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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYJNANA SANGAMA, BELGAUM - 590018.
An Internship ReportOn
ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMSSubmitt ed in parti al ful fi lment for the award of degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGYIN
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Submitted By
SARVESH VEERAPPA ARAHUNASI
[1JB14LDE14]
I nternship carr ied out
AtRV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER, JAYANAGAR 4
THT BLOCK,
Bangalore- 560041.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
S. J. B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYB G S HEALTH AND EDUCATION CITY
Kengeri, Bangalore-560060.2015-2016
External guideMs. SANGEETHA C
Embedded Engineer
RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER,Jayanagar 4thT block,
Bangalore-560041
Internal guide
Mrs. CHETANA RAssociate Professor
ECE Dept., SJBIT
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II Jai Sri Gurudev II
Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust
S. J. B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYBGS Health & Education City, Kengeri, Bangalore - 560060.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Internship work entitled ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
carried out by SARVESH VEERAPPA ARAHUANSI [1JB14LDE14]is bonafide student of
S J B Institute of Technology in DIGITAL ELECTRONICS BRANCH as prescribed by
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM during the academic
year 2015-2016. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessmenthave been incorporated in the Report deposited in the Departmental library. The Internship report
has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Internship work
prescribed for the said Degree.
Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal
[Mrs. CHETANA R] [Dr. NATARAJ K R] [Dr. PUTTARAJU]
Associate professor Professor & Head Principal
Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE SJBIT, Bangalore
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Declaration
I, Sarvesh Veerappa Arahunasi, student of Third semester M.Tech, Digital Electronics, SJB
Institute of Technology, Bangalore, hereby declare that the Internship entitled Advancements
in Embedded Systems has been independently carried out by me, and submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for award of Master of Technology degree in Digital Electronics
by Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the academic year 20152016.
Further the mater embodied in the dissertation has not been submitted previously by anybody for
the award of any degree or diploma to any other university.
Place: Bangalore SARVESH VEERAPPA ARAHUNASI
Date: 1JB14LDE14
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction & euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible because
Success is the abstract of hard work & perseverance, but steadfast of al l is
encouragement guidance. So I acknowledge all those whose guidance and encouragement
served as a beacon light & crowned our efforts with success.
I am grateful to His divine soul Sri Sri Sri Jagadguru Dr. Balagangadharanatha Maha
Swamiji and I am grateful to His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Sri Nirmalanandanatha Maha
Swamiji for providing me an opportunity to complete my academics in this esteemed college.
I would like to express my profound grateful to his holiness Reverend Sri Sri
Prakashnath Swamiji, Managing Director, SJBIT for providing an opportunity to complete my
academics and present this Internship.
I am grateful to Dr. Puttaraju, Principal for his kind co-operation and encouragement.
I am extremely grateful to Dr. NatarajK R , Head of the Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, for his co-operation and encouragement.
I express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to Mrs. CHETANA R, Associate
professorfor the valuable guidance throughout my Internship.
I express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to Ms. SANGEETHA C
Embedded Engineer, RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER, for her valuable guidance during the
course of this internship and continuous suggestions to make the project successful.
I am highly indebted to Mrs. Uma S & Mrs. Rekha S, Project Coordinators who have
been source of inspiration to me and have extended their fullest support throughout the internship
duration.
I also thank all the staff members of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department for their help during the course of my internship.
Last but not the least I thank my parents, family members & friends, for their
continuous and great support and encouragement throughout my internship
Regards,
SARVESH VEERAPPA ARAHUNASI
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SUMMARY
The Embedded Systems Internship Programme instituted by the RV-VLSI Design Center aims at
developing the skills of Professional students to contribute to the development of the embedded
sector. The summary gives an overview of my four months internship which includes the
activities, meetings and experiences. Below is a summary of my experience.
During my four months of internship in RV-VLSI, the department in which I worked is
embedded domain. We are concentrated on embedded software domain which involves software
development by coding in C in Keil and dumping on the microcontroller. The tools used to
develop the embedded software are KEIL MICROVISION AND FLASHMAGIC.
The main role of the intern is to develop coding in c and simulating those codes onto
microcontroller and check the results. I also assisted in organising and coordinating activities for
the Institute, (Personal Productivity Skills, Resource Mobilisation and Proposal Writing)
Reflecting on my experience at RV-VLSI, the internship programme has made immeasurable
impacts in my aptitude in varied fields such as: Team work, Report writing/Analytical writing,
Organisational and intercultural competence, Programme Organisation and Coordination. The
internship programme has broadened my knowledge base.
It has been a wonderful experience in RV-VLSI and I recommend the institute organizes more of
such programs to widen its sphere of operation. It will be of much benefit to the institute if it
continues to create similar platforms for young people in embedded who have dedication as a
way of building their capacity and bringing them to appreciate the embedded sector and share in
the vision.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES i
LIST OF TABLES iii
CHAPTER 1 ABOUT THE ORGANISATION1
CHAPTER 2 ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT 6
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO KEIL 6
2..2 INTRODUCTION TO FLASHMAGIC 14
CHAPTER 3 TASKS PERFORMED 18
3.1 WIRELESS BLACK BOX USING SENSORS AND
GPSTRACKING FOR ACCIDENTAL MONITORING OF
VEHICLES
19
3.2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW 21
3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 23
3.3.1 Power Supply For Arm Controller 23
3.3.2 16x2 LCD Display 23
3.3.3 Interfacing Peripherals With LPC 2148 24
3.4 HARDWARE COMPONENTS 25
3.4.1 Accelerometer Sensor 253. 4.2 Arm7 Lpc2148 27
3.4.3 GSM Module 30
3.4.4 GPS Module 36
3.4.5 Temperature Sensor 39
3.4.6 Moisture Or Humidity Sensor 40
3.4.7 Fire Sensor 42
3.4.8 Buzzer 423.4.9 16x2 LCD Display 43
3.4.10 DC Motor 45
3.5 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 47
3.5.1 KEIL VERSION 4 47
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3.5.2 Flash Magic 48
3.6 FLOWCHART 49
3.7 RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 51
CHAPTER 4 REFLECTION ON THE INTERNSHIP 54
4.1 INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE IN LEARNING THE GOALS 54
4.2 NON-TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 57
4.2.1 Communication Skills 57
4.2.1.1 Verbal Communication 57
4.2.1.2 Non-Verbal Communication 58
4.2.1.3 Written Communication Skills 59
4.2.2 Interpersonal Skills 60
4.2.3 Time Management 61
4.3 CONCLUSION 66
REFERENCES
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIG TITLE PAGE
2.1 Creating a project 8
2.2 Select a device 8
2.3 Copying startup.sto project folder 9
2.4 Add or create source files 9
2.5 Choose target option 10
2.6 Create HEX file 10
2.7 Write .C code or .ASM code by choosing a new page 11
2.8 Debug the code 11
2.9 Check the results 12
2.10 Window to select peripherals and to see the results 13
3.1 Proposed system 18
3.2 Overall schematic of the proposed system for 20
Monitoring vehicular accidents
3.3 Block diagram of proposed system 21
3.4 Power supply for ARM Controller 23
3.5 16X2 LCD Display 24
3.6 Interfacing peripherals with LPC2148 24
3.7 ADXL accelerometer sensor 25
3.8 ARM7 LPC2148 architecture 28
3.9 SIM300 GSM modem 31
3.10 SIM300 hardware description 34
3.11 VK16U6 GPS Module 37
3.12 LM35 Temperature sensor 39
3.13 Moisture 413.14 Fire sensor 42
3.15 Buzzer 43
3.16 16X2 LCD Display 44
3.17 Dc motor 46
3.18 Flowchart of the system 49
i
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3.19 Prototype of the system 51
3.20 LCD Display 52
3.21 Accident alert message 52
ii
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITTLE PAGE
3.1 AT Commands for SMS services 33
3.2 VK16U6 Pin description 37
3.3 16X2 LCD Display pin description 44
iii
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ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Dept. of ECE, SJBIT, Bangalore Page 1
CHAPTER 1
ABOUT THE COMPANY
RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER
FOUNDER & CEO: MR. VENKATESH PRASAD
He finished his school in St. Josephs Boys High School, Bangalore and his B.E in R.V
Engineering College, Bangalore. Currently he is the CEO of RV-VLSI DESIGN
CENTER, Bangalore and Director of Nanochip Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
He previously worked as a Director of Conexant Systems India Pvt. Ltd, Sr. Engineer at
Conexant Systems Inc., Mentor Consulting at Mentor Graphics, Principal Engineer at
AMCC, Sr. Applications engineer at Synopsys, Deputy Engineer at Bharat Electronics.
His goals are to bridge the industry academia gap by being an interface between
academia and industry facilitating meaningful interactions between professional
institutions and industry on curriculum development, UG and PG projects, faculty
enrichment programs and many similar activities which will help grow the VLSI and
Embedded ecosystem.
HISTORY
RV-VLSI Design Center is a VLSI and Embedded system skill development
center.
Established in 2006, by RV group of educational institutions with Nanochip
solutions Private Limited.
RV-VLSI is part of the RSS Trust and one among the 28 RV institutions in
Bangalore.
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ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
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This is a unique combination of a design center, VLSI finishing school and an
educational institute to make budding engineers industry ready.
Through the partnership with EDA vendors, foundries and industry experts they
have established a benchmark for skill development programs in VLSI and
Embedded Systems in India.
Specialties
ASIC VLSI, FPGA Training, Embedded Systems Training, Corporate Training,
RTL Verification Using System Verilog and UVM, ASIC Physical Design.
VISION
The main vision of the organization is to be the pioneer in providing nanometer
technology solutions to address mega challenges.
To provide a steady stream of employable and productive engineers and create a
talent pool for the Electronics and Semiconductor in the country.
To prepare students to learn new methods and adapt changes quickly.
To provide a holistic approach to skill development in embedded domain. The
sessions carried out in class, lab and live projects are designed to gain industry
experience.
MISSION
The main mission of the organization is to be the leader in providing innovative
solutions to its customers by employing passionate, dedicated and professional
engineers who strive to consistently exceed the expectations set by the customers.
Make available to the industry a steady stream of highly skilled solution experts.
To work with industry and build a long term strategic alliance by employingethical and innovative business models.
OBJECTIVE
To make Budding Engineers industry ready in VLSI and Embedded domain.
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ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Dept. of ECE, SJBIT, Bangalore Page 3
SERVICES OFFERED BY ORGANISATION
Nanochip is pleased to provide services in the area of embedded systems. Our experts
come with many years of industry Experience and have worked in reputed companies on
complex projects. We are pleased to offer our services in the area of RTOS, device
drivers development, software engineering, program management, QA and testing.
The experts in the organization have knowledge in the Telecom, Mobile communications,
Networking, Network Security, Automotive electronics, Aerospace, Renewable energy
and consumer electronics.
SUPPORT
Value added partners1. Nanochip Solutions
Our partnership with Nanochip Solutions, multiple EDA vendors and foundry
enables us to conduct our programs in an industry like environment.
2.
Altera
Altera Authorized Training Partner, instructor led Altera certified programs in
FPGA Design.
3. VTU
Jointly offer skill development programs leading to advance diploma.
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ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Dept. of ECE, SJBIT, Bangalore Page 4
4. IEEE
RV-VLSI and IEEE jointly offer blended learning programs in VLSI.
5. Mentor Graphics
Higher education partner
6. IESA
Industry member and skill develop partner.
7. Towerjazz
Foundry partner
8. Synopsys
Higher education partner
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INDUSTRY EXPOSURE
By Learning to Solve Industry Level Design Challenges through the modules of our
programs and live projects students acquire good exposure to mid-level and complex
design scenarios. This gives an ability to ramp up with a short TTP- Time to be
Productive when hired by companies.
INDUSTRY INFRASTRUCTURE
Spread over 10,000 Sq. ft., the industry modeled campus features modern rooms,
Exclusive lab and cubicle work spaces with scribble boards for team discussions.
High End EDA tools from multiple international EDA vendors, which are used in the
industry extensively. Access to Semiconductor Fab Technology for multiple processes
nodes and design flows.
INTERNSHIP OPPORTUNITIES
Students get the opportunities to apply for internships inside RV-VLSI to assist the
project managers in academic research and design.
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ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Dept. of ECE, SJBIT, Bangalore Page 6
CHAPTER 2
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT
The department in which we are carrying out as intern is embedded domain. We are
concentrated on embedded software domain which involves software development by
coding in C on the microcontroller. The tools used to develop the embedded software are
KEIL MICROVISION AND FLASHMAGIC.
The main role of the intern is to develop coding in c and simulate the codes onto
microcontroller and check the results. The responsibility of the intern is to thorough with
the technologies growing in the industry.
2.1 INTRODUCTION OF KEILThe Keil Software LPC2148 development tools listed below are programs you
use to compile your C code, assemble your assembly source files, link and locate object
modules and libraries, create HEX files, and debug your ta rget program. Vision for
Window is an Integrated Development Environment that combines project management,
source code editing, and program debugging in one single, powerful environment. The
ARM7 ANSI Optimizing C Compiler creates re locatable object modules from your C
source code. The ARM Macro Assembler creates re locatable object modules from your
LPC21XX assembly source code. The Linker/Locator combines re-locatable object
modules created by the Compiler and the Assembler into absolute object modules. The
Library Manager combines object modules into libraries that may be used by the linker.
The Object-HEX Converter creates Intel HEX files from absolute object modules.
Development Tools
The Keil development tools for ARM offer numerous features and advantages that help
you quickly and successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to use and
are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals. The Vision IDE and Debugger is
the central part of the Keil ARM development tools. Vision offers a Build Mode and a
Debug Mode. In the Vision Build Mode you maintain the project files and generate the
application. Vision uses either the GNU or ARM ADS/Real View development tools.
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ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
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In the Vision Debug Mode you verify your program either with a powerful CPU and
peripheral simulator that connects the debugger to the target system. The ULINK allows
you also to download your application into Flash ROM of your target system.
Getting Started
The Vision IDE from Keil combines project management, make facilities, source code
editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The
Vision development platform is easy-to-use and helping you quickly create embedded
programs that work. The Vision editor and debugger are integrated in a single
application that provides a seamless embedded project development environment. The
Vision IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is the easiest way for most
developers to create embedded applications using the Keil development tools.
To launch Vision, click on the icon on your desktop or select Keil Vision which
version you are using from the Start Menu
Create a Project
Vision includes a project manager which makes it easy to design applications for an
ARM based microcontroller. You need to perform the following steps to create a new
project:
Start Vision and select the toolset
Create a project file and select a CPU from the device database.
Create a new source file and add this source file to the project.
Add and configure the startup code for the ARM.
Set tool options for target hardware.
Build project and create a HEX file for PROM programming.
Start Vision
Vision is a standard Windows application and started by clicking on the program icon.
The Step-wise procedure for KEIL is showing below in screenshots.
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Step 1: Creating a Project
Fig 2.1: Creating a project
Step 2: Select the Device
Fig 2.2: Select a device
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Step 3: Click Yes if you want to create .C file and No to create .ASM file
Fig 2.3: Copying startup.s to project folder.
Step 4: Add/Create Source Files
Fig 2.4: Add or create source files
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Step 5: Choose OPTIONS For Target Device
Fig 2.5: Choose target option
Fig 2.6: Create HEX file
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Step 6: Write The .C/.ASM code And Compile the code
Fig 2.7: Write .C code or .ASM code by choosing a new page
Step 7:Debug the Code
Fig 2.8: Debug the code
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Fig 2.9: Check the results
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Step 8:See the simulated results using peripherals:
Fig 2.10: Window to select peripherals and to see the results
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2.2 INTRODUCTION OF FLASH MAGIC
NXP Semiconductors produce a range of Microcontrollers that feature both on-chip Flash
memory and the ability to be reprogrammed using In-System Programming technology.
Flash Magic is Windows software from the Embedded Systems Academy that allows
easy access to all the ISP features provided by the devices.
These features include:
Erasing the Flash memory (individual blocks or the whole device)
Programming the Flash memory
Modifying the Boot Vector and Status Byte
Reading Flash memory
Performing a blank check on a section of Flash memory.
Reading the signature bytes
Reading and writing the security bits
Direct load of a new baud rate (high speed communications)
Sending commands to place device in Boot loader mode.
Flash Magic provides a clear and simple user interface to these features. Under Windows,
only one application may have access the COM Port at any one time, preventing other
applications from using the COM Port. Flash Magic only obtains access to the selected
COM Port when ISP operations are being performed. This means that other applications
that need to use the COM Port, such as debugging tools, may be used while Flash Magic
is loaded.
Screenshot of Flash Magic Window
The window is divided up into five sections. Work your way from section 1 to section 5
to program a device using the most common functions. At the very bottom left of the
window is an area where progress messages will be displayed and at the very bottom
right is where the progress bar is displayed. In between the messages and the progress bar
is a count of the number of times the currently selected hex file has been programmed
since it was last modified or selected.
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Five Step Programming
For each step there is a corresponding section in the main window as described in the
User Interface Tour.
Step 1Connection Settings
Before the device can be used the settings required to make a connection must be
specified.
COM Port Settings
Select the desired COM port from the drop down list or type the desired COM port
directly into the box. If you enter the COM port yourself then you must enter it in one of
the following formats: COM n n Any other format will generate an error. So if you
want to use COM 5 (which is not present on the drop down list) you can directly type in
either COM 5 or 5.
Baud Rate Settings
Select the baud rate to connect at. Try a low speed first. The maximum speed that can be
used depends on the crystal frequency on your hardware. You can try connecting at
higher and higher speeds until connections fail. Then you have found the highest baud
rate to connect at.
Device Selection
Select the device being used from the drop down list. Ensure you select the correct one as
different devices have different feature sets and different methods of setting up the serial
communications.
Interface Selection
Select the interface being used, if any. An interface is a device that connects between
your PC and the target hardware. If you simply have a serial cable or USB to serial cable
connecting your COM port to the target hardware, then you can choose "None (ISP)".
Choosing the correct interface will automatically configure Flash Magic for that
interface, along with enabling and disabling the relevant features.
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Oscillator Frequency
Enter the oscillator frequency used on the hardware. Do not round the frequency, instead
enter it as precisely as possible. Some devices do not require the oscillator frequency to
be entered, so this field will not be displayed. Once the options are set ensure the device
is running the on-chip Boot loader if you are using a manual ISP entry method. Note that
the connection settings affect all ISP features provided by Flash Magic.
Step 2: Erasing
This step is optional, however if you attempt to program the device without first erasing
at least one Flash block, then Flash Magic will warn you and ask you if you are sure you
want to program the device.
Select each Flash block that you wish to erase by clicking on its name.
If you wish to erase all the Flash then check that option.
If you want to check to erase a Flash block and all the Flash then the Flash block
will not be individually erased.
If you wish to erase only the Flash blocks used by the hex file you are going to
select, then check that option.
Step 3: Selecting the Hex File
This step is optional. If you do not wish to program a Hex File then do not select one
Step 4: Options
Flash Magic provides various options that may be used after the Hex File has been
programmed
Verify After Programming
Checking the Verify after Programming option will result in the data contained in the
Hex File being read back from Flash and compared with the Hex File after programming.
This helps to ensure that the Hex File was correctly programmed. If the device does not
support verifying then this item will be disabled.
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Step 5Performing the Operations
Step 5 contains a Start button clicking the Start button will result in all the selected
operations in the main window taking place. They are:
Erasing Flash
Programming the Hex File
Verifying the Hex File
Filling Unused Flash
Generating Checksums
Programming the clocks bit
Programming the Security Bits
Executing the firmware
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CHAPTER 3
TASKS PERFORMED
I have done a Mini-project which was instructed by the company and the title of the
project is Wireless black box using Sensors and GPS tracking system for accidental
monitoring of vehicles. In this work, wireless black box using Sensors and GPS tracking
system is developed for accidental monitoring. The system consists of cooperative
components of an accelerometer, microcontroller unit, GPS device and GSM module. In
the event of accident, this wireless device will send mobile phone short message
indicating the position of vehicle by GPS system to family member, emergency medical
service (EMS). If the value of the sensors exceeds the threshold, a decision is made as ifaccident has occurred. The proposed system also incorporates temperature and fire sensor
as an additional safety measure. The system is compact and easy to install under rider
seat. The system has been tested in real world applications.
Fig 3.1: Proposed system
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3.1 WIRELESS BLACK BOX USING SENSORS AND GPS
TRACKING FOR ACCIDENTAL MONITORING OF
VEHICLES
In recent years of development there has been tremendous advancement in the use of
accelerometers right from usage of air bag system in automobile to the recent
introduction of vehicle stability control systems using single and dual-axis , low g
accelerometer and angular rate sensors. In the past few years, a vibrant market for
accelerometer in consumer electronics application has emerged, including drop detection
for hard disc drives, motion-based computer game controllers, dead reckoning in personal
navigation devices and motion awareness for cell phones.
A newly developed sensor technology called the MEMS Accelerometer is used in this
project to detect an accident and its place of occurrence. Accelerometer is a device which
can detect a tilt or a sudden jerk in any of the 3 axes (x, y, z). It can be used to detect any
unusual acceleration and tilting of vehicles which indicates that the vehicle is out of
control and could have suffered an accident. The accelerometers output can be analyzed
by the microcontroller to find if it has crossed the threshold.
This project aims to develop a system to automatically detect a vehicular accident and
alert the family members and medical services about it. This system locates the place of
the accident and directs the emergency medical services to the accident site.
GPS system is deployed to locate the place of the accident and GSM technology is used
to send messages to emergency services and intimate the family. If the medical services
get an alert through GSM message about an accident and its location through GPS
coordinates they can reach the event spot immediately. If the person who has suffered the
accident receives medical help in time he can survive the accident and many important
lives can be saved. The system is easy to build and compact in size so that it can be easily
installed in any vehicles.
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Fig 3.2: Overall schematic of the proposed s ystem for monitoring vehicular accidents.
The proposed system mainly aims at:
Develop a complete system that
o Detects a fire emergency using temperature sensor and activates the
microcontroller which raises a buzzer alarm.
o Detects the occurrence of a vehicular accident by using a MEMS sensor.
o Alerts the nearest hospital / family about the accident location by using
GSM/GPS module.
To Reduce the Human Death Ratio due to Road Accident.
To provide maximum assistance even in less densely populated and remote areas.
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3.2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The fundamental block diagram of Wireless Black box using Sensors and GPS tracking
for Accidental monitoring of Vehicles is shown in Fig 3.3.
Block Diagram Description
Fig 3.3: Block diagram of the proposed system
The principle behind this project is explained as follows. The total equipment of this
project is placed inside a vehicle is not visible to others, hence called as a black box.
MEMS accelerometer is a miniaturized sensor which detects the tilt in the vehicle in the
entire three axes and provides acceleration values. The output of MEMS accelerometer is
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an analog voltage equivalent to the changes in the acceleration when there is a tilt in the
vehicle. A suitable threshold value will be set and if the output of MEMS exceeds this
threshold, the system will conclude that an accident has occurred.
Upon this event, the microcontroller will be intimated by the MEMS sensor to proceed
with further actions. We use a GPS module to track the location of the vehicle where the
accident has occurred. GPS can get the graphical location of the vehicle in terms of
longitude and latitude values using which the event spot can be traced. The location
values are given to microcontroller which in turn gives this information to GSM module.
GSM module is used to send message to the emergency medical services and family
members about the accident event and the location of the event. The GSM module will be
provided with AT commands for SMS services.
If the engine temperature exceeds the threshold value, temperature sensor activates the
microcontroller which in turn activates the buzzer. Also, fire sensor is incorporated to
intimate the rider in case there is any fire in the vehicle. Temperature and fire sensor
provide additional safety measures along with accident monitoring system.
The proposed system is expected assist the accident victim at the earliest and thereby it is
a real time event. Since LPC2148 microcontroller operates at high speeds of 60 MHz, it
is best suited for the system. Also, it can be operated in power down mode and idle mode
and thereby provides high power efficiency. The sensors, GSM module and GPS module
used are compact in size and hence the entire system is compact and can be easily fitted
inside a two wheeler.
LPC2148 works with a supply voltage of 3.3V. Hence the available 5V is converted to
3.3V by in built power supply unit consisting of AMS1117 voltage regulator. The serial
communication between microcontroller and LPC2148 is through RS232.
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3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3.1 Power Supply for Arm Controller
ARM microcontroller works with a supply voltage of 3.3V. Hence the available 5V
supply is initially converted to 3.3V by AMS1117 which is a 5V to 3.3V linear regulator.
The Advanced Monolithic Systems (AMS) provides an output current of 1A and
maximum dropout voltage of 1.3V. AMS1117 voltage regulator is as shown in fig 3.4.
Fig 3.4: Power supply for ARM controller
3.3.2 16x2 LCD Display
The four data lines of 16X2 LCD is connected to four pins on port0. When RS (Register
Select) is high, LCD is operated in instruction mode, data mode otherwise. R/W (Read or
Write) = HIGH implies LCD is operated in read mode and R/W= LOW implies LCD is
operated in write mode. Data or instruction is executed by the LCD module only when a
pulse is applied to EN (Enable) pin. In the proposed system, LCD display is used to
display the temperature and humidity values at the time of accident and also display
message sent to conform that the message has been delivered to the necessary
members and EMS. Interfacing of 16X2 LCD display with LPC2148 is shown in fig 3.5.
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Fig 3.5: 16x2 LCD display
3.3.3 Interfacing Peripherals with LPC 2148
As shown in the fig 5, LPC 2148 has three 10 bit ADC pins. As shown in the fig 3.6, one
of the axes of MEMS accelerometer is connected to an ADC pin AD0.1, the temperature
sensor LM35 is connected to AD0.2 and the humidity sensor to AD0.3. The analog
output of MEMS is proportional to the change in acceleration due to tilt in the vehicle.
This is converted into a 10 bit digital value which is compared with the threshold to
detect accident. LPC2148 has two UART ports namely UART0 and UART1 for serial
communication. The location values of event spot are read from GPS module through
RX0 of UART0 and the AT commands are sent to GSM module through TX1 ofUART1.
Fig 3.6: Interfacing peripherals with LPC2148
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3.4 HARDWARE COMPONENTS
The various hardware components incorporated in the proposed system are:
Accelerometer sensor(ADXL335)
ARM LPC 2148 GSM module(SIM 300)
GPS module(V.KEL)
Temperature sensor
Moisture or Humidity sensor
Fire sensor
Buzzer
LCD Display DC motor
3.4.1 Accelerometer Sensor
An accelerometer is an electromechanical device which measures acceleration.
The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometer with signal
conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a minimum full-
scale range of 3 g. It can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensingapplications, as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration.
The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using the CX, CY, and CZ
capacitors at the XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins. Bandwidths can be selected to suit the
application, with a range of 0.5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the X and Y axes, and a range of 0.5
Hz to 550 Hz for the Z axis.
Fig 3.7: ADXL Accelerometer sensor
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The ADXL335.is available in a small, low profile, 4 mm x 4 mm x 1.45 mm, 16-lead,
plastic lead frame chip scale package (LFCSP_LQ). They are typically used in one of
three modes:
As an inertial measurement of velocity and position;
As a sensor of inclination, tilt, or orientation in 2 or 3 dimensions, as referenced from
the acceleration of gravity (1 g = 9.8m/s2);
As a vibration or impact (shock) sensor.
There are considerable advantages to using an analog accelerometer as opposed to an
inclinometer such as a liquid tilt sensor inclinometers tend to output binary
information (indicating a state of on or off), thus it is only possible to detect when the tilt
has exceeded some threshold angle. The accelerometer used here is the 3-Axis
accelerometer with an easy analog interface and running at a supply voltage of 3.3V,
which makes it ideal for handheld battery powered electronics.
Features
3-axis sensing
Small, low profile package, 4 mm x 4 mm x 1.45 mm LFCSP
Low power: 350 uA (typical)
Single-supply operation: 1.8 V to 3.6 V
10,000 g shock survival
Excellent temperature stability
BW adjustment with a single capacitor per axis
Applications
Cost sensitive, low power, motion- and tilt-sensing applications
Mobile devices
Gaming systems
Disk drive protection
Image stabilization
Sports and health devices.
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3.4.2 ARM7 LPC 2148
Introduction to ARM
Increasingly, embedded systems developers and system-on-chip designers select specific
microprocessor cores and a family of tools, libraries, and off-the-shelf components toquickly develop new microprocessor-based products and applications. ARM is one of the
major options available for embedded system developer. Over the last few years, the
ARM architecture has become the most pervasive 32-bit architecture in the world, with
wide range of ICs available from various IC manufacturers. ARM processors are
embedded in products ranging from cell/mobile phones to automotive braking systems. A
worldwide community of ARM partners and third-party vendors has developed among
semiconductor and product design companies, including hardware engineers, system
designers, and software developers. ARM7 is one of the widely used micro-controller
family in embedded system application. This section is humble effort for explaining basic
features of ARM-7.
ARM is a family of instruction set architectures for computer processors based on a
reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture developed by British company
ARM Holdings. A RISC-based computer design approach means ARM processors
require significantly fewer transistors than typical processors in average computers. This
approach reduces costs, heat and power use. These are desirable traits for light, portable,
battery-powered device including smart phones, laptops, tablet and notepad computers,
and other embedded systems. A simpler design facilitates more efficient multi-core CPUs
and higher core counts at lower cost, providing higher processing power and improved
energy efficiency for servers and supercomputers.LPC2148- is the widely used IC from
ARM-7 family. It is manufactured by Philips and it is pre-loaded with many inbuilt
peripherals making it more efficient and a reliable option for the beginners as well as
high end application developer.
The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 microcontrollers are based on a 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU
with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combines the microcontroller
with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide
memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the
maximum clock rate.
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Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2141/2/4/6/8 are ideal for
applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-
of-sale. A blend of serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full Speed
device, multiple UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2Cs, and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB,
make these devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol
converters, soft modems, voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large
buffer size and high processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit
ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPJO lines with up to nine edge or
level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers particularly suitable for
industrial control and medical systems.
Fig 3.8: ARM7 LPC 2148 architecture
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ARM7TDMI-S Processor
The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit microprocessor, which offers high
performance and very low power consumption. The ARM architecture is based on
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) principles, and the instruction set and related
decode mechanism are much simpler than those of micro programmed Complex
Instruction Set Computers. This simplicity results in a high instruction throughput and
impressive real-time interrupt response from a small and cost-effective processor core.
Pipeline techniques are employed so that all parts of the processing and memory systems
can operate continuously. Typically, while one instruction is being executed, its successor
is being decoded, and a third instruction is being fetched from memory.
The ARM7TDMI-S processor also employ s a unique architectural strategy known asTHUMB, which makes it ideally suited to high-volume applications a with memory
restrictions, or applications where code density is an issue. The key idea behind THUMB
is that of a super-reduced instruction set. Essentially, the ARM7TDMI-S processor has
instruction sets:
The standard 32-bit ARM instruction set.
A 1 6-bit THUMB instruction set.
The THUMB set's 16-bit instruction length allows it to approach' twice the density of
standard ARM code while retaining most of the ARM's performance advantage over a
traditional 16-bit processor using I 6-bit registers. This is possible because THUMB code
operates on the same 32-bit register set as ARM code. THUMB code is able to provide
up to 65% of the code size of ARM, and 160% of the performance of an equivalent ARM
processor connected to a 16-bit memory system. The ARM7TDMI-S processor is
described in detail in the ARM7TDMI-S datasheet that can be found on official ARM
website.
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Features
16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.
8 to 40 kB of on chip static RAM and 32 to 512 kB of on-chip flash program
memory. 128 bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz
operation.
One or two (LPC2 I 41/2 vs. LPC2144/6/8) 10-bit AID converters provide a total
of 6/4 analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 us is per channel.
Single 10-bit D/A converter provide variable analog output.
Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz clock
input.
Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available.
60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with
settling time of 100 us.
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal in range from I
MHz to 30 MHz and with an external oscillator up to 50 MHz.
Power saving modes include idle and Power-down.
Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt, USB, Brown-
Out Detect (BOD) or Real-Time Clock (RTC).
Single power supply chip with Power-On Reset (POR) and BOD circuits.
CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V 10 %) with 5 V tolerant
I/O pads.
3.4.3 GSM Module
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. It is a standard set
developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe
protocols for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. A
Modem is a device which modulates and demodulates signals as required to meet the
communication requirements. It modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital
information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted
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information. A GSM Modem is a device that modulates and demodulates the GSM
signals and in this particular case 2G signals.
SIM300 is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies EGSM 900 MHz,
DCS 1800 MHz and PCS1900 MHz .SIM300 provides GPRS multi-slot class 10
capabilities and support the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4. With a
tiny configuration of 40mm x 33mm x 2.85 mm, SIM300 can fit almost all the space
requirement in your application, such as Smart phone, PDA phone and other mobile
device. The physical interface to the mobile application is made through a 60 pins board-
to-board connector, which provides all hardware interfaces between the module and
customers boards except the RF antenna interface.
Fig 3.9: SIM 300 GSM modem
Features
SIM300 can be used in three frequency bands: EGSM 900, DCS 1800, and PCS 1900.
The band can be set by AT COMMAND, and default band is EGSM 900 and DCS 1800.
Provides the industry standard serial RS232 interface for easy connection to computers
and other devices.
Provides serial TTL interface for easy and direct interface to microcontrollers.
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On-board 3V Lithium Battery holder with appropriate circuitry for providing backup for
the modules internal RTC.
Can be used for GSM based Voice communications, Data/Fax, SMS, GPRS and TCP/IP
stack.
Can be controlled through standard AT commands.
Comes with an onboard wire antenna for better reception.
The SIM300 allows an adjustable serial baud rate from 1200 to 115200 bps (9600
default).
Modem a low power consumption of 0.25 A during normal operations and around 1 A
during transmission.
Operating Voltage: 715V AC or DC
Supported SIM card: 1.8V, 3V
AT Commands
AT commands are the instructions that are used to control a modem. T is the
abbreviation of Attention. Every command line starts with AT or at. Thats why
modem commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands such as ATD (dial),
ATA (answer), ATH (hook control) and ATO (return to online datasheet) that are used to
control dial-up modems are also supported by GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones.
Besides this common AT command set, GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones support
an AT command set that is specific to the GSM technology which includes SMS related
AT commands.
AT commands with a GSM/GPRS modems or mobile phone can be used to access
following information and services:
Information and configuration pertaining to mobile device or MODEM and SIM card.
SMS services
MMS services
Fax services
Data and Voice link over mobile network
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AT Commands for SMS ServicesCommand Description
AT+CSMS Select message service
AT+CPMS Preferred message storage
AT+CMGF Message format
AT+CSCA Service Centre addressAT+CSMP Set text mode parameters
AT+CSDH Show text mode parameters
AT+CSCB Select cell broadcast message types
AT+CSAS Save settings
AT+CRES Restore settings
AT+CNMI New message indications to TE
AT+CMGL List messages
AT+CMGR Read message
AT+CMGS Send message
AT+CMSS Send message from storage
AT+CMGW Write message to memory
AT+CMGD Delete messageTable 3.1: AT commands for SMS services
A simple AT command to send an SMS is as follows:
AT+CMGF = 1
OK // modem supports text mode
AT+CMGS = +741******7
>accident occurred
+CMGS: 198 //message ID OK
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Hardware Description
Fig 9: SIM300 hardware description
MAX232 IC
The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial
port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits, so that devices
works on TTL logic can share the data with devices connected through Serial port (DB9
Connector).
Serial Port/DB9 Connector
User just needs to attach RS232 cable here so that it can be connected to devices which
Have Serial port / DB9 Connector. The serial port connector pin configuration is as
follows:
Pin 1 : DCD(Data carrier detect)
Pin 2 : RxD(Receive Data)
Pin 3: TxD(Transmit Data)
Pin 4 : DTR(Data Terminal Ready)
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Pin 5 : SG(Signal Ground)
Pin 6 : DSR(Data Set Ready)
Pin 7 : RTS(Request To Send)
Pin 8 : CTS(Clear To Send)
Pin 9 : Ring Indicator
Power Supply Socket
This power supply socket which is actually named as AC/DC Socket provides the
functionality to user to connect external power supply from Transformer, Battery or
Adapter through DC jack. User can provide maximum of 12V AC/DC power supply
through AC/DC socket. This is power supply designed into maximum protection
consideration so that it can even prevent reverse polarity DC power supply as well as DC
conversion from AC power Supply. It also includes LM317 Voltage Regulator which
provides an output voltage adjustable over a 1.2V to 37V.
Indicator LED
Indicator LEDs just used to indicate status accordingly. Power LED will keep on until the
power supply is enabling to this board by using push-on push-off switch. Network Status
LED will show whether inserted SIM card successfully connected to service providers
Network or not, in short signal strength. Module On/Off indicator LED will show status
of GSM modules power on/off.
Advantages of GSM
Worldwide Roaming
Since GSM service is obtainable in added than 200 countries, clienteles are
capable to roam globally without altering their devices or their facility plans.
Security
GSM facilities are extremely protected, with skills in place that can defend
against both snooping and service riding.
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Reasonable Devices and Facilities
GSM suppliers switch a huge portion of the cellular marketplace and so are
capable to deliver a huge diversity of reasonable devices and facilities.
Extensive Spectrums Obtainable
The GSM expertise usages five bands of MHz rate; 450, 850, 900, 1800 and 1900
MHz Builders are capable to yield devices that can choice up two or three diverse
occurrence bands.
3.4.4 GPS Module
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a
network of a minimum of 24, but currently 30, satellites placed into orbit by the U.S.
Department of Defense. Military action was the original intent for GPS, but in the 1980s,
the U.S. government decided to allow the GPS program to be used by civilians. The
satellite data is free and works anywhere in the world.GPS devices perform the following
operations:
Maps, including streets maps, displayed in human readable format via text or in a
graphical format,
Turn-by-turn navigation directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via
text or speech,
Directions fed directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe,
Traffic congestion maps (depicting either historical or real time data) and suggested
alternative directions.
Information on nearby amenities such as restaurants, fueling stations, and tourist
attractions.
The GPS module used in the proposed system is VK16U6 with TTL output and built in
antenna. It is as shown in the fig 3.11.
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Fig 3.11: VK16U6 GPS module
Pin Description
Pin Description
VCC This pin provides voltage to the GPS receiver
GND This is the ground pin
RX This the UART receive (TTL) pin
TX This the UART transmit (TTL) pin
VCC_N This is for enabling uBlox module. Module is turned ON when
this pin is connected to GND and it is turned OFF when it is
connected to VCC. This arrangement is made in order to save
the power i.e. once you have obtained the fix, you can turn off
the GPS module.
PPS This is to determine whether the GPS module has obtained a
GPS fix or not. Based on the location of GPS receiver, it takes
some time( 30 sec to 1 min) to obtain the fix.
Table 3.2: VK16U6 pin description
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Features
C / A code 1.023MHz code stream
Receive bands: L1 [1575.42 MHz]
Tracking channels: 50
Timing accuracy: 1us
Maximum Altitude: 18,000 m
Maximum speed: 500 m / s
Acceleration:
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Mobile phone navigation systems
Robots with self-navigation
Surveying
Measurements of earthquakes
3.4.5 Temperature Sensor
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output
voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required
to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade
scaling. The LM35 device does not require any external calibration or trimming to
provide typical accuracies of 1/4C at room temperature and 3/4C over a full -55C to
150C temperature range. Lower cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer
level. The low-output impedance, linear output and precise inherent calibration of the
LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. The
device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35
device draws only 60 pA from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1C
in still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a -55C to 150C temperature range,
while the LM35C device is rated for a -40C to 110C range (-10 with improvedaccuracy). The LM35-series devices are available packaged in hermetic TO transistor
packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D devices are available in the plastic
TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D device is available in an 8-lead surface-mount
small-outline package and a plastic TO-220 package. LM35 temperature sensor is as
shown in the fig 3.12.
Fig 3.12: LM35 temperature sensor
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Features
Calibrated Directly in Celsius (Centigrade)
Linear + 10-mV/C Scale Factor
0.5C Ensured Accuracy (at 25C) Rated for Full -55C to 150C Range
Suitable for Remote Applications
Low-Cost Due to Wafer-Level Trimming
Operates from 4 V to 30 V Less than 60-pA Current Drain
Low Self-Heating, 0.08C in Still Air
Non-Linearity Only 1/4C Typical
Low-Impedance Output, 0.1 0 for 1-mA Load
Applications
Power Supplies
Battery Management
HVAC
Appliances
3.4.6 Moisture or Humidity Sensor
Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air can affect
human comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries. The presence of
water vapor also influences various physical, chemical, and biological processes.
Humidity measurement in industries is critical because it may affect the business cost of
the product and the health and safety of the personnel.
Controlling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial &
domestic applications. In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be
properly controlled & monitored during wafer processing. In medical applications,
humidity control is required for respiratory equipments, sterilizers, incubators,
pharmaceutical processing, and biological products. Humidity control is also necessary in
chemical gas purification, dryers, ovens, film desiccation, paper and textile production,
and food processing. In agriculture, measurement of humidity is important for plantation
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protection (dew prevention), soil moisture monitoring, etc. For domestic applications,
humidity control is required for living environment in buildings, cooking control for
microwave ovens, etc. In all such applications and many others, humidity sensors are
employed to provide an indication of the moisture levels in the environment.
Applications
It agriculture, measurement of humidity is important for plantation protection (dew
prevention), soil moisture monitoring, etc.
For domestic applications, humidity control is required for living environment in
buildings, cooking control for microwave ovens, etc.
Controlling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial and
domestic applications. In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be properly controlled
and monitored during wafer processing.
In medical applications, humidity control is required for respiratory equipments,
sterilizers, incubators, pharmaceutical processing, and biological products.
Humidity control is also necessary in chemical gas purification, dryers, ovens, film
desiccation, paper and textile production, and processing.
Fig 3.13: Moisture or Humidity Sensor
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3.4.7 Fire Sensor
The Fire sensor is used to detect fire flames. The module makes use of Fire sensor and
comparator to detect fire up to a range of 1 meter.
Fig 3.14: Fire sensor
Features
Allows your robot to detect flames from upto 1 M away
Typical Maximum Range: 1 m.
Calibration preset for range adjustment.
Indicator LED with 3 pin easy interface connector.
Input Voltage : +5VDC
3.4.8 Buzzer
A buzzer is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electro mechanical or
piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or key stroke.
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Fig 3.15: Piezoelectric Buzzer
3.4.9 16x2 LCD Display
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments
and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LEDs are economical; easily
programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike
in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions
given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like
initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The
data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of
the character to be displayed on the LCD.
Features
5 x 8 dots with cursor Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)
+ 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)
1/16 duty cycle
B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED)
N.V. optional for + 3V power supply
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Fig 3.16: 16x2 LCD display
Pin Description
PIN
NO.
FUNCTIONS NAME
1 GROUND (0V) GROUND
2 Supply voltage 5v (4.7v5.3v) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects a command register when low , and Data registerwhen high
Register select
5 Low to write the register , High to read from register Read/Write
6 Sends data to data pin when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7-14 8-bit data pin DB0-DB7
15 Backlight Vcc (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
Table 3.3: 16x2 LCD display pin description
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3.4.10 DC Motor
A DC motor relies on the fact that like poles repels and unlike magnetic poles attracts
each other. A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic
field aligned with the center of the coil. By switching the current on or off in a coil its
magnet field can be switched on or off or by switching the direction of the current in the
coil the direction of the generated magnetic field can be switched 180. A simple DC
motor typically has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with a series
of two or more windings of wire wrapped in insulated stack slots around iron pole pieces
(called stack teeth) with the ends of the wires terminating on a commutator. The armature
includes the mounting bearings that keep it in the center of the motor and the power shaft
of the motor and the commutator connections. The winding in the armature continues toloop all the way around the armature and uses either single or parallel conductors (wires),
and can circle several times around the stack teeth. The total amount of current sent to the
coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate the strength of the
electromagnetic field created. The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates
what direction the effective electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off
coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields
interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the
stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a force on the armature which causes it to
rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator fields use electromagnets to create their
magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor. At high power levels, DC
motors are almost always cooled using forced air.
The commutator allows each armature coil to be activated in turn. The current in the coil
is typically supplied via two brushes that make moving contact with the commutator.
Now, some brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC current to each coil
on and off and have no brushes to wear out or create sparks.
Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected
provides different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC
motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The
introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field .circuit allowed speed
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control. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable. Today DC motors are still
found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel
rolling mills and paper machines.
The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the
motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or electromagnets),
and rotating electrical magnets.
Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple
control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-span for high
intensity uses. Maintenance involves regularly replacing the carbon brushes and springs
which carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or replacing the commutator. These
components are necessary for transferring electrical power from outside the motor to the
spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor. Brushes consist of conductors.
Features
6mm shaft diameter with internal hole
125gm weight
Same size motor available in various rpm
5kgcm torque
No-load current = 60 mA (Max), Load current = 300 mA (Max)
Fig 3.17: DC Motor
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3.5 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
3.5.1 KEIL VERSION 4
Keil vision 4 the Vision4 IDE is a window-based software development platform thatcombines a robust and modern editor, project manager, and makes facility. I.Alision4
integrates all the tools you need to develop embedded applications including C/C++
compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and a HEX file generator.
Vision4 helps expedite the development process of your embedded application by
providing the following:
Full-featured source code editor
Device Database for configuring the development tool
Project Manager for creating and maintaining your projects
Integrated Make Utility functionality for assembling, compiling, and linking your
embedded applications
Dialogs for all development environment settings
True integrated source-level and assembler-level Debugger with high-speed CPU
and peripheral Simulator
Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware and for
connecting to the Keil ULINK Adapter family
Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into Flash
ROM
Links to manuals, on-line help, device datasheets, and user guides.
The Vision4 IDE offers numerous features and advantages that help you to
develop embedded applications quickly and successfully. The Keil tools are easy
to use, and are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals in a timely
manner. The Vision4 IDE & Debugger is the central part of the Keil development tool
chain. Vision4 offers a Build Mode and a Debug Mode.
In Build Mode you maintain the project, the project files, write your code, select
the target hardware and device, and generate the application.
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In Debug Mode you verify and debug your program with the integrated; powerful
Simulator or directly on target hardware with the Keil ULINK USB.
3.5.2 FLASH MAGIC
It is used to dump the code to microcontroller from PC. Flash Magic is a free, powerful,
feature-rich Windows application that allows easy programming of Philips FLASH
microcontrollers. Custom applications built for Philips microcontrollers on the Flash
Magic platform can be used to create custom end-user firmware programming
applications, or generate an in-house production tine programming tool. The Flash
Memory In-System Programmer is a tool that allows in-circuit programming of FLASH
memories via a serial RS232 link, Computer side software called. Flash Magic is
executed that-accepts the Intel HEX format file generated from compiler Keil to be sent
to target microcontroller. It detects the hardware connected to the serial port.
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3.6 FLOWCHART
Fig 3.18: Flow chart of the system
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Fig 3.18 depicts the flowchart of the proposed system. The three ADC pins of LPC2148
is connected to MEMS sensor, temperature sensor and humidity sensor. The
microcontroller uses polling method to read the values from these pins. Initially it
acquires the data from the MEMS accelerometer. The analog output of MEMS sensor is
converted to a digital value by the 10 bit ADC and it is compared with the standard
threshold value. If the MEMS output is greater than the threshold, the system will
conclude that accident has occurred. On the other hand, if the value is less than the
threshold, it will read the output of temperature sensor i.e. LM35. After digitization and
comparison of this value, the system will decide whether the engine temperature has
exceeded the limit or not. After MEMS and temperature sensor, fire sensor is polled and
if it detects any fire within the specified range, immediately buzzer is activated and the
rider is intimated.
When accident is detected or temperature exceeds the threshold, the GPS module is used
to obtain the exact location of the event in terms of latitude and longitude values. These
values are sent to the family members and emergency medical services through GSM
module with the help of AT commands.
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3.7 RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
3.7.1 Results
The project Wireless black box using Sensors and GPS tracking for accidental monitoring
of vehicles was designed to monitor accident event and to provide immediate assistance.
This system can be easily fitted in two wheelers and can provide accurate results in real
time scenario. With the help of GPS system incorporated in the project, the event location
can be traced to provide the victim with necessary medical services. The prototype of the
system is as shown in fig 3.19. And after sending the message it is clearly shown as
message sent and this is shown in fig 3.20, finally the message is reached to mentioned
phone number and this is how message looks like as shown in fig 3.21.
Fig 3.19: Prototype of the sys tem
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Fig 19: LCD display Fig 20: Accident alert message
3.7.2 Conclusion
More than 50% deaths in India occur due to road accidents. A considerable part of these
incidences are due to lack of immediate medical assistance for the accident victim. The
proposed system Wireless Black Box using MEMS accelerometer and GPS tracking for
accidental monitoring of vehicles mainly aims at providing immediate assistance for
accident victims even in remote areas where human help and medical services cannot beexpected.
In conclusion, an innovative wireless black box using MEMS accelerometer and GPS
tracking system has been developed for motorcycle accidental monitoring. The system
can detect the accident from accelerometer signal using threshold algorithm and locate
the vehicle through GPS module. After accident is detected, short alarm massage data
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(alarm massage and position of accident) will be sent via GSM network. The system has
been tested in real world applications and the test results are reliable without any false
alarm.
The system has the following advantages:
The vehicle which has undergone an accident can be identified and immediate
medication can be provided to the victim.
The proposed system will provide necessary assistant to the victim even in
remote areas.
The proposed system will intimate the rider in case of excessive temperature
and also alerts the rider in case of fire in the vehicle by activating the buzzer.
The system is compact and can be easily placed in the two-wheeler.
All the peripherals used are low power consuming modules and hence the
entire system consumes less power and provides high efficiency.
The system has the following disadvantage:
In some places where there is no provision of GSM network, it is difficult for
communication.
3.7.3 Future Scope
The system can be enhanced by interconnecting a camera to the controller
module that takes the photograph of the accident spot which makes the
tracking easier and also can help in identifying the vehicle that is responsible
for the accident in case of hit and run incident.
In case the vehicle has been stolen, its location can be identified by sending !
symbol to the GSM module.
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CHAPTER 4
REFLECTION NOTES
This report is a description of my four month internship carried out as compulsory
component of the M.Tech course. The internship was carried out within the organization
RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER, Bangalore in the year 2015. Since I was interested in
hardware designing and embedded system designing, even company was on the path of
designing so they allowed me to work as intern in their company. This internship report
contains my activities that have contributed to achieve a number of my stated goals.
At the beginning of the internship I formulated several learning goals, which I wanted to
achieve:
To understand the functioning and working conditions of an IT company
To see and experience the work in a professional environment
To see if this kind of work is a possibility for my future career
To use my gained skills and knowledge
To see what skills and knowledge I still need to work in a professional
environment
To learn about the organizing of a research project (planning, preparation,
permissions etc.) To learn about research methodologies
To get technical knowledge and to collect all possible unknown resources
available
To get non-technical knowledge from the employees and co-works
To enhance my communication skills
To build a network
4.1 INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE IN LEARNING THE GOALS
In this chapter I reflect on the internship. Regarding my learning goals I shortly discuss
my experiences; if I have achieved my goal, whether I experienced difficulties and what I
think I have to improve.
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The functioning and working conditions of IT company: At the beginning I did not have
any experience of working within an IT company. Although I have seen one, I understand
better the functioning like the organization structure and setting up projects. Trying to
operate as a non-profit organization I saw the importance of financial support and
personal capacity. The dependence on extern institutions and people force you to have a
flexible attitude. During my stay I also experienced the dependence. There was often
uncertainty whether and when projects could start. In the first instance the dependence
and uncertainty was annoying, but it forced me to be flexible and to see what other things
I could do.
Enhancing communication skills: Sometimes I experienced communication difficulties. I
thought that I could communicate well in English and with my basic knowledge of
English, but employees were with huge talented and knowledge. Therefore I was reserved
in communication at the beginning, but in the course of months it went better. My stay
has contributed to my communication skills, but I would like to pay more attention to it
in the future. I can come across as reserved and uncertain. To contribute more to projects
and to progress faster, I want to learn to make a more confident impression and to express
my ideas and opinions more certain.
The use of skills and knowledge gained in the university: It is difficult to say what skills
and knowledge gained in my study I could put in practice in my internship. I can think of
the use of the experience from my projects. Some theoretical knowledge gained during
my graduation and post-graduation do helped me a lot to carry forward my assigned work
in the internship research in general; I was taught some basics on data collection, data
processing and setting-up research projects. This is reasonable and I have seen that within
research projects you acquire the skills and knowledge needed.
Skills and knowledge that might be improved to work in a professional environment:
Although we learn and develop the necessary skills and knowledge while working in an
industry, there are several things that I could improve already. I did not have totally clear
idea what activities I could have done to reach my learning goals. Therefore during my
stay I had some difficulties to determine tasks that I could carry out.
In advance of my internship I talked with the organization about the project in
which I could participate, however clear agreements on my activities were made. Other
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aspects to which I want to pay attention in general are: defining a clear research question
and determine what data collection and analysis is suitable. I often have the tendency to
concentrate more on data collection activities. Also in the internship I have seen that it is
important to have your research clear, because it guides you in the process.
The participation in the meeting with upper management and conversation with
co-workers made me enthusiastic. Before I had some doubts whether internship in this
company could end in useful results and career, I witnessed there were many customers
each with their own interests towards the company products. However even our manager
promised that our project will also be showcased to the several customers because of
which we became really more committed. It was interesting to hear the ideas and
discussions between the project manager and co-workers and even general meetings were
held with all different project teams.
These kinds of meetings are of importance, because they contribute to a better
understanding among the different fields of engineering. It permits that information can
be passed and topics can be discussed in more depth. It is also a way to make each other
enthusiastic and it stimulates to put things into action. Through the internship I learned
about conservation and management, but I want to learn more about it. Especially the
regulation, protection and management by policy and the way how employees inside the
industry interact and work in teams were interest ing topics.
The influence on future career plans: Before my internship, I had some doubts about my
future career. I was not sure if I would choose to continue in IT industry or teaching. I
also did not know what type of research I would like to do. Through this internship, I
have seen what elements of my career I like and I got enthusiastic again to continue in IT
industry. I have found out that part of the research should contain innovative technical
works as I did in the internship.
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4.2 NON-TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
4.2.1 Communication Skills
4.2.1.1 Verbal Communication
Verbal communication, also known as speaking, is an important form of communication
in a healthcare facility. During the course of a work day most healthcare workers spend
time talking with coworkers, supervisors, managers, or patients. Planning and organizing
our thoughts is a critical part of verbal communication. This involves thinking about who
will receive the message and what we want to convey. Making notes before a phone call,
having an agenda for a meeting, or researching information we wish to give to someone
in advance are all methods we