SUBMITTED TO-Ar. Anupriya Ma’am PRESENTED BY-

Akshay SinghB.Arch 2nd Sem.

REPORT ON

FOUNDATION

A foundation is the element of an architectural structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground.

OR The foundation of a building is that part of

walls, piers and columns in direct contact with the ground and transmitting loads to the ground.

Every building needs a foundation of some kind.

INTRODUCTION

To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area so as to bring the intensity of load within the safe bearing capacity of soil.

To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate to avoid differential settlement.

To prevent the lateral movement of supporting material.

To attain a level and firm bed for building operations. To increase the stability of the structure as a whole.

Purpose of foundation

Soil types and ground water table conditions.

Structural requirements and foundations. Construction requirements. Site condition and environmental factor. Economy etc.

Factors affecting design of foundation

Footings are structural elements, which transfer loads from earth retaining structures. In order to transfer these loads properly to the soil, footing must be design to…

1. Prevent excessive settlement2. Minimize differential settlement 3. Provide adequate safety against

overturning and sliding.

FOOTINGS

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

ISOLATED FOOTINGSWALL FOOTINGSCOMBINED FOOTINGS INVERTED ARCH FOOTINGCANTILEVER OR STRAP FOOTING

DEEP FOUNDATION

PILE FOUNDATION DEEP STRIP FOOTINGPIER FOUNDATION OR DRILLED CAISSON FOUNDATIONWELL FOUNDATION

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONFOUNDATION SYSTEM

◦ The foundation provided immediately below the lowest part of the structure near the ground level, transferring load directly to the supporting soil, is known as shallow foundation.

◦ Shallow foundation is provided when stable soil with adequate bearing capacity occur near to the ground level.

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

ISOLATED SPREAD FOOTING:Isolated spread footing are under individual columns. These can be square rectangular, or circular.

PLAN

WALL FOOTING: Wall footing is a continuous slab strip along the length of wall.

ISOMETRIC VIEW

COMBINED FOOTINGS:Combination footing supports two or more columns. These can be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan.

ISOMETRIC VIEW

INVERTED ARCH FOUNDATION:Inverted Arch Foundation is used to be provided for multi- storey buildings in olden times. However, with the advent of reinforced cement concrete construction practice, inverted arch footing is rarely done these days.

ISOMETRIC VIEW

CANTILEVER OR STRAP FOOTING: These are similar to combined footings, except that the footings under columns are built independently, and are joined by strap beam.

PLAN

ELEVATION

The shallow foundations may not be economical or even possible when the soil bearing capacity near the surface is too low. In those cases deep foundations are used to transfer loads to a stronger layer, which may be located at a significant depth below the ground surface. The load is transferred through skin friction and end bearing.

DEEP FOUNDATION

Pier foundations are commonly constructed of reinforced masonry (brick or concrete block) supported by individual, reinforced-concrete pad footings or by continuous, reinforced-concrete spread footings. For pier-and-beam foundations, pier spacing will also depend upon arrangement of floor framing, particularly the location of bearing walls and partitions.

PIER FOUNDATION