h r e a d f i n ) P o m a d y s i s h a s t a (L incd s i l v e r grurit) A t robucca nibe (B lack mou th c r o a k ~ ~ i ) pennai l ia mac rocep l i a lu s

(B ig -head peiinnli c i o a k e r ) Pe i ina l i~a macropht l ia l r r ius (Si? e y e c r o a k e r )

l Sco inbe ron ia rus guttati is ( Indo-Pac i f i c spanis i i m a c k e r e l ) Fo r rn io n i g e r (Black pornfre t )

Deen s e a f i s h l

P e r i s t e d i o n w e b e ~ i

Lengt11 in cm

1 5 i 0 l 5 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7 0 7 5 80 85 2

22 42 32 1 5 2

110

4 2 3 7 3

i i

3 5 3

i i 3 4 3

8 1 1 4 2 5 8 5 3 7

2 1 1

l 106 17 26 17 28 24

3 2 9 1 3 8 43 i l

22 49 25

4 1 2 1 8 l 1

i 4 8 1 2

i 9 33 2 i

3 i 5 i 2 i 4 20 i 9 3 / (Crococii le f:sh)

T A B L E 10 . A v e r a g e ca tc l r a t e s ( k g p e r h o u r ) i n bot tom t r a u l . L Whole B u r m a c o a s t .

I 331-500

3

5

1 4

2 4

3

i

3 3

4

3

2

24

1 1 3

251 -370

49

3

4 4

i o 3

3 i

1 6

i i

i 4

4

3 4

21 9

T R E S

151 -250

< 1

5 2

1 8

4

4

4 1

5

i

6

8 4

2 2

198

l 5 I 6

IN hlE

7 6 - 1 5 0

i

1 3

C i

< 1

2

4

4

3

9

4

i 9 4

4 1

8

7

4

3

52

140

i NB. The two b igges t h a u l s (10 and 1 6 tons ' /hour) a r e no t inc luded. i \ " 5

D E P T H

5 1 - 7 5

9

8

2

4

4

4 O

8

2 4

1 5

C 1

5

26

2

4

7

i i

22

1 2

2 6

230

l FAMILY

ARIIDXE

I CARANGIDAE

CLUPEIDAE

ENGRAULIDAE

LEIOGNATHIDAE

1 LUTJANIDAE

MULLIDAE

hIURAENESOCIDAE

NElMIPTERDAE I P0 LYNEMIDAE

P0 LADASYIDAE

i scLAExIDAE I

SCOMBRIDAE

STROMATEIDAE

i SYNODIDAE

1 TRICHIURIDAE

SHARKS/RAY s

l SHRIMPS

1 PUERULUS SEIVELLI

BRO TULIDAE

i CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE

GEMPYLIDAE

h4YCTOPHIDAE

PERISTEDIDAE -l MOLLUSC MISCELLANEOUS

l TO T A L

1 8 1 1 4 NUMBER O F HAULS 7

1 0 - 2 5

i 6

8

24

l 9

6 5

2

5

i 6

2

4 6

5 O

6 7 7

28

3

1 8

5 6

3 8

9 3

563

26 -50

1 3

7

8

2

29

6

i i

i 2

i O

5

2 8

7 2

i O

5

7

20

4 3

2 O

66

374

2 1 3 9

Y TABLE il. Length-weight r e la t ions Iiips. Mean length ( c m ) and weight (kg) of saniples .

Scon iberomorus Sco inberomorus

t P n m p u s

giitta

n

i 1 2 2 1 2 i 2 2 2 1 2 5 4 5 4 1 5 2 3 1 l L 2 l

tiis

T . L cm

30 3i 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 58

W t . k g

0.20 0.25 0.25 O. 25 0.30 0.35 0.30 O. 35 0.40 0.44 0.46 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.63 0.58 0.67 0.73 0.66 0.qO 1. 00 0.86 1.13 l. 10 1.20

W t . kg

f.90 2.00 1.80 2.15 3.05 2.70 4.15 4.30 4.50 5. 20 8.00 g. 60

n

l 1 2 i l l i l l l 1 l

co inmerson

T . L c m

65 70 71 73 77 79 85 88 193 100 li0 116

W t kg

0.14 0.20 0.19 0.24 0.21 0.31 0.38 0.43 0.54 0.48

a r g c n t e u s

T . L i Otolitl ies

i 3 i 2 1 2 3 1 2 i

r i iber

n

1 1 1 1 1 l 4 7 6 4 3 2 3 2 4 3 2

c m

21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31

Chrysoch i r Pomadys i s h a s t a

T . L cm

29 30 31 32 33 3.1 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

'LYt. kg

0.06 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.16 0.20 0.23 O. 28 0.36 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.53 O. 56 0.57 0.57 O. 67 0.75 0.80 0.85

VJt. kg

0.31 0.33 0.35 0.45 0.42 0.53 0.55 O. 59 0.61 0.66 0.78 0.70 O. 83 0.84 O. 98 0.94 1.07

ai i reus P-

n

l 2 l i 2 i 1 3 2 i i 6 9 12 10 12

n

14 16 33 50 26 16 12 8 5 2 3 1 5 3 1 5 6 2 7 8 9 8 3 2 1 l 4 2 2 1 i 2

-

kg

OD23 0.025 0.036 0.045 0.059 0.070 0.092 0.110 0.1~6 0.210 0.266 0.290 0.340 0,375 0.380 0.428 0.468 0.540 0.545 0.585 0.639 0.715 0.747 0.9 1-0 0.8b0 1.000 0.970 1.115 1.130 1.1 50 1.350 1.300

T . L c m

l9 20 22 23 25 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

i.L c m

10 l i 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 '11 42 43 4 1 45 46

Ivt. kg

1.460 1.400 1.500 1.750 1.850 2.000 2.300

W I n T . L c m

2 l 1 1 2 1 i

47 48 49 50 52 59 62

P u e r u l u s sewel l l

n T . L W t .

O, 0045 0.0062 0.0086 O. 0161 0.0170 0.0254 0.0323 0. 0426 0.0501 O. 0624 0.0821 0.1010 0.1179 0.i483 O. 1500 0.1833

42 50 92 159 2i7 42 74 i26 128 107 102 83 73 3.1

I il 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "15 i6 17 18 l9 20 21

V '7 ,A (TABLE li. continued) ~ength-wei&hvre la t ionsh ips . Mean length ( c m ) and weight (kg) of s a m p l e s .

Lutjanus a rgen t imacu la tus

Lut janus sanguineus

Lut janus J ohnii

Lut janus

n T . L W t . n T . L Wt. c m kg c m kg

1 36 O. 65 1 47 1.30 2 44 1.20 1 84 1.50 2 47 1.40 4 50 1.80 i 50 1.90 8 51 1.90 1 51 1.70 8 52 2.00 4 52 1.85 14 53 2.10 2 53 1.95 l il 54 2.30 1 54 2.4011 55 2.30 3 55 2.40 20 56 2.40 2 56 2.28 8 57 2.60 4 57 2.50 5 58 2.70

58 2.45 6 59 2.70

j 2. 85 3 60 2.80 4 60 3.05 1 61 2.90 2 61 3.05 i 62 2.80 6 62 3.10 l 65 3.80 1 68 4. 50

bohar

n T . L c m

l 50 i 51 3 53 3 55 2 56 3 57 l 58 1 59

Lutjanus m a l a b a r i c u s

Wt. kg

2.20 2.40 2.40 2.50 2.60 1.90 3.10 3.00

1 60 1.80 i 61 1.70 1 62 1.90 / 3 63 1.96 1 64 2.10 1 65 2.20 1 67 2.40 , 1 6 8 2.401 2 69 2.48' 1 L 70 2.601

1 3.20 l 3. 60

- -"-.b--- -

Polynemus indicus

Wt. kg

0.70 0.80 0.80 1.00 1.90 1.90 2.30

n

l 2 1 l 2 l 1

T . L c m

38 39 41 42 52 53 56

n

l l 2 i l 3 l

I 1 3 2 2 1 4 i

Wt. kg

0.04 0.09 0.09 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.90 1.20 1.21 1.35 1.45 1. 50 1. 50 1.50

T . L c m -.

16 19 21 26 27 28 46 51 52 54 55 56 57 59

n

1 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1

T . L c m

80 81 82 84 85 86 87 90 94 98 106 110 117

Wt. kg

4.26 4.32 4.16 4.70 4.75 5.25 5.36 5.30 6.20 6.50 13.10 13.10 14. 90

j - Cjl 2

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r3 e (J 2 .,J , (3 C nr - ca (3 4.: L, k Gl u c; G ~ - r C - c a L l <J Y 3 e. .c t3

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64 L7 u '3 *rf E.-. C') 4 L9 ul cil * i l l .c V3 f "l.> 4 L --.d >c a ø -5..

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