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Transcript of Report Theory
8/3/2019 Report Theory
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TheThe
BureaucracyBureaucracy
Report of: Gina Lee M. SantosReport of: Gina Lee M. Santos
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What is a Bureaucracy?
A large organization structured hierarchically to carryout specific functions
Private bureaucracies exist within organizations like corporations
Have a single set of leaders; serve shareholders; driven byprof it motive
Public bureaucracies exist within organizations likegovernments
Typically have multiple sets of leaders (Congress, president, etc.); serve citizens; driven by needs of citizens
Federal bureaucracy grounded in
Artic
le II, Sections 2 and 3
Why bureaucracy? Increasing complexity of society, economy; increasing demands for government responsiveness; Congress does not have time or expertise to oversee administration of all of its statutes; delegates to specialized agencies
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Mode
lof Bureaucracy
Weberian model = bureaucracy a response toincreasing social complexity and demands
Hierarchical
Formal procedures
Power flows f rom top down
Advancement on merit
Bureaucrats are specialists, prof essionals
Decisions made based on logical reasoning and data analysis
Acquisitive model = top-level bureaucrats seek greater funding, staff s, and privileges to increase their power
Monopolistic model = bureaucracies are ineff icient and costly; lack competition
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Weber Model
Developed by Max Weber
Stated that due to the increasingly complex nature of lif e, coupled with steady growing
demands placed on governments by its citizens made the formation of bureaucracies inevitable
The power in bureaucracy flows f rom the top downward. Bureaucrats are specialists who
attempt to resolve problems through logicalreasoning and data analysis instead of gut f eelings and guesswork.
Advancement based on merit
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22± ±55
Weber¶s Ideal Bureaucracy
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1. Division of Labor2. Heirarchy of Authority
3. Written Rules and Regulations
4. Impersonality5. Merit Recruitment
6. Security of Job
7. Continuity
8. Written Records
9. Officials don·t own their job
10.Personally free
IV. FEATUR ES OF BUR EAUCR ACY
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1. Policy Formulation2. Drafting of Bills
3. Delegated legislation
4. Implementation of laws and policies5. Collection of Revenue
6. Preparation of Budget
7. Auditing
8. Keeping of Accounts
9. General Administration
IV. FUNCTIONS OF BUR EAUCR ACY
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Acquisitive Model Top level bureaucrats will always try
to expand or at least to avoid any
reductions in the size of their budget.They want to maximize the size of their budgets and staff
Bureaucrats try to sell their products
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Monopolistic Model It is less eff icient and more costly to
operate because the bureaucrats
have no competitors.N
o penalty for chronic eff iciency, they have little reason to adopt cost saving measures or to make more productive use of
resources
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Garbage Can Model
Bureaucracies rarely act in anypurposeful or coherent manner but
instead bumble along aimlessly in search of solutions to particular problems
They have little formal organization
Solutions are based on trial and error
Many tries are needed to get desired results
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Staffing the Bureaucracy Two categories of bureaucrats =
political appointees and civil servants
Political appointees (patronage)
³Aristocracy´ of the f ederal government
Of ten just f igureheads
Civil Service (permanent) Diff icult to dismiss
Typically less than .1% per year f ired for incompetence
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Bureaucrats as Politicians
and Policymakers Enabling legislation ± Congressional statute creating an
agency, purpose, composition, functions, and powers grants agency discretion in carrying out and interpreting laws
R ules, regulations published in Federal Register , with a 60-
day wait before implementation Negotiated rulemaking (1990) ± allows those aff ected by
new rule, regulation to participate in rule-draf ting process
Iron triangles ± three-way alliance between legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to preserve, make policies that benef it their respective interests
Issue networks ± group of individuals or organizations (legislators, staff , interest groups, bureaucrats, media, scholars, etc.) that supports a particular policy position
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Congressional Control of
the Bureaucracy Power of the purse
Authorizing funds
Appropriating funds
Congressional investigations,hearings, and review (oversight) General Accounting Off ice
Congressional Budget Off ice
Congressional Review Act (1996) ±special procedure used to express Congressional disapproval of particular agencies actions
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PHILIPPINEPHILIPPINE BUREAUCRATICBUREAUCRATIC BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR
1.1.Conformity to policies.Conformity to policies.
2.2.Preference toward continuity andPreference toward continuity and
routinizationroutinization..3.3.Loss of self Loss of self--direction or self direction or self--assertion.assertion.
4.4.Politically supportive.Politically supportive.
TheThe behavior behavior of of humanhuman beingsbeings isis largely largely
influenced influenced by by thethe structurestructure and and functionfunction of of thethe
social social organizationsorganizations inin whichwhich they they livelive.. --CarderoCardero And And PanibioPanibio
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TheThe FilipinosFilipinos::
areare statusstatus--orientedoriented
bahala bahala na na, ,
saka saka na na, ,awaawa(pity),(pity),
amor amor propio propio (self (self--esteem),esteem),
GreedGreed
lazinesslaziness
ignoranceignorance
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CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILIPIPPINECHARACTERISTICS OF PHILIPIPPINE BUREAUCRACY BUREAUCRACY
1.1.Vulnerability to nepotism.Vulnerability to nepotism.2.2.Perpetuation of the spoils system.Perpetuation of the spoils system.3.3.Apathetic public reaction toApathetic public reaction to bureaucraticbureaucratic
4.4.Availability of external peaceful means of Availability of external peaceful means of bureaucraticbureaucratic weaknesses.weaknesses.
5.Survival of historical experience.5.Survival of historical experience.6.Non6.Non--special typing of special typing of bureaucratsbureaucrats..7.Lack of independence f rom politics.7.Lack of independence f rom politics.8.Essential instruments of social change.8.Essential instruments of social change.
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