Repetitio est mater studiorum –repetition is the mother of learning Superficial, big, important.
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Transcript of Repetitio est mater studiorum –repetition is the mother of learning Superficial, big, important.
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repetitio est mater studiorumrepetitio est mater studiorum– repetition is the mother of learningrepetition is the mother of learning
Superficial, big, important
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The Axial Skeleton The Axial Skeleton (Part 1):(Part 1):SkullSkullSpineSpineSternum thoraxSternum thoraxRibsRibsAuditory ossiclesAuditory ossiclesHyoid BoneHyoid Bone The Appendicular The Appendicular
Skeleton (Part 2):Skeleton (Part 2):The appendages, i.e., The appendages, i.e.,
everything elseeverything else
Chapter 7 Bones, Part 1
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Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
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Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
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Cranial Bones, AKA calvarium
vs.
Facial Bones
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Bones of the CalvariumBones of the Calvarium
FrontalFrontal (forehead) (forehead)– Anterior fossa of base of skullAnterior fossa of base of skull– Frontal CrestsFrontal Crests
More prominent in maleMore prominent in male
– Frontal sinusesFrontal sinuses
ParietalParietal (2) (2)– SuturesSutures
OccipitalOccipital– Foramen MagnumForamen Magnum
– Occipital Condyles articulate with Occipital Condyles articulate with CC11
– Occipital CrestOccipital Crest
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Bones of the Calvarium, cont’dBones of the Calvarium, cont’d
Temporal (4 parts): Temporal (4 parts): – Squamous (very thin),Squamous (very thin),– Mastoid (means breast-like) processMastoid (means breast-like) process
Small sinusSmall sinus
– Petrous Petrous Houses inner earHouses inner earAcoustic meatusAcoustic meatusJugular foramenJugular foramen
– Zygomatic processZygomatic process– Styloid ProcessStyloid Process
“In one of these, the squamosal section of the temporal bone had been crushed, and another showed a jagged hole through the parietal bone.”The Bounty Trilogy, 1788
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Bones of the Calvarium floorBones of the Calvarium floor
SphenoidSphenoid– Sella turcica houses pituitary Sella turcica houses pituitary
glandgland
Ethmoid Ethmoid (sieve) (sieve) – Cribriform plate for olfactory Cribriform plate for olfactory
nervenerve– Crista galliCrista galli– Part of nasal septumPart of nasal septum
FrontalFrontalTemporalTemporal– Petrous partPetrous part
OccipitalOccipital– Foramen magnumForamen magnum
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Facial bonesFacial bones
Maxilla (2)Maxilla (2)– Alveolar margin for teethAlveolar margin for teeth– Maxillary sinusMaxillary sinus– Anterior portion of hard palateAnterior portion of hard palate
Palatine (2)Palatine (2)– Posterior aspect of hard palatePosterior aspect of hard palate
Nasal (2)Nasal (2)
Inferior Nasal conchae (2)Inferior Nasal conchae (2)– Will be covered in Respiratory Will be covered in Respiratory
SystemSystem
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Facial bones, cont’dFacial bones, cont’d
Zygomatic (2) Zygomatic (2) AKA cheek bonesAKA cheek bones– Zygomatic process of temporal boneZygomatic process of temporal bone
Lacrimal (2)Lacrimal (2)– Lacrimal sacLacrimal sac
VomerVomer– Part of nasal septumPart of nasal septum
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Facial bones, cont’dFacial bones, cont’d
MandibleMandible– Mandibular condyles Mandibular condyles
(TMJ)(TMJ)– Mandibular notchMandibular notch– Coronoid processCoronoid process– RamusRamus– AngleAngle
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Sutures and FontanelsSutures and Fontanels
Fibrous Articulation, no Fibrous Articulation, no movement, fused in adulthoodmovement, fused in adulthood– Lambdoidal—betw occipital and Lambdoidal—betw occipital and
parietalparietal
– (mid) Saggital --- betw parietals(mid) Saggital --- betw parietals
– Coronal– betw frontal and Coronal– betw frontal and parietalsparietals
– Squamous – betw parietals and Squamous – betw parietals and temporalstemporals
Anterior and Posterior Anterior and Posterior FontanelsFontanels– ““Soft spot” of NewbornSoft spot” of Newborn
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Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Narrow passageways from each sinus provide communication with nasal cavity
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SinusitisSinusitis
-itis = inflammation-itis = inflammation
Bacterial, viral, fungal, Bacterial, viral, fungal, allergicallergic
Swelling causes poor Swelling causes poor drainage and pressure drainage and pressure differentialsdifferentials– Sinus headacheSinus headache
Treatment might include Treatment might include decongestants, e.g., decongestants, e.g., pseudephedrinepseudephedrine
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Hyoid BoneHyoid Bone
Inferior to the Inferior to the mandiblemandible
Superior to the larynxSuperior to the larynx
Supports many Supports many cervical musclescervical muscles
Supports the larynxSupports the larynx
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The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column
7 Cervical7 Cervical
12 Thoracic12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar5 Lumbar
5 Sacral (fused)5 Sacral (fused)
4 Coccygeal (usually)4 Coccygeal (usually)
Curvatures:Curvatures:Cervical, Thoracic, Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, SacralLumbar, Sacral
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A “Typical” VertebraA “Typical” Vertebra
Body and intervertebral disks
Spinous Process
Intervertebral Foramina
Articular processes/facetsSuperiorInferior
Vertebral (neural) ArchPedicles and Laminae
Vertebral Canal/foramen
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Cervical Vertebrae (CCervical Vertebrae (C11 – C – C 77))
CC11 = Atlas (no body) = Atlas (no body)CC11-C-C22 – site of rotation – site of rotationCC22 = Axis (dens) = Axis (dens)CC33 - C - C66 are similar are similarNote the Note the transverse transverse foraminaforamina in each cervical in each cervical vertebravertebra– Vertebral Artery/VeinVertebral Artery/Vein
CC77 has the vertebra has the vertebra prominensprominens
C1
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Thoracic Vertebrae (TThoracic Vertebrae (T11 - T - T1212))
Large Spinous ProcessesArticulations for ribs, both superior and inferior
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Lumbar Vertebrae (LLumbar Vertebrae (L11 - L - L55))
BodyBody
Spinous ProcessSpinous Process
LaminaLamina
Articular FacetsArticular Facets
Transverse ProcessTransverse Process
PediclePedicle
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Intervertebral ArticulationIntervertebral Articulation
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Intervertebral DiskIntervertebral Disk
Nucleus PulposusNucleus PulposusAnnulus FibrosusAnnulus Fibrosus– FibrocartilageFibrocartilage
See Fig. 8-9
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Disc ProblemsDisc Problems
Most common sites for disc problems: Most common sites for disc problems: – C5 - C6C5 - C6– L4 - L5L4 - L5– L5 - S1L5 - S1
Laminectomy ( surgical removal vertebral ( surgical removal vertebral arch by shaving laminae to access disc)arch by shaving laminae to access disc)
Fig 7.14
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Damage to the Intervertebral DiscsDamage to the Intervertebral Discs
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Sacrum (5 fused)Sacrum (5 fused)Coccyx (3-5 fused)Coccyx (3-5 fused)
Sacroiliac jointSacroiliac joint
Sacral ForaminaSacral Foramina
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Thoracic (Rib) CageThoracic (Rib) Cage
Protection and muscle attachmentsProtection and muscle attachmentsRibsRibs – 12 pairs – 12 pairs– 1 - 7 are “true” ribs, with attachment to the sternum1 - 7 are “true” ribs, with attachment to the sternum– 8 - 12 attach indirectly to the sternum, or not at all8 - 12 attach indirectly to the sternum, or not at all
Costal CartilagesCostal Cartilages
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Thoracic (Rib) Cage, cont’dThoracic (Rib) Cage, cont’d
SternumSternum– ManubriumManubrium
Clavicular NotchClavicular Notch
– BodyBody– XiphoidXiphoid
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Cliffs of Moher, Co Clare, Ireland