DDhhaaddaacchhaa NNaaggaayyaa TThhee AAccaacciiaa ooff PPeeaaccee

Reporting from the DukanaGathering, June 2009

A bit of background...

e Borana and the Gabra are closely related people, speaking the same language, living in southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya.

Tensions between these groups had been rising for some time due to political constituency building and sub-division of districts. In2005, 75 Gabra, including schoolchildren, were massacred in a raid in Turbi in Kenya, for which the Borana were blamed. e followingyear large numbers of Borana living in Chalbi took flight to Ethiopia or settled around Administrative Police locations in the district.Tensions led to rising banditry, cattle rustling, cross-border attacks, highway robberies and frequent shoot-outs.

A peace initiative started between elders from the towns of Dillo in Ethiopia and Dukana in Kenya. In November 2008, the twocommunities agreed to a ceasefire and a formula for compensating those whose animals were stolen should there be any future incidents.As trust was restored between the communities in the locality, local leaders agreed to try to extend their accords along the entire border.

e people of Dukana invited 130 people from Ethiopia and Kenya to discuss their peace initiative from 3rd – 6th June 2009.Participants included senior government representatives from both countries, traditional and civic leaders, youth and women from thepastoralist communities from Dire, Miyo, Dillo and Teltele districts in Ethiopia and from Chalbi and Marsabit districts in Kenya.

e Pastoralist Shade Initiative, a group of elders representing the different pastoralist communities of Kenya, assisted the Dukanacommunity to organise the gathering. e Oromia Pastoralists Association assisted the Ethiopians to attend.

Among the major outcomes of the gathering was a full endorsement of the Dukana and Dillo accords by the Governments of Ethiopiaand Kenya and the pastoralists present.

is publication has been produced by the DFID DemocracyGrowth and Peace for Pastoralists Project, implemented byPastoralist Consultants International, in support of thePastoralist Shade Initiative and the Oromia PastoralistsAssociation.

© Pastoralist Consultants International 2009.

Any parts of this book may be copied and reproducedwithout permission, provided that the parts reproduced aredistributed free or at cost, not for profit. For anyreproduction with commercial ends, permission must firstbe obtained from the publisher. The publisher wouldappreciate being sent a copy of any materials in which texthas been used.

If you would like any more information on this peace processor more copies of this publication please contact us throughour website at www.pastoralists.org

Agenda Chief Tuye Katelo, Dukana

Welcome to Dukana. I welcome you all to our gathering. In Dillo andDukana we have agreed to build peace. We want to share that.

Our agenda:

DDAAYY 11: Review the Dukana and Dillo peace initiatives – e elders will brief us onwhat has happened over the last 2-3 years. ey will also give us an idea of the wayforward.

DDAAYY 22: Our guests from outside Dukana and Dillo will give their comments andask questions on the peace process.

DDAAYY 33: Government representatives will comment on the process and answer anyquestions that have been raised for them

DDAAYY 44: e way forward. Where do we go from here?

Most of the participants have never held a meeting together before, others aremeeting for the first time and they still have their own conflicts with them. I ask forpatience to those of you attending the first time because I know you will beemotional. Leave your emotions, listen to the speeches and discussions and learnfrom the process. Everyone is free to express themselves.

Molu Kulu, Chairman of PastoralistShade Initiative

ank you for coming to Dukana. Whenleaders agree to come and spare their time tosit under this tree and discuss, it is already anindicator of peace.

Nura Dida, Chairman of the OromiaPastoralists Association

e main objective of this meeting is peace-building: there's nothing more important thanpeace. ere can be no development withoutpeace. ere'll be no tranquillity without peace.

Previously we planned to organise a big gatheringin Marsabit for over a thousand participants todiscuss peace. But that meeting didn’t take place.I travelled to Marsabit and held a meeting withthe Gabra and Borana elders there. ey agreedto hold this meeting in Dukana first, as apreparation for that bigger meeting. Welcome

3

Opening

Tafari Alema, Deputy Administrator,Borana Zone, Ethiopia

Without peace this gathering couldn’t havetaken place here. We have all le our homes tobe here and this shows we are very serious aboutit. e thing is to go well with the people andwork with them and listen to them. Peace has tobe brought wisely; it will never be immediate.

Elijah Kodoh, DC Chalbi, Kenya

We are here to give you our ear; this is apastoralist meeting. As government officials weare here to provide an enabling environment topastoralists to accumulate more wealth, andeducate their children; otherwise our role islimited. e peace we are talking about is in theinterest of pastoralists, the Kenyan Govern-ment and the Ethiopian Government.

e Government of Kenya officially condemnscattle rustling, whether within Kenya or in theneighbouring republic, Ethiopia. Any time thereis raiding into our district or into our Republicwe are ready to work hand in hand to ensure thatthe stolen animals are returned to their owners.We will deal with this as a criminal activity

Kenya and Ethiopia have a long-lasting, cordialrelationship, which has allowed our twocountries to enjoy peace and obtain the level ofdevelopment we have. It is our responsibility ascitizens of both countries to make sure that anyelements of insecurity are removed fromamong us.

I want to apologise to the people of DireDistrict in Ethiopia. Some months ago,someone was killed by a criminal aroundForole. e footsteps were followed into our

district. You must be wondering why thesepeople have not been arrested. We are followingthe case and soon we are going to inform youthat we have arrested the culprits.

We want to build this peace across the wholeborder extending to our Borana in Moyale. Wehave good relations with our neighbours inEthiopia, but there are frosty relations betweenour neighbours in Moyale. I appeal to you –Please build those relations even into Moyale.

Molu Kulu

Is the quorum complete?Are all those we invitedpresent?

We have invited people fromBubisa and Shurr, but they

have not turned up. ey are facing droughtand a new borehole has opened in Wajir West,so when they got access to the water theyshied their animals there. ey have senttheir apologies and blessed this gathering.

Sololo district is not represented. We invitedpeople from Uran, Walda, Sololo and Rawan,but none of them have turned up.

Adan Sora, Marsabit

I'm one of those who went toSololo district to mobilise theelders to attend this meeting.We met and they electedrepresentatives to come.

In Rawan, we saw the chief and we talkedabout this gathering. She told us that shewanted to be here for this gathering becausethe people there are not in good terms with

the Turbi chief and community. She said thatnot all the lost animals have been recovered. Itold her, “Come to Dukana. We want to hearfrom you.”

I haven't received any reason for their absence.

Katelo HukkaDambaba, Turbi

e Gabra and Borana arebrothers and sisters. ey arefrom the same mother. Ourcommunities used to be asone, with good relationships

and intermarriage. I am from Turbi. e dayconflict between us and our neighboursstarted, one young man died and 200 goatswere taken. at is where the heart of thisconflict took place. e people who haveinitiated that conflict are from a small village. Iwish that village could have been here. I amstanding here for peace. We tried to use theMadogashe declaration for the goats to be paidfor, but the chief said he had never heard of it.at is where the conflict started. en aerthat, the Turbi massacre broke out. e war ofBorana and Gabra matured at that place andthat war has not yet ended. e war in Moyale

has become a puzzle to even government andeach of us. e Government are entering intoexpenses fueling their vehicles, but they haven’tgot anywhere. It has made conflict betweenEthiopia and Kenya. e Government needsto take initiative to unite these people.

We want peace. I have lost 137 camels and morethan 300 goats and 4 of my people have died inthis conflict. Considering all that has been takenfrom me, I am supposed to revenge. But if I do,then someone else will lose a lot and the war willcontinue. When I look for peace I know I amgoing to prosper. Peace is the priority.

We are hearing good news about peaceeverywhere, but we are hearing bad news aboutour area. We must come up with a way forwardon how to bring the Sololo community intothe process.

Molu Kulu

We are going to continue with ourmeeting and discuss how we are going toapproach them. We are not going to leavethem out. They are key players. We areready to make more attempts to bringthem on board to discuss peace.

5

Katelo Adano,Dukana

When the war startedbetween the Gabra andBorana, we didn’t join invery fast. We were patient.Even aer the Turbimassacre we remained atpeace. e war reached us by starting fromSololo then moving to Mega and then reachingus. By the time it reached Dillo and Gorray ithad a lot of strength. At that time, thecommunities of Dillo and Dukana were one.We in Dukana had relatives in Gorray andDillo. We asked ourselves, “Are we really goingto fight these people?”

en a lot of camels were taken in Gorray. Wetold our relatives there to disburse to avoidtrouble, but they had been living there a longtime in peace and trust with the Borana, andthey decided to stay. en one day theauthorities of the time came and told them torelease the animals they had and leave Ethiopia

by sunset. Not one person was lost, but theiranimals were taken and the people le for theborder with nothing. ey then understoodthat the war had come to them. Aer that, wefought non-stop for two years. People didn’tsleep because they expected attacks. EvenDukana town was surrounded by trenches.

en one day, two herders—a Borana and aGabra—fought on the border and peoplejoined them. ey sent for reinforcements andthe next day a lot of strength came from bothsides to fight one another. When they wereabout to fight, with guns raised, they calledeach other by name and didn’t shoot. Insteadthey came together. at is how the processstarted. We came together and made peace.

Now we have agreed that the peace betweenDillo and Dukana is meaningless if ourneighbours in Forole and Magado are at war,or if Turbi and Rawan are at war. We said,“Let’s expand it. Let others benefit from ourpeace.” And now today we are here.

is war is a war of fools. Look at the Boranain Ethiopia. Look at their level of educationand development and business and just ask.Even the Gabra here – are they equal withother Kenyans in terms of economicaldevelopment and education? e war hasreally pulled us down. Gabras and Boranaswho are anti-peace should be forced to learnpeace for the sake of development and a betterfuture. Peace will not happen if no one marketsit. Now we have seen the benefits – those whohave not experienced peace, have yet tounderstand its benefits. Let our fighting focuson development, not war.

Ali Adano Councillor, Dukana

We had been asked by the authorities if wewanted peace. We had told them, no.Sometime aer that, herders from Borana andGabra came into contact. Instead of fighting,they came together and greeted each other,although they were all well armed. When theyreturned in the evening they said they had metthe Borana and greeted them. We said, “Why

The DukanaDillo Story

6

did you greet them? Why didn’t you finishthem? Why didn’t you fight them?” emessage they brought was an agreement tomeet under an acacia tree at the border. Whenwe went there, they were also there. We met asenemies but le as friends.

At that first meeting we created a peacecommittee out of the people who had createdthe chaos. Aer the meeting, animals that gotlost started to be returned by each side. Westarted to trust the Borana from around Dillo.Everyone cooled down and we expanded ourpeace. We have even met the Hamar and othertribes. Now we are asked: “You are a teacher ofpeace – why don’t you expand this peace?”People challenge us a lot with this. at is whywe invited people all the way from Sololo toTeltele to this meeting.

e thing that started this war was insults andinciting war songs. We started to talk about itand concluded that it is meaningless. isgossiping took place in the Fora camps. Whenthe herders are enjoying life and milk, they callthe others names as a way of joking. e eldersshouldn’t have turned these kind of jokes into awar. If someone has died somewhere it doesn’tnecessarily mean they have been killed. Ourpeace has come because we stopped believingthese things.

Wako Konchora, Dillo

The authorities of Ethiopia and Kenya tried tosolve the problem and stand in between us, butthey couldn’t. We ourselves came together,despite fearing one other. We came togetherhumbly and greeted each other at the acaciatree on the border. We asked each other, “Whatis the benefit of the war?” and we couldn’t findany. We said, “When we go back to ourcommunity let us preach the same as what wehave talked here”. We went back and agreed tomeet again – more people than before.

We started to ask each other, “Did you eldershear about this and this.” We told each other

the stories we were hearing from our communities. We said we wish to live in a situation wherewe don’t have to guard against each other. Everyone agreed and began to reconcile. We formed acommittee from both communities to trace any incidents that occur. Now when an animal is lost,this committee is responsible for tracing it and returning it to the owner.

We made a law that was fully supported by government so it can be implemented well. Whoeverwas shooting firearms was going to be disarmed. Whoever stole one cow must return back five.

As the peace journey proceeded we started interacting more and more together. Now even thegovernment is closer to us because of this process - Dillo has been given woreda (district) status.

We agreed to be honest and give accurate information about the animals that have been lost. Weagreed that if there is enough water on this side, let's share it. If there enough grazing on one side,let's share it. Let us share our resources for our animals. Let's live together.

We've lost much, but peace has brought greater benefit than we ever lost. We know there is stillconflict going on in Forole and now it is your turn to reconcile and have the same peace.

7

Dalacha Denge, Dillo

e Gabra used to stay a lot in Ethiopia, butwith the war they weren’t able to go to theirspiritual grounds there. How did this happen?e Borana say it’s two things; propaganda andbad politics. What brought all this conflict isincitement and gossip. For example, there wasa story that if a Borana came down to Dukanahe would never return.

On our first arrival in Dukana town everyoneran to us because the Borana names had beenringing in their minds and there was a lot of fear.We were only two – Elias Galgalo and me –who first came to Dukana. People were staringat us to see. People from our two communitiesmet weekly aer that – once on the Kenya sideand once on the Ethiopia side.

“It all starts with you. Peace has to startwith you. You heard about this man, GuyoTete, who lied his gun in the battlefieldand said he wanted peace. It can start withyou also.Reuben Dhuku, DO Dukana

We knew the number of men we had lost. Weknew the number of livestock we had lost fromthat conflict. We knew how we have suffered asa result. At first, people asked for compensa-tion for livestock and human loss, but in theend we decided to forget about it. We decidedthat if we went into compensation for previousloss – so many animals had been lost, so manyhuman lives had been lost - that we couldnever recover it. We agreed that the bestmedicine was to forget and start a new chapter.

Now we do business together. We tradelivestock. We share water. Even someone fromDukana called Ali Lama is marrying fromDillo. ere are others too. He is just oneexample. at is the condition we are in. Nowfour of the five Gabra Yaas have started to usetheir spiritual sites in Ethiopia again.

Guyo Jarso, Dillo

I'm one of the originators of the Dukana Dillopeace process. When we began the initiativewe were few, but now we are many. When westarted to talk we agreed that there'd be noshooting, no following of personal vendettas,no propaganda. We agreed that a committeewould come and meet and exchange views,that we'd return all the stray animals. In anycase of stray animals the committee should sitand reach an amicable solution.

e government and development partnerssupported our initiative aer we ourselves had

started it. We, the Dillo and Dukanacommunities, we nurtured it like a growingchild and now it has grown into a big tree likethis one we are meeting under.

Chief Tuye Katelo

e problem starts from us – it is made by us.Even if you are in a position of authority, andyou are leading Gabra – put yourself in theposition of being a leader of Borana. en youwork on the interest of Borana and vice versa.en no bad thing will happen.

The Dukana Dillo Declaration

“Let there be no sound of a gun alongthe border-line.” We agreed thisamongst ourselves and since then noone has died.

e rules and resolutions we agreedare:

For each head of cattle stolen, 5 shouldbe returned.For each person injured, 15 cowsshould be paid.For each person killed, 30 cows shouldbe paid.

8

In April 2006, a plane crashed in Marsabit.Among the 14 dead were several local MPsengaged on a local peace mission. esecond day of the gathering started withwomen and youth singing about this event.

If we'd been united in the first place, we wouldhave not lost the MPs in the plane crash.Why does the son of man refuse to unite?Why does he refuse glory?Why does he refuse the strength out of unity?Why does he refuse prosperity?Unity bears love. Unity bears blessingsUnity bears glory. Unity bears Peace.

And those who embrace unity will enjoy peaceAnd those who embrace unity will be showeredwith blessingAnd those who embrace unity will prosperAnd those who embrace unity will liveUnity, lets strengthen it.

If we are united, what will kill Abdi Tari?If we are united, what will kill Bonaya?If we are united, what will kill Dr. Gurach?If we are united, what will kill Bishop Waqo?If we are united, what will kill Ngoyoni?

Nura Dida: What did you learn when youheard that song? What impact did it have onyou?

The Gathering: We almost cried.

Nura Dida

is song has a lot ofmeaning as it refers toan accident on 10 April2006, in which a planecarrying our MPscrashed in Marsabit.ey died in theprocess of

peace-building and this choir has awakenedpeople. It's made us think, Why? Why are wefighting? What is the reason? Instead ofgaining, we are all losing even more. We areeven losing our leaders. Why do we fight?

Earlier this month, the Oromia PastoralistsAssociation invited the traditional and ritualleaders from different Gadaa Councils of

Oromia in Ethiopia to a gathering. ey had abig gathering and got to know each other. eGabra, Borana and Gujji Gadaa members letogether on one bus. On the journey back theyhad a collision. Two pastoralists died and 19were injured. One who died was a Gabra Kalluand one was a Borana deputy Abaa Gadaa. e19 injured were all Gabra and Borana. Not oneof the Gujji was injured. is is the cost of war– it is only Borana and Gabra, who arefighting, that were injured. e Gujji havemade peace and they were all safe.

e two incidents – the plane crash and thecar accident –have similarities. Both involvedleaders and both happened at the same time ofyear. Gabra and Borana must learn from thisnow. We were not fighting before. We werefriends. Now we have turned into enemies. It isGod showing his power that we have to leavethis war. ose who died in the plane crashwere the leaders and senior politicians. eones who died in the Ethiopia accident weresenior ritual leaders. We must come togetherand build consensus on the wayforward. How are we going to stopthis conflict?

9

Pastoralists review

Wako Konchora, Dillo

War doesn't take muchtime: you can destroy anentire nation in an hour.Whilst peace requires a lotof patience andcommitment, a lot of work,

hunger and dust. is gathering is not topropagate hatred but to inculcate theculture of peace.

Mogole Haibor, RendilleElder

You've had a conflict andyou've been fighting. Whenyou fought did you usestones, spears, guns? Both ofyou used weapons. Where

did you get those weapons? I know that gunsdon't give birth like cows or camels. We see youstill have guns. Have you disarmed yourselves?If you are not disarmed, you are lying. In orderto make sustainable peace, both communitieshave got to be disarmed. If the arms are goingto stay in these communities the same peopleare going to use them to make conflict again.ese people should go back to theirtraditional culture and return to only usingsticks to herd their animals.

Joseph Ole KishauMaasai Elder, Naivasha

I work with the PastoralistShade Initiative. We are theelders who move aroundseeking ways to unite thosepeoples who lack peace in their

areas. To seek ways to solve conflict you must firstuncover what its origins are. Where did thepregnancy come from?

e culture is similar in all pastoralist areas.e importance of cattle in our lives forcespeople to seek fame. At some stages in the livesof the youth, this encourages cattle rustling,causing conflict with neighbouring people.

Weight must be placed upon thesecommunities, especially these womenfolk.ey deserve large meetings to be held forthem because they kick you at home when they

miss tea with milk, then you are asked, “Whereare the camels? When the child cries it is hitwith the calabash and asked, “Has your fatherbrought any cattle?” ese are the lessons thatneed to be taught at the hearth because ifwomen say, “Do not go out and steal, stealingis bad,” all men will refuse to go out to steal.But as long as they give praise, even if we situnder this tree or that tree or another tree,stealing will go on.

Nuria Gollo, Marsabit

We have heard about the peaceagreements between Dillo andDukana. Why haven’t weheard about the women? eyare also part of the conflict.What was the role of womenin building peace and resolving conflict?

Adano Seles, FHIMarsabit

You have made an agreementfor compensation. How far isyour agreement functional?Is stealing of animals stillgoing on? What is thesuccess of the agreement? Can you give us anexample of where you have used the rules ofthe agreement?

“... Have you disarmedyourselves? If you are not

disarmed, you are lying. Inorder to make sustainablepeace, both communitieshave got to be disarmed.”

10

Councillor DibaDambala, Kalacha

Dillo and Dukana are anexample to us all. e whiteman, when he is happy,sometimes cries instead oflaughing. I am the same. Mylivestock and my animals are now on the otherside of the border. In my conscience, I thoughtthe Borana are going to take them away. Butnow, having heard yesterday's announcementof the policy that someone can becompensated in return for each one stolen, Iam more content.

It's clear that the young men in the bushherding must be targeted. ey are the oneswho understand every situation, but the onesfrom town can't walk even some kilometresand could not survive even one day in thebush. ese youths, these herders, are the oneswho need to be attending such a gathering.

I'm a politician. Many of you say it is thepoliticians who've been inciting us. One of ourproverbs says that “the fortune of the poorman is in the hands of a mad man.” But you arethe ones who elected these mad men. Youshould use your votes wisely.

Halkano Galgalo,Marsabit

ose who suffer duringconflict are the young men. Iam asking the elders at thisgathering to involve theyouth in everything they do. Iwant to remind our leaders that they need tobe extremely careful in what they say. If onlythey could preach peace at every occasion thenpeace will spread and became sustainable.

Councillor Ibrae Galgalo, Dukana

We have been discussing how the people used tofight and now they have made peace. I want to

Councillor Ali Adano

We want our other brothershere to learn from us: Youdon't use guns in solvingconflict. You should usedialogue. In Dillo andDukana only the government

officers are armed. Guns have no market andno value in our place.

The traditional culture of Borana and Gabrais that women and men can’t sit under thesame shade. In our process the women havebeen included in it. It is an all-inclusiveprocess. That is why we are enjoying peace. Ifwe hadn’t included the women, we wouldn’thave peace now.

In the two and a half years since we made theseagreements we have not lost any lives. All thestray animals have been returned to theirrightful owners. I think it is very clear that ourpact is viable and the agreement is working.Although there have been some smallincidences of animals straying, those smallincidences are outside the area of jurisdictionof Dillo and Dukana. at is why we needyour support to spread the agreement outsideDillo and Dukana,

talk about the youth. e elders sitting aroundhere, we can’t go around and fight with others orgo raiding. e men on the ground who arecausing the conflict are the youths.

We need more youth participants to be part ofthese peace-making agreements. Elders cansometimes incite youth to cause conflict. eold men take them back to olden times saying,“Our enemies did not come and graze in ourareas before. It is your weakness that they arecoming now,” and this makes people go to war.

People wear rings made of elephant tusks, toprove their bravery. at is a big problem. Itmakes them want to fight to be recognised fortheir courage. e youth say, “But our fingersare without rings, our arms without braceletsand now they are making peace. When will itbe our time to get these things? ey are tryingto destroy us and prevent us getting thesethings by making peace.”

Councillor Elema Bitacha, Maikona

We the people of Maikona have never foughtwith anyone. We even have peace with ourRendille neighbours. People say that womenare not involved in peace. In Maikona weinvolve our women. Women from Maikonahave gone to the neighbouring division ofKargi on peace missions. We have no problemwith the people there. Our youth are comingtogether in the Fora camps to get to know eachother and be ambassadors of peace. at ishow we preserve the culture of peace inMaikona. If the people of Dukana and Dilloalso preserve the same culture, we can onlysupport you.

“...ose who suffer duringconflict are the young men. Iam asking the elders at this

gathering to involve the youth.”

11

Councillor Guyo Adano, North Horr

When the Dukana people were fighting, we were having the same problem in North Horr. Weknow the people who have problems are the politicians. If your politics are not going well youmake sure people fight so that you can get mileage. Politicians must be involved in building peace.e politician who sees his political mileage is down initiates the conflict. Let us understand thisand not listen to his propaganda.

A young man wanted to challenge an old man. He came to him with a grasshopper in his hands.He asked the old man whether the grasshopper is alive or dead? e old man said, “isgrasshopper is in your hand. When I tell you this grasshopper is dead, you are going to kill it. If Itell you it is alive you are going to leave it. It’s fate is in your hands.” e people of Dillo andDukana have called us together to extend their peace. at peace is in our hands.

All our problems are political, both in Kenya and in Ethiopia. Humans never getsatisfied. Everyone wants to be brave, clever and rich. And yet there are three peoplewith problems; the Brave, the Clever and the Rich. e Clever – God has given himability to listen but instead of using it wisely he uses it for evil intention. Instead ofusing it for the marginalised, he suppresses those weaker than him. e Rich – God hasgiven him riches. He has never used any strength to get them. Yet he uses it unwisely byinciting people to fight. e Brave – he only wants to kill. But we believe that these arethe three great things that a man should have. We should use our resources wisely. ewealthy should not fund political opportunists among our communities.

Adan Sora, Marsabit

Before the time of Gadaa Jaldesa we could notdifferentiate between Borana and Gabra. Wewere one. And the only rifles came from Mega.ese were supplied by four agents, twoBorana and two Gabra. We were living in thebush then. At this time it was only myself andthis old man, the Dabela, who were alive. Mostof you here are our children and were not yetborn then and those who initiated thedifference between Gabra and Borana are nolonger alive.

In those days we Gabra and Borana wereworking together on the same front line. Wefought together. We were not living then theway we are today. I want to cry when Irecollect these things. Now you are talking ofGabra and Borana and you are confusing us.We've been living in the bush and we've beenlied to. It is the people who went to schoolwho initiated all those things to us.

My wife is a Gabra. One of my sons died inthis conflict. I can't say it was the Gabra whokilled my son. It was that season.

When an eagle has lost the use of his wings itcannot fly but if it has been treated it is healed.e people who volunteered to heal the eagles'wings are the people of Dukana and Dillo. Igive you thanks for that.

We need to support each other now. So we arenow calling this tree where we're meeting theAcacia of Peace as an example of the unity ofthe communities of Borana and Gabra. Fromthis moment no one shall cut any of the leavesand branches from this tree. We are going tosupport each other and we are going tosupport you people of Dukana and Dillo also.You came up with a good initiative.

Let us now face where the problem lies. eproblems were stirred up by politicians overthe new boundaries. Previously Gabra andBorana were one. But then our children were

12

“...We are now calling thistree where we're meeting the

Acacia of Peace as an exampleof the unity of the

communities of Boranaand Gabra.”

forcefully taken toschool byKenyatta andwe haveforgotten allour history.You people ofDillo andDukana havemade usremember all wehave forgotten. Wethank God that thepeople of Dillo andDukana are likethose who fixedthe wing of theeagle. eGabra and theBorana are themissingwing-feathers. oseabsent from the peace process are those whohave not remembered what has happened.Let's take this message to them.

Perhaps this drought is an intervention fromGod. We are now again sharing our water andresources. Previously in Marsabit, we couldn'teven enter each other’s shops. Now we areagain grazing together. We can even visit eachother’s houses now.

STORIES FROM OTHER PLACES

Elder from Chari Liche, Miyo District

ere is no talk about peace in our area.Everyone is ready with his gun cocked. Youhear bad news about conflict all the time. econflict is increasing, especially over the lastmonth. What causes this problem?

We have been trying to return stray animals. Ihave met with my counterpart chiefs inMoyale, Kenya but they always say that they

can’t assist with returning stray animals. ereare over 16 donkeys and 13 camels that strayedto Turbi. What can we take from the model ofDukana to deal with the problem that isaround us?

Abudho Guyo, Turbi

Many of our cattle that were lost have beenrecovered, but some remain in Kenya and somein Ethiopia. Most of the livestock fromEthiopia were returned, but we haveinformation that the ones in Idi, Miyo Districtare still there. We have no link with Miyo

because in between us, there is Uran andRawan and we are afraid to go through thoseplaces. Since all the authorities are here, pleaseassist us to return those animals. Please returnto us the remaining nine head of cattle that arestill in Ethiopia and please take care of themuntil they reach us.

13

In Turbi there is no water. Yet there is water atRawan, which is only 13km away, and Walda,which is 27km away. Right now trucks travel360km to bring water for the people in Turbifrom Loglogo – 180km each way. All our life isbased on water - water and animals. Withoutwater the animals will not survive. Withoutwater the humans will not survive. We havedecided that if we are not going to see the rain,the water from Logloga is not going to sustainus and we will all perish if we can’t accessRawan water. Even the police officers whousually get their water from Rawan have beendenied it. at hatred is unmentionable.Before the massacre we interacted and marriedwith Borana. We shared Fora together. Howare we going to sort out this issue?

Debano Jilo, Chari Liche

Conflict is part of life. Even two brothers canquarrel when they are looking aer the goats.e father has to take a position. If the fatherfails his responsibility it will have an effect onthe entire community. e Government is ourfather. Out of ignorance or criminal activitiesfrom a few individuals, troubles begin. econflict that started was far away from us. It

was around Hurri Hills, Bubisa, Turbi andSololo – it didn’t even cross into Ethiopia atfirst. But it spread all over our entire area. It haswasted a lot of time and resources. Ourgovernment made a serious follow up. We wereeven returning the stray animals that wereraided by the bandits or criminals. But onKenya side the animals that have been raidedare transported to Nairobi for sale.

We met at Magado on a number of occasionsand made agreements together that there willbe no repeat of previous incidences and toughaction will be taken. We have beencollaborating well with the community atForole, but we never get any interaction withthe government. Yesterday the DC was hereand we were very happy with his speech. I wasexcited and overjoyed.

I want the peace to be strengthened betweenKenya and Ethiopia. If this is not possible, or ifit has no use to the government, then wecommunity must do it on our own. We arepeople of high integrity so we must tell eachother the truth. We should be sincere in ourspeech and actions and make sure what we sayis implemented. If we all agree to be transparentwith our actions and words, there will be noroom for criminals to hide among us.

Quri Guyo, Forole

e Dukana Dillo peace process has alsoreached us and we have been praising them. InForole, we have been having obstacles here andthere but the peace process is working well.

We were fighting. At last we were broughttogether and we have been sitting with thepeople of Ethiopia. But as we were going onwith that – one child was killed and there wasretaliation for that. en the communicationbetween our communities broke down.

Finally an old man from Ethiopia came and wetalked together. is old man visited us and weasked, “Why did you come?” He said he came forpeace. We asked him,“Did this peace happen?” He said, “It will.” We said, “We have been speaking about peace, but thenyou came back and killed one of our childrenand we think if we talk about peace, someonemight die again.” He said, “If someone has to die again, let me be thevictim. If this thing is about sacrifice, let me besacrificed so that this thing will pass.” We saidto ourselves, “What this man said is true. Letus agree with him.”

e people of NGOs and Cordaid came intothe process. We told them the background ofwhat is going on. e old man from Ethiopiawas also present when we met them. Cordaidsupported us to hold a gathering. atgathering had a lot of impact where peoplegreeted each other and sat together as brothers

“...there is water at Rawan,which is only 13km away, andWalda, which is 27km away.

Right now trucks travel360km to bring water for the

people in Turbi.”

14

and sisters. ey formed a committee withmembers from each side and now they meetevery week.

e process was going on well, but thensomeone on the Ethiopia side was killed. Wesaid, “We can’t leave someone who has diedjust like that. Let us enact a policy to deal withthese incidents, using the one brought by theEthiopian Government [as a model]”. Weentered into this contract together. ere arepeople who don’t want that contract to go on.We knew that one of the people on the otherside was not for the idea. We knew there arestill people who can come and destroy what wewere planning. But we still came to consensus.Now we have agreed. We encourage each otherso we don’t get discouraged.

We have started to implement the policy. Weare returning stray animals. ere were 11 straydonkeys that came our side: We returnedthem. Recently a camel was lost: We followedthe footsteps and saw it was on the other side.ey returned it to us.

Now when the Ethiopian Government hearsthings they get involved. ey follow thefootsteps and arrest the culprits. Recently therewas an incident of an isolated shooting. TwoKenya Police Reserves were wounded. One hasbeen hospitalised in Meru for the last four days.ese are the challenges we are facing now.

Diba Okotu, Chairman of MaikonaPeace CommitteeWe are people who were outside the DukanaDillo declaration. If it is a road that the peopleof Dukana and Dillo are building they are nowat the stage of putting the tarmac on it. eMaikona community are ready to support thepeace process in any way we can. We havecriminals living amongst our community – ifsomeone is an enemy of the peace, we musttake action immediately and the criminalsshould be punished. at is how we are goingto expand the peace.

Government

ResponsesMohamed Abdi (Baba), Dillo Woreda Administrator

e peace initiative between Dukana and Dillo was done well and it was the community who satdown and devised the way forward on this sustainable peace that we are all celebrating today. Mywork is to build and strengthen peace and that is why I am here.

When we have been continuing with this dialogue for the last two years we had some fears. efear was that those in districts and divisions beyond Dukana were a threat to our dialogue – inboth Ethiopia and Kenya. But today I am happy because people came from all over Chalbi to thisgathering and it is as if I am now assured that these initiatives will succeed.

Halake Wako, Miyo WoredaAdministrator

On the relationship between the Miyo Districtand the Gabra community in Kenya: In the lastyear, there were two incidents, one on theKenya side and one on the Ethiopia side. efirst was that people went from my area andraided Turbi area. ey confiscated 74 head ofcattle and killed one person. We respondedrapidly and recovered 34 heads of cattle whichwe gave to the Kenyan authorities to be handedover to the rightful owner. We jailed all whohad taken part in the raid and disarmed them.We continued the investigation and recoveredanother nine head of cattle [that the elder fromTurbi mentioned]. We had no contact with theTurbi community since there are Borana areasof Rawan and Uran are between Turbi andMiyo. Of the nine cattle we later recovered, onedied because of drought, eight are there and theskin of the ninth is still at the Miyo policestation. ey are ready to be collected by therightful owner.

small isolated cases, but we have had muchsuccess. I first met with the Moyale team andmet with DC Moyale. It was DC Moyale whohelped me meet DC Chalbi. I have seen DCMoyale is a good person and straightforward. Itis only that there might be a force that is muchgreater than him. For example, I have seen thatthose under him (the chiefs and councillors)are not faithful people and that is why I thinkhe had a number of hiccups. e problemdisturbing me in Dire always generates fromSololo and Uran. e problem is that we arenot in terms with those people because theyharbour the OLF insurgency group. e peacewe made in Forole was distorted just twomonths aer the declaration and we believethat they are the ones who distorted it, whocame and killed the youngster. We know it wasthe same people who killed the two KPR 4 daysago. All these problems have a root and it startsfrom that Sololo area.

I don’t share a common border with Sololodistrict, but I have jurisdiction over one villagethat is near the border and I have seen thatvillage of mine has been manipulated andstrongly influenced. But I have taken toughmeasures on the village and made sure they willnever be used. We are disarming and jailingthem. Since the criminals are among us and insociety, there might be one or two peopleamong them who are criminals, but I will assurethis gathering that I don’t think any of them

Two months ago there was a regrouping of theBorana community. ey wanted to attackTurbi again. We had an intelligence report. Wefollowed up and we reached them aer theyhad reached more than 24km into Kenyaterritory and we disarmed them. We jailed allof them and they are still in prison.

Kalicha Boru, DireWoreda Administrator

We are with the elders. eyare very committed. We havehad so many meetings inDillo, in Gorray. We call

these elders the ambassadors of peace.

We have been a bit late starting the processaround Forole area. We will make sure that weopen up the Forole Magado side. e Chiefs inForole have been giving us a lot of support.

We have met for the last two and half years andhad many talks and interactions with thosefrom Dukana up to Hurri Hills. ere are some

16

will join in the conflict. We as the Direcommunity have discussed and agreed that wecan’t achieve anything from the conflict – itwill only increase poverty and we have agreedto build sustainable peace.

I request DC Chalbi and Moyale to have ameeting together, and with their DSIC beforethe next public meeting. I request that we meetwith our Kenyan counterparts before comingto the next public gathering.

Commander Alemeyahu, Head ofPeace and Security, Borana ZoneEthiopia

We have to stand together and abolish suchacts and deal with such criminals. I requestthat we Ethiopian and Kenyan officials need tobe tested and evaluated by you people. Weneed to report to you and inform you what wehave done and what we are going to do for thecoming meetings so that good relationsamongst all will flourish.

We, as government leaders, have tounderstand that these communities knowtheir rights and they know when to say yesand when to say no. We need to stand forand with and among the people.

We have discussed with our friend, Nura Dida,and we propose to hold the next meeting atMagado, in Dire district, neighbouring Forole.

17

Chief Inspector Diba Liban, Borana Zone

ere is no way that people can be above the law. e law should be above themand upheld at all times. If a criminal commits a crime, the law should be used tothe letter. e recovery of stolen animals alone is not a solution to the problem;the criminal must be punished and brought to the law. In one of our meetingsthat we had with the Oromia Pastoralists Association with Gabra, Gujji andBorana, we agreed to draw resolutions of how to end tribal clashes and banditry

and we made some declarations, similar to those made between Dillo and Dukana, which haveshown positive results in our area. Now the incidents of murder and raids has reduced by 75%.

As the lead agents of security in Ethiopia we are ready to strengthen these community initiatives.If we hear any distress call, I am on the frontline - day or night. I am committed at the provinciallevel. I am sorry if my statement irritates you, but I don’t see so much concern from the Kenyanside. I said to myself “seeing is believing” – I must myself come down and see really what is reallyhappening at this gathering. But where are those people who have the same rank as me from theKenya side? Why are they not here? Are they satisfied with only the reports of the junior officershere? If the mothers have le their house and children to be here with us, why can’t they be heretoo? It is our responsibility, for me as the one in charge of police division, to forward thesematters and the discussion of this gathering to the federal government in Addis Ababa. I am sorrythat I am not very conversant with the administrators and structures of the Kenyan Government.

“e peace initiative betweenDukana and Dillo was done

well and it was thecommunity who sat down

and devised the wayforward... My work is to

build and strengthen peaceand that is why I am here.”

Reuben Dhuku Distict OfficerDukana

We have a different system of governmentbetween Kenya and Ethiopia, but we wantto assure the people of Ethiopia that we willbe sending government representatives ofequal rank to all meetings.

Regarding whether the rule of law is appliedequally in Kenya; Do we have rules forpastoralists, for the farmers, for the politicos,for the elders? In Kenya the rule of law is thesame for all: No-one is above the law in Kenya.

We in the Government of Kenya don’t wantothers’ problems to be our problems. But weare raring to help when asked. We don’tsupport any insurgency group. We are a stablestate. e government has spread its wings toevery corner of Kenya. We are in Moyale. Wehave a DC, DO and chiefs there. e people ofSololo are Kenyan citizens.

I challenge the Turbi people to get an easyentry point to Sololo. We believe the Turbipeople can help us to negotiate with them. If aboy wants to marry, he wants to do everything

he can to get that girl. We should be friendswith the people of Sololo in all ways. Weshould use all possible entry points. We knowthey are interested in peace. We believe theywill participate in the next meeting.

We have contacted the Sololo District Officer.Sololo has been elevated to a new district. eleaders of the district were to meet and beingthe first meeting it was very important forthem to attend. So I want to dispel any kind ofrumours about their absence.

We want to assure our Ethiopian colleaguesthat the Kenya government is committed topeace and we are going to work together. Weneed to unite as leaders. When we unite, thecriminals will become naked and will havenowhere to hide.

George Mwangi, OCS Dukana

I am privileged to be associated with theDukana Dillo process since its inception twoyears ago. e first time I went with a LandCruiser of armed officers to guard our elderswhile travelling to the meeting. ere was so

much suspicion and mistrust. ank God it’schanged. Today we can see the fruits. You haveseen conducive co-existance between Dukanaand Dillo. But there is a lot of concern aboutconflict between Turbi and Rawan, Walda etc.I challenge the PSI Chairman and the eldershere to work on this.

18

“e Kenya Government iscommitted to peace... Weneed to unite as leaders so

criminals become naked andhave nowehere to hide.”

Into the Future

Molu Kulu

All gathered have agreed that the issue of thosewho haven’t arrived will be dealt with as a wayforward. We have agreed that we shall meetthem at a later date. We have agreed that wecannot have the next gathering at their place,but we will have a different venue where wecan host them. e Ethiopian government hassuggested Magado in Dire District.

Each of us has accepted peace. To have greaterimpact we need more people involved in sucha gathering. If those people from the other sidehad come, our quorum would have been biggerand we could have planned for the hugemeeting involving many people. But in theirabsence we need to agree how to include themin the next step.

Adan Sora

ere is a place called Titu near theMoyale/Wajir border. It is a small enclavebetween two hills. During colonial times therewere a number of rhinos there and during thenight there were lions there. ey are still thereand you will face them if you walk alone. If youpass Titu you will come to a big plain, and on

this side too there is open savannah land. It isonly those who have knowledge of the terrainwho can traverse that area. e Sololo issueneeds a knowledgeable person. e elders fromSololo are really for the peace. ey really wantit, but they have fear.

We've all been blaming politicians. ose incharge of politics are the MPs. In the MadarakaDay celebration on 1st June, our MP inMarsabit declared peace and the people are veryhappy with him. He said he stands for all thepeople and for peace. We want the MPs fromMarsabit, North Horr and Moyale. We are theones who elected them – and the next electionwe will be casting our vote. We want them tohead this process. Let’s involve all of them.

We want our next meeting to be held in a goodvenue. It really needs an elder with wisdom tofind the best solution. e area like Kalachaand Maikona in Chalbi District is a neutralground for everyone. ere is no fear foranybody there.

Gufu Orgi, Balesa

We should select a few people to go and meetthe people in Sololo and convince them andtalk to them. Adan Sora should be one ofthose people so that they will have a positivemind about the coming meeting. Yesterdaywe all said the peace initiative started withDukana and Dillo people. We are satisfiedwith it. I want thes mistakes and bad deedswe have been doing before to be over - Spitout the bad things.

Dalacha Denge. Dillo

e chairman asked how we can see those thatdidn’t attend this meeting. We are going to getthe people from Sololo on board through thepeople of Kenya mobilising them through theDistrict Commissioner and through thePastoralist Shade Initiative. It will be theirresponsibility. Oromia Pastoralists Associationwill take responsibility for mobilisation for thenext gathering on the Ethiopian side.

“e Sololo issue needs a knowledgeable person. e eldersfrom Sololo are really for the peace.”

19

Guyo Hukka, Dukana

We in Dukana and Dillo initiated this dialogue and process. Now you, the participants, have youagreed with what we have done? Have you accepted that it is good? - YES - ank you.

Peace came as a surprise. It started with only two villages, Dillo and Dukana. It was a surprisebecause two villages can't do all that much, but now they have encompassed all of you. It has nowreached the larger Borana and Gabra communities. It has gone beyond village level and evenbrought the Ethiopian and Kenyan governments together.

e war needs little support, but it is hard to strengthen the peace. When you go home, the firstthing you will get is threats. You are going to get a log of false alarms and reports. Listen toDukana. When we first had our peace tree, the Borana were told, “Don’t listen to the Gabra – allof them are going to raid your side”. Gabra were also told – “Ehh, don’t go to that meeting you aregoing to be killed.” If you listen to such personal propaganda, you cannot even visit yourneighbour’s house.

It wasn’t that the rumours were true, but we know that those who said them are the enemies ofpeace. We refused to listen to such falsehoods and that is why we are celebrating peace here.Always when we plan for a meeting during the last five to fiy years, there have been incidentswhere someone has been killed, or propagandahas been put out. ose are major obstacles topeace. We refused all those false and alarmiststatements. If you have accepted peace and unity,there are such challenges ahead of you. ey willnot leave you out because you are a seniorgovernment administrator or senior elder. Youwill just hear bad things that someone is beingkilled near your administrative boundary, or thatothers are going to raid. Don’t be affected bythese things.

Joseph Ole Kishau

More women should participate – they are veryimportant in conflicts. Young men should alsocome. We elders are getting tired aer talkingso many days. Chairman, please ensure thatevery area gives a chance for women, girls andboys from every area to attend the nextmeeting. Change is inevitable, if you don'taccept it it will change you. We've named thistree an Acacia of Peace: e peace process mustbe extended and not just remain here.

Adan Sora

We've all agreed to build peace. I have a requestfor the gathering, especially the Magado andForole communities. You have said that youstarted your initiatives some time back. I wantyou to show us in the same way as Dillo andDukana have shown us. In Forole, there is a lotof grass and in Magado there is a lot of water. Ifyou could share those reso urces together theway Dillo and Dukana are now sharingtogether, you will have really shown us.

We have extensive lands which are rich. We onlysuffer from poverty of ideas. How can we resolvethat? By sharing our resources amicably. Beforethe next gathering, we want to hear that youhave started sharing those resources that you hadstopped using due to fear and mistrust and thatis the fruit of the peace you are building.

“e war needs little support,but it is hard to strengthen thepeace. If you go home the first

thing you will get is threats.You are going to get a log of

false alarms and reports.”

20

Mohamed Abdi (Baba), Dillo WoredaAdministrator

Now we in Dukana and Dillo have opened upour markets and there is total peace here. Wehave a big market. If you want to buy or sellyour items you can come to Dillo and sell orbuy whatever you want. We invite you to ourmarket day every Monday.

Major Ramata, Gass Councillor

We need to open up small trade across theborders like Dukana and Dillo have done. elong-term strategy is economic generation. ereason people fight is because they are verypoor. e poor will do anything to sustaintheir living. Let’s wake up and strengthenmarketing for livestock.

Let’s open our borders. People have been putin small areas and have little information aboutthe next place and that is why they have theseproblems and doubts. As the Borana proverbsays, “If it has rained in your country you alsothink it has rained in other countries.”

“If you want to buy or sell youritems you can come to Dilloand sell or buy whatever youwant. We invite you to ourmarket day every Monday.”

Adano Selesa

Prior to the conflict, there was very goodbusiness between Ethiopia and Kenya onlivestock. It was at the local level but it used toassist a lot. You remember that Ethiopians usedto come and buy a lot of sheep from our area.at used to bring a lot of resources in. eyalso used to pick up some things useful for theirarea and take them back. at kind of exchangetrade is very good. Since now we are gettingpeace, I request our Ethiopian counterparts tocome back and do that trade in our homesagain. We are pushing to have some markets inKalacha and North Horr. It is challenging us,but if we get opportunity from the Ethiopianside, it will help. In other parts of Kenya, theyhave market days. Even next to you – Samburu– they have market days. If we get organisedlike this, even the government will cover it withgood policies, which will start to strengthenour economy.

Chiri Bulle, Maikona

I am very happy and joyful. It is God whobrought all of us together under this shade. Wehave shared and prayed together. anks be toGod. Our purpose here was to talk aboutpeace and everyone has had a chance and putforward their opinions.

[A snake joins the gathering and surpriseseveryone]. e snake shows that we havespoken the truth here. We women we reallypromote general peace. Now the mainchallenge when we go back is to spread themessage of peace to the entire community. Ifeach of us shares the same message I think wehave sowed the seed of peace.

One observation is that, “It is easy for men tosay but difficult for them to do.” As women weshall deliver the messages. But I doubt the menwill deliver the message. ey will promisehere under the shade and then forget about it.It isn’t that I want to praise women, but it isour natural behaviour to sing and dance andcry quickly. Let’s put our words into action

Nuria Gollo

Peace starts with an individual. One herder initiated this process and I would like us tohonour and imitate him as a role model. The shade is beautiful, it is rich and I want tomake it my home. I want it to continue. I want the people to continue talking peace.Nothing is greater than peace: let's support the initiative.

“e snake shows that wehave spoken the truth here.”

22

Chief Tuye Katelo

Peace is like a vehicle. It is very good when youtravel in it, but it can have an accident and killall the occupants. Or an aeroplane which isvery good and takes very little time, but it canbe disastrous if it falls down.

Let’s all take responsibility. Don’t add fuel tothe fire. Cool down everything and use thebest approach to solve a problem. We've allbeen blaming the MPs but we elders are thecatalysts - we are the people who make thembehave how they do. Because they want votesfrom us, they accept anything from the elders,they don’t want to offend them.

All of us should be agents of change promotingpeace and tranquillity in our area. Take thismessage to the youth and the herders, toeveryone. And all of these should be present atthe next meeting.

Molu Kulu

Let’s respect the Dillo Declaration andapplaud it. Go back to your people anddisseminate the same information.

We started planning this gathering at Dukanain September 2008. It was postponed threetimes. Aer we leave here, those who areorganising the next gathering will certainlymeet some challenges. It won’t be good if weagree the date and place for that gathering hereand then find problems, which mean that weneed to change it. e gathering must becomfortable for everyone. We must secure theresources for it. I assure you, as Chairman ofthe Pastoralist Shade Initiative that I will do allI can to make the gathering as successful as itcan be. Please await my feedback on the dateand location.

“Peace is like a vehicle. It isvery good when you travel init, but it can have an accident

and kill all the occupants.”

Postscript

e Dukana gathering mandated a group of Gabra and Borana elders to visit MoyaleDistrict to brief the Kenyan administration and pastoralist leaders of the area on theoutcomes of the meeting and pass the news of the next gathering.

On 10th June, this team concluded meetings with the Moyale District administration andthe communities of Sololo, Rawan, Walda and Uran. ese communities, along with thedistrict administration, have agreed to attend the next gathering. ey have requested thatthis second gathering should also be held in Chalbi District. As a gesture of good faith andgood will, the Borana of Walda have now opened a way for their wells to be used by Gabralivestock from Turbi.

Since the Dukana meeting, there has been an increase in cross-border activity and Gabrapastoralists from Forole, Kenya have been given access to the Borana boreholes at Magado,Ethiopia for watering their animals and for domestic use.

e next gathering will be held near Maikona, Chalbi District from 17th – 19th July 2009.

23

The Pastoralist Shade Initiative

“Shade is an association of the elders from all the different pastoralist groups in Kenya,legally registered. We involve all pastoralist communities: Gabra, Borana, Somali, Dassanech,Rendille, Pokot, Turkana, Maasai, Orma etc. Shade was set up to work on internal pastoralistconflict. We conduct meetings under the shade, not in halls. We work in a way that pastoral-ists are used to. If this meeting had been held in a hotel, the elders wouldn't have been able tochew and spit their tobacco: they'd be in jail by now.

“Shade doesn’t have professionals. We use our own knowledge to solve our own problems aspastoralists. Many of our board members cannot read and write. Shade has big missions anddreams. We are working to hold meetings on peace in Kibish [Turkana], Pokot and otherplaces. We will also continue to work on this process.”

Ole Kishau, Mogole Haibor and Adan Sora