REPORTED SPEECH AND REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECHDIRECT SPEECH

Use these explanations to Use these explanations to betterbetter

understand the tale:understand the tale:

““The Elephant’s Child”The Elephant’s Child”

REPORTED SPEECHREPORTED SPEECH

• SAY-TELLSAY-TELL SAY SAY is used in direct and reported speech, is used in direct and reported speech,

it is followed by a that-clause. E.g. “I won’t it is followed by a that-clause. E.g. “I won’t go to Japan,” she said or she go to Japan,” she said or she said thatsaid that she wouldn’t go to Japan.she wouldn’t go to Japan.

TELLTELL is used in reported speech and has to is used in reported speech and has to be followed by a personal direct object be followed by a personal direct object (me, you, him, her, etc.) E.g. “I won’t go to (me, you, him, her, etc.) E.g. “I won’t go to Japan,” she said to me Or She told me Japan,” she said to me Or She told me (that) she wouldn’t go to Japan.(that) she wouldn’t go to Japan.

SOME USEFUL EXPRESSIONS SOME USEFUL EXPRESSIONS WITH SAY AND TELLWITH SAY AND TELL

• SAYSAYSay good morning, say something, say one’s Say good morning, say something, say one’s

prayers, say a few words, say so, say no prayers, say a few words, say so, say no more, say for certain, say for sure.more, say for certain, say for sure.

• TELLTELLTell the truth, tell a lie, tell the time, tell a Tell the truth, tell a lie, tell the time, tell a

story, tell sb a secret, tell sb the way, tell story, tell sb a secret, tell sb the way, tell sb’s fortune, tell the difference.sb’s fortune, tell the difference.

sb= somebodysb= somebody

REPORTED STATEMENTS REPORTED STATEMENTS

• Reported statements are usually Reported statements are usually introduced with say (that) or tell (that). introduced with say (that) or tell (that). E.g. “I am learning Spanish,” she said.E.g. “I am learning Spanish,” she said.She said (that) she was learning SpanishShe said (that) she was learning Spanish

• Personal pronouns and possessive Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to context. adjectives change according to context. E.g. “I met a lot of people at the party,” he E.g. “I met a lot of people at the party,” he said.said.He said that He said that hehe had met a lot of people at had met a lot of people at the partythe party..

TENSES CHANGE in Reported TENSES CHANGE in Reported Speech as follows:Speech as follows:• Present SimplePresent Simple Past Simple Past Simple

E.g. “She E.g. “She makesmakes clothes,” he said. clothes,” he said. He said (that) she He said (that) she mademade clothes. clothes.

• Present Continuous Present Continuous Past Continuous Past Continuous E.g. “She E.g. “She is makingis making a cake,” he said. a cake,” he said. He said (that) she He said (that) she was makingwas making a a cake.cake.

• Past Simple/ Present Perfect Past Simple/ Present Perfect Past Perfect Past PerfectE.g. “She E.g. “She made/has mademade/has made a cake,” he said. a cake,” he said. He said (that) she He said (that) she had had mademade a cake. a cake.

• Future Simple Future Simple would + bare infinitive would + bare infinitiveE.g. “She’ll make a cake,” he said. E.g. “She’ll make a cake,” he said. He said (that) she would make a cake. He said (that) she would make a cake.Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous do not change in Reported Speech. Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous do not change in Reported Speech. Past Simple Changes to Past Perfect or remains the same. When the Past Simple Changes to Past Perfect or remains the same. When the reported sentence contains a time clause, the tenses of the time clause do reported sentence contains a time clause, the tenses of the time clause do not change. not change. E.g. “ I E.g. “ I leftleft whenwhen it was gettingit was getting dark,” he said. dark,” he said. He said (that) he He said (that) he left/ left/ had lefthad left whenwhen it was gettingit was getting dark. dark.

TENSES DO NOT CHANGE in TENSES DO NOT CHANGE in Reported Speech when:Reported Speech when:• The reporting verb (said, told, etc.) is in the Present Perfect.The reporting verb (said, told, etc.) is in the Present Perfect.

E.g. E.g. “ “ I’ve always enjoyedI’ve always enjoyed going for long walks on the going for long walks on the beach,” she said.beach,” she said. She said that She said that she’s always enjoyedshe’s always enjoyed going for long walks on the beach.going for long walks on the beach.

• The speaker expresses general truths, permanent states or The speaker expresses general truths, permanent states or conditions.conditions.E.g. E.g. “February the 14“February the 14thth isis Valentine’s Day,” he said. Valentine’s Day,” he said. He said He said that February the 14that February the 14thth is is Valentine’s Day.Valentine’s Day.

• The reported sentence deals with type 2/ type 3 conditionals, The reported sentence deals with type 2/ type 3 conditionals, wishes, or unreal past.wishes, or unreal past.E.g. E.g. “OK boys, it’s time you “OK boys, it’s time you went went to bed,” Mother said to us.to bed,” Mother said to us. Mother said to us it was time we Mother said to us it was time we wentwent to bed. to bed.

• The speaker The speaker is reporting something immediately after it is reporting something immediately after it was said was said (up to date).(up to date).E.g. E.g. “the water is very cold,” he said.“the water is very cold,” he said. He said that the He said that the water is very cold.water is very cold.

TIME WORDSTIME WORDStime words can change or remain the same depending on the time words can change or remain the same depending on the

time reference:time reference:

DIRECT SPEECHDIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECHREPORTED SPEECH

Tonight, today, this week/ month/ Tonight, today, this week/ month/ yearyear

That night, that day, that week/ month/ That night, that day, that week/ month/ yearyear

NowNow Then, at the time, at once, immediately Then, at the time, at once, immediately

Yesterday, last night, Yesterday, last night, week/month/ yearweek/month/ year

The day before, the previous night/week/ The day before, the previous night/week/ month/ yearmonth/ year

Tomorrow, next week/month/yearTomorrow, next week/month/year The following/ next week/month/yearThe following/ next week/month/year

Two days/months/ years agoTwo days/months/ years ago Two days/months/ years beforeTwo days/months/ years before

REPORTED QUESTIONSREPORTED QUESTIONS

• Reported Questions are introduced with ask, wonder, want to Reported Questions are introduced with ask, wonder, want to know, etc. We use affirmative word order and the questions mark know, etc. We use affirmative word order and the questions mark becomes a full stop. Inverted commas are omitted.becomes a full stop. Inverted commas are omitted.

• To report a question we use: To report a question we use: a) ask + question word (who, where, which, when, how, etc.) when a) ask + question word (who, where, which, when, how, etc.) when the direct question begins with a question word.the direct question begins with a question word.

E.g. E.g. “How can I ever thank you?” she asked.“How can I ever thank you?” she asked. She asked She asked how how she could ever thank me.she could ever thank me.And b) And b) ask + if/whether ask + if/whether when the direct question begins with when the direct question begins with and auxiliary verb (can, do, have, etc).and auxiliary verb (can, do, have, etc).E.g. E.g. ““Could Could you tell me how to open the cupboard?” he asked.you tell me how to open the cupboard?” he asked. He asked if I could tell him how to open the cupboard.He asked if I could tell him how to open the cupboard.

• Tenses, personal pronouns, possessive adjectives, time words, etc. Tenses, personal pronouns, possessive adjectives, time words, etc. change as in statements.change as in statements.E.g. E.g. “When are you having your party?” “When are you having your party?” She wondered when I She wondered when I was having my party.was having my party.

ASSIGNMENTASSIGNMENT

Carefully read all the Carefully read all the statements in the tale: statements in the tale: ““The Elephant’s ChildThe Elephant’s Child” ” that show direct that show direct speech and change speech and change them to reported them to reported speech taking into speech taking into account the account the explanations you just explanations you just reviewed. Check your reviewed. Check your answers with your answers with your classmates and classmates and teacher in class.teacher in class.

Change to reported Speech the Change to reported Speech the following Statements following Statements

and Questions:and Questions:

• One fine morning in the middle of the One fine morning in the middle of the Precession of the Equinoxes this Precession of the Equinoxes this 'satiable Elephant's Child asked a 'satiable Elephant's Child asked a new fine question that he had never new fine question that he had never asked before. He asked, "What does asked before. He asked, "What does the crocodile have for dinner?"the crocodile have for dinner?"

• By and by, when that was finished, he By and by, when that was finished, he came upon Kolokolo Bird sitting in the came upon Kolokolo Bird sitting in the middle of a wait-a-bit middle of a wait-a-bit thornbushthornbush , and , and he said, "My father has spanked me, he said, "My father has spanked me, and my mother has spanked me; all my and my mother has spanked me; all my aunts and uncles have spanked me for aunts and uncles have spanked me for my 'satiable curtiosity; and my 'satiable curtiosity; and still still I want I want to know what the Crocodile has for to know what the Crocodile has for dinner!" dinner!"

• The Kolokolo Bird said, with a The Kolokolo Bird said, with a mournfulmournful cry, "Go to the banks of the cry, "Go to the banks of the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with fever-trees , River, all set about with fever-trees , and find out." and find out."

• That very next morning, when there was nothing That very next morning, when there was nothing left of the Equinoxes, because the Precession had left of the Equinoxes, because the Precession had preceded according to precedent, this 'satiable preceded according to precedent, this 'satiable Elephant's Child took a hundred pounds of bananas Elephant's Child took a hundred pounds of bananas (the little short red kind), and a hundred pounds of (the little short red kind), and a hundred pounds of sugar-cane (the long purple kind), and seventeen sugar-cane (the long purple kind), and seventeen melons (the greeny-crackly kind), and said to all his melons (the greeny-crackly kind), and said to all his dear families, "Good-bye. I am going to the great dear families, "Good-bye. I am going to the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about grey-green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with fever-trees, to find out what the Crocodile has with fever-trees, to find out what the Crocodile has for dinner." And they all spanked him once more for dinner." And they all spanked him once more for luck, though he asked them most politely to for luck, though he asked them most politely to stop. stop.

• 'Scuse me," said 'Scuse me," said the Elephant's the Elephant's Child most politely, Child most politely, "but have you seen "but have you seen such a thing as a such a thing as a Crocodile in these Crocodile in these promiscuouspromiscuous parts?" parts?"

• Have Have I seen a crocodile?" said the Bi-I seen a crocodile?" said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake, in a Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake, in a voice of dretful scorn . "What will you voice of dretful scorn . "What will you ask me next?" ask me next?"

• ““Scuse me,” said the Elephant's Scuse me,” said the Elephant's Child, "but could you kindly tell me Child, "but could you kindly tell me what he has for dinner?" what he has for dinner?"

• "That is odd," said the Elephant's "That is odd," said the Elephant's Child, "because my father and Child, "because my father and mother, and my uncle and my aunt, mother, and my uncle and my aunt, not to mention my other aunt, the not to mention my other aunt, the Hippopotamus, and my other uncle, Hippopotamus, and my other uncle, the Baboon, have all spanked me for the Baboon, have all spanked me for my 'satiable curtiosity--and I suppose my 'satiable curtiosity--and I suppose this is the same thing." this is the same thing."

• "Come "Come hitherhither , Little One," said , Little One," said the Crocodile. "Why do you ask the Crocodile. "Why do you ask such things?" such things?"

• Come hither, Little One," said the Come hither, Little One," said the Crocodile, "for I am the Crocodile, "for I am the Crocodile," and he wept crocodile Crocodile," and he wept crocodile tears to show it was quite true.tears to show it was quite true.

• "Come hither, Little One," said the "Come hither, Little One," said the Crocodile, "and I'll whisper ." Crocodile, "and I'll whisper ."

• "I think," said the Crocodile--and "I think," said the Crocodile--and he said it between his teeth, like he said it between his teeth, like this--"I think to-day I will begin this--"I think to-day I will begin with Elephant's Child!" with Elephant's Child!"

• At this, O Best Beloved, the At this, O Best Beloved, the Elephant's Child was much Elephant's Child was much annoyedannoyed , and he said, speaking , and he said, speaking through his nose, like this, "Led through his nose, like this, "Led go! You are hurtig be!" go! You are hurtig be!"

• "What are you doing that for?" said the Bi-"What are you doing that for?" said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake.

• "'Scuse me," said the Elephant's Child, "'Scuse me," said the Elephant's Child, "but my nose is badly out of shape, and I "but my nose is badly out of shape, and I am waiting for it to am waiting for it to shrinkshrink " "

• "Then you will have to wait a long time," "Then you will have to wait a long time," said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "Some people do not know what is good "Some people do not know what is good for them." for them."

• "Vantage number one!" said the Bi-Coloured-"Vantage number one!" said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "You couldn't have done that Python-Rock-Snake. "You couldn't have done that with a mere-with a mere-smearsmear nose. Try and eat a little now.” nose. Try and eat a little now.”

• "'Vantage number two!" said the Bi-"'Vantage number two!" said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "You couldn't Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "You couldn't have done that with a mere- smear nose. have done that with a mere- smear nose. Don't you think the sun is very hot here?" Don't you think the sun is very hot here?"

• "'Vantage number three!" said the Bi-"'Vantage number three!" said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "You couldn't Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "You couldn't have done that with a mere-smear nose. have done that with a mere-smear nose. Now how do you feel about being spanked Now how do you feel about being spanked again?" again?"

• "'Scuse me," said the Elephant's Child, "but "'Scuse me," said the Elephant's Child, "but I should not like it at all." I should not like it at all."

• "How would you like to spank somebody?" "How would you like to spank somebody?" said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake.said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake.

• "I should like it very much indeed," said "I should like it very much indeed," said the Elephant's Child. the Elephant's Child.

• "Well," said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-"Well," said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake, "you will find that new nose of Snake, "you will find that new nose of yours very useful to spank people with." yours very useful to spank people with."

• "Thank you," said the Elephant's child, "I'll "Thank you," said the Elephant's child, "I'll remember that; and now I think I'll go remember that; and now I think I'll go home to all my dear families and try." home to all my dear families and try."

• One dark evening he came back to all his dear families, and he coiled up his One dark evening he came back to all his dear families, and he coiled up his trunk and said, "How do you do?" They were very glad to see him, and trunk and said, "How do you do?" They were very glad to see him, and immediately said, "Come here and be spanked for your 'satiable curtiosity." immediately said, "Come here and be spanked for your 'satiable curtiosity."

• "Pooh," said the Elephant's Child. "I don't think you people's know anything about "Pooh," said the Elephant's Child. "I don't think you people's know anything about spanking; but spanking; but I I do, and I'll show you." do, and I'll show you."

• Then he uncurled his trunk and knocked two of his dear brothers head over heels. Then he uncurled his trunk and knocked two of his dear brothers head over heels.

• "O Bananas!" said they, "Where did you learn that trick, and what have you done "O Bananas!" said they, "Where did you learn that trick, and what have you done to your nose?“to your nose?“

• "I got a new one from the Crocodile on the banks of the great grey-green, greasy "I got a new one from the Crocodile on the banks of the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River," said the Elephant's Child. "I asked him what he had for dinner, Limpopo River," said the Elephant's Child. "I asked him what he had for dinner, and he gave me this to keep." and he gave me this to keep."

• "It looks very ugly," said his hairy uncle, the Baboon. "It looks very ugly," said his hairy uncle, the Baboon.

• "It does," said the Elephant's Child. "But it's very useful," and he picked up his "It does," said the Elephant's Child. "But it's very useful," and he picked up his hairy uncle, the Baboon, by one hairy leg, and hove him into a hornets' nest. hairy uncle, the Baboon, by one hairy leg, and hove him into a hornets' nest.

Good Job Good Job

and and CongratulationCongratulation

s if you’ve s if you’ve made it this made it this

far!!far!!