REPORT RESUMES - ERICfiles.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED011776.pdfshortage of traditional building...
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REPORT RESUMES ED 011 776 JC 670 416 BRITISH PREFABRICATED SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION. STANFORD UNIV., CALIF. SChOOL PLANNING LAB. REPORT NUMBER SCSD-2 PUB DATE 62 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES LABS. INC,, NEW YORK, N.Y. ECRS PRICE MF-$0.16 HC-$3.24 61P. DESCRIPTORS- *JUNIOR COLLEGES, *BUILDINGS, *CONSTRUCTION COSTS,* *EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES, *BUILDING DESIGN, SCHOOL BUILDINGS, SCHOOL DESIGN, COLLEGE BUILDINGS, PREFABRICATION, UNITED KINGDOM, NEW YORK CITY, STANFORD AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II, ENGLAND EXPERIENCED A SHORTAGE OF TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS WHILE HAVING TO FACE THE PROBLEM OF PROVIDING MORE THAN 1 MILLION PLACES FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN IN 7 YEARS. IN 1946, THE COUNTY OF HERTFORDSHIRE BEGAN USING PREFABRICATED STANDARDIZED MATERIALS FOR SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION TO MEET THIS NEED. STANDARDIZATION HAS SO LOWERED CONSTRUCTION COSTS THAT THE USE OF PREFABRICATED SYSTEMS HAS CONTINUED TO GROW, EVEN THOUGH SHORTAGES OF TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS NO LONGER EXIST. IN 1961 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES LABORATORIES (EFL) BEGAN A STUDY OF THE ENGLISH EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF APPLYING SIMILAR METHODS TO SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. THE SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (EFL) HAS UNDERTAKEN TO DESIGN A COMPLETE SET OF COMPONENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS. EFL HOPES TO COORDINATE A NUMBER OF SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN ESTABLISHING A MARKET LARGE ENOUGH TO INTEREST INDUSTRY IN BIDDING FOR A CONTRACT TO PRODUCE PREFABRICATED MATERIALS MEETING STANDARDS SET BY THE SCHOOL SYSTEMS. A DETAILED DISCUSSION OF THE ENGLISH SCHOOLS, INCLUDING PHOTOGRAPHS AND DESIGNS, MAKES UP THE BODY OF THE REPORT. (AD)
Transcript of REPORT RESUMES - ERICfiles.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED011776.pdfshortage of traditional building...
REPORT RESUMESED 011 776 JC 670 416
BRITISH PREFABRICATED SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION.STANFORD UNIV., CALIF. SChOOL PLANNING LAB.REPORT NUMBER SCSD-2 PUB DATE 62
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES LABS. INC,, NEW YORK, N.Y.ECRS PRICE MF-$0.16 HC-$3.24 61P.
DESCRIPTORS- *JUNIOR COLLEGES, *BUILDINGS, *CONSTRUCTIONCOSTS,* *EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES, *BUILDING DESIGN, SCHOOLBUILDINGS, SCHOOL DESIGN, COLLEGE BUILDINGS, PREFABRICATION,UNITED KINGDOM, NEW YORK CITY, STANFORD
AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II, ENGLAND EXPERIENCED ASHORTAGE OF TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS WHILE HAVING TOFACE THE PROBLEM OF PROVIDING MORE THAN 1 MILLION PLACES FORSCHOOL CHILDREN IN 7 YEARS. IN 1946, THE COUNTY OFHERTFORDSHIRE BEGAN USING PREFABRICATED STANDARDIZEDMATERIALS FOR SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION TO MEET THIS NEED.STANDARDIZATION HAS SO LOWERED CONSTRUCTION COSTS THAT THEUSE OF PREFABRICATED SYSTEMS HAS CONTINUED TO GROW, EVENTHOUGH SHORTAGES OF TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS NO LONGEREXIST. IN 1961 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES LABORATORIES (EFL)BEGAN A STUDY OF THE ENGLISH EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THEFEASIBILITY OF APPLYING SIMILAR METHODS TO SCHOOLCONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. THE SCHOOL CONSTRUCTIONSYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (EFL) HAS UNDERTAKEN TO DESIGN ACOMPLETE SET OF COMPONENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF SECONDARYSCHOOLS. EFL HOPES TO COORDINATE A NUMBER OF SCHOOL DISTRICTSIN ESTABLISHING A MARKET LARGE ENOUGH TO INTEREST INDUSTRY INBIDDING FOR A CONTRACT TO PRODUCE PREFABRICATED MATERIALSMEETING STANDARDS SET BY THE SCHOOL SYSTEMS. A DETAILEDDISCUSSION OF THE ENGLISH SCHOOLS, INCLUDING PHOTOGRAPHS ANDDESIGNS, MAKES UP THE BODY OF THE REPORT. (AD)
U.S. DEPARTMENT 01. HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE
OFFICE OF EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE
PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION
POSITION OR POLICY.
SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
7 5 0 Welch Road Palo Alto, California
A project under theSchool Planning LaboratorySchool of EducationStanford UniversityPalo Alto, California'
Acting asWestern Regional CenterEducational Facilities
Laboratories, Inc.
Avid theDepartment of ArchitectureUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, California
ONVEMY CAUF,
LOS mail
JUN 5 1967
CL EARINGHO USE FORJUNIOR COLLEGE
INFOTIATION
Educational Facilities Laboratories, Inc.477 Madison AvenueNew York 22, N. Y.
1
PROJECT STAFF
James D. Laurits Project CoordinatorSchool of EducationStanford University
Ezra D. Ehrenkrantz Project ArchitectDepartment of ArchitectureUniversity of California
Christopher W. Arnold Architect
Vernon C. Bryant, Jr. Architect
Bert E. Ray Architect
CONSULTANT TO PROJECT
Paul hoyenga SupervisorLocal Allocation DivisionDepartment of FinanceState of CaliforniaSacramento 14, California
Frank Fiscalini
Charles Gibson
Jonathan King
C. Theodore Larson
Charles Lawrence
James MacConnell
Walter Netsch, Jr.
John Lyon Reid
Cyril G. Sargent
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Superintendent of SchoolsEast Side Union High School District4600 Alum Rock AvenueSan Jose, California
Chief, Bureau of School PlanningState Department of Education721 Capitol AvenueSacramento 14, California
Secretary-TreasurerEducational Facilities Laboratories, Inc.477 Madison AvenueNew York 22, New York
Professor of ArchitectureUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan
Architect; Caudill, Rowlett & 50:ott3636 Richmond AvenueHouston 27, Texas
Director, School Planning LaboratorySchool of EducationStanford UniversityPalo Alto, California
Architect; Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill30 West Monroe StreetChicago, Illinois
Architect; Reid, Rockwell, Banwell & Tarics1019 Market StreetSan Francisco 3, California
Chief, Urban & Educational DevelopmentDivision
Agency for International DevelopmentU. S. State DepartmentWashington, D. C.
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PREFACE
The report reviews recent developments in the design of English prefab-ricated school buildings which were seen and discussed during a trip to Englandin December, 1961. It also draws upon previous knowledge of this work whichdates back to 1954 when the author,..Ezra Ehrenkrantz, went to work at theBuilding Research Station; Garston, Hertfordshire, England, as a FulbrightFellow.
The recent trip marks the beginning of a project (sponsored by Educa-tional Facilities Laboratories) to determine the feasibility of applying theEnglish approach to prefabricated school construction in the United States. Thereport therefore stresses those aspects of the English work which may hold use-ful precedents for work in the United States, and does not attempt to evaluate theschool buildings from a purely aesthetic point of view. Two conflicting interestshave focused EFL attention on the subject: 'a) the requirement for design flexi-bility to house new educational methods, (b) the desire to reduce coststhrough the use of stock plans. In addition, there is a trend toward the use oflarger and more complicated building components. The trend will make itincreasingly important to work with standard products. While it may be rela-tively simple to cut certain sheet materials with only a moderate degree of wastein terms of labor and material, it is extremely difficult to do tli:s when the sheetis encased by an extruded aluminum section. The complexity of these productsmakes it almost impossible to alter them at the building site and it becomesnecessary for the architect who does not work with standard sizes to specifyspecial sizes. This makes it impossible for industry to produce an efficientrange of standard product sizes, which, in turn, raises the costs of the com-ponents. In other cases, the price of standard products is increased and thecost of special sizes is thereby subsidized in order to meet competition.
It is not surprising that people have, from time to time, thought of usingstock plans for school construction. However, in a period of rapid change ineducational programs and consequently in educational buildings, stock plans seemto offer little promise for the future.
The work done in England in using standard products for the design ofindividual school uuildings seems to hold much more promise, both in terms ofdesign freedom and cost reduction. The most important facet of this work isits orientation to the average-size components used in school construction suchas windows, doors, and wall panels, rather than very large products or struc-tural spans. Architects can then design schools on a grid dimension relatedclosely to the function of the building, and can obtain considerable design flexi-bility within the framework of the grid. As the same components are used fora large number of.buildings, it is possible to "progiam" their use and to obtainsubstantial price reductions through bulk purchase techniques. The work inEng:au-id, whieh was initially begun because of post-war shortages of traditionalbuilding materials and labor, hub devcicpec_i wer a period of approximatelytwelve years to a point where prefabricated school buildings are winning
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architectural design prizes both in England and abroad. Educational FacilitiesLaboratories has been interested in the English school experience because of thepromise it holds for flexibility to be combined with the economies of standard-ization.
The School Construction Systems Development Project (EFL) has under-taken to design a complete set of components for the construction of secondaryschools in the United States. l''. 44; likely that the buildings of the pilot projectwill be located entirely in Ca lifo. ^-; the design and bidding procedures will haveto conform to state legal requireinents for school construction. School districtsmust be found which will employ the new system in one or more of their highschook% The schools of the project should have a completion date in 1966 or1967.
The major aim of the EFL project is to obtain better value for our schoolbuilding dollar through the mass purchase of components for more than one schoolat a time. An approach to the prefabrication of schools is envisaged here wherebya number of school districts maintain control of the system. Up to the presenttime in the United States, prefabricated systems have been industry centered,where one or more manufacturers develop a system and then market it.
In the project we will seek to work with a number of school districtswhich will present a large enough market to industry so that any desired buildingproducts can be ordered and made economically. In this way, the system willbe controlled by the client.
As a result of preliminary discussions, it appears that approximatelyseven large high schools will be needed to provide a large enough market tointerest industry in developing products specifically for the project. Once thismarket is developed, it will be possible to prepare performance specificationsfor the system. These specifications should go into considerable detail on boththe educational and technical aspects of the buildings. The requirements shouldbe described in such detail that bids may be taken on the basis of the performancespecifications alone.
After the low bidders have been determined, the work on the actual com-ponents will begin. Each manufacturer will work to design and detail componentsthat will be coordinated into the total system, taking advantage of the plant andtechnological know-how that he has at his disposal.
The components of each of the various manufacturers will all be coordi-nated by the EFL design team so that the result is a complete and coherent system.
I the system to be considered successful, it should provide for sufficient variety so
count the client's wishes and, at the same time, can be produced effectively.The system itself must then have sufficient flexibility to meet the different designrequirements of the individual school districts and their architects. In order for
By tl...a procedure we will be able to develop a system that takes into ac-count
6
11
that all the buildings constructed in the ptlot program are recognized as individualbuildings designed lby particular architects for particular clients rather than build-ings of a specific system designed by a number of different architects. This flexi-bility must be coupled with economically produced components that meet the schooldistrict's requirements.
The project is supervised by an Advisory Committee, representing stateofficials, architects, and educators. The current members are listed on pagethree of this report.
Additional information on the work in the United States can be obtained bywriting to the office.; in Palo Alto, California.
t``, I. A A.' A V, 4. ,V1avaV4ii 4,44; ,..3444140.1.1i.,44,..).0. '3.41,14:4;14, A.4 kt, V,: :AAA A -
7
REPORT ON BRITISH PREFABRICATED SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
Introduction
At the end of World War II, England was faced with the problem of havingto provide over one million places for school childten in seven years. This wasthe equivalent cf more than 400 new schools per year. The reasons for thislarge demand were: war dainage, increased 7.- rth rate, population shifts and theraising of the minimum school leaving age from 14 to 15.
However, the size of the job was not the only problem as there were acuteshortages of building materials and labor. The available traditional materialswere allocated basically to housing, making it necessary to develop new productsand techniques to cope with the school building problem. With the large changeover from war to peace-time production in industry, it was decided that the indus-trial potential of a number of manufacturers should be harnessed for the develop-ment of prefabricated school building systems.
The work on prefabricated school building systems was started by adevelopment team c architects on the staff of the Hertfordshire County Council.The County of Hertfordshire lies immediately to the Borth of London, and withinits boundaries a number of new towns have been sited to reduce the populationpressures on London. The projected increase of population required the con-struction of 175 schools in 15 years to educate the growing population of thecounty. The H. C. C. architects resolved at an early stage to overcome theshortages of traditional building materials and on site labor by using a factorymade building system. The first system was developed in 1946 and the resultsof this work in Hertfordshire were very successful.
In 1949, the Ministry of Education began to assist in the spread of thisconcept of development work. The problem of shortages of labor and materialswere shortly compounded by a reduction in the financial allowances for eachstudent place. The average cost per place in 1949 was £195 and £320 for pri-mary and secondary schools, respectively. It was cut by necessity to i120 and£240 by 1951. A large portion of this reduction was taken up through reducingthe area per place, however, a reduction in cost per square foot was also nec-essary. The Ministry of Education through its publications and developmentprojects showed how it would be possible to provide good facilities for educationin spite of the restrictions. Very careful attention was paid to cost controls anda system of cost analysis was developed to determine where the money was beingspent. In all of the building systems which have been developed since, carefulattention has been given to thorough costs studies and controls. Appendix 1shows a Specimen Cost Analysis taken from the Ministry of Education's BuildingBulletin No. 4, Cost Study.
The Ministry of Education originally sponsored four separate systemsdeveloped through the cooperation of different manufacturers. They were:
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Hills, Brockhouse, B. A. C. , and Intergrid.1/ In 1957, B. A. C. went out ofproduction, and the Ministry of Education assisted in the introduction of theLaingspan system, and is currently acting both as a catalyst and as an advisorin helping new development teams to get started.
At the time that the Ministry of Education began to assist in the devel-opment of these systems, the total school building program cost approximately440 million per year. It was hoped that the systems would account for half ofthe construction with a market of 15 million for each system. This figure wasreached for the first time last year by the CLASP system.
Figures for the number of schools constructed in England and Wales forthe years 1950, 1955-1961 are given in Table 1, subdivided into three categoriesaccording to method of construction. These are: 1) Traditional Construction,2) Prefabricated System, and 3) Hybrid, c,:intaining elements of 1 and 2. Thepercentage of construction in each category is shown at the bottom of Table 1.Table 2 contains a similar analysis by cost rather than by number of projects.
These two tables show that a larger percentage of the total volume ofschool construction was prefabricated in 1950 than in any succeeding year.Also that, after a good year in 1956-57, a low point was reached in 1957-5efrom which time the use of prefabricated systems has been increasing. Thisgeneral decline in the use of prefabricated systems may he attributed to the factthat, as other building materials became more readily available, some peopledecided to return to the use of more traditional methods. Another reason maylie in the fact that provision of new school places exceed the growth of schoolpopulation for the first time in 1957, as shown in Figure 1. In some parts ofthe c(;/intry this obviously reduced some of the urgency for providing new schools.As spied of construction is one of the undisputed advantages of prefabricationover traditional building methods, this may have reduced the requirement forprefabrication.
Since 1958-59, the use of prefabricated systems has been growingsteadily although the shortages of traditional building materials no longer exist.This is because these systems have achieved considerable flexibility to cope withthe varied design requirements, and they offer sufficient aesthetic flexibility tobe used by private architects as well as various government agencies. In thelast two years, buildings designed on two of these sys tems have won major inter-national and national design awards. For this reason theere has been no rever-sion to the use of traditional methods for school construction. On the contrary,individuals who have been connected with the design of these systems have beenrecruited by the Ministries of Housing, Health, and the War Office to developanalogous systems for their own building types.
One factor which has obviously aided in the development of these pre-fabricated systems is the fact that schools are exempt from local bylaws or codesand school construction is subject only to a national code.
17 For a total list of manufacturers, addresses and systems, see Appendix 2.
TABLE
1
SCHOOL BUILDING IN ENGLAND AND WALES
ANALYSIS BY NUMBERS OF CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS
- 1950. 1955/56 to 1960/61
1950
1955/57
1956/57
1957 58
1958/59
1212/60
Traditional
242
Hybexl
240
Prefabricated
117
Totals
599
Timber (Included in
Prefab. above)
-
324
375
146
294
330
247
91
221
146
127
56
67
800
749
293
582
55
64
21
23
252
169
66
487
23
1960/61
Totals
356
1,747
228
1,286
85
547
669
3,580
30
216.
Analysis By Percentages Based
on Above Totals
Traditional
40.4
40.5
50.1
49.8
50.5
51.7
53.2
48.8
Hybrid
40.1
41.3
33.0
31.1
38.0
34.7
34.1
35.9
Prefabricated
19.5
18.2
16.9
19.1
11.1'.
13.6
12.7
15.3
Timber (included in
Prefab. above)
--
--
--
100.0%
-
6.9
8.5
7.2
4.0
4.7
4.5
6.0
Notes:
1) 1959/60 does not include 30
projects for which there is
no noting.
2) 1960/61 does not include about
65 projects for which there is
no noting.
3) The end Totals include the 1955/56
to 1960/61 programs only.
CO
TABLE
2
SCHOOL BUILDING IN ENGLAND AND WALES
ANALYSIS BY VALUE OF CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS - 1950. 1955/56 to 1960/61
1950
1955/57
1956 57
1957/58
maim
1959/60
1960/61,
Totals
Value in 1,000,000s
Traditional
13.95
28.28
34.35
10.44
20.52
19.31
32.38
Hybrid
20.63
36.96
26.64
9.77
24.09
16.72
29.88
Prefabricated
9.05
12.88
10.39
5.00
5.46
4.50
10.25
Totals
43.63
78.12
71.36
25.21
50.07
40.53
72.51
Timber (included
in Prefab. above)
-3.51
4.07
1.06
1.08
0.74
1.39
145.26
144.06
48.48
337.80
11.85
Analysis By Percentages Based on Above Totals
Traditional
32.0
36.2
48.1
41.4
41.0
47.6
44.7
43.0
Hybrid
47.3
47.3
37.3
38.8
48.1
41.3
41.2
42.6
Prefabricated
20.7
16.5
14.6
19.8
10.9
11.1
14.1
14.4
Timber (included
in Prefab. above)
1M1M
1M1M
100.07. -
4.5
5.7
4.2
2.2
1.8
M
1.9
3.5
Notes:
1)
1959/60 does not include 30 projects for which there isno noting.
2)
1960/61 does not incli.Ie about 65
projects for which there is no noting.
3)
The end Totals include the 1955/56 to 1960/61
programs only.
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Hertfordshires3
The main impetus for the entire prefabricated school building program inEngland was begun in the County of Hertfordshire which has an annual buildingprogram of about 12 schools. Sometime in 1962 their 200th prefabricated schoolwill be constructed. About 85% of these school buildings were designed on an8'3" grid which has been used since 1946. The actual system, however, hasvaried from year to year. The volume of construction in a given year is suffi-cient to permit industry to amortize its costs so that, in the first few years ofthe H. C.C. program, considerable modifications and revisions were made an-nually. Table 3 shows part of a typical year's primary school building program.
The overwhelming majority of the Hertfordshire County Council schoolshave been designed with a steel structural frame developed by the H. C.C. archi-tects and Hills, Ltd. of West Bromwich. The price of the steel frame variesonly with the tonnage and the cost for galvanizing. Hills pays for all the devel-opment work on the basis of a continuing contract from the late 40s. Thestructural system, once it has been designed, is fixed for a given period of time.The other components must be interchangeable and fit with the structural frame-work_
The initial work of the H. C. C. was related only to school construction,and in recent years it has been expanded to include colleges, police stations,municipal larages, etc. It has been found that the variety of requirements can-not be solved efficiently by a single structural system so the H. C. C. is currentlydeveloping three structural systems from steel, concrete, and traditional loadbearing elements. Everything but the structural components will be interchange-able for bulk bidding. This will enable the County to take bids for a year's entire15 million building program at one time.
maze 3AIM' Cleo:1 TrP/C4L 1V4agn 01.NLO4%t PRO6R444fMr itY? PR4044/i'r SCHOOLS
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The light steel frame system which has been used for the design of theH. C. C. schools will be used for approximately £3.5 million construction; theconcrete frame designed for heavy, multi-story urban buildings will be used forapproximately £1 million construction; and the traditional load bearing methodswill be used for,,small buildings and renovations at an approximate cost of £0.5million. All of the other'components, including windows, walls, floors, roofs,mechanical systems, etc. will fit the three structural systems.
This appears to be a step towards an extremely flexible concept of pre-fabrication_where few things are fixed and everything is related, where the choiceof material is left up to the designer, and is related to the requirements of thebuilding. Ken Evans, the Deputy Chief Architect of the H. C. C. is very con-scious of the implications of this work and speaks of the system as being spelledwith a small 's'. This flexibility may be of considerable importance to us inthe United States as few school authorities have a big enough building program tojustify the design of their own system, so a number of separate groups will haveto work together if they are to provide an economically feasible market for indus-try.
The structural grid of the new steel frame system is 10'8" (althoughcolumns may be placed 21'4" on center) and the component grid is 2'8" which isthe smallest planning grid used in English school construction. Back in 1946,an 8'3" grid was recommended as a useful design grid for school construction.It was related to a classroom size of 24'9" which could be constructed using a9" brick module or using 8' sheets of dry building materials with 9" columns.The dimension from inside of wall to inside of wall was exactly 24'0". In themiddle 50s a 3'4" grid was used, particularly for secondary schools where planrequirements necessitated greater flexibility than was available with the larger8'3" grid. The 3'4" dimension grid was used in a rather small number of H. C. C.schools and the 8'3" grid continued to be used for a major portion of the schoolbuilding program until 1962. From now on, the new steel frame system with a2'8" component grid will be used exclusively. This dimension offers consider-ablymore flexibility than the 8'3" grid for interior planning although the minimumstructural grid of 10'8" offers less design freedom. Actually the system is de-signed to permit interior planning on the basis of one-half grid dimension or l'4".The use of the 2'8" grid is very economical, as three products of 2'8" may becut from a sheet size of 8'0". When the 3'4" grid was used, 1'4" of material waswasted from every 8'0" sheet.
There has been some considerable development in the detailing of thevarious systems which have been used in Hertfordshire. Figure 2 shows thisdevelopment from 1946-1954 with the most important system being the one dev-eloped in 1951 which has been in use with minor modifications until 1961.
One of the interesting aspects of the new Hertfordshire system using the2'8" grid is that it is the first system which does not have the columns fall in theline of the outside wall of the building. The columns normally fall 1'4" insidethe wall of the structure although they may also come the same distance outside
14
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the wall. One of the main reasons for this departure was that the wall itself wasfreed from the structure of the building so that column size could vary with theheight of the building, and the wall panels would not have to compensate for thethickness of the structural elements. By separating the exterior wall of thebuilding from the structure, it becomes possible to have the same group of com-ponents work with the three different kinds of s*ruciural systems. A possibledisadvantage of the use of this system is that the columns which fall within therooms then:selves may inhibit the use of a considerable portion of the interiorspace.
An important savings in the cost of building components is effected throughthe technique of bulk bidding. Competitive bids are taken for all standard com-ponents which will be used in the County's building program for a period of one ormore years. In the Hertfordshire school building program this means approxi-mately twelve schools a year, and under the new program it will involve £5
worth of building. This enables the manuf icturer to plan his productionschedule over a long period of time, and supply the building products as they areneeded within the County. This not only reduces costs but permits the H. C. C.architect to develop products which will suit the County's particular requirements.This technique of annual bids is used for all but two product types: the structuraland heating systems, where nominated subcontractors supply the products. Thesecontractors were chosen initially as a result of competitive bids, but were calledupon to spend considerable sums of money to develop products in collaborationwith the County Architect. In return for this expenditure on research and devel-opment, these two contractors were promised that their products would be usedover an extended period of time. As was mentioned previously, the price of theHills structural frame varies only with the cost of steel per ton, and on this indexalone a large variety of structural systems have seen developed since 1949. Inthe ease of the heating products, Weatherfnil has been working with the County ina similar manner.
In the case of a number of other components which require developmentmoney in excess of what the County is able to pay but not enough to justify re-stricting the competitive bidding, the m^nufacturer who does the research ispromised that his products will be imed in two or three schools before the detailsand specifications are submitted for open bids. The manufacturer who developedthe components thus has an oppoitunity to amortize his expenses on these schoolsand will thezi be in a position a place his bid with the advantage of having workedon the components.
In one interesting case, Crittal developed a new range of windows with theCounty Architect; and after the construction of the initial schools, the details wereput out to bid. Another firm was the low bidder. The following year a thirdfirm came up with the lowest bid; and in the third year Crittal was the low bidder,not having changed its price by one penny in any of the three bids. Apparently,from the experience that they gained while doing the development work, theylearned how much it would cost to produce this range of windows.
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It may be interesting to note the way in which the Hertfordshire CountyCouncil developed the bidding procedures for the new concrete system. Initi-ally, performance specifications were drawn up for the purpose of obtainingcompetitive bids on the structural system. These bids were related to unit costsand were not based on a completes design. The selected manufacturer then didthe development work to design the system in accordance with the unit costs.The work was done in collaboration with the County Architect; and the resultingdesign takes into account the capabilities and procedures of the manufacturer'splant as well as the requirements of the architect. Normally, six bidders arerequired by County regulations for all projects, but in the case of the concretesystem, the number was cut , Xwn to three as there were no others who hadsufficient technical experience.
The Hertfordshire system consists of a series of drawings of a largenumber of components which may be combined in the design of a building. Eachtype of component will be supplied by a single manufacturer selected throughcompetitive bidding. The drawings show all the conceivable ways in which thestandard components may be used together. When the architect designs abuilding, he draws the site plan in the usual manner. The other drawings maybe in a more or less simplified form, as all of the components are keyed to oneanother by a single coding system. Figure 3 shows a portion of the key draw-ing to Internal and External Walls. This drawing shows all the wall jointingconditions and indicates on what sheet the details will be found. Figure 4 showsthe detail EW-22 on Drawing No. G-11 which is circled in Figure 3. By meansof this type of reference system it is possible to specify the components for anyportion of the building in a very simple manner, as may be seen by the elevationshown in Figure 5. The details describing how all of these parts go togetherare contained within the drawings of the system so that the designer of a specificbuilding does not have to redo them for every job.
The number of available components which the designer may use isvery considerable. As an example, the External Frame Range is shown inFigure 6. Photographs 1-5 illustrate the use of the 2'8" grid system in thedesign of St. Alban's College of Further Education.
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27
In 1955, the Nottingham County Council was faced with a shortage ofschool places which could not be supplied through traditional planning and con-struction procedures. In addition, up to 10 per cent of the cost of schools wasbeing spent to prevent damage due to mining subsidence. The effects of sub-sidence on buildings may be likened to a slow earthquake, and the precautionstaken using traditional construction were frequently unsuccessful.
In order to gain time for the design of a system which would cope withthese problems, it was decided that the 1956-57 building program would be con-structed using one of the existing proprietary systems. A study of the buildingpattern within the County was made, and it was noted that a severe shortage ofskilled labor existed. After the study a decision was reached: it would not bepossible to rely on traditional construction; pre-stressad or pre-cast concreteconstruction was too rigid for use in areas liable to mining subsidence; timbersystems were limited in that they were unsuitable for more than two story con-struction; and steel provided the best opportunity for success of the program.
It appeared that the requirements of the County could best be met by asystem of construction based on a pin-jointed steel frame with the maximumuse of factory made components. There was no existing structural system whichmet the requirements but one of the Ministry of Education's development projectsat Belper using a steel frame manufactured by Brockhouse appeared to containmost of the desired elements. The County Architect suggested that it would bedesirable to begin with this system and modify it rather than to start fromscratch. In January, 1956, the development work began and eight men did thedrawings in a period of about eight months. It is interesting to note that new menrecently out of school were found more effective than more experienced ones whodie rot have experience working on the design of building systems. In the 1957-58building program, eleven schools and two other jobs were started at a cost of1800,000. This volume of work made it possible for industry to cover the cost ofnew molds, jigs, and tools to make new parts. Brockhouse, Ltd., who did thedevelopment work on the structural system, was guaranteed a minimum market of400 tons of steel to be used in this program in order to be reimbursed for its costs.The development work included the construction and testing of full scale mockups.
The experience gained by this program showed that a volume of 400 tonsof steel was not enough to offer the full benefits of the available manufacturingcapacity, so a Consortium was proposed whereby a number of authorities joinedtogether to take advantage of the potential offered by a larger building program.In 1958-59 the building program called for 31 new schools at a cost of 12,870,000.The 1962-63 building program for the Consortium, which is called CLASP(Consortium of Local Authorities Special Program) is for £10,000,000. Brock-house is still the supplier of the steel frame and continues to do development workto improve the system. The relationship between manufacturer and architect, inthis case, is of a professional nature. The 1962-63.building program will consistof 90 projects' - Table 4 - of an average of one start every four days. At this
28
point, it becomes necessary to reconsider the design of the components as theincreased volume makes new manufacturing techniques economical. Brockhouselooks forward to the development of a system of improved components which willhave general appeal for the entire building industry.
In England, batch production of a range of steel components becomeseconomical at the time when 500 tons of steel are needed each year accoit .ling toMr. F.W. L. Heatlicote. of Brockhouse. It is possible to introduce mass produc-tion techniques at the time that production calls for 2, 000 tons per year. This isnot done early in the development of a system, however, as the investment inplant by industry is much greater than for batch production and the freedom formodifying the system is reduced considerably.
The system is designed so that the horizontal and vertical modules arerelated to the stair treads and risers. This enables the half landings to be read-ily accommodated when they appear in the exterior facade of the building. Columnsare located in the exterior wall of the building and 4 basic panel sizes are used.These are: 3'4", 3'0", 2'8", and 2'4". In the case of the CLASP system, it wasfound that the depth of the beams should be 1/12th of the span which would give themost economical use of the light steel sections. If one wished to span a distanceof 72 feet, the structural element should be 6 feet deep. In developing the systemit was found that 60 per cent of the structural cost was for the beams and 15 percent for the columns with the remainder required for base plates, jointing ele-ments, etc. It was felt that the volume of production required by the Consortiumwas sufficient to allow for a considerable variety of beam and column types andsizes, and that it would be much more wasteful and costly to over-standardizeproviding a smaller group of elements to do the same job. The use of a verylimited number of products to solve a wide variety of design conditions results inthe use of heavier and more complex elements in cases where cheaper ones wouldsuffice. This quickly dissipates the savings of mass production.
The CLASP system permits design of buildings up to three stories highusing column sections of the same external dimensions. Those for one or twostory buildings are made from cold rolled steel and the three story columns arehot rolled. Columns are made to multiples of 2'0" and are stocked in lengths of8, 10. 12, 14, 16, 20, and 22 feet. The beams range in size from 6'8" to 53'4".A few of the standard connections of the beams and columns are shown in Figure7 and the diagonal bracing members are shown in photograph 6. Beams of thesame depth are used for both floors and roof, but the spacing is 3'4" for the floorand 6'8" or 10'0" for the roof.
The exterior wall components may be selected from a variety of differentmaterials which have been coordinated to fit with the structural system and in-clude: concrete and vitreous enamel panels, wood siding, various tile and windowelements. The interior partitions are shown in the isometric drawing, Figure 8.
The roof uses four sizes of prefabricated timber panels: 3'4" x 6'8",3'4" x 10'0", 6'8" x 6'8", and 6'8" x 10'0", and a range of skylight sizes is avail-
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able which will work with these panels. The ceiling is suspended with two dif-ferent types of ceiling components to relate to fire code requirements. Theunits are 3'4" square with extra sizes of 3'4" x 3'0", and 3'0" x 3'0" to handleedge conditions. Heat is supplied by a uniteheater designed by Weatherfoilwhich is one of the two nominated contractors working with the CLASP system,Brockhouse being the other.
The nature of the CLASP system and its application may best be illus-trated by a series of drawings and photographs. As in the case of the Hertford-shire system, drawings are prepared which indicate how all the various componentsof the system may be used together. In designing a building it is possible to keythe working drawings for a particular job to the standard drawings. A specialeffort is made not to repeat drawings and considerable use is made of preparingreproduceables from master drawings. An example of scheduling the workingdrawings is shown in Figure 9 where four reproduceables are made from themaster drawing as soon as the grid is laid out. At a later stage, eight negativesare made. These reproduceables are then completed as individual drawings and,in certain cases, copies are made at specific stages for other drawings. Figure10 shows a portion of the Ground Floor Plan of the Blidworth Secondary ModernSchool. Figure 11 shows a portion of the site slab drawing. This drawing corres-ponds to (5 Holes in Slab, Plinths) in Figure 9. Figure 12 indicated which base-plates should be used to support the structure and corresponds (to 21 Baseplates)in Figure 9. Figure 13 contains the structural layout and corresponds to (G 6Steelwork) in Figure 9. Figure 14 shows the roof layout and related to (10.1toof-deck) in Figure 9. The fact that the grid is drawn only once, for all of thesedrawings, before other information is put on the master drawing indicates aconsiderable saving in the drafting time required to complete the working draw-ings.
All of the code symbols are then backed up by standard coding and detailsheets. Figure 15 shows the coding sheet which includes the foundation plates.For each of these coding sheets there are many detail sheets. Figure 16 showsa detail for the patented rocker baseplate called for in Figure 12. Figure 17shows a portion of an elevation sheet which is coded in a similar manner to thatof the HCC seen in Figure 5. Photographs 6 and 7 show some of the CLASPschools.
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The organization of the Consortium is most interesting. A fund for con-tinuing development work is maintained through the contribution of 1/4 of 1% of thecost of each project by Consortium members. This covers the cost of redesign-ing and modifying components and of taking yearly bids for each of the system'smany components except for the structure and the heating system where prices'are negotiated. The Consortium works with a large group of manufPcturers whosubmit bids for specific components used within the total building system. Onthe basis of these bids a short list of manufacturers is selected who will work tothe CLASP specifications and, as approved manufacturers, they are assured thatwhere their products are specified in a design no other may be used. The biddingis done after the components are developed, but before the schools are designed.
It frequently happens that a number of manufacturers act as subcontractorsand, not only make the components, but install them. The general contractor inthis case does not have the opportunity to choose his own subcontractors. As faras CLASP is concerned, this enables the Consortium to get the best price on eachportion of the work before the individual design project goes out for the generalcontractor's bid.
The program is administered by a committee which includes the top offi-cials of each of the thirteen participating Authorities. The Chief Architect ofeach Authority is represented by one or more men who comprise the workingcommittee for the Consortium.
The cost of the components is being steadily reduced. Table 5 gives someindication of the trend of prices for components used by the Consortium at a timewhen there has been a general upward trend in the price of building components.The cost of the steel frame was reduced from 8s. 9-3/4d. per square foot in1957-58 to 7s. 11-1/2d. in 1961 -62, a saving of 10%. In the case of metal windowsa saving of about 23% was found. Figures 18 and 19 compare the cost of CLASPschools with the national average and show that relatively more teaching area isprovided in CLASP schools. At the same time the quality of the finishes is betterthan average so that the savings in cost can in no way be attributed to cheaperconstruction. In addition, construction time is reduced considerably. A surveyhas shown that it takes 4.39 months to provide 100 school places using CLASP,and 6.33 months as an average for other types of construction.
The fact that prices are fixed by yearly bids for a very large proportion ofthe components makes it possible for potential general contractors to bid closelyon the job effecting an additional saving. The contractors work with the quantitysurveyor's cost figures for each school, adding additional sums for site develop-ment, contingency, and profit. In a number of cases this method enables thecontractors to bid for school work on a long-term basis. This procedure isknown as serial contracting and the low bidder is given the option to build a seriesof schools which are scheduled over a two or three year period so that when hecompletes one he can start on the next. The ability to schedule work crews overlong periods of time using the same component system provides a considerablesaving on labor which results in lower bids by contractors. The first time this
TABLE 5
Savings to the Consortium as a Result of the Purchasinocedure
Notts.PilotProgram
ConcreteCladding
Type 1 unit size9 11 3/4 in.x 1 ft. 5 1/8 in.
Consortium Programmes
51
1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61
76s. 2d. 66s. Od. 71s. Od. 66s . Od.plus 4%increasedcosts
ConcretePlinth Unit
Type A unit3'3 3/16" long
Upper Floor Price per sq.Covering yard
Metal RoofLights
Total of one ea.of 4 types
138.10d. 8s. 9d. 9s. Od. 7s. 3d.plus 4%increasedcosts
s. d. s. lld. 8s.
142 9s. 9d. 131 2s. Od. /29 4s. 6d.130 13s.11d.
VitreousEnamelPanels
Price per sq. ft.on typical panel
8s. 11d.plus 5%
increasedcosts
7s. Dd. 6s. 7d. 6s. 4d.
Internal Price per sq. ft.Flush Doors
7s. 5d. 6s. 5d. 6s. ld, 5s. lld.
approach was tried, it resulted in a bid which was 8% below the estimatedquantity-surveyor's figure- -which is very considerable when such a largepercentage of the building material costs are fixed.
Since the Milan Triennale, where a CLASP school won first prize,there has been considerable interest in the system on the continent. Thisyear there will be 18, 000, 000 worth of school buildings constructed in Italyand Germany on the CLASP system, for which royalties will br- paid to theConsortium.
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53
LAINGSPAN
This system, which is the property of a private contractor, John Laingand Son, Ltd. , was developed in association with the development group of theMinistry of Education, Architects and Building Branch with a private consultingengineer, A. J. Harris. The prototype school was built at Arnold using a pre-stressed and post-tensioned concrete system. The Ministry of Education de-scribes the system as follows:
"General Description 1../
The structure consists of pre-cast concrete components, someof which are pre-tensioned and some post-tensioned. The dimen-sions were chosen to allow freedom of planning on a 3 ft. 4 111ssquare grid with a 10 in. vertical gridthese dimensicaor bitsubject to certain maximum spans and heights. It is uitab1building up to four stories.
Flexibility and location of all elements is made possie bycareful profiling of structural parts, and this also allows &-sign and fixings of these elements to be greatly simplifiee
Freedom for the passage of services is mire d both htzontally through the ceiling space and vertically ough thestandard service ducts in partitions.
A brief, setting out the structural and dimensional require-ments which the system would have to satisfy, was first drawnup. While it did not postulate a system profoundly differentfrom several others at present available, it is perhaps worthquoting since it provides a useful z tick for comparisonwith other systems. 2/
Within the over-riding requirement that it should be competi-tive with other systems, in speed of construction, and with boththese and conventional methods in the matter of cost, the systemwas required to:
(1) exploit the techniques of pre-stressing to the full in orderto economise on the consumption of steel and to achievethe utmost lightness and elegance of construction;
(2) be suitable for school construction up to four stories;
1/ Building Bulletin No. 17, Ministry of Education, London, England, pp 45-48.27 Similar briefs were developed prior to the design of most of the systems
discussed in this report.
54
(3) be an open frame, i.e. not relying on load-bearing walls;(4) allow 3 ft. 4 tn. * planning flexibility in both directions and
allow internal partitions to be placed at 3 ft. 4 in. intervalsin both directions;
(5) allow changes of ceiling heights, change of floor level,junctions and clerestory windows all in 10 in. increments(using standard components);
(6) permit free spans of up to 33 ft. 4 in. for floors and 46 ft.8 in. for roofs (including halls and gymnasia) using the samerange of componentsneither of these maximum spans to belimited by a maximum dimension in the other direction.
(7) consist of pre-cast components of such a size and weightthat they could easily be handled by one or two men or alight mobile crane- -all units to be as large as possiblewithin these terms in order to reduce site jointing to aminimum.
(8) provide a range of light-weight cladding components withthe use of concrete reduced to a structural necessity.
(9) provide a full and standard range of windows, doors andtop lights, which (as with the cladding) would be dimen-sioned as to eliminate special conditions at internal orexternal corners;
(10) be erected without the use of scaffolding;(11) allow free passage for all services between ceilings and
the floor or roof above, thus eliminating expensive andinflexible floor ducts and craw'ways (this dimension tobe 1 ft. 8 in. regardless of span);
(12) allow column spacings of 3 ft. 4 in., 6 ft. 8 in. and 10 ft.with the possibility of staggering the columns. Columnsections to be standard;
(13) provide demountable ceiling panels for easy access toall services;
(14) provide vertical ducts in partitions for small servicedrops;
(15) ?rovide a thermal resistance of 0.2 for walls and roof;(16) allows roof lights to be placed, either singly or in groups,
at any point;(17) provide standard partition components with a high level of
sound insulation between rooms (40 to 45 decibel reductionbetween teaching spaces); ?I
The system used in the development project at Arnold satisfied the condi-tions of the brief and a portion of this system is now being used in the design ofa growing number of schools and other buildings. LAINGSPAN is a system ofcomponent parts for the structural frame and external wall. The interior prod-ucts and service systems, however, are supplied by other manufacturers as
* All the modular and sub-modular dimensions given are nominal.
* .1 - ,lernTy. ,-",- 7 T. .9...EA./W.,' V-V `TN
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55
specified by the architect.
The structural and cladding system are best illustrated in Figure 20.The beams are made of a number of small units which are assembled togetherat the building site and strung up and stressed by cables. The small units canbe handled by two men and the beams may reach a maximum of 60 feet. Themost interesting aspect of this system is the use of a number of different columnheads which may be Joined to the column shafts to accommodate a variety ofbeam intersections. In the case of a clerestory window condition, four piecesmay be tied together to develop a single column Which has two column heads.The fact that these heads are separated from the rest of the column enablesthe shafts to be produced in uniform fashion with the sizes varying accordingto the 10" vertical module. Figure 21 shows three of the column heads. Con-siderable interest in this approach has been expressed by the designers of othersystems, and it will probably be tried in a steel system before long. TL .3 prob-lem of stocking the components is simplified considerably by separating theheads and column shafts. The normal stock list of about fifty pieces is shownin Table 6. If it is necessary to combine heads and columns, the stock listwould Probably be increased tenfold.
The wall panels consist of prefabricated units vilich require the mini-mum of finishing on site. They are simply fixed in standard rebates on thecolumns.
The use of the system is extremely simple due to the fact that theentire structural system is shown on a single sheet, Figure 22. Each itemis related to detail and assembly drawing sheets by code numbers. Photo-graphs 17-22 show some of the LAINGSPAN schools.
....1
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.
TABLE 6
SUGGESTED LIST OF STANDARD UNITS FOR STOCKPILINGBY TRENT CONCRETE LTD.
CILLS
COLUMNS
COLUMN HEADS
BOUNDARY
TRIMMER
XCC 100XF 200XFS 10XS 20XER 10XEL 10XIR 10XIL 10XLR 10XLL 10
CC9 19CC10 70CC11 200CC12 20CC 13 10CS9 5CS10 70CS11 70CS12 20CS13 5
HBE 50HBN 300HBB 10HBI 10HBTP 10HBBP 5HI 30HBNP 5
BRB2 100BRB3 150B2 50B3 75
TB2 20TB3 20RTB2 20RTB3 20
WNW
57
( continued)
W. B. ANTIFLOORSLABS
EAVESUNITS
PRIMARYFLOORBEAMS
PRIMARYROOFBEAMS
TABLE 6
WBFFS
EGSEGEEGI
PEPIPB2PB4PB8PBI
PRIPR2PR3PR4PR513:1PR?PR8PBRI
1002, 000
300
5003010
20050020
200200
1, 000
2002002002001501505020
100
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INTERGRID
This system was developed before work began on LAINGSPAN, but theauthor unfortunately did not have an opportunity to visit any of the recent workdesigned on thiis system, so the material contained herein may not include someof the more recent developments.
This concrete system was developed by a group of engineers and manu-facturers in conjunction with the Development Group of the Architects and BuildingBranch of the Ministry of Education. The prototype school was constructed atWorthing in 1954.
In this case, the 3'4" plan module was accepted due to its effective usein other systems as well as its applicability to the type of structure and the natureof the material to be used in the Worthing school.
The structure (see Figure 23) embodies a light frame of precast andpre-stressed concrete units. The system of main and secondary beams forms agrillage on the 3'4" grid lines supported by slender pre-cast columns at 6'8"or 10'0" centers around the perimeter of the structural bay. The boundary beamsof reinforced concrete span between the posts and complete the perimeter onwhich the grillage beams rest; they are made in two lengths only: 6'8" and 10'0".The vertical module is 10" and the columns are made in various heights of thismodule; they are of a standard section, of overall size 6-1/2" x 4-1/2", and theyare grooved to allow the cladding blocks to span between columns and to be fixedwith dowels. In this way the cladding gives additional rigidity to the structure.The blocks are 6'8" or 10'0" Long, 2-1/4" thick and generally l'8" high, althoughsome 10" high blocks are used as closers.
The main beams are made up of 3'4" elements, which are assembledtogether; the secondary beams ar3 the 3'4" lengths and are placed in positionbetween the main beams and at 3'4" centers and the cross tensioning is carriedout after the structural bay has been completed. These 3'4" units can be liftedby one man and the assembled main beams, which span 33'4" for floors and40'0" for roofs, can be lifted by a small 3,360 pound crane. Special deepbeams were made to span 50'0" for Assembly Hall roofs, etc.
Pile foundations are used on the prototype and the columns slot into asocket in the cap of the pile. Different types of column heads are used for vari-ous jointing conditions.
Three foot-four inch square pre-cast units fit on to the beam grillage toform the floor or roof panel, and when grouted-in, they form a rigid monolithicslab acting with the beams.
The outer cladding panels are of reinforced concrete with the aggre,,'eexposed. The inner leaf of the wall is a 3" thick patent plaster panel; there is
; a 1" cavity between the inner and outer skin. This plaster panel is used for in-,
ternal partitions as well.i
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DERWENT
to, Ma
The system was developed from a school designed by Samuel Morrison,Architect, for Derbyshire County Council in 1952, to overcome difficult site con-ditions including the possibility of future subsidence due to underground mining.The decision was taken in principle to use a light weight structure on reinforcedconcrete rafts. The manufacturers were approached to develop a light timberstructure and from this evolved a prefabricated timber system which has neededvery little subsequent change.
A plan module of 6'4" was selected for the following reasons:
(1) The firm's experience led them to believe that a panel unit of6'0" was an optimum size for fabrication in timber, because12'0" is a common size for lengths of timber; and a unit ofabout 6'0" would be economical to make, and easy to handle.
(2) It was known that certain sheet materials could be obtainedin a width of 3'0", and it was decided in particular to use two3'0" wide plaster-boards to face the inside of a 6'0" wide panel.
(3) In considering the structure, a square post was selected,nominally 4" x 4", to be included in the run of panelling. Asquare column has the advantage of receiving beams equallyon any of the four faces, and thus facilitates change of direc-tion and height. The 4" posts with a 6'0" panel between themmade up the 6'4" plan module from center-to-center of posts.
(4) Consideration was given to the special requirements of schoolplanning and a module of 6'4" was found to be acceptable.
(5) With the type of construction visualized, existing standarddoors could be used within the stud frame of the panel units,particularly easily in internal partitions.
Structurally, the system is a simple post and beam type with the postincluded in the run of panelling.
The posts, which are the same heights as the panels, namely 8'0" to14'0" in 1'0" increments, are of laminated construction built up in various waysdependent on the height and strength required. Where the posts do not carrybeams, they form infillers in the panelling run. For two story work a 3"x 3-1/2"strengthening fin has been joined to the inside face of the post in order to inerca6eits strength, and yet not interfere with the standard panel units. See Figures24 and 25.
All beams are 4" wide and the depth is in increments of 4" nominallybut starting with 6" then 8". The main beams span in modules up to 28'0" and
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77f( DERWENT SYSTE44
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77-1E DERWENT SYSTEM
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72
are of laminated construction.
Main beams are normally exposed below ceiling level and the ceilingbetween beams is made up of two 3'O" wide plasterboards. An exception is incases of two story work whore fire regulations require the ceiling below the beam.
Standard roof panels 6'0" x 6'4" span between main beams and 4" wideroof purlins at 6'4" centers.
External and internal panels are of a framed stud-partition construction.All interior faces are generally of plaster-board and external facings are of ma-hogany vertical boarding, though other facings can be used.
SCOLAMINISTRY OF HOUSINGWAR OFFICE
These three organizations are presently mrking on the design of newsystems, and it is expectel that in the near future many other organizations willfollow this pattern.
SCOLA is a new consortium which has been formed in the western partof the country consisting of the following counties: Shropshire, Hampshire, WestSussex, Gloucestershfre, and Dorset. The initial building program for the 1962/63fiscal year will be for A 1, 2501000, and it is expected that it will eventually developto about i 5 - 46,000, 000. As in the case of CLASP, -hhe consortium was devel-oped through the top administrativi. officers of each county who form a groupcalled the Consortium Council. Directly beneath this group is a board consistingof the chief architects of each of the counties who make the policy decisions forthe work and under them the working party which actually designs the system.The first group meets once a year, the second every three month3, and the work-ing team meets officially once every three weeks. Each team is given specificcomponents to design which must all fit together. Shropshire, for example,which has been the leading county in this consortium is designing the structuralframe and external cladding for the system. The Ministry of Education partici-pates in the work during the development period and helps to guide the consortiumin such a way that it takes advantage of work done in other parts of the country.
A basic decision to use the 3'4" grid was made very early in the programand it was decided that the structural frame should not be pin jointed as in the caseof the CLASP system. Originally another decision was made to keep the columnsfree of the walls, but due to the discouragement of the Ministry of Education,Architects and Building Branch, this approach has now been changed and thestructural frame will receive both external and interior wall components as theMinistry feels that columns should not break into the rooms. The system itselfis to be made of steel and the exterior galls will be 10" outside the grid lines.This is expected to eliminate certain thickness problems at the outside cornersof buildings, but it will be necessary to see the completed design tv verify thispoint in relation to inside corners. In the process of developing this system, an
An. ....no 11 .1 Salit, V., .1;.4.6.14:10.44.,,,,.., ..IN 1, 4, 014414a .1 4 ,.1
73
old school which has already been designed and constructed is being redesignedfrom scratch within the new system.
The Ministry of Education people say that new systems should always bedesigned in the context of designing a building. One must not only determine thesizes and nature of all the elements but their frequency of occurrence as well. Ifthe longest beams are used infrequently, their depth will be reduced to that of themore common shorter beams, as the beam depth should be the same for mostmembers. The choice of this depth then depends on the selection of a typicalbuilding for which the system will be used.
The MINISTRY OF HOUSING has formed a Development Team to developa prefabricated system for the design of housing. The work is being done on a1'8" internal grid using a modified version of the CLASP system which has beentermed MINI-CLASP. This is necessary because the planning requirements forhousing are much tighter than they are for schools. Unfortunately, the cost persquare foot for housing is much lower than it is for school work so the work doneto date has not produced an economically feasible system. It is thought that, onbuildings of more than three stories, the system may he feasible economicallyand future work will be done in this area. Mr. Oliver Cox, who heads the Devel-opment Team, explained that where the job was small enough so that "Joe andhis mate could do it", it still paid to hire them, but it appeared that if the size ofthe job was increased the prefabricated systems would begin to work.
The WAR OFFICE joined CLASP in 1958-59, and have 17 projects in the1962-63 program. (See Table 4). At the same time, they have a developmentteam which is designing a new system as they have found the grid plan approachof the HCC and CLASP too limiting for their work. This system will be based ona 2'0" deep space frame with braced panels to take wind load. Columns may belocated on a 4'0" grid to support the space frame, but due to the nature of thestructure, they may be widely spaced. However, the system anticipates the useof pairs of columns to accommodate changes in level. The development work onthe structural system is being done with a single firm which will lead to a contractfor one large installation. Afterwards, the WAR OFFICE will own the patentsand the company itself will be able to market the system only with the approvalof the WAR OFFICE. A wall system is being developed which will give 4" flexi-bility using four panel sizes: 20", 24", 28", and 4'0". The smaller sizes willbe cut from a 4'0" panel. It was felt that the future of this system lay in the useof standard components on the. free market.
NEW DIRECTIONS
The work being done in England is obviously very good in terms ofachieving desired aims which are stated prier to the design of each system. Thesimilarities between the systems reflect general educational requirements andregulations. The emphasis on the elimination of corridor area to obtain thernianimum space utilization has undoubtedly resulted in buildings with a largerperimeter and many external corners. Similarly, in California we find covered
A.........,
walks and corridors in considerable use as a result of State regulations whichallow the space contained within open corridors to be counted as half area.These differences make it difficult to compare these buildings in a realistic man-ner with the schools designed in the United States. Of greater interest to us inthe United States are the directions that the various systems take in their evolu-tionary development. This knowledge of the methods and techniques may beapplied to our own conditions.
The work in England is by no means proceeding in a uniform manner.At present it appears that a number of grids are in current use ranging from 1'8"to 6'4". The relationship of the structure to the external wails varies widely.CLASP has an in line condition; SCOLA places the walls in front of but attachedto the structure; the HCC separates the walls from the structural elements whichfall at the mid-point of the grid; and, in the case of the WAR OFFICE space frameappzioach, there is no fixed relationship between structure and walls. In thetreatment of column heads, vertical modules, beam sizes, etc., similar differ-ences are found. As each system was designed with considerable thought andcare, the variety of results is significant. Each system solved certain prob-lems, but a number of compromise^ were also made. It is apparent thatsignificant developments will continue to be made to resolve a number of points.As an example, the 40" grid of CLASP is well suited to the placement of doors,but results in the waste of 8" from every 4'0" piece of sheet material. The 32"HCC grid, on the other hand, may be cut from a basic 8'0" sheet size withoutwaste, but it is difficult to fit a single door into the system.
A new and important trend seems to be developing. The HCC is work-ing with a single group of building components in developing its new systems, andthese will fit together within the context of three separate structural systems.Mr. Heathcote of Brockhouse stated that it would be necessary to develop a systemof improved components which will have general appeal for the entire buildingindustry, and the WAR OFFICE development team is developing its system on thebasis that the future will see standard components utilized on a free market. Itis obvious that the future direction will be to coordinate the components of differ-ent manufacturers and even systems to increase the design choice. In discussionswith people at the Ministry of Education, it became apps rent that they were alsothinking along these lines of increased flexibility, and that in some of their newerdevelopment projects i tey would try to increase design freedom considerably onceagain leading the way in England. These developments should allow for greaterflexibility la design to handle both functional and aesthetic requirements.
APPENDIX 1
SPECIMEN COST ANALYSIS
Name of SchoolType of School
Blank Road School, BlanktownThree Form Entry Infants
Number of klaces 360Floor Area (Square Feet) 17,640Number of Square Feet Per Place 49Net Cost £48,510Net Cost Per Place 1134, 5s.Net Cost Per Square Foot (as below) 55/-Gross Cost 152,773Gross Cost Per Place 4143 16s. 2dGross Cost Per Square Foot (as below) 59s. 10d.Tender Date November, 1950
Elements
Preliminaries and InsuranceContingenciesWork Below Ground Floor LevelExternal Walls and FacingsInternal PartitionsFrameUpper Floor Construction & StaircasesRoofFloor FinishingsWall FinishingsCeiling FinishingsMetal Windows & Doors (External)Doors (Internal)W.C. Doors and PartitionsCloakroom FittingsBuilt-in FittingsFittingsIronmongeryPlumbing (External)-do- (Internal)-do- (Sanitary Fittings)
Gas InstallationElectric InstallationHeating InstallationKitchen VentilationDrainageGlazingDecorationsPlaygrounds and Paved Areas
External Works
rnal-
Gross Cost
75
Cost in Shillings Per Sq. Ft.of Floor Area
2/91/6
4/-9/61/-
NilNil5/8
4/-1/3
1/3
4/-0/50/5
0/8
0/41/3
0/60/20/110/11
0/32/3
4/6Nil2/-
0/52/-
55/-
ALLY.59 /1U
76
System
Thermagard
Hills
Derwent
B. A. C.
Intergrid
Cawood
Brockhouse(also known asC.L.A.S.P.)
Medway
Holoform
APPENDIX 2
LIST OF PREFABRICATED SYSTEMS
Manufacturer
Gardener, Sons & Co.,LtdMidland Works, Bristol 2
Hills (West Bromwich) Ltd.,Albion Road, West Bromwich,
Staffs.
Vic Hallam Ltd.Langley Mill, near
Nottingham
Bristol Aeroplane Co.
Gilbert Ash Ltd.2 Stanhope GateLcndon, W.1.
Cawood Wharton & Co. Ltd.,
1 Cavendish Road, Leeds
Brockhouse Steel Structures,Ltd.
Medway Building & Supplies
Ltd.Phoenix Wharf, Rochester,Kent
Morris Singer &Co., Ltd.Ferry Lane Works,Forest Road, E. 17.
G.80 Gee, Walker & Slater, Ltd.Uttoxeter Old Road, Derby.
Intercon Intergrated ConstructionsLtd.12 Archer Street, W. 1.
Description
Steel Frame with "Murrogard"curtain walling, or otherforms of cladding.
Light Steel Frame with pre-cast concrete slabs orglass 'curtain walling.Modules 8'3", 3'4", 2'8".
Timber,
Aluminum (This system is nolonger in production).
Prestressed concrete framewith precast concrete slabcladdings.
Steel Frame - speciallyadapted for building onsites where subsidence islikely. Takes a widevariety of cladding.
Timber
Steel Frame with steel oraluminum sheet cladding
Precast concreteprecast concretebrick cladding.
Steel Frame withcladding
frame withblocks orModule 6'8".
brick
Spooner
Orlit
Anderson A75.
Sims C.D.A.
Laingspan
Appendix 2 (continued).
Spooners (Hull) Ltd.Glebe Road, StoneferryKingston-upon-Hull
Orlit Ltd.,18 Buckingham Gate, S.W.1.
A. h. Anderson Ltd.Ashton Vale, Bedminster,Bristol 3.
Timber frame with brick,timber or concrete blockcladding.
Precast concrete framewith precast concretecladding.
Timber
W. J. Sims, Sons & Cooke Ltd., TimberHydn Road, Sherwood, Notts.
John Laing and Son Ltd.Bunns Lane, N.W. 7.
Precast, prestressedconcrete frame withtimber or concretepanels.
77
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78
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PHOTO TITLES & CREDITS
P. 22 St. Albans College of Further Education. CourtesyG. C. Fardell, County Architect, Hertfordshire.
P. 23 St. Albans College of Further Education. Mainentrance with Administration block. CourtesyBritish Insulated Callender's Cables Ltd., andG. C. Fardell, County Architect, Hertfordshire.
P. 24 St. Albans College of Further Education. Aninteresting example of the use of different sizedpanels. Courtesy Alcan Industries Ltd., and G. C.Fardell, County Architect, Hertfordshire.
P. 25-26 St. Albans College of Further Education. CourtesyAlcan Industries Ltd., and G. C. Fardell, CountyArchitect, Hertfordshire.
P. 32 Bancroft Lane Infants School. (upp^r) Example ofspring loaded lateral bracing system. (lower)Example of the fixed lateral bracing system.Courtesy W. D. Lacey, County Architect, Nottingham.
P. 43-44 Winner Grand Prize, Milan Triennale, 1960. CourtesyW. D. Lacey, County Architect, Nottingham.
P.44 (lower) Bancroft Lane Infants School. CourtesyBrockhouse Steel Structures Ltd., and W. D. Lacey,County Architect, Nottingham.
P. 45 Example of the CLASP system used on a two storyschool. Courtesy W. D. Lacey, County Architect,Nottingham.
P. 46-49 Bramcote Hills Primary School. Courtesy W.D. Lacey,County Architect, Nottingham.
P. 62 Stockpile, precast concrete components. CourtesyJohn Laing and Son Ltd.
P. 63 Stressing primary beams. Courtesy John Laing andSon Ltd.
P. 64 Erection of concrete sistem. Courtesy John Laingand Son Ltd.
P. 65 Polio Rehabilitation Unit, Oxford. Courtesy JohnLaing and Son Ltd.
P. 66 Office Building. Example of prefabricated systemdesigned for schools being used for other purposes.Courtesy John Laing and Son Ltd.
P. 67 Prefabricated staircase. Courtesy John Laing & Son Ltd.
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