Report Writing Group 7. Chapter 1 & 2

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Report Writing

Member:

Aqmal Hidayat

Adio J Abhen

Erit Fernando

Rahmadian Pratama

Rice Putra Effendi

Teguh Maulana Hardi

Univesitas Andalas

2013



CHAPTER I

Introduction

1.1 Background

In past, the production system is done manually or by using human power. We know

that, people have different strengths, and it led to less effective in an industrial production

process. The effectiveness of the production can be seen from how many products are

produced in a short time.

Now, then comes a new branch of science that mechatronics is a synergisticcombination of mechanics, electronics and information systems science that can not be

separated from one another.

At the present time, Mechatronics very useful in the industrial world because it can

help the process of the production process a raw material into a product in a short time and

can also directly save on production costs..

Mechatronic applications at this time have been found and functions facilitate human

work. However still rarely applied in people's lives. This is due to the lack of public

knowledge about the working principles of mechatronics applications and people are still

accustomed to using the old technology. So in this report the author discusses in more depth

about mekatonika applications so that people can know the many benefits of technological

advances such as mechatronic applications.

1.2 Purpose

Purpose of this report are:

- To know the definition of mechatronics.

- To know the applications of mechatronic.

- To know the working principles of mechatronics.

- To know the mechatronic applications in the industrial world.

1.3 Limitation of Problem

Limitation of problem of this report are :- Only discuss the application of mechatronics.



- Only discuss the working principle of mechatronics.

- Only discuss about the components used in mechatronic applications.

- Not discuss the electronic circuit.

1.4 Hypothesis

Mechatronic applications is very important in life, and will affect the quality of a

product or work of any individual. In addition mechatronic applications also facilitate

human work and shorten the time of the production process.

1.5 Significant of Study

In order for the reader to know and recognize the application of mechatronic

components of the mechatronic applications.

1.6 Overview

Mechatronics is the combination of Mechanical engineering, Electronic engineering,

Computer engineering, Software engineering, Control engineering, and Systems Design

engineering in order to design, and manufacture useful products]. Mechatronics is a

multidisciplinary field of engineering, that is to say it rejects splitting engineering intoseparate disciplines. Originally, mechatronics just included the combination between

mechanics and electronics, hence the word is only a portmanteau of mechanics and

electronics. However, as technical systems has become more and more complex the word has

been "updated" during recent years to include more technical areas.

Many mechatronic engineers work with the electronic and computer control

systems which nearly all machinery relies on for efficient and reliable operation. We take it

for granted that automatic systems monitor process plants for leaks and faults, and keep the

plant operating all the year round. All modern aircraft, cars and appliances rely on

mechatronic engineering. Mechatronic engineers build and design these systems and need

expertise in computing and electronics, core mechanical engineering knowledge, and the

ability to bring these together to make working systems which meet the safety and reliability

levels we take for granted.



CHAPTER II

Literature Review

Definition of Mechatronics

Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary area of engineering that combines mechanical

and electrical engineering and computer science. A typical mechatronic system picks up

signals from the environment, processes them to generate output signals, transforming them

for example into forces, motions and actions.

It is the extension and the completion of mechanical systems with sensors and

microcomputers which is the most important aspect. The fact that such a system picks up

changes in its environment by sensors, and reacts to their signals using the appropriate

information processing, makes it different from conventional machines.

Examples of mechatronic systems are robots, digitally controlled combustion engines,

machine tools with self-adaptive tools, contact-free magnetic bearings, automated guided

vehicles, etc. Typical for such a product is the high amount of system knowledge and

software that is necessary for its design. Furthermore, and this is most essential, software has

become an integral part of the product itself, necessary for its function and operation. It is

fully justified to say software has become an actual "machine element".

Mechatronics is a new word that was born in Japan in the early 1970s which is a

combination of two words namely mechanics and electronics . Now we often see around us

mechatronics stuff like robots , NC lathes , digital cameras , printers , and so forth . Equations

of goods mechatronics is that the object is a motion controlled machine . When compared

with a conventional engine movement then move the machines more flexible and have more

intelligence . This is possible because the use of advance iptekmicro - electronics . The point

is that with the help of micro - electronics machine can move more intelligently . If someone

gave a command , then all can be handed over to the machine that can move automatically . It

really helps to create machines or tools that are practical and easy to use . So that human

resources such as time and the brain can be used for other work to further create value.



Picture 2.1 Mechatronics

System of Mechatronics

Picture 2.2 Mechatronics Simple Chart

1. Sensor

A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical

environment. The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one

of a great number of other environmental phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is

converted to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over

a network for reading or further processing. Here are a few examples of the many different

types of sensors:

a. Magnetic sensor

Magnetic sensor is a device that will be affected the magnetic field andwill give you change the output conditions. Like the switch two conditions (on

Sensor Contoller Actuators



/ off) which is driven by a magnetic field around it. This sensor is usually

packaged in the form of empty packaging and free of dust, moisture, fumes or

vapors.

Picture 2.3 Magnetic Sensor

b. Light Sensor

Light sensor consists of 3 categories. Photovoltaic light sensor is a

device that converts light energy directly into electrical energy, with the

irradiation of light will cause the movement of electrons and produces a

voltage. Similarly, the photoconductive (fotoresistif) that will give you change

in resistance (resistance) in the cells, the higher the intensity of light received,

the smaller the value prisoners. While the Photoelectric sensor which is a work

based on the reflection principle due to changes in position / distance of a light

source (infrared or laser) or deflection targets, which consists of a light sourceand receiver.



Picture 2.4 Light Sensor

c. Pressure Sensor

This sensor has a wire strain gauge transducers, which convert

mechanical stress into electrical signals. Penginderaannya basic introduction

on the change in resistance (transducer) that change due to changes in long

and broad cross-section.

Picture 2.5 Pressure Sensor



d. Temperature Sensor

There are 4 main types of temperature sensors that are commonly used

, namely thermocouples ( T / C , resistance temperature detector ( RTD ) ,

thermistors , and IC sensors . Thermocouple consists essentially of a pair of

hot and cold transducer connected and merged together , where there are

differences that arise the connection between the reference junction that serves

as a comparison . Resistance temperature Detector ( RTD ) has the basic

principle that the electrical resistance of metals varies proportional to the

temperature . Comparison of this variation is consistent with the level of

precision / high stability in the detection of resistance . Platina is material

which is often used because it has a temperature resistance , kelinearan ,

stability and reproducibility . Thermistors are resistors that are sensitive to

heat that usually has a negative temperature coefficient , because when the

temperature increases, the resistance decreases and vice versa . while sensor is

a temperature sensor IC with an integrated circuit that uses chipsilikon for

sensory weakness . Has the voltage and current output configuration is very

linear .

Picture 2.6 Temperature Sensor



2. Controller

The controller is a control element in a mechatronic system that receives input from

sensors and forward them to the actuators. One type of controller is the microcontroller.

Microcontroller is an IC with a very high density usually consists of CPU and RAM.

Most microcontrollers have instructions, manipulation of access to the input / output and the

process is streamlined.

Picture 2.7 PLC

Picture 2.8 Microcontroller



3. Actuators

Actuators are elements that receive and execute commands from the

controller. The concrete form of such actuators: electric motors, hydraulic tubes, pneumatic

tubes. Some examples and types of actuators including: Relay, Solenoid, and Motor DC.

Picture 2.9 Motor DC

Picture 2.10 Solenoid Valve



Mechatronic Applications

The following are some examples of applications of Mechatronics Systems :

1. Automatic Gate

Gate in the office or the company is now equipped automatic settings. If there is a

vehicle or a man who came in who had qualified the identification of the door will open, if

not eligible identification doors remain closed.

2. Refrigerators system (Refrigerant)

Refrigeration system or so-called refrigerator is one simple mechatronic applications

that synergize with the disciplines of energy conversion.

3. Air conditioning systems

Ac system is one of a mechatronic system applications in which there are control

systems, electronics and mechanics. Air space is controlled using the remote control (remote

control). At AC room, there are 2 very important component that must be there is the

condenser and compressor.

Definition and Component function

1. Belt Conveyor

Belt Conveyor is used is basically a fairly simple equipment. The tool consists of a

belt that is resistant to transport solid objects. Belts used in belt conveyor can be made from

various types of materials such as rubber, plastics, leather or metal depending on the type and

nature of the material to be transported. For transporting hot materials, used belts made of

metal that is resistant to heat.



Picture 2.11 Belt Conveyor

2. DC motors

Used as actuators on the conveyor belt, working principles related to sensors, objects

will move above the conveyor belt when detected by the sensor DC motor will automatically

perform the action that has been in the program in the microcontroller.

Picture 2.12 Motor DC

DC motors have two basic parts :

1 . Stationary part called the stator . The stator generates a magnetic field , both

generated from a coil ( electro magnet ) or a permanent magnet .

2 . Rotating part is called the rotor . The rotor in the form of a coil in which an

electrical current flows .

Electromagnetic force in a DC motor occurs when there is current flowing in

the conductor is in a magnetic field . The magnetic field itself is generated by a

permanent magnet . The lines of magnetic force flowing between two magnetic poles

of the north pole to the south pole . According to the law Lourentz force , the flowing

current in the conductor located in a magnetic field will cause the force . Force F

appears depends on the direction of the current I and the direction of the magnetic

field B.



WORKING PRINCIPLES OF DC MOTOR

DC motor is a type of motor that uses DC voltage as the energy source . By providing

different voltages at both terminals , the motor will rotate in one direction , and when the

polarity of the voltage is reversed then the direction of rotation of the motor will be reversed

as well . Polarity of the voltage applied to the two terminals determines the direction of

rotation of the motor while the big difference on both terminal voltage determines the motor

speed .

3. Relay

Relay is an electronic switch that can open or close the circuit by using control of

other electronic circuits . Composed of a relay coil , spring , switch ( connected to the spring )

and 2 electronic contacts ( normally closed and normally open )

• Normally closed ( NC ) : switch contact is connected to this when the relay is not

active or can be said to be a switch in the open condition .

• Normally Open ( NO ) : a switch connected to this contact when the relay is active

or can be said to be the switch in the closed condition .

Based on the basic principle of how it works , the relay can work because of the

magnetic field used to drive the switch . When the coil voltage supplied by the working

voltage relay will display the magnetic field in the coil due to the current flowing in the wire

windings . Electromagnetic coil that is as it would then pull the switch from NO to NC . If the

voltage to the coil is switched off then the magnetic field in the coil will be lost so that the

spring will pull the switch NC .

WORKING PRINCIPLES OF RELAY

Relay is a switch lever with wire windings on an iron rod (solenoid) nearby. When the

solenoid electrified, the lever would be interested because of the magnetic force that occurs in

the solenoid so that the switch contacts will close. By the time the flow is stopped, the

magnetic force will be lost, the lever will return to its original position and the contact switch

back terbuka.Relay typically used to drive a current / voltage is large (eg electrical equipment

4 amperes AC 220 V) using a current / voltage is small (eg 0.1 ampere 12 Volt DC). The



simplest relay is an electromechanical relays that provide mechanical movement while

getting electrical energy.

Picture 2.13 Relay

4. Microcontoller

Microcontroller is an IC with a very high density usually consists of CPU and RAM.

Average microntroler have instructions, manipulations access to input / output and efficient

process. Microcontroller is where all the controls on a circuit.

Picture 2.14 Microcontroller

5. LED

Basically, the LED component is a component made of semi-conductor diodes

capable of emitting light. LED is a product of the other findings after diode. The structure is

also similar to the diode.



Picture 2.15 LED

At this time the colors of the existing LED light is red, yellow and green. Blue LED is very

rare. To produce the perfect white color, the spectrum of light colors are combined, with the

most common ways that merging red, green, and blue, which is called RGB. Basically, allcolors can be produced, but it would be very expensive and inefficient. In addition to

choosing LED color, keep in mind the working voltage, maximum current and power

capacity. House (chasing) LED and shape also vary there are rectangular, round and oval.

WORKING PRINCIPLES OF LED

LED is a type of diode has 2 poles, namely the anode and cathode. In this case the

LED will light when an electric current flows from the anode to the cathode. Installation of

LED poles should not be overturned because if the poles reverse then the LED will not light.

LEDs have different characteristics according to the resulting color. The higher the current

flowing in the light of the LED generated light anyway, but it should be noted that the

amount of current that is allowed 10mA-20mA and the voltage is 1.6 V - 3.5 V according to

the character of the resulting color. If the current flowing over the 20mA LED will burn. To

keep the LEDs do not burn we need to use a resistor as a barrier to flow.

6. Selenoid Valve

The working principle of the solenoid valve is a valve that has the power as a driving

coil when the coil where the coil gets the supply voltage will be changed to move the plunger

so that the magnetic field on the inside when the plunger moves the position of the outlet of

the solenoid valve pneumatic pressurized air will come out derived from the supply (service

units), in general pneumatic solenoid valve has a working voltage of 100/200 VAC but some

are having working DC voltage.



Picture 2.16 Solenoid Valve

7. Phototransistor

Phototransistor is a transistor that is designed to catch the light. Sensitivity

phototransistor is much better than the photodiode. Cause the flow of light received at the

base area of the phototransistor and produce current gain ranging from a hundred to a few

thousand times.

Picture 2.17 Phototransistor

8. Weight Sensors

Weight sensors are sensors used to measure the weight or load of an object. The

working principle of this sensor is to change the weight of the mechanical into electrical

signals. Weight is based on the principle that the resistance changes with the weight of anobject.



Picture 2.18 Weight Sensors

Report Writing Group 7. Chapter 1 & 2

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