Report Foundation

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 An object is subject to mainly two types of forces:

1. Live loads

2. Dead loads

Actually, there is many more load in reality but load above are main type of load. Basically, an

object subject to any type of force which could be gravitational force (weight), pressure or

anything affects the object is called a load.

This concept is used in Mechanical and structural engineering. Let’s take in terms of

Structural Engineering. Whenever a structure is designed, these concepts are taken into

consideration because real world objects are analyzed in order to design the structure. This is

very important in terms of structural stability.

1.2 What are “Dead loads”?

As the name itself suggests, dead loads could be termed as self-weight of the non-living objects.

It could be the weight of the materials, equipment or any other components in the structure that

will remain permanent throughout the life of the structure.

Dead load has to be considered in order to make the structural design accordingly. Dead

loads vary from structure to structure. Every building is unique and has different considerations.

An additional load is considered in case additional forces build up in a structure in case of

settlement or due to secondary effects of pre-stress construction or due to shrinkage of concrete.

For the calculations of dead loads, we could also consider,

* Basically, all the permanent loads are to be considered.

Columns

Beams

Footings

Lintels

Furniture

Machinery and other equipment

Walls

Floors

Roofs

Ceilings

Stairways

Built-in partitions

1.3 What are “Live loads”?

Unlike dead loads, live loads are variable. We could term them as probabilistic loads. Live load

varies from time to time.

As the name suggests, live load is the load of human beings living in the building. Their

movement is not fixed. The number of people at a time in a structure can also vary.

2.0 WALKING LOAD CALCULATION

1 ST FOUNDATION

Roof

1st Roof

Area = 6841300mm2 = 6.84m2

6.84m2 × 2 kN/m2 = 13.68 kN

Selected Beam

2nd Roof

Area = 12440279mm2 = 12.44m2

12.44m2 × 2 kN/m2 = 24.88 kN

Roof beam

1st Roof Beam

4049mm = 4.049m

4049mm

0.15m × 0.3m × 4.049m = 0.18m3

0.18m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 4.37 kN

4.37 kN + 13.68 kN = 18.05 kN

18.05 kN ÷ 2 = 9.03 kN

2nd Roof Beam

5450mm = 5.450m

0.15m × 0.3m × 5.450m = 0.24m3

0.24m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.886 kN

5.886 kN + 24.88 kN = 30.77 kN

30.77 kN ÷ 2 = 15.38 kN

5450mm

Column (1 st Floor)

3570mm = 3.57m

3.75m × 0.15m × 0.15m = 0.08m3

0.08m3 × 24 kN/m3 = 2.025 kN

Wall (1 st Floor)

3570mm

3050mm

Wall (1st Floor)

3050mm = 3.05m

3.05m × 0.15 m = 0.46m2

0.46m2 × 2.6 kN/m2 = 1.19 kN – for 1 side wall

1.19 kN × 2 = 2.38 kN – for two sides wall

Beam (1 st Floor)

1st Beam (1st Floor)

4049mm = 4.049m

0.15m × 0.3m × 4.049m = 0.18m3

0.18m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 4.37 kN

4.37 kN ÷ 2 = 2.19 kN

4049mm

2nd Beam (1st Floor)

5450mm = 5.450m

0.15m × 0.3m × 5.450m = 0.24m3

0.24m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.886 kN

5.886 kN ÷ 2 = 2.943 kN

5450mm

Slab

LyLx > 2 = one way

LyLx < 2 = two way

5.454.049 = 1.35 = two way

12×4.049m × 2.0245m = 4.1 m2

12×(5.45m + 1.401m) ×2.0245m = 6.39m2

5450mm

4049mm

6.39m2

4.1 m2

4.1 m2 × 7 kN/m2 = 28.7 kN

28.7 kN ÷ 2 = 14.35 kN

6.39m2 × 7 kN/ m2 = 44.73 kN

44.73 kN ÷ 2 = 22.365 kN

14.35 kN + 22.365 kN = 36.715 kN

Column (Ground Floor)

4000mm = 4m

4m × 0.15m × 0.15m = 0.09m3

0.09m3 × 24 kN/m3 = 2.16 kN

4000mm

Wall (Ground Floor)

1st Wall (Ground Floor)

3050mm = 3.05m

3.05m × 0.15 m = 0.46m2



Ground Beam

1st Ground Beam

4049mm

3050mm

4049mm = 4.049m

0.15m × 0.3m × 4.049m = 0.18m3

0.18m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 4.37 kN

4.37 kN ÷ 2 = 2.19 kN

2nd Ground Beam

5450mm = 5.450m

0.15m × 0.3m × 5.450m = 0.24m3

0.24m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.886 kN

5.886 kN ÷ 2 = 2.943 kN

5450mm

Total Load

*Choose the highlight values with red

1st Roof Beam 9.03

2nd Roof Beam 15.38

Column (1st Floor) 2.025

Wall (1st Floor) 2.38

1st Beam (1st Floor) 2.19

2nd Beam (1st Floor) 2.943

Slab 36.715

Column (Ground Floor) 2.16

Wall (Ground Floor) 2.38

1st Ground Beam 2.19

2nd Ground Beam 2.943

TOTAL LOAD 80.336 kN

2 nd FOUNDATION

Roof

1st Roof

Area = 12726600mm2 = 12.73m2

12.73m2 × 2 kN/m2 = 25.46 kN

2nd Roof

Area = 9926400mm2 = 9.93m2

9.93m2 × 2 kN/m2 = 19.86 kN

Roof beam

2830mm

1st Roof Beam

2830mm = 2.83m

0.15m × 0.3m × 2.83m = 0.13m3

0.13m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 3.12 kN

3.12 kN + 25.46 kN = 28.58 kN

28.58 kN ÷ 2 = 14.29 kN

2nd Roof Beam

2820mm = 2.820m

0.15m × 0.3m × 2.820m = 0.127m3

0.127m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 3.048 kN

3.048 kN + 19.86 kN = 22.91 kN

22.91 kN ÷ 2 = 11.45 kN

2820mm

3rd Roof Beam

3710mm = 3.710m

0.15m × 0.3m × 3.710m = 0.167m3

0.167m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 4.01 kN

4.01 kN ÷ 2 = 2.01 kN

Column (1 st Floor)

3820mm

3710mm

3820mm = 3.82m

3.82m × 0.15m × 0.15m = 0.09m3

0.09m3 × 24 kN/m3 = 2.16 kN

Wall (1 st Floor)

Wall (1st Floor)

3820mm = 3.82m

3.82m × 0.15 m = 0.57m2



3820mm

Beam (1 st Floor)

1st Beam (1st Floor)

5080mm = 5.08m

0.15m × 0.3m × 5.08m = 0.23m3

0.23m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.52 kN

5.52 kN ÷ 2 = 2.76 kN

5120mm

5080mm

2nd Beam (1st Floor)

5120mm = 5.12m

0.15m × 0.3m × 5.12m = 0.23m3

0.23m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.52 kN

5.52 kN ÷ 2 = 2.76 kN

3rd Beam (1st Floor)

4410mm = 4.41m

0.15m × 0.3m × 4.41m = 0.20m3

0.20m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 4.8 kN

4.8 kN ÷ 2 = 2.4 kN

Slab

4410mm

LyLx > 2 = one way

LyLx < 2 = two way

10.093.59 = 2.81 = one way

12×10.09m × 3.59m = 18.11 m2

18.11 m2 × 7 kN/m2 = 126.78 kN

126.78 kN ÷ 2 = 63.39 kN

63.39 kN

3590mm

10090mm

Column (Ground Floor)

3820mm = 3.82m

3.82m × 0.15m × 0.15m = 0.086m3

0.086m3 × 24 kN/m3 = 2.064 kN

Wall (Ground Floor)

3820mm

3820mm

1st Wall (Ground Floor)

3820mm = 3.82m

3.82m × 0.15 m = 0.573m2



Ground Beam

1st Ground Beam

5080mm = 5.08m

0.15m × 0.3m × 5.08m = 0.23m3

0.23m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.52 kN

5.52 kN ÷ 2 = 2.76 kN

5080mm

2nd Ground Beam

5120mm = 5.12m

0.15m × 0.3m × 5.12m = 0.23m3

0.23m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.52 kN

5.52 kN ÷ 2 = 2.76 kN

5120mm

4410mm

3rd Ground Beam

4410mm = 4.41m

0.15m × 0.3m × 4.41m = 0.20m3

0.20m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 4.8 kN

4.8 kN ÷ 2 = 2.4 kN

Total Load


1st Roof Beam 14.29

2nd Roof Beam 11.45

3rd Roof Beam 2.01





3rd Beam (1st Floor) 2.40

Slab 63.39





3rd Ground Beam 2.40

TOTAL LOAD 117.16 KN

3 RD FOUNDATION

ROOF

Area of roof = 15011143mm2

= 15.01m2

Load = 15.01m2 x 2 kN/m2

= 30.32kN

ROOF BEAM

LENGTH

R.b = 2839mm = 2.839m

Selected Beam

R.b = 5150mm = 5.150m

R.b 1 = 0.15m x 0.13m x 2.839mm = 0.055 m3 (volume)

load R.b 1 =0.055m3 x 24kN/m3 = 1.32kN

R.b 2 = 0.15m x 0.13m x 5.150m = 0.1 m3 (volume)

Load R.b 2 = 0.1m3 x 24kN/m3 = 2.41kN

The transfer load (roof + roof beam) (A)

30.02kN +1.32 kN2 = 15.67 kN

The transfer load (roof beam) (B)

2.41 kN2 = 1.21 kN

COLUMN (FIRST FLOOR)

LENGTH = 3200mm = 3.2 m

VOLUME = 0.3m x 0.3m x 3.2m

= 0.288m3

LOAD = 0.288m3 x 24 kN/m3

= 6.91 kN (C)

WALL (FIRST FLOOR)

Area (thickness) = 0.15m x 3.2m

= 0.48m2

Load of one point = 1.248kN x 2

= 2.5 kN (D)

BEAM (FIRST FLOOR)

Load beam 1 = 1.32kN/2

= 0.66kN (E)

Load beam 2 = 2.41kN (F)

SLAB (FIRST FLOOR)

LyLx =

4.5m2.689m = 1.67 < 2 ( so, one way load distribution)

Area = 4.5m x 2.689m

= 12.06m2

Load = (12.06m2 / 2) x 7kN/m2

= 42.21 Kn (G)

COLUMN (GROUND FLOOR)

Length = 4100mm = 4.1m

Volume = 0.3m x 0.3m x 4.1m

= 0.369m3

Load = 0.369m3 x 24 kN/m3 = 8.856 kN (H)

WALL (GROUND FLOOR)

Area = 0.15m x 4.1m

= 0.62m2

Load = 0.62m2 x 2.6kN/m2

Load of one point = 1.61kN x 2

= 3.2kN (I)

GROUND BEAM

Load beam 1 = 0.66kN (J)

Load beam 2 = 2.41kN (K)

Total load = (A) – (K)

= 15.67 + 1.21 + 6.41 + 2.5 + 0.66 + 2.41 + 42.21 + 8.856 + 3.2 + 0.66 + 2.41

= 86.7 kN

Total Load


1st Roof Beam 15.67

2nd Roof Beam 1.21





Slab 42.21





TOTAL LOAD 86.7 kN

8.0 REFERRENCES

8.1 Internet

1. http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/introduction-to-the-calculation-

of-the-loads-building-construction/

2. http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/guide-to-foundation-design-

column-footings/

3. http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/calculation-of-loads-for-

foundation-design-structural-design/

4.

http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/calculation-of-loads-for-foundation-design-structural-design/

http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/calculation-of-loads-for-foundation-design-structural-design/

http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/guide-to-foundation-design-column-footings/

http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/guide-to-foundation-design-column-footings/

http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/introduction-to-the-calculation-of-the-loads-building-construction/

http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/introduction-to-the-calculation-of-the-loads-building-construction/

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