REPORTING CATEGORY #2- MECHANISMS OF GENETICS

SE 6- THE MECHANISMS OF GENETICS, INCLUDING THE ROLE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS &

THE PRINCIPLES OF MENDELIAN GENETICS

DNA

A with TC with G

Deoxyribose sugar +Nitrogen base +

Phosphate= Nucleotide

CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN GENES

CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN GENES

GENETIC CODE- DETERMINED BY THE ORDER OF THE NITROGEN BASES

DNA SPECIFIES TRAITS

Central dogma

SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:The sugar & phosphate portions of a DNA molecule function mainly to do which of the following?

A. store & transmit information about an organism’s traitsB. attract the units that are used to create new DNA

moleculesC. provide the structural support for the sequence of

nitrogenous base pairsD. provide the energy that the molecule needs to carry out

its functionQuestion #2:DNA affects the organism’s traits by doing which of the following?

A. directing the assembly of amino acids to form proteinsB. determining which traits will be most beneficial to the

organismC. establishing the rules by which all of the elements in the

body will form compoundsD. identifying which genetic material should be expressed

& which material discarded

THE GENETIC CODE IS COMMON TO ALL ORGANISMS

SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:What do these three statements describe?I. Instructions for translating information into proteinsII. Alignment & sequence of genes on a chromosomeIII. Composed of nucleotide triplets

A. protein synthesisB. the genetic codeC. cell differentiationD. DNA fingerprinting

SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #2:

Refer to the chart. The triplet codes found in this chart apply to:

A. humans only.B. plants & animals.C. prokaryotes only.D. all living things.

RNA

Single strandU instead of T

TRANSCRIPTION

DNA making RNA

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TRANSLATION Animation linkVideo link

SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:

The diagram shows how a section of protein containing the amino acid sequence “QYWQ” is formed. What is the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA section shown?

A. 5'UCGGAUACUACU3‘ B. 5'CCACCACCACCA3‘

C. 5'ACUUCGGAUACU3‘ D. 5'CAGUAUUGGCAA3'

SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #2:

The illustration shows the transcription process. What is the main purpose of the structure labeled W?

A. carrying instructions for protein synthesisB. transforming into a proteinC. replacing damaged DNAD. passing traits to offspring

GENE EXPRESSION IS A REGULATED PROCESS

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GENE EXPRESSION IS A REGULATED PROCESS

SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:Every cell contains DNA. The main purpose of DNAis to store the cell’s genetic information. How does DNA control the cell?

A. DNA activates nerve signalsB. DNA protects the cell from invadersC. DNA speeds up chemical reactionsD. DNA determines what proteins are made

Question #2:The base sequence that remains after RNA splicing, & can be translated into a protein is a/an:

A. exon.B. deletion.C. insertion.D. intron.

MUTATION

MUTATION= CHANGE IN DNA

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MUTATION= CHANGE IN A CHROMOSOME

MUTATION & SIGNIFICANCE

Beneficial or

detrimental?

SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:A scientist is searching for a chemical that can alter the characteristics a pea plant will pass on to its offspring. The scientist needs a chemical that can affect pea plants in which way?

A. by altering the sequence of nitrogenous bases in the plant’s DNA

B. by reducing the total number of copies of the plant’s genetic material

C. by changing the spiral shape of the plant’s DNA molecules to wheels or horseshoes

D. by adding extra deoxyribose molecules to each strand of the plant’s genetic material

SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #2:Mutated DNA in somatic cells occurs frequently, but this modified DNA cannot be passed along to offspring because:

A. modified DNA in somatic cells is recessive.

B. offspring typically reject modified DNA.

C. only gamete cells carry genetic material to offspring.

D. offspring mutations happen only when somatic cells are diseased.

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HETEROZYGOUS & HOMOZYGOUS

MONOHYBRID CROSS

DIHYBRID CROSS

UNUSUAL PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

Incomplete dominance

Codominance

NOM-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

Extranuclear inheritance

X-inactivation

SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:Look at the Punnett square shown below.

In pea plants, having round peas (R) is dominant over wrinkled peas (r). Two plants with round (Rr) peas were crossed. If 4 offspring are produced, how many offspring are expected to have round peas?

A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4

SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #2:

Refer to the diagram. What are the genotypes of the parents in this cross?

A. TTRr & ttRrB. TtRr & TtRrC. TTrr & TtRrD. TTRr & TtRr

MEIOSIS ALLOWS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Occurs in sex cells4 cells result

½ # of chromosomes

Crossing over + Independent assortment

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SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:A rat has 42 chromosomes in each somatic cell. How many chromosomes are in each gamete?

A. 18B. 21C. 40D. 42

Question #2:The diagram shows the process of meiosis. The chromosome separation that occurs during meiosis results in a:

A. single fertilized egg cell.B. group of genetically identical cells.C. single sperm cell.D. reduction in the number of chromosomes

per cell.

HOW TO STUDY A GENOME

DNA fingerprinting Genome

sequencing (can you find the hidden words?)

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Karyotype analysis

HOW TO STUDY A GENOME

DNA fingerprinting Genome

sequencing (did you find the hidden words?)

lqvrdlmnqvtthequickababcmfxlqbrownfoxjulrvsmpedoverthelazyyyzplfdogjjiurttiythedoglayhhbeldquietlydreaminghwwiqldnsofdinnerplwosiucnd

Karyotype analysis

SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:Which of the following is an inappropriate place to gather information for a karyotype?

A. a sex cellB. a skin cellC. a nerve cellD. a muscle cell

Question #2:Most species have a standard karyotype. It is common, however, that there is a difference between males & females within a species. How does the human karyotype differ between males & females?

A. males only have 45 chromosomes & females have 46B. the sex chromosomes in males are XY & in females

they are XX C. scientists cannot tell the difference but know there is

oneD. males have two satellites attached to their sex

chromosomes