Berbagai Kemenangan Jepang dan Proses Masuknya Jepang ke Indonesia
Report Indonesia Jepang (1) - Satu
Transcript of Report Indonesia Jepang (1) - Satu
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N2O Emissions reduction by the diffusion of Coated fertilizers for agricultural soils
ProponentJCAM AGRI, Marubeni
1
F/S for Joint Crediting Mechanism CountryIndonesia, Malaysia CategoryChemical
MethodologyRe-assessment of baseline emissionsSurvey for expanding to eligible cropsFeasibility studyVerification of effectiveness of GHG emissions reduction by
using coated fertilizersCultivation testStudy of local production of coated fertili zers
The fertilizers such as urea, ammonium sulfate that are widely used at the oil palm plantation inMalaysia and Indonesia but whose efficiency of ut ilization is low, lead to GHG emissions.
(1) IndonesiaPT ASTRA AGRO LESTARI TBK(2) Malaysia
Tropical Peat Research Laboratory UnitChief Ministers Department, Sarawak
KTS HOLDINGS SDN BHDExpected reduction rate; 40GHG reduction; 2.9milion MT-CO2/year
ammonium sulfate
Indonesia
& Malaysia
Area of Oil palm 1000ha 8,900
Assumption of N2O emissions (1000MT-CO2) 4,812
Assumption of CO2 emissions (1000MT-CO2 2,930
Total 1000MT-CO2 7,742
Actual* assumed based on urea 50%, ammonium sulfate 50%
Indonesia &
Malaysia
Assumption of GHG emissions
reduction (1000MT-CO2)2,927
After introductionAmount of fertilization in half by using Coated fertilizers
By promoting the diffusion of coating fertilizers with high efficiency by J apanese superior technology canreduce the amount of applied fertilizer and inhibit GHG emissions.
Overview
Study details Partner / Site
Measurement
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Introduction technology outline
F/S for Joint Crediting Mechanism CountryIndonesia, Malaysia CategoryChemical
Physical Property
Features Effect Duration
Segment Release MechanismCoated Fertilizer CF is the fertilizer which coatedspherical urea with resin.CF is good for the fertilization by machines becauseof spherical figure and sharp particle size distribution.CF is good for the blending because of non-absorbent property.
Content: total N 42%
Color: white
Figure: Spherical
Particle Size: 2.4~4mm
Density: 1.3 (Real density),
0.8 (Bulk density)pH: 7.0
Hardness: 2~3kg/particle
The water moisture is taken into the particlethrough the membrane.
The water taken in through membrane dissolvesinternal fertilizer.
The water pressure in the CFparticle is increasedand urea solution leak out through the polymermembrane.
Easy fertilizationOnly one time basal applicationFor whole growth of crops.
Low production costMuch fertilizer saving is possibleBy higher efficiency fertilization.
Homogeneous High Quality ProductsOptimized fertilizer supplyLower Environmental PollutionReduction of environment influence
CFcan controlthe length of the effect continuance days
the effect expression timewith high precision.
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Outline of Results
F/S for Joint Crediting Mechanism CountryIndonesia, Malaysia CategoryChemical
FY 2010 2011 2012
Feasibility Study A study about local production ofCF inIndonesia or Malaysia was done as
follows.
Seeking a partner
Calculation of profitability
The study was put on the review.
Usage survey of slow release
fertilizers in Indonesia and Malaysia
was done.
Market research of coated fertilizer in Indonesia .
Study of the technical license to Indonesia or
Malaysia.
Methodology A methodology for monitoring,reporting verification (MRV) was
developed. Urea, Ammonium sulfate,
Ammonium nitrate andCFwere studied
as fertilizers in the methodology.
Additional studies were done for the
methodology as follows.
* Expansion of intended fertilizers
* Expansion of eligible crops
* Recalculation of the baseline
emissions
Polish the methodology and make the format.
Apply the methodology to tested plantations by using
actual data.
Verify the methodology by a third-party.
Cultivation
Experiment
A cultivation test of oil palm (mature
and immature) was started at a peaty
soil and a sandy soil in Malaysia from
Dec. 2010. (Reduction of fertilizer
dosage by CF: 50%)
A cultivation test was started at a
mineral soil in Indonesia from May.
2011.
A cultivation test was started at the
Tropical Peat Research Laboratory
Unit in Sarawak from Sep. 2011.
Continue the cultivation experiments( one plantation
in Indonesia and three plantations in Malaysia).
Verify the reduction rate of fertilizer without
decreasing growth and yield by using the coated
fertilizer.
N2O Emission
Measurement
After setting chambers at cultivation
fields, N2O emission were measured
three times.
Chambers were set at additional
cultivation fields.
N2O emission at cultivation fields
were measured twice a month.
Measure and evaluate N2O emission at cultivation
fields.
Soil
IncubationTest
Three soils (Peaty soil, Sandy soil and
mineral soil) with fertilizers wereincubated in test tubes and evaluated
N2O emission. (Pre-exam)
Above three soils with fertilizers were
incubated in test tubes and evaluatedN2O emission under three different
moisture conditions.
Verify the N2O emission mechanism under the
condition of nitrification or denitrification.
Verification
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Emission from fertilizer application
World emission from fertilizers.
282 to 575 Mt-CO2 according to one study. About 1% of total anthropogenic GHG emission
Mostly due to application of nitrogen fertilizers
Fate of nitrogen, according to IPCC 2006 GL Volatilization: 70%, conversion to N2O: 1%
Leach/runoff: 30%, conversion to N2O: 0.75% Possibly a considerable heterogeneity
Therefore, application of 1t of nitrogen results in 9t-CO2eq in N2O emissions.
Therefore, reduction of N fertilization contributes to considerable reduction of emissions.
Other source of emissions can be significant
Ammonia production consumes substantial energy Nitric acid production emits N2O
Urea production consumes energy, and the carbon fixed in urea is released as CO2.
These upstream emission can contribute to up to 20% of total emission (urea, ammonia)
F/S for Joint Crediting Mechanism CountryIndonesia, Malaysia CategoryChemical
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Role of coated fertilizers By controlling the release of nutrients, coated fertilizers
increase the amount of nutrients utilized.
Therefore, less fertilizer is necessary.
GHG implications Avoidance of GHG emissions due to fertilizer applications.
Avoidance of GHG emissions due to fertilizer production.
Increase of GHG emissions due to production and application ofcoating material (PE: eventually released as CO2).
Decrease of other GHG emissions (fertilizer transport)
Other benefits on sustainability Prevention of eutrophication due to decrease in nitrogen runoff.
F/S for Joint Crediting Mechanism CountryIndonesia, Malaysia CategoryChemical
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Methodological aspects Eligibility criteria.
The project is the application of coated fertilizers using polyethylene-derived coatingmaterial (project participants can demonstrate intended fertilizers).
Applicable to agricultural fields with no history of using coated fertilizers, and where
synthetic fertilizers are predominantly used. Record of historical fertilizer application (characteristics, quantity of consumption) for
the past 3 years is available, or there is a fertilization standard applicable to the particularcrop, age and planting condition, issued from the government or an authoritativeorganization.
For fertilizer applied post-project, information on its chemical composition, type of
nitrogen compound or nitrogen quantity is obtainable. Crops planted after the project is the same type or combination of crops in the previousthree years.
Requirements Data on past and present fertilizer use must be ensured.
Coated fertilizer should not offset organic fertilizers (since unused organic fertilizers willremain unused, causing possible methane emissions).
F/S for Joint Crediting Mechanism CountryIndonesia, Malaysia CategoryChemical
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Methodological aspects Reference emissions
Based on historical fertilizerapplication.
A simple three year average.
High heterogeneity of fertilizerapplication makes it impossible todetermine reference/baseline emissionsas a function of project emissions.
Reference unit emissions is the lower of(average historical emissions per yield)
and (average historical emissions perarea) based on historical fertilizerapplication.
In this way, conservativeness is assured.
Emission factor of fertilizer
Includes upstream emissions whenfertilizer composition is known.
Includes only downstream emissionswhen fertilizer composition is notknown.
upstream downstream Total
NH3 1.46 7.39 8.85AP 0.99 0.99
NitroAP 0.96 0.76 1.72
Urea 1.02 4.15 5.17
AN 1.67 3.15 4.82
AS 0.11 1.89 2.00
CN 1.23 1.40 2.63
KN 1.44 1.26 2.70
MAP 0 0.99 0.99
DAP 0 1.62 1.62
TSP 0 0 0
SSP 0 0 0
MOP 0.15 0.00 0.15
SOP 0.15 0.00 0.15
LiqUAN 1.21 2.88 4.09
Default emission factor offertilizer (t-CO2/t-compound)
Calculation based on Published
data by IFA
F/S for Joint Crediting Mechanism CountryIndonesia, Malaysia CategoryChemical
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Methodological aspects
Project emissions
Based on actual application of fertilizer.
Emission factor of fertilizer similar to reference
emissions.
Emission due to coating material (4.64t-CO2/t-
coating)
No leakage emissions
F/S for Joint Crediting Mechanism CountryIndonesia, Malaysia CategoryChemical
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Applications and implications Tentative applications
Oil palm plantations expected to be the first mover in coating fertilizer application.
Simunjan (Malaysia):2,755ha Reference: 1,528t-CO2
Project: 1,088t-CO2
Emission reduction: 440t-CO2
Tatau (Malaysia):9,155ha
Reference: 9,971t-CO2 Project: 4,986t-CO2
Emission reduction: 5,890t-CO2
Carbon footprint study Bananas (Central America to Europe): Fertilizer production 4.4%, fertilizer application 5.7% of
total carbon footprint.
Palm in SE Asia: Fertilizer production 6.5%, fertilizer application 7.2% of total carbon footprint.
Fertilizer is already a significant component of product carbon footprint. Possible incentive to introduce coated fertilizers.
F/S for Joint Crediting Mechanism CountryIndonesia, Malaysia CategoryChemical
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F/S for Joint Crediting Mechanism CountryIndonesia, Malaysia CategoryChemical
Business Potential
Potential demand for coated urea in Indonesia
and Malaysia is estimated to be about 4.3million tons.
Potential demand for coated urea for the oilpalm plantation market is estimated to be
about 0.7 million tons or about 16% of the
total.
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F/S for Joint Crediting Mechanism CountryIndonesia, Malaysia CategoryChemicalFeasibility study for local production
of coated fertilizer Establishing 50,000Mt capacity of MEISTER-MX
(Blended fertilizer) plant including 30,000Mt capacity ofcoating urea was evaluated.
Some problems became clear to build the plant in
Indonesia or Malaysia as follows.+Raising the rate of reduction of fertilizer for MEISTER is necessary
in terms of economic viability of the invest.
+ An incentive to credit acquisition by fertilizer reduction forplantation isnt clear.
+Local urea producers in Indonesia and Malaysia prefer getting only
production license of coated fertilizer than to have joint venture
business.
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F/S for Joint Crediting Mechanism CountryIndonesia, Malaysia CategoryChemical
What remains to be studied
Market research of the coated fertilizer in
Indonesia
Study of the technical license to a local company
in Indonesia or Malaysia