Report on Japan Study in Cognitive Radio and Networks

Report

on

Japan Study in Cognitive Radio and Networks

Code OHTI 93/25/2010

August 31, 2011

Shingo OHMORI

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Contents

1. Back ground of active cognitive R&D in Japan ............................................................... 6

2. Outline of R&D history of cognitive radio in Japan ........................................................ 7

2.1. Term of cognitive radio ........................................................................................................ 7

2.2. MASCOT (Mobile Access Signaling Card On Telecommunication systems) (1997-2000) 8

2.3. MIRAI (Multimedia Integrated network by Radio Access Innovation) project (2000-2005)

8

3. Basic concept of cognitive radio ....................................................................................... 11

3.1. Background of cognitive radio ........................................................................................... 11

3.2. Basic concept of cognitive radio ........................................................................................ 11

4. Two types of cognitive radio and cognitive radio network ............................................ 13

4.1. Heterogeneous type ............................................................................................................ 13

4.2. Spectrum sharing type ........................................................................................................ 13

4.3. Configuration of cognitive radio network .......................................................................... 14

5. Cognitive Wireless Network: “Cognitive Wireless Cloud” proposed by NICT ........... 16

5.1. Cognitive wireless cloud .................................................................................................... 16

5.2. Heterogeneous type cognitive radio system ....................................................................... 17

5.3. Spectrum sharing type cognitive radio system ................................................................... 19

6. Key technologies ................................................................................................................ 22

6.1. Hardware platform ............................................................................................................. 22

6.2. Software platform ............................................................................................................... 23

7. Governmental radio policy ............................................................................................... 23

7.1. Outline ................................................................................................................................ 23

7.2. “e-Japan” policy (2001-2005) ............................................................................................ 25

7.3. “u-Japan” policy (2006-2010) ............................................................................................ 26

7.4. Detailed information of policy package of u-Japan ........................................................... 29

7.5. Government activities for future visions and technologies ................................................ 32

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7.5.1. Study group for “Future visions of radio utilizations” under Radio policy committee”

(2008.10-2009.4) ........................................................................................................................ 32

7.5.2. Study group of “Advanced ITS radio systems” (2008.10-2009.6)- ........................... 37

7.5.3. Study group for “Future vision of new radio utilizations” (2009.12-2010.7) ............ 38

8. Legal development/spectrum allocation .......................................................................... 40

8.1. Information and Communications Council, MIC ............................................................... 40

8.2. Working group of spectrum allocation for realization of wireless broadband (2009-2010)

41

8.3. R&D funding systems based on ICT policies of MIC ........................................................ 43

8.3.1. R&D programs by the fund of “Spectrum User Fee” System.................................... 43

8.3.2. SCOPE (Strategic Information and Communications R&D Promotion Program) .... 45

9. Trends of technologies, research activities and key players .......................................... 47

9.1. NICT .................................................................................................................................. 47

9.1.1. Overview .................................................................................................................... 47

9.1.2. Network (for Heterogeneous type) ............................................................................ 48

9.1.3. Cognitive terminal prototype (for Heterogeneous type) ............................................ 50

9.1.4. Cognitive base station prototype (for Heterogeneous type) ....................................... 51

9.1.5. Cognitive base station Prototype (for Spectrum sharing (White space) type) ........... 55

9.2. Joint project of ATR/KDDI/Hitachi/Mitsubishi for MIC R&D project ............................. 57

9.3. ATR (Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute) ................................................. 59

9.4. KDDI R&D Lab. ................................................................................................................ 62

9.5. Hitachi, Ltd ........................................................................................................................ 64

9.6. NTT Network Innovation Laboratories .............................................................................. 65

9.7. Toyota infoTechnology center co., LTD. ............................................................................ 66

9.8. Professors and Universities ................................................................................................ 67

9.8.1. Professor Kei Sakaguchi, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Leader of SCOPE Project;

2006-2009) ................................................................................................................................. 67

9.8.2. Associate Professor Dr. Takeo FUJII, The University of Electro-Communications

(SCOPE; 2009-2012) .................................................................................................................. 68

9.8.3. Associate Professor Kenichi OKADA, Tokyo Institute of Technology (SCOPE;

2010-2013) ................................................................................................................................. 69

9.8.4. Professor Dr. Seiichi Sampei, Osaka University ........................................................ 69

9.8.5. Associate Professor Dr. Mikio Hasegawa, Tokyo University of Science ................. 69

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9.8.6. Professor Dr. Yukitoshi Sanada, Keiko University .................................................... 70

9.8.7. Professor Yuji Oie, Kyushu Institute of Technology .................................................. 71

10. Trend of standardization .................................................................................................. 73

10.1. Overview of standardization related to cognitive wireless clouds ..................................... 73

10.2. ITU –R (International Telecommunications Union – Radio communication Sector) ..... 76

10.3. IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) ............................................ 77

10.3.1. IEEE1900 ................................................................................................................... 77

10.3.2. IEEE1900.4 ................................................................................................................ 78

10.3.3. IEEE802 ..................................................................................................................... 81

10.3.4. Main contributions of NICT to IEEE1900 and IEEE802 working groups ................ 81

11. Status of test-bed ............................................................................................................... 82

11.1. YRP test-bed ...................................................................................................................... 82

11.2. Fujisawa city -large scale fields evaluation- ...................................................................... 83

11.3. Otsuchi town: -Unexpected real field evaluation in case of disaster- ................................ 85

11.4. Singapore on white space technology trials ....................................................................... 89

12. Market trend ...................................................................................................................... 90

12.1. Examples of market estimation .......................................................................................... 90

12.2. Market scenarios ................................................................................................................ 90

12.2.1. The first step .............................................................................................................. 90

12.2.2. The second step .......................................................................................................... 91

12.2.3. The third step ............................................................................................................. 92

12.3. Present wireless cognitive terminals on the market ........................................................... 92

13. Impact to business model or key drivers of market ....................................................... 94

13.1. Heterogeneous type ............................................................................................................ 94

13.2. Frequency sharing (white space) type ................................................................................ 95

13.3. Future prospect of cognitive radio...................................................................................... 97

14. Possible EU-collaboration ................................................................................................. 99

14.1. Collaboration with Japan .................................................................................................... 99

14.2. Collaboration with China ................................................................................................. 103

14.3. Collaboration with Taiwan ............................................................................................... 103

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14.4. Collaboration with Thailand ............................................................................................. 104

List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... 105

Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 109

Biography ................................................................................................................................. 110

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1. Back ground of active cognitive R&D in Japan

In these years in Japan, the effective usages of frequency spectrum have been remarkably

improved by the innovation of radio technologies such as small zones, half rate, CDMA (code

division multiple access), and HSPA/EVDO (high speed packet access/evolution data only).

Figure- 1-1 shows a change of communication environments and the improvements efficient

usages of frequency resources in these 16 years from Hanshin disaster in 1995 to East Japan

disaster in 2011.

In spite of these innovative technologies, there are almost no rooms to allocate new frequency

bands to increased demands. In these sever spectrum conditions, the mobile communication

operators have to provide new services to keep present customers and to develop new

customers.

Operators have to make great efforts to use their resources of spectrum and networks more and

more effectively by new technologies.

Cognitive radio is greatly expected to reduce the burden of operators and support to provide

new services to customers.

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Figure- 1-1 Change of communication environments and the improvements of efficient

usage of frequency resources in these 16 years from Hanshin disaster to East Japan disaster.

2. Outline of R&D history of cognitive radio in Japan

2.1. Term of cognitive radio

The term of “Cognitive radio” was used by J. Mitora III, "Cognitive radio: making software

radios more personal," in Personal Communications, IEEE , vol.6, no.4, pp.13-18, August,

1999”. The paper described that cognitive radio extends the software radio with radio-domain

model-based reasoning about such the set of RF bands as air interfaces, protocols, and spatial

and temporal patterns that moderate the use of the radio spectrum.

Change of communication environmentsin 16 years (from 1995 disaster to 2011 disaster)

OHP‐1

Public phone0.8 millions

Wired phones60.2 millions

Mobile phone4.33 millionsBW: 136 MHz

Pager9.35 millions

Wired phones57.5 millions

Mobile phone118.2 millionsBW: 320 MHz

PHS(1995.7～)3.68millions

0.95times

1 9 9 5 .1 .1 7( HanshinDisaster)

2 01 1 .3 .11( East Japan

Disaster)

Improvement of frequency usages

(times)Small zones: 2‐3Half rate: 2CDMA: 1.5Micro cell: 2‐2.5HSPA/EVDO: 5Total: 60‐90 times

Public phone0.28 millions

Pager0.15 millions

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2.2. MASCOT (Mobile Access Signaling Card On Telecommunication systems)

(1997-2000)

In Japan, the MASCOT is the first R&D project related to the present cognitive radio systems.

In 1997, the MASCOT was proposed by Hase, Okada and Wu of CRL (Communications

Research Laboratory, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, present NICT: National

Institute of Information and Communications Technology).

In that age, there were several mobile services, for example, cellular system, PHS,

Teleterminal, and so on. Moreover, there were several operators which operated the same

services. Each operator had its dedicated location registration system for its subscribers to

provide the terminal mobility.

The key point of MASCOT was to propose a novel basic mobile access system, which may

realize personal mobility in mobile communications independent of services and frequencies.

The MASCOT system used a small radio card for bi-directional low-bit-rate data

communications, and provided only signaling function and location registration function using

a dedicated out-band common signaling channel.

2.3. MIRAI (Multimedia Integrated network by Radio Access Innovation)

project (2000-2005)

As part of the “e-Japan” program, the MIRAI (Multimedia Integrated network by Radio

Access Innovation) project succeeded MASCOT project in 2002 to develop new

technologies to enable seamless integration of various wireless access systems for practical

use by the year 2005.

In the MIRAI project, the requirements on a new-generation wireless systems (in 2002, the

forthcoming 4G systems were targeted) were discussed.

The fundamental goal was to make the existence of heterogeneous networks transparent to

users. Another goal was to design a system architecture that is independent of the wireless

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access technology. These considerations lead to the following requirements, which are almost

the same requirements for the present cognitive radio systems.

(1) Multi-service user terminal (MUT)

Having multiple wireless air-interface modules, which may be implemented either by

multi-mode air-interfaces or by a SDR (software-defined radio)-based reconfigurable

air-interface, an MUT has a capability to access to available RANs (radio access networks).

(2) Wireless system detection

For an MUT at a specific geographic location to use the RAN (Local Area Network) that meets

the user’s physical capability as well as the utilization policy, it must detect how many RANs

are available in that area.

(3) Wireless system selection

An important feature of a heterogeneous network is that an MUT can select the most

appropriate one from a number of available RANs. The system selection is based on both the

user’s utilization policy (e.g., price, data transmission rate, battery life, service grade, etc.) and

the current traffic status of RANs (e.g., available bandwidth, congestion status, etc.).

(4) Mobility management

The system must enable QoS guaranteed seamless handover within the same RAN (horizontal)

and among different RANs (vertical) through the development of corresponding technologies.

(5) Location update and paging

The system must be RAN-independent and user-transparent; it must be secure and must ensure

low signaling load, integrated controlling and managing, and roaming-supported location

update. Location update technologies should enable heterogeneous paging for MUTs.

(6) Personal mobility

Personal mobility in heterogeneous networks is more important than in homogeneous ones. A

user with a personal ID should be able to access different RANs. It should be noted that some

of these requirements are closely related to each other. Finding a solution for one requirement

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may provide solutions for others. In developing our architecture, NICT try to the extent

possible, to build upon the existing protocols to minimize the required effort, and to ensure

system compatibility with existing protocols and applications.

In 2001, NICT developed a proof-of-concept prototype shown in Figure- 2-1. Cognitive

wireless Clouds

NICT has carried out the R&D of cognitive wireless systems since 2005 after MIRAI project.

In these years, the project is called “CWC (Cognitive Wireless Cloud)”, which will be

described in detail in Chapter 5.

In parallel with the CWC project, MIC (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) has

funded to conduct the R&D of cognitive radio in academia and industries.

Figure- 2-1 shows an R&D history of cognitive radio network in Japan.

Figure- 2-1 History of R&D of heterogeneous type cognitive wireless network

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3. Basic concept of cognitive radio

3.1. Background of cognitive radio

We have been living in a ubiquitous society where people can access anything, anywhere,

anytime through networks regardless of time and location for the past 10 years, and

consequently, multimedia communications by means of compact mobile terminals have gained

popularity.

Concurrently, the communication rates and other requirements for wireless communications

have dramatically extended. These requirements will increasingly expand, and to meet them, a

wide variety of high-speed wireless systems have been developed. With growth of mobile

communications, frequency assignments are getting difficult; particularly in the frequency

bands from VHF to 6 GHz suited for mobile communications. It has become very difficult to

allocate new frequencies for new wireless services.

To solve the problem, research and development efforts to realize the cognitive radio

technologies are being carried on.

3.2. Basic concept of cognitive radio

Cognitive radio is a radio system that senses, and recognizes operational communication

environments and can dynamically and autonomously adjusts its radio operating such

parameters as frequency, transmission power and data rates without interferences to other

systems. Accordingly, a user can establish communications with required capacity and

quality. Figure- 3-1 shows a conceptual image of a cognitive radio terminal.

In the Figure- 3-1, we assume that a mobile user is going to use a cognitive mobile phone.

There are several communication services such as IEEE802.11g (Wi-Fi, 2.4 GHz), 3G cellular

(2 GHz) and IEEE802.16e (WiMAX, 2.5 GHz) in the communication environment. There is

also a low interference to the WiMAX systems.

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Figure- 3-1 Conceptual image of a cognitive radio terminal

The procedure of a cognitive terminal to establish a communication channel consists of

following three steps.

(1) The first step: Recognition of frequency environments.

A cognitive terminal will sense communication environments and detect frequencies

which are in use or not in use. A terminal has to scan wide frequency bands, which cover

possible communications in services.

(2) The second step: Think and decision

According to the results of recognition of environments, a terminal has to decide and select

a system based on a policy such as communication costs, data speed, communication

3G cellular2 GHz

WiMAX2.5 GHz

Interference

3.Change functions to WiMAX

User would like to select broadband and high‐mobility

wirelesscommunication system

WiMAX on 2.5GHz suffers lowinterferences

1.Recognition of frequency environmentsCognitive terminal will sense the environments

802.11g2.4 GHz

A reconfiguration software that realizes WiMAXwill be

installed in the terminal and the user can use a function of

WiMAX

2.Think and decisionCognitive terminal will think and decide the system based on the policy.

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quality and /or mobility. In any cases, a terminal or a base station has to select a system

and a channel, which avoids interferences to and from other systems.

(3) The third step: Change function of spectrum managements

A terminal selects the optimal system or a user will select her favorite system from the

menu to change the function to establish communication channels of the selected system,

which procedure is called reconfiguration.

Cognitive radio technology is to make frequency use more efficient and to make services

more high quality by recognizing radio environments near the user terminal.

4. Two types of cognitive radio and cognitive radio network

4.1. Heterogeneous type

Cognitive radio technologies can be divided into two types as shown in Figure- 4-1. A

heterogeneous type aims at the connection with existing radio system that is assigned with a

dedicated frequency band, so that it can positively use a radio system having surplus wireless

resources or select a radio system in accordance with the user's purpose to implement desired

communications.

4.2. Spectrum sharing type

On the other hand, the method to use vacant frequency bands is called spectrum sharing type (or

white space type) cognitive radio. In spectrum sharing type, vacant frequency bands include

vacant bands and vacant time slots of existing systems (primary operators) as well as vacant

bands not in use. By sensing vacant frequency band and time slot, users can use adequate

bandwidth by bundling vacant frequency bands. In operating spectrum sharing type cognitive

radios, cooperation with networks are essential in order to coexist with the system which is

serviced by a primary operator.

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Figure- 4-1 Two types of cognitive radio technologies. Heterogeneous type cognitive radio

(left) and Spectrum sharing type cognitive radio (right).

4.3. Configuration of cognitive radio network

When a cognitive radio technology is applied to heterogeneous (consists of different systems)

wired networks, an ideal cognitive wireless network can be established where terminals, base

stations, and wireless access network can be selected or reconfigured with optimum

performance.

As shown in Figure- 4-2, in a cognitive wireless network, the measured data of terminals and

base stations are reported to the core network, and by conducting the statistic processing and

machine learning on the part of the core network, reconfiguring requests for the operating

frequencies and communication systems can be issued to the radio access network (RAN).

Additionally, the network policy for supporting the terminals to select the RAN and base station

is provided from the network.

Current frequency allocation method

System A System B System C

Frequency(not allocated)

Freq.

Freq.

System A System B System C

Freq.

System ASystem B System C

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Figure- 4-2 Configuration of Cognitive Radio Network

This allows the use of wireless resources that can be determine by two or more decentralized

units, so that suppression of radio interference and traffic load balancing from the viewpoint of

an entire area can be effected through collaboration of units, and consequently, such a decision

making that cannot be conducted by a single radio system. A cognitive radio network is

organized with two or more cognitive radio systems.

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5. Cognitive Wireless Network: “Cognitive Wireless Cloud”

proposed by NICT

5.1. Cognitive wireless cloud

The cognitive radio systems which are working with cooperation with networks are called

Cognitive radio and Dynamic spectrum access network or CWC (Cognitive wireless clouds).

In CWC, a NRM (Network Reconfiguration Manager) installed in networks collect measured

data of each terminal such as data speed, delay time, throughputs and signal strength. The

NRM will analyze collected data and feedback the optimized information to the terminal to

make it access to the most appropriate wireless system in more efficient and effective.

In the research project on cognitive wireless network in NICT, a cognitive wireless network

named cognitive wireless clouds (CWC) has been proposed [1].

[1] H. Harada, H. Murakami, K. Ishizu, S. Filin, Y. Saito, H. Tran, G. Miyamoto, M.

Hasegawa, Y. Murata, and S. Kato, “A Software Defined Cognitive Radio System: Cognitive

Wireless Cloud,” IEEE Globecom 2007, Washington, USA, Nov. 2007.

The CWC is defined that in which radio equipments with multiple different air interfaces

autonomously utilize the most appropriate infrastructure wireless networks/spectrums, and

configure their own reconfigurable wireless network by

sensing context information from available wireless networks/spectrums,

storing the context information in the cloud network as database,

analyzing available context information,

dynamically making spectrum access decisions on the most appropriate configuration

set(s) / spectrum (s) that can fulfill user’s and/or network operator’s policy such as

Maximization of throughput or capacity,

Minimization of radiation of interference,

Highly-maintained co-existence between wireless networks managed by CWC,

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reconfiguring themselves seamlessly to the selected set(s).

As shown in Figure- 5-1, the CWC will be applied to both cases of heterogeneous and

spectrum sharing types of cognitive radios and in each case, a base station or a terminal will

have cognitive function.

Figure- 5-1 Cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum access network (Cognitive wireless clouds)

has two types of spectrum sensing method.

5.2. Heterogeneous type cognitive radio system

There are two cases in heterogeneous type cognitive radio system. The first case of that a

terminal has a spectrum sensing function as shown in Figure- 5-2.

TRM manages sensing and sends the information to NRMs. NRMs manage to sense

RAN-related context information and make policy using terminal-related and RAN-related

context information. TRM receives the policy and finally decides frequency bands and

communication systems to be used.

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Figure- 5-2 Heterogeneous type cognitive radio system (case 1: Terminal has a spectrum

sensing function). Copyright © 2009 NICT

The second case of that a base station has a spectrum sensing function as shown in Figure- 5-3.

Figure- 5-3 Heterogeneous type cognitive radio system (case 2: Base station has a spectrum


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In this case, cognitive base station will take the following procedures;

(1) Sense existing communication radio access technologies (RATs) such as 3G, WiMAX …

(2) share the sensing information between NRM and cognitive base station reconfiguration

manager (CBRM)

(3) Use well‐known wireless access system such as WLAN to communicate between CBS and

terminal

(4) Include routing function between the selected RATS and wireless access system between

CBS and terminal

(5) Realize infrastructure less wireless LAN access point that can connect internet without

wired network.

5.3. Spectrum sharing type cognitive radio system

As shown in Figure- 5-1, there are two cases in spectrum sharing type cognitive radio system.

The first case is that a base station has a spectrum sensing function as shown in Figure- 5-4.

Basic operation procedure is;

(1) CBSs (cognitive base stations) sense vacant frequency and time slot

(2) Share the sensing information between NRM and cognitive base station reconfiguration

manager (CBRM)

(3) CBSs decide their operational frequency band and time

(4) In the decided frequency band, CBS starts their own PHY (physical) and MAC (media

access control).

This system has a following feature;

(1) CBSs can select an operational frequency band by themselves

(2) CBSs can control its operational bandwidth and may realize super broadband

communication system if additional frequency is available

(3) Easy to extend a kind of femto-cell application

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Figure- 5-4 Spectrum sharing type cognitive radio system (case 1: Base station has a spectrum


The second case is that cognitive terminals (CTs) have spectrum sensing function as shown in

Figure- 5-5.

In this case, cognitive terminal s (CTs) senses its operational environment and finds the vacant

frequency band. Then, if CTs find the frequency band, the CTs communicate each other by

using ad-hoc communication links. In some cases, CTs may connect with the Internet. And the

other CTs can connect with internet via the CTs that can connect the Internet.

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Figure- 5-5 Spectrum sharing type cognitive radio system (case 2: Terminal has a spectrum


As described in this section, CWC is a user (terminal) centric network. It is therefore possible

to be extended to an operator (carrier) independent networking. For optimization of radio

resource management of such a scalable network having multiple operator networks and

terminals, distributed optimization and management methods by using CNMs should be

applied to keep using the most appropriate wireless configurations adaptively.

Cognitive radio and Dynamic spectrum access (CR/DSA) technology is defined as a radio or

system that senses, and is aware of, its operational environment and can dynamically and

autonomously adjust its radio operating parameters accordingly by collaborating wireless and

wired networks [2][3] as shown in Figure- 5-5.

[2] H. Harada, “Software defined radio prototype toward Cognitive Radio Communication

Systems,” IEEE Dyspan 2005, vol. 1, pp.539-547, Nov. 2005.

[3] H. Harada, “A software defined cognitive radio prototype,” IEEE PIMRC 2007, Sept.

2007.

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6. Key technologies

6.1. Hardware platform

Figure- 6-1 shows a typical configuration of a cognitive terminal consisting of hardware

devices such as an antenna, filters, amplifiers, mixer, a synthesizer, analogue-digital (A/D) and

D/A converters and signal processors.

In order to scan wide frequency bands which cover many communication services in operation,

a cognitive radio requires a broadband RF (radio frequency) unit, especially from VHF

(30-300 MHz) up to 6GHz. Some devices such as antennas and mixers are simply but very

difficultly required to cover these wide frequency bands. However, such devices as filters

and amplifiers are required not only broadband but also “tunable” to a certain bandwidth

suitable for sensing a desired system over VHF-up to 6GHz. From this point, intelligent

filter-banks to sense existing radio communication systems are essential.

Figure- 6-1 Typical configuration of cognitive radio terminal

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6.2. Software platform

In order to sense, detect and reconfigure the radio system, a software algorithm plays very

important role in the cognitive radio.

As a basic software platform (radio reconfiguration manager), the following factors are

required;

• Work on the several CPUs

• Equip an open access point interface (API)

• Easily changeable parameters for spectrum sensing

• Equip arranged profiling procedure

• Block all of attacks for the waveforms (virus)

The core and essential parts of software of cognitive radio function are the following software

algorithms order to realize the optimum communication links for users and systems.

• the fast selection and decision of the system,

• a high-speed system-sensing algorithm

• a high response reconfiguration algorithm for terminals and base stations and

• network system architectures, which can perform the resource managements cooperation

with terminals, base stations and networks.

7. Governmental radio policy

7.1. Outline

The first radio policy related to a concept of “cognitive radio” was mentioned in the “e-Japan”

policy. In September 2000, the Japanese government announced “e-Japan” policy and

according to this policy, “e-Japan strategy and program” were drafted in 2001.

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As described in the following sections, a main target of e-Japan program was to deploy high

speed communication environments and make Japan the most advanced country in the world

in the end of 2005.

As shown in Figure- 7-1, the e-Japan policy was followed by u-Japan policy in 2006, which

main target was to realize “ubiquitous network society” based on broadband networks. In

ubiquitous networks, a seamless ubiquitous network environment should be created in

which people can receive services without being conscious of the networks of wired or

wireless. From a technical point of view, this will be realized by cognitive radio networks.

According to these main ICT policies and strategies, MIC (Ministry of Internal affairs and

Communications) has many committees and study groups to draft future visions and

technologies to be realized and developed.

Cognitive radio systems have been developed in these contexts of e-Japan and u-Japan

strategies of the Japanese government.

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Figure- 7-1 Steps taken in Japan on ICT strategies from e-Japan to u-Japan.

7.2. “e-Japan” policy (2001-2005)

The first radio policy related to “cognitive radio” may be the “e-Japan” policy. In September

2000, the Japanese government announced “e-Japan” policy and according to this policy,

“e-Japan strategy and program” were drafted in 2001.

The program consists of five main targets;

(1) Promotion of high speed Internet

(i) Highest level of information and communication networks in the world.

(ii) Secure of security and reliability of advanced information and communication

networks

(2) Strengthen of human resource development and information-oriented of education

(3) Fulfillments of network contents

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(4) Promotion of e-government

(5) Strengthen international programs

According to e-Japan program, MPT (Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication), present MIC

(Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications), started several study committees and

councils on future wireless technologies and systems, advanced wireless systems and new

policy of frequency allocations.

Figure- 7-2 shows a global attainment level of e-Japan strategy.

Figure- 7-2 Target and the results of e-Japan strategy.

7.3. “u-Japan” policy (2006-2010)

The “u-Japan policy” aimed at realizing the “Ubiquitous Network Society.” The

e-Japan strategy focused on the deployments of infrastructure such as optical fiber networks

and high speed (broadband) communication environments. On the other hand, u-Japan has

focused on from “e”(electronics)Electronics to “u” Ubiquitous (Figure- 7-3).

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Figure- 7-3 “u-Japan” to realize ubiquitous society based on “e-Japan” programs for the

world's most advanced IT nation.

In u-Japan policy, a policy package with the following basic points was promoted as shown in

Figure- 7-4.

(1) From Broadband to Ubiquitous

The first is the development of ubiquitous networks.

The goal of broadband infrastructure improvement which is set in “e-Japan Strategy” has

been achieved.

The development of infrastructure in the past mainly centered on wired connections,

ranging from narrowband to broadband such as DSL, cable networks, and fiber optics.

However, under “the u-Japan policy,” a seamless ubiquitous network environment will be

created in which people can receive services without being conscious of the networks

(wired or wireless).

MIC aims to prepare the seamless access environment in every scene, by organic

cooperation between fixed networks and wireless networks, and between terminals and

networks, or between authentication, data exchange and networks.

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As a result, ICT environment that networks are integrated into all aspects of everyday life

at the grassroots level is realized.

(2) From introducing ICT to resolution by ICT

The second is an enhancement of the ICT usage.

ICT usage in the past had emphasized pioneering informatization and supported the fields

where the informatization had not been developed.

Now, the “u-Japan Policy” focuses on resolving various social problems such as the falling

birthrate and the aging population.

As a result, people will realize that ICT is a tangible and helpful tool to resolve various

social issues.

(3) Upgrading enabling environment

The third is improving the user environment.

As ICT has penetrated deeply into people's lives, worries and disturbances over privacy

and information security that are emerging in cyber society have increased.

In order to prevent such problems , so-called “negative aspects of ICT”, it is necessary to

upgrade enabling environment and to take comprehensive and concrete measures.

By developing policies in line with these three basic points, the u-Japan Policy aim to

realize a value-creation oriented society in which ICT penetrates deeply into people's

lives, and new values emerge one after another through creative ICT usage.

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Copyright © 2007 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

Figure- 7-4 Four packages of u-Japan policy.

Cognitive radio systems have been developed in these contexts of e-Japan and u-Japan

strategies.

7.4. Detailed information of policy package of u-Japan

The following are the more detailed of each package.

(A) Policy package (1): Development of Ubiquitous Networks

ICT will permeate all aspects of our daily lives at the grassroots level. To achieve this, we

must "develop ubiquitous networks so they can integrate fixed networks and wireless networks

into a seamless access environment.'"

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Communications networks have evolved up until now mainly in the form of fixed broadband

networks. But, now the aim is to prepare and enhance the communications environment so that

anyone, anywhere at any time will be able to access easily anything, in order to obtain

information over both fixed and wireless networks without really be concerned which they

are using.

The overall objective is to create a society where all the people in Japan will be able to enjoy

access to high-speed or ultra-high speed networks.

Figure- 7-5 Policy package (1): Development of Ubiquitous Networks.

(B) Policy package (2): Advanced usage of ICT

Expectations are high that ICT will be used actively and prove to be an effective tool in our

daily lives and economic activities to solve the various issues society faces.

To make this possible, certain aspects of our social system must change in order to make it

easier for ICT to be applied, such as modifying systems, customs, and habits that may not

readily accommodate ICT.

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The aim is to have 80% of the population in Japan by 2010 believe that ICT is useful in

solving issues.

Figure- 7-6 Policy package (2): Advanced usage of ICT.

(C) Policy package (3): Upgrading Enabling Environment

When networks have been spreading to every aspect of society, not all will result in good.

Many new issues and problems will occur. For example, concerns will probably increase with

regard to personal privacy, data security, and network problems.

To alleviate these concerns, there must be drastic improvements made to the usage

environment of ICT and necessary programs and countermeasures must be in place.

These approaches aims to create ICT environments where at least 80% of the population in

Japan will feel totally safe and secure in using information communications.

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Figure- 7-7 Policy package (3): Upgrading Enabling Environment.

7.5. Government activities for future visions and technologies

7.5.1. Study group for “Future visions of radio utilizations” under Radio policy committee”

(2008.10-2009.4)

In October 24, 2008, the first meeting of a Study group for “Future visions of radio usages”

under Radio policy committee” was held.

The mission was to draft future visions of radio systems, applications, and technologies to be

realize in 2010s. Further, the study group discussed the technical and political matters of

effective use of frequency resources in 2010s.

The main subjects to be discussed were;

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(1) Draft images of new radio systems and services in 2010s.

(2) Study of effective usages of frequency resources in 2010s.

After nine meetings, in April, 2009, the study group published the report. The contents of the

report related to cognitive radio are as follows;

(1) The latest trends of radio usages.

Traffics will increase more than 200 times by 2020.

New radio technologies and systems will be available.

New service areas and applications of radio systems will be realized.

(2) Actions in progress to realize the new usages of radios.

R&D of cognitive radio technologies (MIC: 2005-2007, NICT, KDDI, Hitachi,

Mitsubishi electric, ATR)

R&D of cognitive wireless network (NICT: 2006-2010)

Software defined radio (NICT)

Seamless communications between W-CDMA and Wireless LAN

Multiband RF circuit covers from UHF to 6GHz

Software defined radio (KDDI)

Seamless communications between CDMA2000 and Mobile WiMAX

(3) Future trends of wireless broadband communications

Data speed will increase up to several tens of Gbps by extraordinary increase of

such rich contents as games, movies and music.

Deep penetration of wireless communications to personal levels. Several network

systems of mobile phones, W-LAN and broadband access will be used.

(4) New areas of radio utilizations in 2010s

Cognitive radio

Easy version ups of the present radio systems

Data transmissions using “white space” frequency band of Broadcasting.

Service Conversions of different radio systems.

(5) Future vision of radio systems and services in 2010s

Five growing areas will bring many effects to businesses, medical and educations

and will solve social problems in Japan

Wireless broadband systems

In house wireless systems

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Dedicated systems for safe and security (ITS, sensor networks)

Systems for medical care and low birthrates

Intelligent terminals

Five growing areas will be realized by the following technologies (Figure- 7-8)

Cognitive radio

Software defied radio

Authentication technology of radio systems

Subjects to be studied here after

Drafting of R&D and standardization strategies for six priority

technologies of (1) wireless authentication, (2) platform, (3) cognitive

radio, (4) networking, (5) software defined radio and (6) appliance. In

each technology, technical targets targeted year of standardization were

described.

Those targets of (3) cognitive radio are shown in Figure- 7-8 and Figure-

7-9, respectively.

Drafting of frequency reallocation scenarios for demands of new systems

and services.

Study of creating environments, which will promote smooth realization of

new systems and services.

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Figure- 7-8 New Radio Industry Development Strategy by MIC

New Radio Industry Development Strategy

Social Impact (Problem Solving)

The realization of the Radio

Industry Development Project

contributes to resolving problems facing Japan.

Aging population Environment & resources

Medical

Foods Disaster

Social disparity, etc.

Economical Impact (Market Creation)

Through the realization of the Radio Industry Development Projects,50 trillion‐yen‐scale RF‐related markets are expected to be created by 2020.

ive Promotion Programs

Clarify Gvt.‐led R&D for efficient spectrum usage, and the direction of band reallocation to extend the mobile phone band four times. Create the best action plan coordinating the two issues.

“Creating the Action Plan for Spectrum Reallocation”Coordinated with Research and Development

Support the development of spectrum usage technology through application development and field verification utilizing a test platform whereby comprehensive wireless R&D can be conducted.

“Development of Applications and Conducting Field Tests” that Utilizes User Participation Open Test Platform

Establish an industry, academia, & government forum to create an internationally expandable R&D and standardization strategy, growing out from the domestic‐oriented wireless business model.

Establishment of Broadband Wireless Forum” through Collaboration of Industry, Academia, and Government Aiming at International Expansion

Review the range of stations that do not require a license, and introduction of a proposal system for standard criteria creation. Preparation of a system to certify compliance with technological standards and verification for effective white space usage.

Research to ensure the safety of radio for human beings; establishment & improvement of radio monitoring system; countermeasures against technologically‐incompliant devices.

“Preparation of Radio Usage Environment” that Can Cope with Diversifying RF Environment

“Fundamental Revision of Radio Usage System” to Propel the Development of Radio Industries

Implement cross boundary environment preparations for the realization of the New Radio Industry Development Projects.

In addition to direct impact from

these markets, 70 trillion‐yen‐

scale indirect effect is expected. 2015 37.6 trillion yen

2020 68.9 trillion yen

The further 8 trillion‐yen‐scaleexport market is expected through active international expansion.

2015 6 trillion yen

2020 8 trillion yen

BroadbandWireless Project

◆Mobile broadband ◆Satellite system◆Digital broadcasting

Wireless

Authentication Tech.

Cognitive Radio Technology

Software‐Defined Radio

Tech.

Wireless Network

Wireless Platform

Wireless Appliances

Major R&D Topics to Be Promoted

IntelligentTerminal Project

◆Thin‐client terminals◆Wireless virtual reality communication

Medical and Aging Population Problem Wireless Project

◆Body area networks ◆Wireless robotics

Keeping Security and Safety Wireless Project

◆Sensor networks◆Safe & secure/private wireless system◆Wireless space/time infrastructure

In‐Home Wireless Project◆Wireless chip ◆Non‐contact broadband◆Wireless power supply

To allocate a 2 GHz-wide band to mobile phone networks, 4 times greater than now, add 1.4 GHz bandwidth in totalAllocate 21.4 – 22 GHz band to SHV satellite broadcastingAllocate 2 GHz band for Sat/Terr. Dual mode mobile

phone.

Allocate 400 MHz band for wireless medical system

Allocate VHF band for Wide Area Sensor NetworksAllocate 79 GHz band for ITS car radars, and 700 MHz band for inter-vehicle

communicationsAllocate 40 GHz band for advancement and broadband usage for trains, boats, and aircraft

Allocate quasi-millimeter wave bands (25/27 GHz bands) and millimeter wave bands (60 GHz, 70 GHz, and 120 GHz bands) for home broadband wireless Allocate VHF and microwave ISM bands for

wireless power supply

Conduct R&D of the technology to improve frequency usage efficiency 20 times by 2015 and 100 times by 2020, as well as other band utilization technologies

ive Radio Industry Development Projects

2

It is indispensable to realize the five Radio Industry Development Projects by 2015 and advance/develop them by 2020 in order to develop new radio industries, resolve a variety of social problems faced by Japan, and improve quality of life.

New wireless services and

related markets

Application services

Basic wireless services

Wireless infrastructure

Found 5 project coordinating the two issues, new frequency allocation and R&D.

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Figure- 7-9 Technical targets of cognitive radio technologies in 2010, 2015 and 2020.

T echnologies to realize2010 2015 2020

Control and share of vacant frequencies or interferences in one closed network in plural networks Real-time control system for high speed

mobiles

Selection of optimum system in one closed network with different frequency bands and systems

Automatic selection of an optimum system from various systems operated in different frequency bands or in the same frequency

Seamless handover among different systems with high speed mobility

Spectrum sensing in one closed network Automatic selection in a different or the same frequency bands and networks

Seamless handover among different systems with high speed mobility

Wideband antenna Singe antenna to cover VHF to 3GHz Reconfigurable antennas, single antennas to cover VHF to 5GHz

*Antenna which characteristics can be changed by software*Multiband antenna which covers VHF to UHF and its frequency band can be controlled by software

Implementation of plural systems Software of signal processing

*Advancement of software *Realization of several systems usages by software

*Advancement of software (signal processing of wideband RF signals)

Reconfigurable radio circuits Technology to process 20MHz baseband modulated signals

Terminal has several systems (GSM+WCDMA+WiMAX+LTE) realized by software

Simultaneous use of several systems and control or maintenance of software installed in a terminal

Ultra wideband and multiband radio circuits

*Multiband for analogue circuits *RF CMOS with a gate length 32nm

*Digitalization of analogue circuit *RF CMOS with a gate length 18nm *Low noise signal processing

*Software changes by digital circuits *CMOS RF circuits operated in low voltages *RF CMOS with a gate length 10nm

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Figure- 7-10 Targeted year of standardization of cognitive radio technologies in 2010,

2015 and 2020.

7.5.2. Study group of “Advanced ITS radio systems” (2008.10-2009.6)-

In October 29, 2008, the first meeting of a “Study group of Advanced ITS radio systems” was

held. Five study group meetings were held during half year from October 2008 to April 2009.

In between study group meeting, seven working meetings were held for detailed technical

discussions.

The mission was to draft future visions of radio systems, applications, and technologies to be

realize in 2010s. Further, the study group discussed the technical and political matters of

effective use of frequency resources in 2010s.

The main missions of the study group was to discuss future visions and technologies of

advanced ITS, which will provide safety and comfortable transportation systems.

2010 2015 2020

Control and share of vacantfrequencies orinterferences

Selection of optimumsystem

Spectrum sensing

Ultra wideband andmultiband radio circuits

Data base and network architecture2014

Commoditizationof user authentication technology 2015

Protocol for control share of vacant frequencies and interferences2018

Seamless handover technology

2010

Selectionof optimum system in the same network

2010

Highaccurate and reliable propagationestimation technology 2015

Radio resources allocation among networks 2015

Commoditizationof user authentication technology

2010

Commoditizationof interfaces betweendigital RF and DBB2015

digital RF by software2015

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In Chapter 5 “To realize safety drive support ITS system”, there is a sub section of “5.2.

Towards further advanced wireless systems”. This subsection is discussing four key

technologies to realize the advanced ITS;

(1) Multi-hop communications

(2) Communications of vehicle clusters

(3) Cognitive radios

(4) Communications between pedestrian and vehicle

In (3) cognitive radios, the following discussions are presented. Communication characteristics

of moving vehicles change from time to time and place to place. When cognitive radio

technologies are adopted, it is greatly expected to improve communication quality and to

reduce interferences with other systems.

Figure- 7-11 Example of application of cognitive radio to ITS. Cognitive radio can change

transmission speed depending on the distance and receiving signal power between and from

other vehicles.

7.5.3. Study group for “Future vision of new radio utilizations” (2009.12-2010.7)

In December 2, 2009, the first meeting of a “Study group for Future vision of new radio

utilizations” was held. Eleven study group meetings were held during eight months from

December 2009 to July 2010.

Change of information transmission speeds depending on distance and receiving power

Change of frequency resources and transmission time depending on the environments

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The main mission was to discuss how to use and how to promote “white space” radio

resources.

The final report published in July, 2010 consists of five chapters as follows;

(1) Chapter 1 Background of discussions

(2) Chapter 2 Expectations of white space for new applications

(3) Chapter3 Working in progress and examples in abroad

(4) Chapter4 Possibilities of white space utilizations in Japan

(5) Chapter5 To realize utilization of white space –study of measures to use white space-

Based on discussions and fields measurements shown in Chapter 4, the report mentioned the

following points for white space utilizations;

(1) In Europe and USA, there are many activities of R&D and standardizations on new

technologies such as cognitive radios to introduce white space utilizations.

(2) Along with R&D, deployments of commercial services using white space have been

studied in many countries.

(3) Also in Japan, social expectations are growing for that white space will be used for new

services such as “one segment broadcasting for small area”(*) and digital signage.

(*)“one segment broadcasting for small area”: An HDTV (ISDB-T) broadcast signal

occupies 12 segments, leaving the remaining (13th) segment for mobile and cellular phone

receivers. This one segment will be used to local information services in a small area.

(4) Implementation of new services and systems using white space should bring social and

economical effects such as development of active communities and promotion of job

opportunities in local regions.

(5) Conditions of frequency bands in which vacant space can be used as white space are

different depending on areas. In order to introduce new services using white space, it will

be good way to carry out pre-commercial experiments before institutionalized systems and

services. The areas where these pre-commercial experiments are carried out are called

“Special zone”.

As to the new technologies such as cognitive radios, the report concluded that;

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(1) R&D and systematic operational experiments based on R&D should be continuously

carried out.

(2) In order to strengthen world’s competitiveness, Japan should actively contribute to

standardization organizations such as IEEE, ETSI and ITU.

(3) Based on these activities, Japan should search for the deployments in other countries.

Figure- 7-12 shows a roadmap of new technologies such as cognitive radios for the utilization

of white spaces.

Figure- 7-12 Roadmap of cognitive radio technologies for white space utilizations

8. Legal development/spectrum allocation

8.1. Information and Communications Council, MIC

MIC (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) is in charge of legal development and

spectrum allocations. MIC has “Information and Communications Council” as a legal

organization to discuss important subjects on communications and radio wave utilizations,

which are inquired by a Minister of MIC.

Information and Communications Council has the following five subcommittees;

FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015

Activitiesof International stadardization

R&D and operational expeeriments

Discussions for the commercial deploymentsbased on R&D and operational experiments

Report

Cease of analouge TVCompletionof Channel repack

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(1) Subcommittee of technology for information and communications

(2) Subcommittee of policy for information and communications

(3) Subcommittee of policy for telecommunications business

(4) Subcommittee of policy for postal services

(5) Subcommittee of ITU

In order to proceed legal developments and spectrum allocations, required subjects will be

discussed at subcommittees of (1), (2) and (3) as final stages of formal decisions of MIC.

Before discussing at these committees, MIC usually sets up committees, study group or

working group consist of members from academia and industries to study and discuss technical

and political matters in detail.

These types of study groups related to cognitive radio are described in Chapter 7.5.

As to spectrum allocation, the same type of these study bodies had been held to discuss

spectrum allocation as described in the next chapter.

8.2. Working group of spectrum allocation for realization of wireless

broadband (2009-2010)

“Working group of spectrum allocation for realization of wireless broadband” had been held

eleven meetings from May 14, 2009 to November 30, 2010.

The main mission of this WG (working group) was to discuss plans and measures of spectrum

allocation to realize the most advanced wireless broadband environments in the world taking

account of present status of mobile phone services and international standardizations.

The final report was published in November, 2010. The report consists of following five

chapters.

(1) Chapter 1: Future prospect of radio wave utilization

(2) Chapter 2: Actions to reserve spectrum to realize wireless broadband

(3) Chapter 3: Basic policy for the allocation of 700MHz and 900MHz.

(4) Chapter 4: Plan and measures to realize wireless broadband

(5) Chapter 5: Action plans here after

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In Chapter 1, utilization of white space is mentioned in order to reserve or to make new

frequency resources. As mentioned in Chapter 7.5.3, white space will be utilized by cognitive

radio technologies. Also in Chapter 4 of the report, it mentions that R&D on cognitive radios

should be more focused on developing new technologies for effective use of white spaces.

The report shows the targets of spectrum reservations for wireless broadband services. By 2015,

Over 300 MHz spectrum bandwidth under 5 GHz should be allocated for mobile systems and

sensor network systems. And by 2015, over 1500 MHz bandwidth should be allocated for the

commercial introduction of 4G cellular services, and to prepare for broadband services of

aircraft, ships and railways.

In Figure- 8-1, action plan of spectrum repack to realize wireless broadband is shown (Chapter 5

of the Report).

Figure- 8-1 Action plan of spectrum repack to realize wireless broadband.

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8.3. R&D funding systems based on ICT policies of MIC

8.3.1. R&D programs by the fund of “Spectrum User Fee” System

In April 1, 1993, MIC (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications: former MPT)

introduced the Spectrum User Fee System in order to secure the fair use of radio waves. This is

to secure a radio user environment without mixed or obstructive signals, and also to digitalize

licensing procedures and promote a more efficient way of radio use, in order to cope with the

enormous increase in radio stations. Total revenue of 2010 fiscal year is about 700M US$.

As stipulated by the Radio Law, some parts of spectrum user fees have been used projects for

establishing the technical standards of radio equipment using technologies that contribute to

efficient utilization of radio waves.

These projects are not R&D, however, since 2005, the revenue of spectrum user fees have been

used for R&D projects because of enormous increase of subscribers of mobile phones and base

stations. By the end of 2020, the traffic of wireless communication systems is estimated to

increase over 200 times than the present one. In these R&D projects, Cognitive radio and

related technologies have been expected to contribute to develop new frequencies, efficient use

of frequency resources, and co share frequency bands with different systems.

The R&D projects are categorized into four technologies;

(1) Technologies for efficient use of frequency.

Technologies to make occupied frequency bands more narrow for more efficient use.

(2) Technologies for enhancements of frequency co-share.

Technologies to share frequency bands without interferences to the primary systems.

(3) Technologies for developing higher frequency resources

Technologies to develop new frequency bands over 6 GHz under which frequency bands

have been congested by many kinds of wireless systems.

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Research group of NICT and other research organizations got the research fund of “Spectrum

User Fee” System. The R&D project name is “R&D project of Key technologies for advanced

frequency shares in mobile communication systems”. The period of the project was from

December 2005 to March 2008.

This project consisted of five sub groups of with sub-project and members as follows;

(1) Key technologies to realize cognitive radio terminals

NICT

(2) Cognitive wireless communications

KDDI, KDDI Laboratories, Hitachi Ltd., Mitsubishi electric company, and ATR

(Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute)

(3) Efficient use technology of frequency in spacial domain.

ATR, NTT

(4) Super conducting filter technologies

Fujitsu, Fujitsu wireless systems, Fuji electric systems, Hokkaido University, Yamagata

University

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Figure- 8-2 Framework of R&D project on cognitive radio (2005-2008)

8.3.2. SCOPE (Strategic Information and Communications R&D Promotion Program)

The SCOPE was inaugurated by MIC in 2002 as a competitive-based funding program. The

main missions are to realize technical and social innovations in the fields of ICT (Information

and Communications Technologies) through supporting focused R&D projects, which will

contribute to make world’s competitiveness strong, to realize safe and secure Society, and to

realize healthy and rich ubiquitous networked societies.

SCOPE has the following five R&D categories in the fields of ICT;

(1) R&R projects for creating innovations

• Fund Maximum 20 million yen per year

• Duration Maximum three years

(2) R&D projects for enhancing innovations


NICT KDDIKDDI LaboratoryHitachiMitsubishi electricATR

ATRNTT

FujitsuFujitsu wireless systemsFujitsu electric systemsHokkaido UniversityYamagata University

R&D Project ofKey technologies for advanced frequency shares in mobile

communication systems(Dec. 2005-March 2008)

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication

1. Key technologies to realize cognitive terminals

2. Cognitive wireless technologies

3. Efficient use technologies of frequency in spacial domain

4. Superconducting filter technologies

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(3) R&D projects for promoting young researchers

• Ages under 35 years old



(4) R&D projects for regional developments

(1) Fund Maximum 10 million yen per year

(2) Duration Maximum two years

(5) R&D projects for strengthen world’s competitiveness



Since the start of SCOPE program, there are very few R&D projects related to cognitive radio

technologies, because such key technologies as software defined radio, networking, and

devices have been mainly carried out by the big-size R&D programs of MIC and NICT.

In Chapter 9, some examples of R&D project by SCOPE are described.

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9. Trends of technologies, research activities and key

players

9.1. NICT

9.1.1. Overview

NICT is one of the most excellent research organizations in the fields of cognitive radio

technologies in Japan. As mentioned in Chapter 2, NICT has a long history, experiences and

achievements in research and developments of cognitive radio technologies. Figure- 9-1 shows

a summarized history and research subjects from 1997 to 2010.

As mentioned in Chapter 2, in 1997, NICT (in that age, CRL: Communications Research

Laboratory of Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications) proposed “MASCOT” as a basic

concept of the present “Cognitive radio networks”. The key point was that “MASCOT”

proposed a novel basic mobile access system, which will realize personal mobility in mobile

communications independent of service and frequencies. Since 1997, NICT has continuously

carried out research and developments on cognitive radio technologies, which covers all areas

such as concepts, network architectures, devices, components, terminals, base stations and total

systems.

In the following subchapters, some R&D results of the system, terminals and base stations are

introduced.

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Figure- 9-1 Flow chart of R&D programs of cognitive radio at NICT

9.1.2. Network (for Heterogeneous type)

(1) Wireless access network architecture

NICT developed cognitive wireless network architecture (wireless clouds) which can

recognize the real time environments of wireless networks and establish communication

channels aggregating plural wireless systems. This architecture was proposed to IEEE P1900.4,

and was adopted as a baseline document and policy.

(2) Handover technology

R&D program of MIRAI (2001‐2005)

Media independent Handover Software defined radio

Seamless networkcollaborations

R&D program of Cognitive wireless clouds (2005‐2010)

Cognitive wireless terminalkey technologies

Seamless network technology using IEEE802 standard interface

Network initiated frequency assignment technology

Filtering technology of wireless information

Carrier independent handover technology

Cognitive technology of communication environment

Selecting technology of communication systems

Multiband antenna, multiband RF, digital signal processors

Software platform

R&D program of MASCOT (1997‐2000)

Concept of personal mobility in mobile communications independent of services and frequencies

Develop new technologies to enable seamless integration of various wireless access systems.

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NICT developed handover technology by which not only plural wireless links can be

seamlessly handed over, but also plural opertor’s wireless links can be seamlessly handed over.

Getting information from a network side, a terminal will change the link to an optimum one.

This process is called “DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Access).

(3) Wireless network control technology

This network technology can realize cognitive communications which extend to plural air

interfaces and wireless system operators.

Cognitive terminals and base stations will collect a lot of information by cognitive capabilities.

The developed technology can realize the method that can analyze and extract useful

information to send terminals and base stations. Also NICT developed an algorism that can

provide a possibility of aggregating plural operator’s wireless links and/or of showing base

station candidates to which a terminal will access in next.

Figure- 9-2 shows a dynamic spectrum access network test bed. Photo of left is a network

control unit and right is a monitor of network control status.

Figure- 9-2 Network control unit (left) and a monitor of network controls (Copyright ©

2009 NICT)

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9.1.3. Cognitive terminal prototype (for Heterogeneous type)

NICT developed a cognitive radio terminal, which can reconfigure communication systems by

cognitive radio and software platforms.

The procedures of the cognitive terminal for establishing the communication link are as

following steps. Marks (a), (b), (c) and (d) correspond to photos (a), (b), (c) and (d) in

Figure- 9-3, which show a display of the terminal.

1. Sense spectrum over 4000MHz (UHF) to 6GHz band and show spectrum usage: (a)

2. Indentify communication systems in selected frequency band by using software defined

radio (SDR) technology: (b)

– Set a target frequency band

– Install a software module that realizes a communication system and reconfigure radio

equipment-(*)

– Change frequency band

– Measure RSSI, BER, FER (Layer1), and connectivity (Layer 2) for each

communication system

– Identify whether the installed communication system is in the target frequency band or

not

– Back to (*) and install other software module for other communication system

3. Show available and connectable communication systems: (c)

4. Select favorite communication systems and start communication: (d)

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Figure- 9-3 Cognitive terminal and several menus on the displays (Copyright © 2009 NICT)

9.1.4. Cognitive base station prototype (for Heterogeneous type)

NICT developed a cognitive wireless base station (router) as shown in Figure- 9-4 . This

cognitive base station with function of a mobile wireless router has the following performance;

(1) Small and low-power consumption

(2) Accommodates several RAN connection methods (WiFi, HSDPA, WiMAX, PHS, etc.)

(3) Provides Internet connection to users behaving as a WLAN access point

(4) Provides sensing information to NRM (network reconfigurable manager)

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(5) Chooses the best RAN (radio access network) in terms of user’s preferences according to

sensing information and network policy from NRM

(6) Includes IEEE 1900.4 architecture that has been contributed by NICT

(7) This is the world-first prototype that include IEEE 1900.4 standardized technology

proposed by NICT

Figure- 9-5 and Figure- 9-6 show a configuration and main specifications of a base station,

respectively [H. Harada, et. al., “Research and development on heterogeneous type and

spectrum sharing type cognitive radio systems,” CrownCom 2009, Jun. 2009.]

.

Figure- 9-4 Two types of Cognitive base stations (routers)

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Cognitive Base station

CBMC

CBRC

CBRM

System 1

Wireless LAN

Interface

System 1WirelessLAN

WAN part

LAN part

Control path

Data path

Figure- 9-5 Configuration of a base station

i tem Specification

Sensing part

Sensing frequency band Dependent on communication systems connected via USB port (e.g. PHS, WiMAX, 3GPP, 3GPP2)

Wide Area Network part

Supported communication systems PHS, WiMAX, 3GPP, 3GPP2

Radio access network (RAN) selection framework

IEEE 1900.4 compliance

Local Area Network part

Communication frequency band 2400M～2497MHz

Communication bandwidth 20 MHz

PHYOFDM (52 carrier, 48 data subcarriers, 4 pilot subcariier)

PHY frame format 802.11a compliance

MAC protocol 802.11a based MAC

Output power Maximum 10 dBm

Figure- 9-6 Main specifications of a base station

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Figure- 9-7 shows an example in which the cognitive base station is implemented to a

heterogeneous type cognitive radio. This system relays public wireless networks with a

wireless LAN (local area network).

Figure- 9-7 Cognitive Radio Router System that can select and control radio communication

devices following the network policy: an example of heterogeneous type systems.

As additional function, CBS (cognitive base station) can communicate with server that

includes NRM (network reconfiguration manager). NRM can check RAN status and status of

CBS. NRM can manage RAN that CBS used and also select RAN that is adequate from the

viewpoint of network side.

By selecting a public wireless network in collaboration with a NRM (network reconfiguration

manager), it makes use of radio resources of an entire area with taking into consideration of the

user’s preference of wireless systems.

Connectedvia WLAN

Internet Connectionsvia WLANs, commercialHSDPA and PHS network

Mobile Wireless Router

NRM

PCs and PDAssupporting WLAN access

Developedin this project

Communication devices（CF type, USB type）

Internet

Provide information of RANs andaccess points to mobile routerconforming IEEE 1900.4 standard

NRM

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This system has such advantages that it allows not only a cognitive radio technology to bring

the effect from an early stage, but also facilitates the actual deployment without causing a user

to be aware of switching of wireless systems. Because, it can directly be deployed on an

existing radio communication network without the need of remodeling of existing facilities.

The technology transfer of this system from NICT to private enterprises has already completed,

and thus when a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) employs it, the extended

utilization of radio resources including the paradigm shift of radio communications network

can be expected.

9.1.5. Cognitive base station Prototype (for Spectrum sharing (White space) type)

NICT developed a spectrum sharing type cognitive base station and the prototype was press

presented in June, 2009. [H. Harada, et. al., “Research and development on heterogeneous type

and spectrum sharing type cognitive radio systems,” CrownCom 2009, Jun. 2009.]

The base station has the following features;

(1) Senses UHF TV band (400-770 MHz), 2GHz and 5GHz band to find vacant frequency

band

(2) Decides operational frequency band by CBRM and move to the frequency band

(3) Reconfigures itself by using 802.11a PHY and MAC on the decided frequency band and

transmits beacon to the mobile stations

(4) Continue to sense spectrum to check whether interfered with other users periodically even

if reconfiguration is finished

(5) Includes a modified IEEE 1900.4 architecture that has been contributed by NICT, CBRM,

CBMC, and CBRC

Figure- 9-8 show a photo of a cognitive base station for a spectrum sharing (white space) type

developed by NICT. A configuration and main specifications are shown in Figure- 9-9 and

Figure- 9-10, respectively.

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Figure- 9-8 Cognitive base station for a spectrum sharing (white space) type

Figure- 9-9 Configuration of Cognitive base station for a spectrum sharing (white space)

type

Chanel control

TX/RX Control

RF part

Frequency sensing controller

Waveform(PHY layer)

FPGA part

Frequency sensing

Waveform(MAC layer)

CBMC

CBRC

CBRM

Cognitive Base station

CPU part

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Figure- 9-10 Main specifications of Cognitive base station for a spectrum sharing (white

space) type

9.2. Joint project of ATR/KDDI/Hitachi/Mitsubishi for MIC R&D project

As mentioned in Chapter 8.3.1, MIC prompted “R&D project of Key technologies of advanced

frequency shares in mobile communication systems” by the fund of radio usage fee.

Figure- 9-11 Frame work of research group of the cognitive R&D project.

Item Specification

Sensing frequency band 470M-770MHz, 1884.5M-1919.6MHz, 2210M-2170MHz, 2400M-2497MHz, 2492.5M-2692.5MHz, 5160M-5330MHz

Communication frequency band

2400M-2692.5MHz , 5160M-5330MHz

Communication bandwidth 20MHz

PHY OFDM (52 carrier, 48 data subcarriers, 4 pilot subcarrier)

PHY frame format 802.11a compliance

MAC protocol 802.11a based MAC

Output power Maximum 10 dBm

NICT KDDIKDDI LaboratoryHitachiMitsubishi electricATR

ATRNTT

FujitsuFujitsu wireless systemsFujitsu electric systemsHokkaido UniversityYamagata University

R&D Project ofKey technologies for advanced frequency shares in mobile

communication systems(Dec. 2005-March 2008)

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication

1. Key technologies to realize cognitive terminals

2. Cognitive wireless technologies

3. Efficient use technologies of frequency in spacial domain

4. Superconducting filter technologies

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Figure- 9-11 (same to Figure- 8-2) shows again the frame work of research group of the project.

In this section, Group 2 of “Cognitive wireless technologies” will be introduced.

The main R&D targets of this group are

（１） Advanced sensing and prediction of radio environments

Sensing taking account of incident angles and signal wave polarizations.

Algorism of radio environments predictions

（２） Dynamic usages of radio resources in wireless links

High speed switching of multi-radio channel consisting of different systems.

Perfect compatibility of different systems by virtual links.

High reliability by adapting packet diversity

（３） Two dimensional usages of radio resources of whole wireless networks

Adaptive integration of different systems

Control of link passes and selection wireless systems taking account of

terminal relays.

Autonomous radio resources of layered mesh networks.

The image of R&D targets is shown in Figure- 9-12. This group consists of four research

organizations of Hitachi Ltd., Mitsubishi electric, ATR and KDDI. In Figure- 9-11, names of

research organizations and their research subjects are also shown.

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Figure- 9-12 Image of total R&D targets of the research group of 2 in the Cognitive project.

9.3. ATR (Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute)

ATR was inaugurated in 1986 as an international research company with a financial support of

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

ATR was one of the research organizations of “R&D Project of Key technologies for advanced

frequency shares in mobile communications systems” funded by MIC (Ministry of Internal

Affairs and Communications). Main mission was to conduct "Cognitive Radio" from the

viewpoints of network and its applications, recognizing it as the way providing an efficient use

of spectrum. ATR had conducted this project with KDDI R&D Lab., Mitsubishi Electric and

Hitachi with each R&D theme mission.

The targets of the project were the following three points.

(1) To provide the most optimum communication link among several communication

media (Wi-Fi, WiMAX, etc.) with selecting and combining the most efficient

wireless media depending on communication environments.

Control of radio resourcesControl of communication links

Autonomous networking amongbase stations

Control of radio resources by an integration of several wireless systems

Integrated platformof several

Control of radio resources on heterogeneous cells with mobility

Packet diversity

Wideband and reliable transmissions using multi channels

Control of communication routes considering network load balance

Autonomous topology managements of layered mesh networks

Sensing and prediction of radio environments

Control of link pass and selection of wireless system

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(2) To provide stable and reliable communication link which satisfies required QoS

by selecting and changing communications links with adapting to the change of

communication environments.

(3) To realize user friendly terminals and efficient frequency usages without

recognizing the change of communication media.

Three research subjects were conducted by four organizations as follows;

Subject 1: Control technology of radio resources (Hitachi and Mitsubishi)

Subject 2: Autonomous configuration of networks between base stations (KDDI R&D Lab.)

Subject 3: Routing control technology of communication links (ATR)

The typical research themes are network-related cognitive radio focusing on: radio resource

control, autonomous Inter-base stations networking/network configuration, and routing control

for cognitive radio networks. In order t o evaluate the developed results, the field trials were

conducted in YRP in February 2008. [Yasuhisa Takizawa, Akira Yamaguchi, Sadao Obana,

“Packet Distribution for Communications using Multiple IEEE802.11 Wireless Interfaces and

Its Impact on TCP ,” IEICE Transaction on Communications ,Vol.92-B, No.1 pp.159-170 ,

Jan.2009.]

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Figure- 9-13 System image of the research cognitive communications (ATR, KDDI, Hitachi

and Mitsubishi)

After finishing the project, with reorganizations of ATR, cognitive researches have been

carried out in ATR Wave Engineering Laboratories, which is one of six research laboratories of

the present ATR. Dr. kazuto YANO, a very young researcher, is conducting frequency share

problems in cognitive radio communication systems. In cognitive radio, spectrum sharing

techniques using an overlay transmission, which allow multiple radio systems to share the

same time and the same frequency band, have been studied to maximize spectral efficiency.

Conventional techniques using spatial signal processing separate coexisting signals in the

space domain. However, timing synchronization for the overlaid system becomes a serious

problem because of the interference from the primary system when sharing the same frequency.

Dr. Yano is proposing a new overlay transmission system with IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN as a

primary system, which can easily achieve timing synchronization by utilizing the information

of the primary system, and evaluate it by computer simulation. [IEICE Technical Report, SR,

108(446), 71-78, 2009-02-25]

Internet

Reconfigureof packets

Selection of wirelessmediaPackets separation

Sensing of radio environments(Congestion, QoS et c.)

Recognition of radio environments(Congestion, QoS et c.)

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9.4. KDDI R&D Lab.

In the R&D Project, KDDI R&D Lab. had conducted their research activity consisting joint

research group with ATR, Mitsubishi Electric and Hitachi on "Cognitive Radio" from the

viewpoints of network and its applications, recognizing it as the way providing an efficient use

of spectrum Main R&D mission of KDDI was with dynamic spectrum resource allocation,

referring to the radio/communication environment.

The technical points of the R&D subjects of KDDI were as follows;

(1) Autonomous networking technologies of inter base stations

Selection of wireless system which can realize maximum through puts

Advanced algorism for predicting radio environments, which is essential to select

optimum wireless system

Control of network topology for the exchanges of radio environments, which are

used for autonomous network managements.

Flow control method taking account of radio environments.

Autonomous wireless system selection and interference avoidance, which will

support the network managements in case of disasters and emergencies.

(2) Antenna beam switching

Efficient usages of radio frequencies by antenna beam switching

Evaluation of beam switching by simulations.

(3) Suppressions of interferences

Development of measuring algorisms for interferences among base stations.

Optimums pass selections by the developed algorisms.

Evaluation by field tests.

(4) Developments of propagation pass monitor by SDD (soft defined radio), which is used for

the optimum changes of radio channels and systems.

Highly accurate monitoring of each OFDM subcarrier.

High resolution (0.1 micro-second) monitoring of an impulse response.

Mounting of the monitoring function in a cognitive radio terminal.

(5) Control of network topology and flow taking account of radio interferences

Control of pass links by sharing radio environments

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Propose of several methods, by which the area of information sharing is limited in

order to adapt radio environments information which changes frequently.

(6) New algorism for changing radio systems

Optimum selection algorism to realize the maximum through puts.

Evaluation of tracking capability of developed algorism.

These R&D were carried out by KDDI [IEICE Technical Report. SR, 107(519), 75-82,

2008-02-28], and filed tests were conducted at YRP in February. 2008.

Figure- 9-14 shows a field evaluation test of a new algorism developed by KDDI.

Figure- 9-14 A field evaluation test of a new algorism developed by KDDI.

•Streaming video•Signal to measure frequency bands

Noise /Interference

Test i tems●Quality of channel●Bandwidth of transmission

Field tests at YRP

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9.5. Hitachi, Ltd

As mentioned in the previous sections, Hitachi Ltd. was a member of research group of ATR,

KDDI Lab and Mitsubishi electric. Hitachi Ltd. conducted control technology of radio

resources with Mitubishi electric.

They developed “heterogeneous type” cognitive terminals, which have two systems of

WiMAX and wireless LAN. The main targets were to realize;

(1) High speed handover

(2) System configuration and IP address allocation scheme, by which users should not

recognize the changes of systems.

These targets were realized by installing collaborative control and monitoring nodes in an

upper layer of assess points of each system. These results were evaluated by field experiments.

[IEICE Technical report, 2008]

Figure- 9-15 Cognitive base station for the field experiment and evaluation (Hitachi)

EVDO Antenna EVDO Access point WiMAX

Access pointControl node/PDSN/PDIF

Monitoring node

Wireless LANAccess point

Wireless LAN Antenna

WiMAX Antenna

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In recent years, Hitach Ltd. has conducted research on the architecture of the cognitive radio

system and the inter-system handover protocols. In the architecture, each cognitive terminal,

which can access multiple radio systems, operates with a single local IP address. The control

sequence and packet format are designed to achieve fast handover among the radio systems.

Based on the architecture, they have developed a testbed system. On this system, they

demonstrated that data can be delivered continuously and radio systems can be switched

correctly without any packet loss. In addition, they presented the result of the evaluation of the

end-to-end latency on the testbed system. These testbed results demonstrated the system

architecture developed could achieve a cognitive radio system.[IEICE transactions on

communications 91(1), 14-21, 2008-01-01]

9.6. NTT Network Innovation Laboratories

NTT Network Innovation Laboratories (NTT) was one of the research organizations of “R&D

Project of Key technologies for advanced frequency shares in mobile communications

systems”. Its main target was to develop RF devices and components such as multiband RF

circuits, programmable signal processors, and multiband antennas. Based on these

technologies, NTT developed a trial model of software defined radio terminal, which can be

used for PHS and wireless LAN by changing the software.

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Figure- 9-16 R&D history of cognitive radio in NTT (1998-2008)

In the latest works Dr. Kazuhiro Uehara, NTT Network Innovation Laboratories, has been

conducting a research of a new unified wireless platform architecture called “flexible wireless

system” for realizing a heterogeneous network with which users can freely choose a radio

access system. The paper shows futures, application images, and issues of the proposed system.

In addition, evaluation results in prototyping studies for wideband frontend components in an

access point, efficient radio data transmission technologies on optical fiber, and software

simultaneous stored data signal processing technologies are described. [IEICE Technical

Report, SR2010-102, pp. 93-93, March, 2011]

9.7. Toyota infoTechnology center co., LTD.

The Toyota InfoTechnology Center was established in April 2, 2001. “It consists of

professionals from around the world possessing a wide variety of backgrounds and expertise.

Our deep understanding of IT and emerging trends gives us the unique ability to provide useful

new technologies for the automobile. We also collaborate with leading organizations and

embrace open standards which will transform how people will use the future automobile.

(http://www.toyota-itc.com/en/aboutus/message1.html)”

Trial model Trial model Trial model

Autonomous adaptive reconfigurable node

• Wide band (1MHz ⇒ 20MHz)• Simplified signal processor (Fixed clock

⇒ Adaptive clock)

• Small size• Low power (10W ⇒ few W)• High speed processing

• Apply to real systems• Efficient use of radio resources• Robust and seamless communications

67 / 110

On regards to cognitive radio technologies, they have charring out R&D with Kyushu Institute

of Technology (Professor Yuichi Oie) and The University of Electro-Communications

(Associate Professor Dr. Takeo FUJII) on the application of cognitive radio technologies to

vehicle communications. The more detailed will be shown in Chapter 9.8.7.

Toyota InfoTechnology Center has also been carrying out R&D of white space communication

technologies for ITS applications.

9.8. Professors and Universities

9.8.1. Professor Kei Sakaguchi, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Leader of SCOPE Project;

2006-2009)

Professor Sakaguchi led the R&D project by the SCOPE program funded by the Government

(see Chapter 8.3.2.). The project title was “Research & Development on Cognitive MIMO

Mesh Networks” which duration was 2006-2009. Research members of the project were

Associate Professor Takeo Fujii, University of Electro-Communications, Assistant Professor

Fumie Ono, Yokohama National University and Assistant Professor Kenta Umebayashi,

Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.

In this project, a very high speed wireless mesh networks are achieved over the primary

wireless communication system by using dynamic spectrum access (DSA) and MIMO

technologies

The following is an abstract cited from The 5th SCOPE Result report presentation in 2009.

The goal of this project is to provide an advanced wireless mesh network called as “Cognitive

MIMO Mesh Network”. The cognitive MIMO (multi-input and multi-output) mesh network has

ability of dynamic spectrum access by using cooperative sensing and cognitive network. It

realizes high network capacity as well by using network MIMO, distributed power control, and

advanced radio resource management with network coding. These technologies are integrated

into a system via cross layer optimization. Furthermore, prototype hardware of cognitive

MIMO mesh network is developed, and the performance is evaluated by using measurement

data. The cognitive MIMO mesh network will solve the problem of spectrum shortage

dramatically.

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9.8.2. Associate Professor Dr. Takeo FUJII, The University of Electro-Communications

(SCOPE; 2009-2012)

After finishing the project mentioned above as one of research members, Dr. Takeo Fujii got

again a research fund of SCOPE, and has been carrying out the research on “Intelligent MAC

Layer Techniques for Cognitive Radio” (2009-2012) with Dr. Osamu TAKYU, Tokyo

University of Science. In this research, he is going to develop intelligent MAC layer

technologies to realize autonomous distributed wireless networks in frequency sharing type

cognitive radio terminals.

Figure- 9-17 System Image of Cognitive Wireless Distributed Networks (Fujii)

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9.8.3. Associate Professor Kenichi OKADA, Tokyo Institute of Technology (SCOPE;

2010-2013)

Dr. Kenichi OKADA is a young researcher in the field of communication devices. Dr.

OKADA got a research fund of SCOPE, and has been carrying out the research on

“Reconfigurable RF circuit to realize cognitive radio” (2010-2013). Dr. OKADA is developing

wideband tunable radio circuits by using one CMOS chip. The present radio circuits cover the

frequency range of 300 MHz at most, however, it will cover from 400 MHz to 10 GHz

frequency ranges.

9.8.4. Professor Dr. Seiichi Sampei, Osaka University

Professor Sampei of one of the most active professors in the fields of wireless communications

especially in cognitive radio and adaptive modulation technologies. Professor Sampei is

proposing an interference suppression technique using a dynamic spectrum control (DSC) for

distributed control based cognitive radio networks. Based on the consideration that the

CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance) is not efficient in terms of

throughput due to its strict collision avoidance process. Dr. Sampei employs a DSC in which a

certain number of discrete spectra having the highest channel gain is selected individually in

each link allowing a partial band interference, and such interference is suppressed by the

equalizer in the receiver. To further suppress mutual interference occurrence, a part of

spectrum having relatively high interference level is also removed from the candidate of

selectable discrete spectra. Evaluation of channel capacity and system throughput by computer

simulation conforms that the proposed scheme is effective in achieving high channel capacity

and system throughput even under autonomous distributed control. [2009: TECHNICAL

REPORT OF IEICE (THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS, INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERS)]

9.8.5. Associate Professor Dr. Mikio Hasegawa, Tokyo University of Science

Associate Professor Hasegawa is a very active young researcher in the fields of theoretical

analysis of communications. He has interests in the research of chaotic theory for applying real

communication systems. By using mathematical tools in complex theories, he is trying to

apply the nonlinear chaotic dynamics to cognitive radio networks to optimize such network

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parameters as load balancing and QoS satisfaction rate. [The 3rd EU-Japan Symposium,

2010.10.20-22, Tampere Finland]

Dr. Hasegawa has been developing radio resource usage optimization algorithms as follows;

(1) RAN (radio access network) selection optimization for improving QoS of networks

Distributed optimization by Mutually Connected Neural Networks

Machine Learning based RAN selection for the CWR (cognitive wireless router)

(2) Link Aggregation performance optimization, Improving throughput

Machine Learning by SVM

(3) Experimental and evaluation system in laboratory

17

Distributed Implementation of neural network algorithm on Cognitive Wireless Cloud System

Collecting terminal context information to

TRM

Collecting RAN context information to

NRM

Each terminal obtains necessary information via common signaling

network (Radio Enabler)

Each terminal updates neuron based on collected information

RAN1 RAN3 RAN4 RAN2

HA1HA2

NRM

Internet

AP

RAN5

BS

HA3HA4

HA5HA6

HA7

AP AP AP

MT１

TRM

TMC

RE

RAN

MT２

TRM

TMC

RE

RAN

MT３

TRM

TMC

RE

RAN

MT４

TRM

TMC

RE

RAN

MT５

TRM

TMC

RE

RAN

MT６

TRM

TMC

RE

RAN

MT７

TRM

TMC

RE

RAN PHS

According to the state of neurons, each terminal selects a BS

and handover to the selected one

Figure- 9-18 Experimental and evaluation system in Professor Hasegawa laboratory

9.8.6. Professor Dr. Yukitoshi Sanada, Keiko University

Professor Sanada is one of the most active researcher in the fields of wireless communications.

In 2002 when you was an associate professor of Keiko University, he got the first SCOPE fund

71 / 110

(2002-2004). The research title was “Research on Analog-Digital Signal Processing Devices

for Software Defined Radio”. In this research, analog-digital signal processing devices for

software defined radio was proposed. The proposed devices used an analog filter bank and

convert the analog signal to digital signals in parallel. With the analog filter, the resolution of

A/D converter on each filtered band can be adjusted properly. In addition, under-sampling

technique was employed in order to reduce the sampling frequency and the power

consumption. In the digital domain, the distortion of the analog filter bank was compensated

with adaptive signal processing. As a result, high-speed, high-resolution analog-digital

conversion could be achieved with the proposed processing device.

9.8.7. Professor Yuji Oie, Kyushu Institute of Technology

Professor Oie is a very distinguished researcher in the field of networking technologies. He has

now carrying out cognitive radio technologies for vehicle to vehicle communications. Moving

speeds of vehicles are very fast, so many subjects such as how to establish commutation

channels and how to decide frequency allocation have to be studied to establish

communication links by using cognitive radios. Pass control methods of multi-hop

communications and channel management methods of vehicle to vehicle communications are

under researches. His main target of these R&D is to apply cognitive radio to ITS.

He has now carrying out collaborative R&D with Toyota infoTechnology center co., LTD. and

Associate Professor Dr. Takeo FUJII, AWCC (Advanced Wireless Communication Research

Center) at The University of Electro-Communications.

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Figure- 9-19 New application for ITS using cognitive radio technologies under R&D by the

collaboration of Kyushu Institute of Technology, The University of Electro-Communications

and Toyota infoTechnology center.(Cited from the presentation material with English

translation.)

New application for ITS using cognitive radio technologies

Getting location information

Control server

Multi‐hop among running vehicles

Next generation ITS

Autonomous managing of control channels

Establish communication links by cognitive radios between vehicle‐vehicle and vehicle‐person, which are dynamically changing time to time and place to place.

11

73 / 110

Figure- 9-20 R&D subjects of next generation ITS, in which cognitive radio technologies are

applied. (Cited from the presentation material the same to the Figure- 9-19)

10. Trend of standardization

10.1. Overview of standardization related to cognitive wireless clouds

Main activities of world standardizations of cognitive radio technologies and systems (CWC:

cognitive wireless clouds) have been carried out at ITU–R (International Telecommunications

Union – Radio communication Sector) and IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers) and ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute).

4. Implementation of sensing/dynamic selection of frequency by using GNURadio/USRP Fast sensing and frequency selection according to environmental changes.

Key technologies: “sensing” and “Dynamic frequency changes”

3. Methods of integrated usages of real time sensing and data base. Absolute execution of a protection for primary operator.

Key technologies: “Sensing” and “Power control”

自律分散型

1. Autonomous distributed common control channel coordination Methods of fast and absolute exchanges of control information with adjacent

node. 2. Methods of pass control /assignment of data channels

Adaptive selections of pass/channel depending on environmental changes. Key technologies : “Conflict control” and ”Pass Control”

Cooperative R&D with Kyushu Institute of Technology, The University of Electro‐Communications, and Toyota

infoTechnology center

13

Experimental setup using GNU Radio/USRP

USRPUSRP

Application of cognitive radio for “Next generation ITS”

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In each regions of USA, Europe and Asia (Japan, Korea and Singapore), they have several

promotion groups and R&D projects. Figure- 10-1 shows standardization bodies, main

promotion groups and R&D projects related to cognitive radios in the world.

Figure- 10-1 Standardization organizations, main promotion groups and R&D projects in the

world.

Figure- 10-2 shows overview of standardization organizations and subjects related to CWC. In

ITU-R, mainly terminologies and definitions have been drafted.

Technical matters have been discussed and drafted in IEEE 802 and 1900 groups.

Physical and MAC (media access control) layers have been discussed at 802.11af, interference

related to cognitive radio systems in 1900.6 and related to TV in 1900TVWS. Coexistence

between cognitive radios networks have been discussed in 802.19.1. IEEE802.21 (“Media

Independent Handoff”) and 802.22 (“Wireless Regional Area Networks “) are relevant working

groups from the stand points of “seamless handover between different systems”, and

“frequency share in spectrum that is allocated to the TV Broadcast Service”, respectively.

In 2008, ETSI started a TC (technical committee) on RRS (reconfigurable radio systems).

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NICT has taken part in a these variety of international standardization activities related to

cognitive radio technologies, and has presented proposals since the initial stage of discussion

for ITU-R WP5A/WP1B, IEEE 802.11af/802.19.1/1900.4/1900.6, and ETSI RRS.

Through these activities, NICT have led the activities of IEEE 1900.4 by submitting 169

contribution papers which are more than 50% of total contributions.

These contributions of NICT have been achieved by the development process of a

cognitive radio system as the NICT's original technologies. In February 2009, IEEE

1900.4 specifications were formulated as the fundamental architecture for the world's

first cognitive network, in which NICT has participated since its establishment. Dr.

Hiroshi Harada is Chair, IEEE SCC41 and Vice chair, IEEE 1900.4.

Figure- 10-2 Standardization related to cognitive radio.

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10.2. ITU –R (International Telecommunications Union – Radio

communication Sector)

ITU-R is drafting terminologies and definitions related to cognitive radio systems. In

September 2006, ITU-R completed and approved a Draft New Question (Question 241-1/5) on

Cognitive Radio in the mobile service. The draft New Question decides that the following

Questions should be studied;

(1) What is the ITU definition of cognitive radio systems?

(2) What are the closely related radio technologies (e.g. smart radio, reconfigurable radio,

policy-defined adaptive radio and their associated control mechanisms) and their

functionalities that may be a part of cognitive radio systems?

(3) What key technical characteristics, requirements, performance and benefits are

associated with the implementation of cognitive radio systems?

(4) What are the potential applications of cognitive radio systems and their impact on

spectrum management?

(5) What are the operational implications (including privacy and authentication) of

cognitive radio systems?

(6) What are the cognitive capabilities that could facilitate coexistence with existing

systems in the mobile service and in other radio communication services, such as

broadcast, mobile satellite or fixed?

WP (Working Party) 5A (New Technology and services) drafted the report to these questions

under SG (Study Group)5 of ITU-R since March 2006.

In drafting the report, Japan submitted many technical contribution papers based on the

research outputs of “Cognitive research project” promoted by Ministry of Internal

Affairs and Communications (MIC). NICT, KDDI, Hitachi, Mitsubishi, ASTR, NTT

Fujitsu, Hokkaido University and Yamagata University are the member of the project,

which had been funded by MIC from Dec. 2005 to March 2008.

WP (Working Party) 1B is drafting the documents of CPM (conference preparation meeting)

for the agenda 1.19 of WRC-12 (2012 World Radio communication Conference), which

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agenda is “to consider regulatory measures and their relevance, in order to enable the

introduction of software-defined radio and cognitive radio systems, based on the results of

ITU-R studies, in accordance with Resolution 956 (WRC-07)”.

10.3. IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

10.3.1. IEEE1900

Main working group related to cognitive radio and networks is the IEEE DYSPAN Standards

Committee (formerly IEEE SCC41 and IEEE P1900), which was established in the first

quarter 2005 jointly by the IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc) and the IEEE

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Society.

This Standards Coordinating Committee will develop standards related to dynamic spectrum

access networks. The focus is on improved use of spectrum. New techniques and methods of

dynamic spectrum access require managing interference, coordination of wireless technologies

and include network management and information sharing.

The activities of this committee have been promoted by NICT, and the chair of IEEE

DYSPAN is Dr. Hiroshi Harada, NICT.

IEEE DYSPAN has the following six WGs (working groups);

(1) IEEE1900.1: Finished in 2008. Standard Definitions and Concepts for Spectrum

Management and Advanced Radio Technologies

(2) IEEE1900.2: Finished in 2008. : Recommended Practice for the Analysis of In-Band and

Adjacent Band Interference and Coexistence between Radio Systems.

(3) IEEE1900.3: Dissolution. Failed to draft a standard of Recommended Practice for

Conformance Evaluation of Software Defined Radio (SDR) Software Modules.

(4) IEEE1900.4: Architectural Building Blocks Enabling Network-Device Distributed

Decision Making for Optimized Radio Resource Usage in Heterogeneous Wireless

Access Networks.

(i) Dr. Harada, NICT, is a vice chair.

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(ii) In February 2009, IEEE 1900.4 specifications were formulated as the fundamental

architecture for the world's first cognitive network based on many technical

contributions from NICT.

(iii) In March 2009, IEEE1900.4a was inaugurated for the study of cognitive radio

networks for white spaces.

(5) IEEE1900.5: Policy Language and Policy Architectures for Managing Cognitive Radio for

Dynamic Spectrum Access Applications.

(6) IEEE1900.6: Spectrum Sensing Interfaces and Data Structures for Dynamic Spectrum

Access and other Advanced Radio Communication Systems.

10.3.2. IEEE1900.4

The most important WG will be 1900.4, because it formulated the fundamental architecture for

the world's first cognitive network.

In February 2009, IEEE 1900.4 specifications were formulated as the fundamental architecture

for the world's first cognitive network, in which NICT has participated since its establishment.

NICT have led the activities of IEEE 1900.4 by submitting 169 contribution papers which are

more than 50% of total contributions.

IEEE 1900.4 standard defines the following specifications of configurations of a terminal and a

base to realize dynamic spectrum access cognitive radio systems.

(1) network resource managers,

(2) device resource managers, and

(3) the information to be exchanged between the building blocks, for enabling coordinated

network-device distributed decision making that will aid in the optimization of radio

resource usage, including spectrum access control, in heterogeneous wireless access

networks.

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Figure- 10-3 Configuration of cognitive radio network, IEEE1900.4

As shown in Figure- 10-3, in a cognitive wireless network, the measured data of terminals and

base stations are reported to the core network, and by conducting the statistic processing and

machine learning on the part of the core network, reconstructing requests for the operating

frequencies and communication systems can be issued to the radio access network (RAN).

Additionally, the network policy for supporting the terminals to select the RAN and base

station is provided from the network. This allows the use of wireless resources that can be

determined by two or more decentralized units, so that suppression of radio interference and

traffic load balancing from the viewpoint of an entire area can be effected through

collaboration of units, and consequently, such a decision making that cannot be conducted for

a single radio system.

Standard of IEEE1900.4 has seven functions as follows;

（１） Core network side

(1) OSM：Operator Spectrum Manager (Core network)

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(2) NRM：Network Reconfiguration Manager

（２） RAN (Radio Access Network) side

(3) RRC：RAN Reconfiguration Controller

(4) RMC：RAN Measurement Collector

(C) Radio terminal side

(5) TRM：Terminal Reconfiguration Manager

(6) TRC：Terminal Reconfiguration Collector

(7) TMC：Terminal Measurement Collector

In these functions, main functions are NRM and TRM. Other functions have roles to

arrange the differences of wireless systems. By having these functions, major modifications

will be avoided after developing and implementing NRM and TRM. They will send the

information of terminals and base stations, and receive the information from NRM and TRM.

For example, TMC will correct the present radio resource information such as RSSI (Received

Signal Strength Indication), packet volume, packet loss and through puts.

TRM will decide the optimum wireless system, frequency, and channel according to the

information from NRM and user demands.

Based on IEEE 1900.4 architecture, IEEE1900.4a and IEEE1900.4.1 have been drafted.

IEEE1900.4a standard amends the IEEE 1900.4 standard to enable mobile wireless access

service in white space frequency bands without any limitation on used radio interface

(physical and media access control layers, carrier frequency, etc) by defining additional

components of the IEEE 1900.4 system.

IEEE1900.4.1 standard uses the IEEE1900.4 standard as a baseline standard. It provides

detailed description of interfaces and service access points defined in the IEEE 1900.4 standard

enabling distributed decision making in heterogeneous wireless networks and obtaining

context information for this decision making.

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10.3.3. IEEE802

As shown in Figure- 10-1, several working groups of the IEEE802 have relations to cognitive

radios. The IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee develops Local Area Network

standards and Metropolitan Area Network standards. The most widely used standards are for

the Ethernet family, Token Ring, Wireless LAN, Wireless PAN, Wireless MAN, Bridging and

Virtual Bridged LANs. The following are WGs related to cognitive radios.

(1) 802.11 WG: Wireless Local Area Networks

(i) 802.11af has been studied for drafting the standard of white space Wi-Fi.

(ii) Channel schedule management, control of network channel, and frequency division

method for Wi-Fi in TV white spaces has been contributed by NICT in the draft

specifications.

(iii) NICT is a secretary

(2) 802.16 WG: Broadband Wireless Access Working Group

(3) 802.19 WG: Coexistence Working Group

(i) 802.19.1 has been studied for specifications of coexistences among several white

space type devices.

(ii) Specifications have already been authorized in February 2011, and will be published

as the IEEE standard in the near future.

(iii) Architecture, a reference model of SAP (service access point), data format and

exchange protocol of sensing data have been contributed by NICT and have been

adopted in the standard.

(iv) NICT (Dr. Tuncer Baykas) is a chair of TG1.

(4) 802.20 WG: Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBA)

(5) 802.21 WG: Medial Independent Handover Services

(6) 802.22 WG: Wireless Regional Area Networks

(i) Developing Standard for Cognitive Wireless Regional Area Networks (RAN) Medium

Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Policies and

Procedures for Operation in the TV Bands

10.3.4. Main contributions of NICT to IEEE1900 and IEEE802 working groups

As mentioned in the previous sections, NICT is leading many WGs (working groups) of

IEEE1900 and IEEE802, and contributing many technical papers for standardization.

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Table- 10-1 Main activities of NICT to IEEE1900 1nd IEEE802 working groups

11. Status of test-bed

11.1. YRP test-bed

In YRP (Yokosuka Research Park), NICT Research Center, as a national research organization,

has deployed several kinds of test beds. In carrying out field tests, evaluations and

demonstrations of cognitive radio, NICT carried out several field experiments using these

test-beds from the early stage of cognitive radio research and developments.

Figure- 11-1 shows a field evaluation experiment by NICT using test-bed in YRP.

In the early stage of cognitive radio R&D, main theme was to develop a SDR (software

defined radio) terminal, which has a function to change a radio system automatically by

detecting, thinking and selecting the optimum system.

IEEE Standardization subject Post by MICTContribution

papers as of April, 2011

802.11af Wireless Wi-Fi systems using white space Secretary 55

802.15.4g WPAN for smart utility network Vice chair 49

802.19.1 specifications of coexistences among several white space type devices Chair 67

802.22 Wireless regional network using white space 3

1900.4aCommunication between white space wireless communication terminals andnetwork management systems.

Vice chair,Technical Editor

59

1900.6Definition of interface between frequency sensing circuits and wireless signalprocessors, and frequency management database.

Secretary, Technical editor

73

1900.7 Wireless access systems using white space Chair 65

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Figure- 11-1 Field evaluation of SDR terminal using test bed in YRP

11.2. Fujisawa city -large scale fields evaluation-

The radio network in commercial services has extremely complex characteristics, and thus

cannot necessarily be evaluated by simulation approach.

In April 2010, NICT started wide-area field trials of the developed cognitive routers in

Fujisawa city, Kanagawa. The cognitive routers used in trials have function of IEEE1900.4,

and the server which control network and terminal resource managements has been set at

NICT Yokosuka research Center as shown in Figure- 11-2.

The main missions are to verify the technical function of the cognitive radio routers and to

establish the operation method of cognitive radio systems. The essential function of the

SDR terminal automatically changes

from W-CDMA to 802.11b

YRP test-bed and field evaluation environments

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cognitive routers to be verified are detecting, selecting, controlling and establishing a

communication channel in existing frequency resources.

In order to simulate the real operation environments, NICT have distributed 500 cognitive

routers in Fujisawa city area and opened the internet access environments to any users who

want to access to the internet using these cognitive routers

In these trials, traffic data, controlling data of the networks in the real environments have been

collected and analyzed in order to collect useful data to improve the cognitive radio systems.

There will be no examples in the world like the wide area trials in Fujisawa. The trials are

expected to contribute to draft new regulations based on real data and to bring new business

chances in radio industries. In near future, MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) are

expected to start business deployments in which establishments of new operation methods will

be required.

Through this field trial, NICT has been carrying research and development of solutions of

technical problems by assuming the commercial deployment of white spaces including

television broadcasting frequency bands. Further, NICT will integrate the virtual network

technology and other various technologies that have been developed around wired network

into the cognitive radio technology in an organic manner, and study the framework for

new-generation communication networks of both wired and wireless.

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Figure- 11-2 Field experiments at Fujisawa city using large scale test-bed.

11.3. Otsuchi town: -Unexpected real field evaluation in case of disaster-

On March 11 at 2:46pm JST, a massive 9.0-magnitude earthquake occurred near the

northeastern coast of Japan, creating extremely destructive tsunami waves which hit Japan just

minutes after the earthquake. The earthquake and tsunami have caused extensive and severe

damages in Northeastern Japan.

From the stand point of communications, just after the earthquake and even in few days after it,

through the country including disaster areas, mobile phones almost lost their function, and

even e-mail messages took much time to reach the destinations.

These serious situations have gradually been recovered, however, communication

environments area still in very poor conditions.

Spectrum sensing information from CBSs are stored and processed to decide optimum WAN system that each CBS should select and to improve frequency utilization efficiency or throughout performance .

Equipped in Universities, M useum , Schools, Restaurants, Hospitals, Sports centers, Shopping

centers

Tokyo

Yokosuka city

User can access to the Internet by the term inal or PC or sm art phone that has W LAN

500 units of cognitive base station(R outer between W LAN and W A Ns)

Fujisawa city

Network reconfiguration management (NRM) serverAuthentication serveNRM databaseAuthentication databaseWeb serverMail serverMonitoring server

Network Reconfiguration Manager in NICT Yokosuka

500 units of cognitive base station that have routing function between WANs and WLAN are equipped in Fujisawa city . Users can access the Internet with the terminal that has a WLAN.

V ia W LAN

Spectrum sensing results at each C BS are reported to the NRM server via W ANs (3G PPs, W iM AX, PHS,)

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In order to improve these serious communication environments, in April 5, 2011, NICT

cognitive routers have been set at an evacuation place (Otsuchi elementary school) at Otsuchi

town in Iwate Prefecture, which area were seriously damaged by the disaster. Figure- 11-3

shows a system image of emergency communications using cognitive routers developed by

NICT deployed in the disaster area.

At Otsuchi town, even at Headquarters for emergency disaster control, there were no sufficient

telephone lines, and nothing to say, at evacuation places, there were no internet environments

to get and to transmit such information of safety, health, damages and latest news.

The cognitive routers set by NICT (Figure- 11-4) greatly contribute to improved

communication environments drastically and many refugees were very glad to access to the

internet to get the information which gave them a little of non-isolated and peace minds.

The cognitive routers developed by NICT are very light weight, compact and very easy to set

up to connect communication links only by pushing a power button.

The cognitive routers have been proved to be very useful and effective in disaster and

emergencies not only exchanging information over the internet, but also dispatching rescues and

medical treatments over the Internet. [Kentaro Ishizu, Homare Murakami, and Hiroshi Harada;

“Cognitive Wireless Network Infrastructure and Restoration Activities for The Earthquake

Disaster”, WPMC2011, Breast,France]

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Figure- 11-3 System configuration of cognitive routers at Otsuchi town.

Internet

PCs, PDAs at Evacuation places

Network terminals at Public offices and

Hospitals (under plan)

Volunteer supports

Existing mobile networks (3G, Wi-Fi)

List of refugees and victims Message board etc. Information of disasters Skype telephone

Operator1 Operator 2

Cognitive router

Area:50-100mOnly AC power required

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Figure- 11-4 Wireless cognitive router access to the Internet.

Figure- 11-5 Victims are accessing to the Internet using cognitive routers at an evacuation

place.

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11.4. Singapore on white space technology trials

This section introduces service trials in Singapore, because these trials are considered as the

real test-bed and evaluation tests of the cognitive project of NICT. In the trials, cognitive

radio terminals have been evaluated by Singapore Government.

In Singapore, IDA (The Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore) is promoting “White

Space Technology Trials”.

NICT with their contributions to world standardizations of cognitive radio technologies has

been conformed as one of participants of the Cognitive Radio Venues ("CRAVE") program.

(http://www.ida.gov.sg/Policies%20and%20Regulation/20100730141139.aspx )

TV white space technology, an emerging technology in wireless communications has the

potential to enable home broadband networks, intelligent peer-to-peer devices, and small

communications networks. This technology promises more efficient spectrum utilization

through the deployment of intelligent TV Band Devices ("TVBDs"). TVBDs are able to

operate in the unused spectrum of the TV VHF/UHF bands due to their ability to sense the

radio environment and its dynamic spectrum sharing capabilities. TVBDs could allow for the

delivery

IDA recognizes the potential of “white space” and will be conducting trials for white space

technology. On 7 April 2010, IDA announced the 'White Space Technology Information

Package and Test Plan' at the IEEE International Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks

(DySPAN) 2010 symposium held in Singapore, where organizations were requested to indicate

their interest in participating in white space trials.

The upcoming trials, named Cognitive Radio Venues ("CRAVE"), will assist IDA in

developing the regulatory framework for the use of TVDBs. From the trials, participants would

be able to obtain real-world measurements, which would facilitate in the development of white

space devices.

With CRAVE, Singapore is taking a leading role in the region in white space technology. IDA

hopes to generate more awareness of this emerging technology in the industry and to

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encourage the industry to explore the possibilities of creating feasible commercial applications

and solutions.

CRAVE has commenced since March 2011, with the following organizations confirmed as

CRAVE participants:

Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R)

National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)

Huawei International Pte Ltd (Huawei)

Energy Market Authority

12. Market trend

12.1. Examples of market estimation

According to the report of “Statistics of mobile communications businesses in 2008” published

by ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses), the commercial effect of frequency

effective utilization by cognitive radio technologies is estimated to be 930 billion Yen. It is

1-% of the total market of 9.3 trillion Yen. Total market of cognitive radios is estimated to be 4

trillion Yen assuming the present all mobile users (about 120 millions) will have benefits of

frequency co-share by cognitive radios.

According to the report of “R&D strategies of ICT for the strengthen of world competitiveness

of Japan” published by MIC, a market of system technologies is estimated to be about 9 trillion

Yen.

12.2. Market scenarios

12.2.1. The first step

The scenarios of implementing cognitive wireless and network systems will be achieved by

three steps.

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The first step will be that the heterogeneous type cognitive systems will be introduced by

major mobile communication operators to improve communication services within their own

business framework and systems. It means that it will be very difficult to use cognitive radio

systems with other operators. The main motivations of introducing cognitive radio for

operators are to provide new services with high speed and high reliable services to enclose and

increase customers with efficient use of very limited allocated frequency bands and efficient

operation of own systems. Cognitive radio is effective for the operators for optimized

distributions of user channels among different systems and for providing high speed services

by combining channels in different systems.

In the initial stage of the first step, a cognitive mobile terminal of the operator will be equipped

with a primitive cognitive function of sensing radio communications environments, and it will

give the user optimum frequency, frequency band and a communication system by the terminal

decision without using (NRM) network reconfigurable manager. In the next step, a terminal

will cooperate with NRM which is set inside own network systems for more effective use of

radio and network resources and for more user satisfactions.

For a moment, there seem to be no motivations for operators to introduce cognitive systems,

which cover different competitive operators. Even in the present, each operator who is

operating several systems such as 3G and WiMAX or 3G and Wi-Fi, an operator is providing

“cognitive–like” service which users can select one of them by manual or automatic operations

of terminals. Further, cognitive function to cover different operators will be realized by

becoming subscribers of several operators or introducing domestic roaming systems. However,

the first will make users pay much money and the later will be difficult for operators from

business strategies.

For users, the present cognitive terminals are not so much attractive because of costs. If there

are cognitive terminals which can access to several systems operated by different operators,

users have to pay monthly and communication charges to all operators. Only for emergency or

rescue agencies such as ambulance operations, it can be accepted because the cognitive

terminal will prove to keep stable communication links to save lives.

12.2.2. The second step

The second step is advanced systems of the heterogeneous types, which will be subject to the

standards of IEEE1900.4. Several operators will use the cognitive wireless system as

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common platforms with common NRM (network reconfigurable manager). Each mobile

terminal will be sensing communication systems which are in services by more than one

operator. The user terminal will choose one of operators according to user’s policy such as cost,

data speed and quality. In this case, users can access to an alternative operator when other

operators will be out of services in such a case of disasters.

As explained in the first step, this scenario can be welcomed by both of users and operators

when a cost of the payment to several operators will drastically reduced, and the more sever

demands of effective use of radio and network resources of systems must be overcome..

12.2.3. The third step

The third step is that the cognitive wireless system will be used as a new category service. The

cognitive system has an ability to detect and make use of a vacant frequency band, which is

originally allocated to the primary operator. This is so called “white space communication”. In

order to realize this new communication system, cooperation between the primary operator and

a new system operator in sharing frequency bands and also an implementation of new

regulations will be essential. Further, mobile terminals and base stations of a new operator

have to have a function of interference sensing. As the white space technologies are expected

to be used in TV bands, this scenario will be realized to use effectively “white space”

frequencies in TV bands.

The most favorite and expected application of cognitive radio will be for “white space”.

However, there are many hurdles to clear to introduce it for the commercial operations.

12.3. Present wireless cognitive terminals on the market

Major mobile communication operators such KDDI, NTT and SoftBasnk have already

provided handy type wireless routers and/or smart phones with function of heterogeneous type

quasi-cognitive radios. However, for the present, these cognitive functions are very primitive

and on the initial stage of the first step mentioned in the previous Section.

In general, present cognitive radio terminals have communication links of Wi-Fi and/or

Bluetooth on an LAN side, and Wi-Fi, 3G, and/or WiMAX on the Internet side.

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Figure- 12-1 shows an image of the present commercial products of cognitive routers on the

market as of July, 2011. These cognitive routers can automatically select wireless

communication systems such as 3G and public LAN in outside home environments, and Wi-Fi

in home environments. This configuration is almost the same to cognitive types of smart

phones on the market.

In the present, cognitive radio systems have been adapted as dedicated systems of each

operator of NTT DoCoMo, KDDI and Softbank, user’s choices of communication links have

been limited to services, which are provided by each operator. We have to become subscribers

of each system of 3G, WiMAX and public wireless LAN operators. In this situation, users have

to have several contracts with different operators. In some cases, an operator is providing

different systems such as 3G and WiMAX by KDDI or 3G and 3.9G (LTE) by NTT DoCoMo.

In these cases, user’s payments will be reduced as a pack service of an operator, however,

user’s costs are still expensive.

From stand point of cognitive radio, present routers and smart phones have very primitive

cognitive function. Detailed functions have not been disclosed because of business secrets,

algorithms to select systems (3G or WiMAX or public LAN) will be very simple. The system

will be decided by only RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) and user can set only an

order of priority of communication links.

As mentioned in the previous section, in the near future, cognitive terminals with the standard

of IEEE1900.4 will be on the market.

3G DataPC

Games

Wi-Fi wireless LAN

Smart phone

Broadband

Public LAN

３G, WiMAX

Wi-Fi LAN

Home

Outside

Internet

CognitiveRouter

Auto switch

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Figure- 12-1 Cognitive routers on the market in 2011 (Reproduction of

http://buffalo.jp/product/wireless-lan/ap/mobile/dwr-pg/#feature)

In some cases, these types of routers have already been provided by MVNOs (mobile virtual

network operator). However, in the present, MVNOs services have not so attractive for users

because of costs. The users have to pay the charges to each operator, it is almost the same

situation to have several terminals of different operators.

13. Impact to business model or key drivers of market

13.1. Heterogeneous type

In these years in the field of mobile communications, there are many kinds of systems, services

and terminals. In Japan, the major mobile communication operators, who have frequency

bands allocated to mobile communications are NTT DoCoMo, AU (KDDI)), SoftBank,

EMOBILE, and WILLCOM.

There are other many service providers and over 40 MVNOs (mobile virtual network

operators), who have leased the communication links mainly form NTT and KDDI.

Major operators are strong competitors each other and have tried to enclose customers by

providing new services, low communication charges and rich contents. In order to provide

these services, the systems require wide frequency bands and large capacities of networks.

On the other hand, by using cognitive radio, users can choose the most favorite system among

many menus such as an operator brand, data speed, contents, and charges.

For almost users, they only have interests in provided services, and have no interests in

infrastructure of the communications systems. The user wants to select his/her most favorite

service, which will change time to time and place to place, among variety of menus provided

different operators. These situations are very severe for operators. They have to provide all

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kinds of services with investing large amount money to expand the system infrastructure. The

initiative of selection is shifting from “operators” to “users”.

In these environments, it seems to be reasonable to introduce cognitive radio. However, as

mentioned in Chapter 12.2.1, there are some problems for operators to introduce

heterogeneous type cognitive radios, which will select the system operated by competitors.

However, heterogeneous type cognitive radio will be attractive for operators, who operate

several systems, for the effective usages of total resources.

In case of MVNOs, the situation will be almost the same to operators. MVNOs have leased the

communication capacities from major operators such as NTT and KDDI. MVNOs have

potentials to provide many services independent of operators, which is a cognitive-like

function. The lease costs of MVNOs will be decided by the bargaining power balance between

MVNOs and operators. If a MVNO has so many customers which operators cannot neglect,

MVNOs will have an initiative of the market and will introduce cognitive radios for effective

and efficient use of resources of operators. However, this scenario will not be realized. First,

operators never disclose the information of their networks and radio links, which are required

to operate cognitive function.

13.2. Frequency sharing (white space) type

As mentioned in Chapter 12.2.3, the most favorite and expected application of cognitive

radio will be for “white space”. However, there are many hurdles to be cleared to introduce it

for the commercial operations. The first one is the political problem and the second one is

technical one. Political problem is that broadcasting companies are strongly against to the

white space services in TV bands, because of their vested lights of allocated frequency bands

and their “nonaggressive” broadcasting missions.

As mentioned in Chapter 7.5.3, MIC (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) had

the study group in 2009 and called for the proposal of new services using “white space”.

There were over 100 proposals from over 50 companies and organizations. Proposed systems

had been categorized into five types and as shown in Figure- 13-1, the most many proposals

were are one-segment type services. In Japan, almost all mobile phones have function of

receiving one-segment digital TV (please refer to Chapter 7.5.3).

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Figure- 13-1 Proposed systems of using “white space” frequencies.

In the proposals, they also pointed out problems and subjects to be overcome in order to

introduce the proposed systems. The following are the comments on proposed systems.

（１） Comments on advantages of white space systems

“White space” broadcasting systems have much advantage in costs because of a

characteristic of simultaneous broadcasting compared with communications.

Early introduction with small investments by using area one-segment TV

services, which have already been in commercial operations.

Are one-segment white space services can provide area limited services.

（２） Comments on interferences with existing systems

Guarantee of non-interference

License system will be required.

New rules with existing operators.

New rules among new “white space” operators.

New technical standards and regulations based on fields experiments and data.

Fields experiments in limited area (Special zone).

（３） Comments on regulations

Flexible and simplified applications taking account of local needs and

business deployments.

New rules of IPR (intellectual property of right) for multiuse of contents.

（４） Comments of technical subjects

Type Proposed No.

Area one-segment 97 Area services for mobile phones with TV function, which are widely used in Japan.

Digital signage 13 Transmit information and videos to the digital sign boards of shops and restaurants.

Communication networks 17 Bidirectional communications by dedicated wireless sensor networks

Broadband wireless communications or wireless links among information devices.

7

New technologies 8 New services by new technologies such as cognitive radios

Convergence ofcommunication andbroadcasting

Convergence services of communications (distribution of advertisements orcharging information) and broadcasting (such as local administrative services9

Proposal abstract

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Research and developments of new technologies such as cognitive radio

for frequency co-sharer technology and multi-segment technology.

Base on these studies, MIC is going to carry out pre-commercial experiments before

institutionalized systems and services. The areas where these pre-commercial experiments are

carried out are called “Special zone”. After taking technical data and analysis, MIC will

discuss the technical standards for white space services and the commercial systems using

white space are expected to be introduced in 2015.

As discussed in the working group of MIC, the most early introduced white space systems

will be area one-segment TV services, because of relatively easy situations of interferences.

Broadcasting stations are fixed and mobile terminal never transmit signals. So,

interferences problems have to be taken into account only locations of broadcasting

stations.

On the other hands, “white spaces” have been studied to use mobile communications such

as ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems). In these cases, interference problems will

become very complex to overcome even using cognitive technologies. In cognitive research

fields, the present cognitive terminal is assumed to be fixed and their physical locations are

considered as a known data measured in advance.

However, cognitive radio has high potential to be applied to ITS, in which systems cognitive

terminals will be installed in moving vehicles. Network control technologies with moving

terminals will be one of the most interesting subjects to be researched in cognitive radio

technologies.

13.3. Future prospect of cognitive radio

In these years, “smart gird” technologies have been interested from a stand point of saving

energies and efficient use of not only electric power but all types of energies. Also, “smart

girds” are expected to contribute to efficient and effective distribution and exchange of all

kinds of information.

Cognitive radio technologies have great potential to play essential roles in the “smart grid”.

Aggregation, exchange and control of system information are essential function of cognitive

radio technologies. In the beginning, these cognitive radio technologies will be used for

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communication systems. However, cognitive radio will be used in any systems such as

transportation, weather forecast, data collection of electricity/gas/water, security surveillance,

and earthquake detections, because sensors with radio terminals will be used in these systems.

The “smart wireless grid” can collect all kinds of information related to spectrum, meter

(electricity, gas, and water), surveillance information, climate, and atmosphere and send the

information to the wireless clouds network via adequate gateways. And by accumulating and

analyzing accumulated data information of all systems by cognitive radio, all systems will be

operated efficiently and effectively in accordance with other systems like cognitive wireless

cloud.

Figure- 13-2 shows a future prospect of smart wireless gird using cognitive radio

technologies proposed by NICT.

Figure- 13-2 Future prospect of smart wireless grid using cognitive radio technologies.

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14. Possible EU-collaboration

14.1. Collaboration with Japan

The most suitable candidate for the collaboration will be NICT, because NICT is leading R&D

of cognitive radios and world standardizations, especially in IEEE1900.4.

As NICT is a national institute, it will be easy to have collaborative research projects with

industries and academia with its excellent achievements, a neutral position and potential

financial supports of the Government. Further, as a national institute, it is very easy to have

collaborative projects with foreign organizations.

In case of Finland, VTT is a very good counterpart of NICT and have experiences of

collaborative research projects of millimeter waves. Also, CWC of Oulu University is very

familiar to societies of wireless communication s in Japan. At WPMC2008 (The International

Symposium on Wireless Multimedia Communications 2008), held in September 2008 at

Lapland, Finland (

Figure- 14-1), was hosted by Prof. Pentti Leppänen, Director of CWC, and a general chair of

the local steering committee was Prof. Matti Latva-aho CWC.

The WPMC symposium was inaugurated in 1998 at Yokosuka Research Park, Japan, as a

global platform which aims at enabling collaboration in the field of wireless information and

multimedia communications. Since the first WPMC1998, WPMC has been held every year in

Asia, Europe and America. With strong support of NICT and YRP, WPMC has established

itself as a unique global conference dedicated to wireless multimedia convergence.

From a stand point of promoting collative projects with Europe, it will be very effective to use

the Japan-EU Symposium. The 3rd Japan EU Symposium on the "New Generation Network"

and the "Future Internet" was held on October 20, 2010 in Tampere, Finland. The target

outcome of the Symposium sessions will be the identification of a number of potential

proposals to be submitted under the forthcoming "Challenge 1" related calls of the ICT Work

Programme 2011-2012, in particular calls 7 and 8. In this context, participants from European

and Japan were invited to make a five minute presentation (2 to 3 slides) outlining their views

on topics where they would be willing to team up with Japanese partner(s).

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Discussions and interaction were organized in four parallel tracks over the two days,

addressing the following topics:

- Internet / Network Architectures

- Test Beds

- Network / Computation Service Platforms

- Mobility and Green

It will be suggested to have a cognitive radio as a main theme in the 4rd Japan EU Symposium,

which will be held in Tokyo in 2012.

Within Europe area, CTIF, Aalborg University will be one of the best candidates of research

partners. As mentioned, in 2010, NICT gave a contracted research on cognitive radio to

Professor Ramjee Prasad, Director of CTIF, Aalborg University, Denmark. The title of

contracted research was “Research and development on Converged network of wireless and

wired systems using "Frequency sharing type" wireless technologies”.

The main purpose of the project was to apply the cognitive technologies to white space

communications. In more concrete explanations, the purpose of the project is to analyze

control methods to achieve optimum performance of the networks, which consist of different

kinds of wired and wireless systems including "white space type" (frequency sharing type)

wireless communication systems with variety of services.

In order to solve these problems, the project approached important networking aspects with the

specific wireless aspect of white space communications. The following general items were

studied:

(1) A framework for and optimization methods using network parameters in converged wired

and wireless systems for improved performance and reliability. As an example this will be

achieved through virtualization.

(2) Methods for determination of resources and effective usage of white space

communications using MIMO technology. As an example, the effective usage will be

achieved through cross-layer optimizations.

To achieve these goals the project was divided into two parts focusing on networking aspects

and whitespace communication.

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In order to promote collaborative R&D projects with Finland and Japan. It will be good way

that TEKES will publish the open request for proposals on collaborative R&D projects in the

field of cognitive radio. An example of conditions will be as follows;

Proposal should be submitted by a research group consists of industries and

universities.

R&D group should have partner organizations in Japan.

R&D fund will be awarded to Finish organizations. Some fund such as travel costs

for the meeting will be covered for Japanese organizations.

Further, it will be more effective that TEKES will propose and ask MIC (Ministry of Internal

Affairs and Communications) to have collaborative R&D programs with these funds. It will be

expected that MIC will promote collaborative R&D programs with NICT and Japanese

industries. A contact person is Mr. Naoki OKANO, Director, Technology Policy Division of

MIC.

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Figure- 14-1 Flyer of WPMC2008 held in Lapland, Finland with a host of Oulu University.

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14.2. Collaboration with China

In March and April, 2011, YRP International Alliance Institute had carried out demonstration

experiments of ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) in China (Taichang city near Shanghai

city) with getting a fund of MIC.

Based on our experiences of the collaborations with universities and companies in these

experiments, Chinese Universities will have much interest in advanced technologies like

cognitive radios, however, private industries and companies will not have much interest in

advanced technologies because of high costs of the potential products. And for a moment, there

are no needs and demands using cognitive radio technologies. So there are very few

possibilities to have collaborative R&D with Chinese organizations.

14.3. Collaboration with Taiwan

There are possibilities to have collaborative works with Taiwan. They have a very

distinguished research organization named ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute).

ITRI is a national research organization, with a mission of conducting technological research,

promoting industrial development, creating economic value and improving social welfare for

Taiwan.

ITRI is not only Taiwan's largest applied technology R&D institution, but also a pioneer in

creating Taiwan's high tech industry. The R&D activities of ITRI have close relation with

industries, and also close relation with Japanese universities, YRP and NICT.

In 1995, ITRI invited Dr. Harada and Dr. Ohmori to the ITRI conference of Soft Radio, since

that ITRI and NICT have been intimate organizations. Since 1995, the author has been invited

several by ITRI to join international conferences and workshops hosted by ITRI.

There will be possibilities to have collaborative R&D with ITRI in the field of cognitive

radios.

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14.4. Collaboration with Thailand

In ASEAN counties, Thailand will be a best candidate of collaborative partner. One of the

major research organizations in the field of ICT is NECTEC (The National Electronics and

Computer Technology Center). NECTEC was established on 16 September 1986, initially as a

project under the Office of Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy

(the former name of the Ministry of Science and Technology)

NECTEC's main responsibilities are to undertake, support and promote the development of

electronics and computer technologies through research and development activities. NECTEC

also provides a linkage between research communities and industries through the established

industrial clusters. NECTEC is a counterpart of NICT as well as ITRI in Taiwan.

Another candidate will be TRIDI, (Telecommunications Research and Industrial Development

Institute) , NTC ( National Telecommunications Commission ).

As a part of National Telecommunications Commission of Thailand (NTC), TRIDI was

established in 2006 to operate according to the missions and duties, stated in the Act of the

Organization for Radio Frequency Allocation and Broadcasting and Telecommunications

Service Control, as detailed below

(1) Promote trainings and development of telecommunications and information technology

Human Resources.

(2) Promote and support research and development of telecommunications technology,

information technology, telecommunications industry and continuous industry.

The vision of TRIDI is claimed that "Keep Thai telecommunication industry in pace with

telecommunications technology and industry worldwide by promoting research and industrial

development for sufficiency economy and sustainable development of Thailand".

TRIDI is a very young research organization, however, it will be a very good partner to have a

collaborative R&D project because TRIDI is under the umbrella of NTC, which is drafting and

deciding the policies of communication and broadcasting.

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List of Figures

Figure- 1-1 Change of communication environments and the improvements of efficient

usage of frequency resources in these 16 years from Hanshin disaster to East Japan

disaster. .......................................................................................................................... 7

Figure- 2-1 History of R&D of heterogeneous type cognitive wireless network ................ 10

Figure- 3-1 Conceptual image of a cognitive radio terminal .............................................. 12

Figure- 4-1 Two types of cognitive radio technologies. Heterogeneous type cognitive

radio (left) and Spectrum sharing type cognitive radio (right). ............................. 14

Figure- 4-2 Configuration of Cognitive Radio Network .................................................. 15

Figure- 5-1 Cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum access network (Cognitive wireless

clouds) has two types of spectrum sensing method. ................................................... 17

Figure- 5-2 Heterogeneous type cognitive radio system (case 1: Terminal has a spectrum

sensing function). Copyright © 2009 NICT ............................................................. 18

Figure- 5-3 Heterogeneous type cognitive radio system (case 2: Base station has a

spectrum sensing function). Copyright © 2009 NICT ............................................. 18

Figure- 5-4 Spectrum sharing type cognitive radio system (case 1: Base station has a


Figure- 5-5 Spectrum sharing type cognitive radio system (case 2: Terminal has a


Figure- 6-1 Typical configuration of cognitive radio terminal ......................................... 22

Figure- 7-1 Steps taken in Japan on ICT strategies from e-Japan to u-Japan. .................... 25

Figure- 7-2 Target and the results of e-Japan strategy. ..................................................... 26

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Figure- 7-3 “u-Japan” to realize ubiquitous society based on “e-Japan” programs for the

world's most advanced IT nation. ................................................................................ 27

Figure- 7-4 Four packages of u-Japan policy. ................................................................ 29

Figure- 7-5 Policy package (1): Development of Ubiquitous Networks. .................... 30

Figure- 7-6 Policy package (2): Advanced usage of ICT. ............................................ 31

Figure- 7-7 Policy package (3): Upgrading Enabling Environment. ........................... 32

Figure- 7-8 New Radio Industry Development Strategy by MIC .................................. 35

Figure- 7-9 Technical targets of cognitive radio technologies in 2010, 2015 and 2020. 36

Figure- 7-10 Targeted year of standardization of cognitive radio technologies in 2010,

2015 and 2020. ............................................................................................................ 37

Figure- 7-11 Example of application of cognitive radio to ITS. Cognitive radio can

change transmission speed depending on the distance and receiving signal power

between and from other vehicles. ................................................................................ 38

Figure- 7-12 Roadmap of cognitive radio technologies for white space utilizations ....... 40

Figure- 8-1 Action plan of spectrum repack to realize wireless broadband. ....................... 42

Figure- 8-2 Framework of R&D project on cognitive radio (2005-2008) ....................... 45

Figure- 9-1 Flow chart of R&D programs of cognitive radio at NICT ............................... 48

Figure- 9-2 Network control unit (left) and a monitor of network controls (Copyright ©

2009 NICT) ................................................................................................................. 49

Figure- 9-3 Cognitive terminal and several menus on the displays (Copyright © 2009

NICT) .......................................................................................................................... 51

Figure- 9-4 Two types of Cognitive base stations (routers) ................................................ 52

Figure- 9-5 Configuration of a base station ......................................................................... 53

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Figure- 9-6 Main specifications of a base station ................................................................ 53

Figure- 9-7 Cognitive Radio Router System that can select and control radio

communication devices following the network policy: an example of heterogeneous

type systems. ............................................................................................................... 54

Figure- 9-8 Cognitive base station for a spectrum sharing (white space) type ................ 56

Figure- 9-9 Configuration of Cognitive base station for a spectrum sharing (white space)

type .............................................................................................................................. 56

Figure- 9-10 Main specifications of Cognitive base station for a spectrum sharing (white

space) type ................................................................................................................... 57

Figure- 9-11 Frame work of research group of the cognitive R&D project. ....................... 57

Figure- 9-12 Image of total R&D targets of the research group of 2 in the Cognitive project.

..................................................................................................................................... 59

Figure- 9-13 System image of the research cognitive communications (ATR, KDDI,

Hitachi and Mitsubishi) ............................................................................................... 61

Figure- 9-14 A field evaluation test of a new algorism developed by KDDI. ..................... 63

Figure- 9-15 Cognitive base station for the field experiment and evaluation (Hitachi) ...... 64

Figure- 9-16 R&D history of cognitive radio in NTT (1998-2008) .................................... 66

Figure- 9-17 System Image of Cognitive Wireless Distributed Networks (Fujii) ............... 68

Figure- 9-18 Experimental and evaluation system in Professor Hasegawa laboratory ....... 70

Figure- 9-19 New application for ITS using cognitive radio technologies under R&D by

the collaboration of Kyushu Institute of Technology, The University of

Electro-Communications and Toyota infoTechnology center.(Cited from the

presentation material with English translation.) .......................................................... 72

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Figure- 9-20 R&D subjects of next generation ITS, in which cognitive radio technologies

are applied. (Cited from the presentation material the same to the Figure- 9-19) ....... 73

Figure- 10-1 Standardization organizations, main promotion groups and R&D projects in

the world. ..................................................................................................................... 74

Figure- 10-2 Standardization related to cognitive radio. ..................................................... 75

Figure- 10-3 Configuration of cognitive radio network, IEEE1900.4 ................................ 79

Figure- 11-1 Field evaluation of SDR terminal using test bed in YRP ............................... 83

Figure- 11-2 Field experiments at Fujisawa city using large scale test-bed. ....................... 85

Figure- 11-3 System configuration of cognitive routers at Otsuchi town. ...................... 87

Figure- 11-4 Wireless cognitive router access to the Internet. ........................................... 88

Figure- 11-5 Victims are accessing to the Internet using cognitive routers at an evacuation

place. ........................................................................................................................... 88

Figure- 12-1 Cognitive routers on the market in 2011 (Reproduction of

http://buffalo.jp/product/wireless-lan/ap/mobile/dwr-pg/#feature) ............................. 94

Figure- 13-1 Proposed systems of using “white space” frequencies. .................................. 96

Figure- 13-2 Future prospect of smart wireless grid using cognitive radio technologies. .. 98

Figure- 14-1 Flyer of WPMC2008 held in Lapland, Finland with a host of Oulu University.

................................................................................................................................... 102

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Acknowledgements

This report was drafted by many documents, presentation materials and reports, which are

presented at many kinds of conferences and technical meetings at academic conferences and

administrative meetings at Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Almost all

documents are in Japanese and the author translated into English.

The author would like to great thanks to Dr. Hiroshi Harada, Mr. Homare Murakami and Dr.

Kentaro Ishizu of NICT for their kind cooperation to give me many presentation materials and

to have discussions on cognitive radio technologies.

I also would like to express sincere thanks to staffs of Ministry Internal Affairs and

Communications to give the documents of several study groups and committees related to

cognitive radio technologies.

I also would like to express sincere thanks to staffs of communication operators and

manufactures to have discussions on market trends and future trends of cognitive radios.

By all these cooperation and contributions, the author could draft the report on cognitive radio

in Japan.

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Biography

Dr. Shingo OHMORI

President, AIPRO (Consultant) President, YRP International Alliance Institute

Professor, President of CTIF-Japan, Aalborg University, Denmark

Shingo Ohmori received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Tohoku, Japan, in 1973, 1975, and 1978, respectively.

In 1978, he joined Radio Research laboratory of Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (present: NICT (National Institute of Information and Communications Technology)), and he resigned a Vice President of NICT in March 2009.

During 1983-1984, he was a visiting research associate at the ElectroScience Laboratory, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

He is an author of “Mobile Satellite Communications” (Artech House, 1998), a co-author of “Mobile Antenna Systems Handbook” (Artech House, 1994) and Co- Editor of “Towards Green ICT” (River Publishers, 2010).

He was awarded the Excellent Research Prize from the Minister of Science and Technology Agency of Japan in 1985, and the Excellent Research Achievements Prize of the IEICE in 1993.

He was a guest professor of Yokohama National University, and now a guest professor of Dalian Technical University and Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China.

Dr. Ohmori is an IEEE Fellow and an IEICE Fellow (Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Japan).

Report on Japan Study in Cognitive Radio and Networks

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