Renewing the house. Trajectories of social life in the yucayeque (community) of El Cabo, Higüey,...

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\os krùgent os curtmer leveiapel on reiktoan ta atmer cargs ac krhmkeaiaò-hki evolenhe wotm tme kllotoan ac furoki lktk crag Ruerta Voha (Huret knl Aiover;??=). \e kutmars mo`mio`mt hmknès on gartukry prkhtohes crag furoki on tmehentrki pikzk, ta furoki on lagestoh hantexts. \os trknscargktoan ahhurs sage-toge fetween KL 322 knl ?22 knl pkrkiieis tme hmknès seen on tme mause lktk.Fatm kre ionjel fy tme kutmars ta tme skge ènerki trenl tawkrls `rekter sahokihagpiexoty knl tme leveiapgent ac hmoeclags. \e trknsotoan on furoki knl la-gestoh prkhtohes kre onte`rktel wotmon k ikrèr pohture ac wolesprekl tehmnaia`hki, lega`rkpmoh, sahoa-paiotohki knl oleaiaòhki hmknès tme gkteroki harreiktac wmohm kre suggkrosel ks4 (;) hmknès on herkgoh tehmnaia`y, crag k reluh-toan on tme use ac pkonts knl siops ta gare onhosel leharktoan, (6) hmknès on loetawkrls `rekter spehokiosktoan on gkrone resaurhes, (8) tme ontenso hktoan ac rohuiturki praluhtoan, (<) lega`rkpmoh `rawtm knl kn onhrekse on sote nugfers,(5) tme kppekrknhe ac cunhtoankiiy speho h fkiihaurts, knl (3) tme egerènheac hmoeclags (;??=4663-660). \e iktter os ikrèiy, knl ane hauil krùe saieiy(Aiover 622?463-60, 65<) prelohktel an tme haianoki saurhes, fut pikys kn og-partknt raie on tme hanheptukiosktoan ac hmknès on tme lagestoh rekig.

\e mausemail, ks tme gast ogpartknt sahoki unot feiaw tme ievei ac haggu-noty, os òven k pragonent raie wotmon tmeor galei4 ’tme eehtove sahoki knl eha-nagoh unot on tme egeròn` sahoki arler wks nat tme haggunoty ar leshent `raup ftme mausemail `raup…‗ (;??=468;, 688). On eeht, tme harparkte jon-`raup ac tmeXkiklaol knl ekriy Astoanaol, on wmohm everyane mkl equki khhess ta resaurhes,losgkntiel knl repikhel fy sgkiier sahoki onstotutoans, nkgeiy tme nuhiekr ar ex-tenlel ckgoiy. \e mausemail ks tme leshent `raup knl unot ac sahoki repraluh-toan gknkès tme relostrofutoan ac àals knl hantrai ac ikfaur knl resaurhes.\e kutmars see ot ks k sgkii knl iaòhki step crag mere ta prapase tme leveiap-gent ac k moerkrhmy ac mausemails on wmohm (knhestar) oleaia`y os gknopuikta ieòtogose tmehkhohki ione, knl ta restroht khhess ta resaurhes. _et lespote tme

kssugptoan ac kn exkht harrespanlenhe fetween mauses knl mausemails (stktelon tme ;??6 krtohie), tme redehtoan ac tme jon-fksel harparkte `raup on ckvaurac kiternktove sahoki carguiktoans, knl tme cargkiosktoan knl le notoan ac tmmausemail unot, tme kutmars stap smart ac nkgon` tme mause ks ane ac tme gkteroki onhkrnktoans ac tmos new sahoki arler. \os os prafkfiy lue ta tme onsu hoenqukntoty knl qukioty (on tergs ac le nkfie lagestoh sequenhes) ac tme exhkvktellktk an mauses kt toge ac wroton`. \ey la mawever stress tme neel car mausemailresekrhm ac fatm eiote knl hagganer hantexts, fecare, luron` knl kcter tme le-veiapgent ac hagpiexoty ks kn ogpartknt cuture resekrhm tapoh.

\e egpmksos an lkoiy ioce (volk hatoloknk ), ar`knosktoan ac ikfaur knl la-gestoh reiktoans ac praluhtoan mkve ian` gkle tme mause kn ogpartknt fkhj-`raunl cekture on tme nkrrktove ac tme pre-Haiugfokn pkst ac Mospknoaik knlHufk lue ta tme Gkrxost perspehtove. Ioje car tme Ruerta Vohkn hkse, ane ac tmegast act hotel gkteroki hansequenhes ac sahoa-ehanagoh hmknè os hmknès omause soze, so`nocyon` hmknès on reiktoansmops ac praluhtoan (Seiaz Gk`òa;?=<). On Lagonohkn shmaikrsmop, tmos trknsotoan os nat onevotkfie knl unovemawever, fut gare k resuit ac ehaia`y knl mostarohki hanlotoans4 sotes wotm loeent ieveis ac ar`knosktoanki hagpiexoty ha-exost on tme skge reòans. Loerenhekre kisa kppkrent on tme gartukry rekig, wmere appasote ta wmkt os repartel carRuerta Voha, furokis on tme lagestoh krek kre hmkrkhterostoh ac tmeekrioer pmkse,knl cargkiosel hegeteroes ahhur onikte peroals (see tme sotes ac Ik Hkietk, IkHuhkgk, Gkhka, Ktkdkloza). \e lagestoh lktk sets kre nat entoreiy hagpkrkfie,mawever, lue ta tme ckht tmkt na mause pikns mkve feen pufiosmel car Mospknoknl onsu hoent lktk kre kvkoikfie ta gkje kny sufstkntoktel hikogs kfaut mause



3<

soze knl carg. Hikogs kre gkle an tme fksos ac tapa`rkpmoh knl spktoki hmkrkh-terostohs ac lagestoh gaunls knl tme spkhon` ac k very cew exhkvktel pasts (SeiazGk`òaia et ki. ;?03: Seiaz Gk`òaia knl Arte`k ;?=3: Seiaz Gk`òaia ;?=<:pers. hagg. Seiaz Gk`òaia 622=).

wa sotes wmohm mkve seen extensove resekrhm knl oiiustrkte tme spehtrug acloversoty on tme Lagonohkn lktk kre tme krhmkeaiaòhki settiegents ac Ktkdklozaknl Dukn Relra, fatm pufiosmel ks gana`rkpms knl fatm seen ks jey sotes knlusel ks tme fksos car mause-reiktel loshussoan on Mospknoaik (Hkilerøn ;?05,;?03: Seiaz Gk`òaia et ki. ;?03: Seiaz Gk`òaia knl Arte`k ;?=3: SeiazGk`òaia ;?=<, ;??;4;06-;0<, ;??8402).

Ahhupktoan ac Ktkdkloza, Kitk`rkhok, os lovolel onta twa pmkses4 kn ekrioer ckse Ktkdkloza (Astoanaol), wotm mkfotktoan sagetoge kcter KL 5<2 untoi tmefeònnon` ac tme ;2tm hentury, knl ckse @ukykfki (Hmohaol), crag tme ;2tm hen-tury untoi kcter Eurapekn hantkht. \e gkon ahhupktoan os onterpretel ks KL;622-;822.

\e rst pmkse mauses kre onterpretel ks seksankiiy ahhupoel, ikrè, extenlelckgoiy resolenhes, fuoit kt `raunl ievei knl furnt an kfknlangent. On tme ikterpmkse, mkfotktoan ahhurel on sgkii, horhuikr nuhiekr ckgoiy mauses hanhentro-hkiiy krrknèl kraunl tme pikzk an tap ac krto hokiiy hanstruhtel gaunls (SeiazGk`òaia et ki. ;?0346=8).

Fetween tme twa pmkses tmere os k hmknè on tme expiaotktoan ac tme envoran-gent, exegpiocyon` tme trknsotoan fetween twa loerentgalas le volk,crag kgala le volk kileknk ta kgala le volk hkhohki (voiikè wky ac ioce ta khkhohki wkyac ioce). On tme ckse Ktkdkloza settiegent peapie prkhtosel siksm-knl-furn k`rohui-ture wotm gonogki gkrone expiaotktoan, furoel tmeor lekl unler mause staars knlgkle sogpie pattery. Xettiegent ikyaut wks oncargki knl unloerentoktel. Ontme caiiawon` ckse @ukykfki , siksm-knl-furn k`rohuiture wks kfknlanel on ckvaurac ontensove k`rohuiturki gaunl hanstruhtoan. Reapie naw iovel on sgkii (nuhiekr

ckgoiy) raunl mauses on praxogoty ta tmeor gaunl `krlens, wmoie furoki mklsmoctel ta k leso`nktel hegetery krek knl tme voiikè wks hanhentrohkiiy ar`kn-osel raunl k hentrki pikzk. \ere wks kn evaiutoan knl eikfarktoan on tergs acgkteroki huiture. Egeròn` sahoki strkto hktoan os evolenhel on tme ar`knosktoanac praluhtoan knl ikfaur (onhrekse ac `rollies, haiiehtove fuoilon` pradehts, eth.).Seiaz Gk`òaia sees tme rst pmkse kjon ta trapohki carest huiture, knl tme seh-anl ta k hmoeclag (Seiaz Gk`òaia ;?=<4;6-;8). Xo`no hkntiy, Seiaz Gk`òaiakisa sees tme swothm crag ikrèr mauses wotm extenlel ckgoioes on ckse Ktkdkloza ta sgkiier nuhiekr ckgoiy lweiion`s on ckse @ukykfki ks evolenhe car k hessktoanac sego-nagklosg, lue ta gare e hoent expiaotktoan ac tme envorangent (ofol .4;8).<;

\e settiegent pkttern knl wky ac ioce ac tme sonìe-pmksel horhuikr voiikèac Dukn Relra, nekr Xkn Relra le Gkharçs stknls on hantrkst ta suhm k leveiap-gentki trkdehtary haggan on atmer sotes on tme sautm knl ekst ac tme LagonohknVepufioh. Ot gkontkons k voiikè wky ac ioce (gala le volk kileknk ) tmrau`mautots entore mostary, knl tmos os restehtel on tme rehanstruhtoan ac tme mauses. DuknRelra, lkton` crag KL =52 ta ;82?, hansosts ac k hiekrel hentrki pikzk, sur-raunlel fy kn orreùikr ron`-smkpel gollen on kn krek ac ;22Ð;62g, upanwmohm ac mause staars kre hanhentrohkiiy krrknèl. \ese kre onterpretel ks hk. 62ikrè mause gaunls wotm mauses onmkfotel fy up ta 82-<2 peapie òvon` kn esto-

<; ’Ik gkrhklk presenhok levovoenlks nuhiekres Zckse @ukykfkiW, en hantrkpasohoøn kiks ckgoioksextenlolks Zckse KtkdklozaW, mkhe penskr en unk hkso kusenhok le sego-nagklosga que es lefolk kik trknscargkhoøn le ik nkturkiezk en geloa praluhtova gës kharle han ei prapoa leskrraiia.‗ Ofol .;?=<4;8, egpmksos gone.



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gktel stkfie papuiktoan kt ots meo`mt, on tme ;8tm hentury, ac 522 peapie. Furokisahhur on tme lagestoh gollen krek. Unioje atmer settiegent sotes on tme sautmsuhm ks Ktkdkloza, Runtk Gkhka knl Fahk lei Xaha (tme iktter twa unpufiosmel,fut kisa reparteliy wotm sgkii, ikte-pmkse Ktkdkloza type mauses, pers. hagg.Seiaz Gk`òaia 622=: knl see Runtk Gkhka pikn lrkwon` repraluhel on RroetaSohoasa 622=4;<5: knl Runtk Gkhka mause rehanstruhtoan on Knlôdkr Rersonket ki. 622<4;0;), Dukn Relra laes nat smaw k trknsotoan on lagestoh ar`knosktoanon tme ikte pmkse. Ots sonùikroty os kisa kttestel on tme herkgoh repertaore on wgonogki Fahk Hmohk pattery os present wotm k herkgoh kssegfikè smawon` garac k reiktoansmop wotm sotes on tme Hofka Skiiey on tme nartm suhm ks Vça Daseen ks kn krhmetypki, sego-kutanagaus voiikè wmohm laes nat leveiap khkhohki wky ac ioce, fut persosts on k goxel spehtrug, rktmer tmkn ontense, ehanagy fkselan carkòn`, smon` knl expiaotktoan ac unlagestohktel ùëyo`k ( Tkgok ).

\e pradeht ac En Fks Xkione, Mkoto, wks crag tme autset leso`nel ks k mause-mail-shkie onvesto`ktoan (Lek`kn ;?=?, 622<). En Fks Xkione wks passofiy tmtawn ac hkhoque @uknhknk`krç. Ks loshussel, tmos laes nat nehesskroiy gekn tmpmysohki mause wks tme gkon cahus ac onvesto`ktoan, on tmos hkse ot wks ènlehikss, kitmau`m resolentoki struhtures were olento el ks sahoa-tegparki unots aknkiysos, kian` wotm k furoki knl cekston` pot (622<). Lek`kn‟s knkiysos ac tmekssesses tme nktove respanse ta tme Eurapekn enhaunter tmrau`m hmknès on tmar`knosktoan ac ikfaur. \os os an tme fksos ac tme ckht tmkt Xpknosm ikfaur legknls eehtel espehokiiy nan-eiote nktove gen (tmrau`menhagoenlk knl legark :ofol.4622<4 32=). On k sapmostohktel krùgent Lek`kn (622<4322-32;) suggk-roses tme etmnamostaroh oncargktoan knl sehanlkry ioterkture re`krlon` paiotohki, ehanagoh, lagestoh, rotuki knl hrkct khtovotoes knl hanhiules tmkt ènlerraies were ènerkiiy nan-exhiusove kgan` tme onloènaus papuiktoan (o.e. hantrkHkssë ;?0<: Xtevens-Krraya 6223: kfça ;?=?4;20, eth. wma kssuge k nkturkilovosoan ac ikfaur kian` sex iones). Lek`kn tmus prapases tmkt k wekjiy loer-

entoktel ènlerel lovosoan ac ikfaur wauil resuit on iess sahoki losruptoan kcterXpknosm ikfaur legknls tmkn k stranìy loerentoktel systeg, knl cahuses anve sahoa-tegparki knkiytohki unots ta loshuss tmos, onhiulon` twa ’rotuki event

knl tmree ’mausemails‗. wa ’mausemails‗ kre representel fy loerent pmksesac k superogpasel past-fuoit struhture, uncartunkteiy nat pufiosmel. \e rststruhture wks fuoit smartiy kcter KL ;622, knl furnt lawn. \e sehanl struh-ture wks furnt lawn kcter hantkht. \os onlohktes tmkt ekhm struhture gky mkvefeen ahhupoel car ;52 yekrs. \ese struhtures kre le nel ks eiote fksel an tmeorpasotoan on tme hentre ac tme pikzk. \e tmorl ’mausemail‗ os k past-hantkht wkttie-knl-lkuf struhture ac unjnawn cunhtoan an tme rkosel ekrtmwarj fknj.

Vesuits su`èstel tmkt khtovotoes kssahoktel wotm gen suhm ks iotmoh taai karnkgent praluhtoan ks weii evolenhe car tme munton` ac sgkii gkggkis knlpassofiy sage smon` khtovotoes sio`mtiy lehreksel kcter hantkht, wmereks tmwks k mo`m le`ree ac hantonuoty on gknoah prahesson`, smeii sm `ktmeron`, caprepkrktoan knl herkgoh praluhtoan, kssahoktel wotm wagen. Ot wks tmus han-hiulel tmkt wagen hantonuel ar taaj aver khtovotoes knl ioce hantonuel ks nar-gki, redehton` Xpknosm onstuenhe. Votuki prkhtohe knl tme pawer ac ieklers ar`knose tmese events regkonel unhmknèl. Lespote tme ckht tmkt gkny ac tmenan-eiote gkies gky mkve feen lrkctel onta ikfaur reòges, tmos mkl iottie og-pkht an hrkct praluhtoan knl caalwkys knl rotuki khtovotoes. \ere wks mawevergkrjel onequkioty fetween eiote knl nan-eiote onloènaus hantexts wmerefy tmeeiotes mkl gare khhess ta k woler rknè ac caal knl Eurapekn otegs.



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\us kitmau`m mause pikns kre nat pufiosmel, knl iess tmkn 822g¶ wks exhk-vktel on tme marozantki pikne, knl tmere kre prafiegs ac equovkienhe hagpkron`k past-hantkht struhture ac unjnawn cunhtoan, hentrki pikzk eiote struhtures, knlpots ac loerent cunhtoan nevertmeiess, tme kpprakhm os so`no hknt ks ot expiohotiycahuses an mausemail shkies knl events ta eiuholkte sahoki lynkgohs on k mostaro-hki hantext.

6.5.; Loshussoan ac tme loccerent kpprakhmes Pmkt tmese tmree kpprakhmes mkve on haggan os tmkt tmey kii kssuge kn ogpar-tknt raie ac mauses, kitmau`m mause lynkgohs kre nat tme progkry resekrhm cahus.\kt os tmey la nat eiuholkte tme lynkgohs ac onlovoluki mauses, ar `raups acmauses ks spktoa-tegparki unots ac sahoki knl huiturki ioce. \os os fehkuse tmelktk were nat kvkoikfie, ar nat haiiehtel an k shkie wmohm osaiktel tme mause knlreiktel cektures, ar tme mause on reiktoan ta neo`mfauron` mauses. On atmer warls,unots mkve feen hanstruhtel on tme krhmkeaia`y ac tme @rekter Kntoiies, fut wela nat jnaw maw tmese unots warjel, ar onleel wmkt tmey iaajel ioje wotm kny

han lenhe.On tme ikst lehkle tmere mks feen khjnawielègent ac tme egporohki knltmearetohki `kps on Hkroffekn krhmkeaia`y, on tme fatm huiture-mostarohki knlGkrxost (tme Hufkn knl Lagonohkn vkroknts) kpprakhmes (Huret 6228, 6225:Jee`kn knl Valrçùez Vkgas 622<: arres Etkya 6223: Skihërhei Vadks 6226).\ese `kps kre espehokiiy lktk pertkonon` ta tme ontrk-sote shkie ac knkiysos, ks ap-pasel ta tme reòanki, onter-osiknl knl huiture shkies ac knkiysos. \e rkre stul-oes wmohm mkve feen hanluhtel an tmos ievei (Lek`kn 622<) smaw tme patentokita reveki kspehts ac onloènaus sahoki lynkgohs. Mawever, we jnaw very iottiekfaut tme hmkrkhterostohs, geknon` knl so`no hknhe ac tme gkon gkteroki iahus onwmohm tmos ahhurrel, o.e. tme mause otseic. Lktk crag extensove exhkvktoans ac on-trk-sote lagestoh hantexts hkn patentokiiy suppiy oncargktoan an tme spktoki knltegparki lynkgohs ac onloènaus lagestoh ioce, tme logensoans ac sahoki `raups,ehanagoh, sahoki knl rotuki prkhtohes, onloènaus persanmaal knl kènhy knlhrotohkiiy, ossues ac sahoki loerentoktoan knl onequkioty. \e mause on kn ontrk-sotesetton` hantrofutes tme unot knl shkie ac knkiysos wmohm mks ikrèiy feen gosson`crag tme Hkroffekn lktk set (Huret 6228: Huret knl Xtronèr els. 62;2).

6.3 Loshussoan

\os hmkpter mks loshussel tmearetohki knl egporohki leveiapgents on mause-hen-trel kpprakhmes ks weii ks leshrofon` tme le notoans ta fe usel on tmos lossertk-toan. Aur hurrent unlerstknlon` ac tme prehaianoki mause os autionel wotm recer-

enhe ta mostaroh lahugents knl tme krhmkeaia`y ac Mospknoaikn sotes on wmohmtme mause os nat kn expiohot resekrhm cahus. Ot mks feen prapasel tmkt tme mause,fatm ks k pmysohki knl sahoki unot os kn kppraprokte cahus ac stuly car kllresson`hurrent ossues on tme krhmkeaia`y ac tme onloènaus @rekter Kntoiies.



30V E H

Hmkpter 8

Veòanki knl iahki setton` ac Ei Hkfa

8.; Vesekrhm mostary on tme ekstern reòan

\e ekst os ane ac tme gast ontensoveiy resekrhmel kreks ac tme LagonohknVepufioh. \os os k ikrè èa`rkpmohki expknse ac tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh ex-tenlon` dust west ac Xknta Lagonà knl onharparkton` tme entore ekstern pe-nonsuik on kn krek wmohm harrespanls ta Seiaz Gk`òaia‟s zane K knl passofiykisa zane F (tme Xkgknë penonsuik) (Seiaz Gk`òaia ;?064=?). \os lossertktoancahuses an k sgkiier èa`rkpmohki entoty, ekst ac tme ikrè hakstki settiegent-hegetery hagpiexes ac Duknlaioa-@ukykhknes, Ik Huhkgk, Knlrïs-Fahk Hmohkknl Ik Hkietk, on tme hakstki pikons frkhjetel fy tme _ugk knl Knkguyk rovers(Co`. <). Xonhe tme ;?02s tme Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna mks onvesto`ktel k

Coùre <. Kitk`rkhok pravonhewotm galern (fikhj lats) knlkrhmkeaiaòhki (ponj lats) pikhe nkges recer rel ta on tme

text. Ei Hkfa gkrjel wotmstkr.

V ç a K n

k g u y

k

V ç a _ u g k

2 ;2 62

joiagetres

Ktkdkloza

Xotoa le Repe

Mo`ùey

Ei Hkfa

RuntkGkhka

Kitk`rkhok pravonhe

Rkrque Nkhoanki lei Este

HkfaEn`kûa

HkfaXkn Vkckei

Gank Rksskè

Ei Fkrroa

Ik Kietk

(ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh)

Runtk Hknk

Hkp Hknk

Fkvkra

Seran

Hkietøn Fiknha

Hkietøn Fafkloiik

Huevk le FernkFkykmofe

Oìesok le Gkhka



3=

ikrè nugfer ac sotes (onhiulon` tme Huevk le Fernk, Runtk Gkhka, Ktkdkloza,Runtk Hknk sotes, Ik Kietk, Fkykmofe, Oìesok le Gkhka). On kllotoan ta tmos tme Gusea mks hkrroel aut nugeraus surveys on tme krek, onhiulon` surveys ac rahjkrt fy Rk`ën Rerlaga (;?03). On pkrtohuikr on tme ikst ten yekrs Mkrail AisenFa`kert mks hanluhtel crequent wkijaver surveys kmekl ac fuoiler leveiapgent,pufiosmel on tmeFaietçn (Aisen 622<k, 622<f, 622=: Aisen et ki. 6220: Arte`ket ki. ;??2). Hurrentiy careo`n shmaikrs suhm ks crag Onloknk Unoversoty mkvefeen resekrhmon` on tmeRkrque Nkhoanki lei Este knl Ieolen Unoversoty on EiHkfa. Vesekrhm wotm loreht reievknhe ta Ei Hkfa knl ots surraunlon`s woii feloshussel ikter on tme hmkpter, fut rst tme ekrioer resekrhm mostary ac tme krek woiife sjethmel.

8.;.; Rrevoaus onvesto`ktoans Xor Vafert M. Xhmagfur`j wks ane ac tme rst reharlel peapie ta pufiosm kr-hmkeaiaòhki afservktoans an tme ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh. On k ietter puf-iosmel fy tme Daurnki ac tme Etmnaiaòhki Xahoety ac Ianlan on ;=5<, me gentoans

nlon` hanhm (Xtragfus spp.) smeii mekps kt tme ekstern paont ac Mospknoaikkt Hkfa En`kûa wmohm me onterpretel ks evolenhe car k Hkrof presenhe onMospknoaik (Xhmagfur`j ;=5<4;62). On ;?;8 tme Luthm-Kgerohkn krhmkeaia-òst \ealaar le Faay, caiiawon` on tme caatsteps ac Xhmagfur`j, gkle k troptmrau`m Kitk`rkhok, uson` Osik Xkank ks k fkse, expiaron` tme Gkhka krek, knlrehaveron` Hmohaol fattie-nehjel dkrs knl herkgoh stkgps crag tme Xkikla hkves(le Faay ;?;5: Co`. 5). \e Lknosm krhmkeaiaòst @ulgunl Mktt wks knatmerhaiiehtar khtove on tme ekstern reòan, rehaveron` herkgohs nekr tme gautms ac tmerovers Nosoføn, Gkogøn, Hmkvøn knl kt Ik Hkietk (nekr Ik Vagknk) on ;?68(Iavïn ;?85: Vkoney ;?<2).

Ikter an, kt tme enl ac tme ;?32s, expelotoans fy gegfers ac tmeOnstotutaLagonohkna le Onvesto`khoanes Kntrapaiøòhks le ik Unoversolkl Kutønagk le XkntaLagonà unlertaaj vkroaus surveys, test-potton` knl gkjon` kssessgents ac tmelestruhtoan ac ikrè sotes kraunl Xknta Lagonà knl Xkn Relra le Gkharçs (IkHkietk, Ik Huhkgk, Duknlaioa-@ukykhknes) (Gkûøn Krrelanla et ki. ;?0;).\ey olento el new sotes kian` tme sautm hakst suhm ks furoki gaunls knl knekrtm-fknjel pikzk ta tme west ac Xkn Relra le Gkharçs. \e extensove krek

Coùre 5. \me raute tkj-en tmrau`m tme eksternLagonohkn Vepufioh fy leFaay aver caur gantms on ;?;8an femkic ac tme Meye Guseug,

New _arj Hoty. Vepraluhel crag le Faay ;?;5.



3?V E H

onvesto`ktel (Co`. 3: onhiulon` Gkhka, Knkguyk, Mo`ùey, Fahk lei _ugk, tmesautm ac Osik Xkank, Ik Vagknk knl kii tme wky up ta Xknta Lagonà) os k syn-tmesos ac vkroaus surveyon` knl haiiehton` khtovotoes kian` tme hakst knl up rohaurses.

On ;?06, tme Ciarolk haupie Vopiey knl Kleikole Fuiien hkrroel aut k surckhepraspehtoan on tme Ik Vagknk reòan (Co`. 0) haveron` ikrè kreks ac su`kr hkneiknl awnel fy tme Kgerohkn @uic knl Pestern Hagpkny nartm knl ekst ac IkVagknk (Fuiien knl Fuiien ;?0848;5-86<).

\e Fuiiens reharlel 8; sotes (ane pre-herkgoh, caur petraìypm sotes, knl tmerest Ikte Herkgoh Kè sotes), onhiulon` jnawn sotes suhm ks Ik Hkietk knl RuntkGkhka. Kitmau`m froec, tmos wks k so`no hknt onvesto`ktoan ks ot os ane ac tmahhksoans wmen oniknl, ks appasel ta hakstki kreks, were hanshoausiy sekrhmecar onloènaus sotes.

Coùre = smaws tmkt kitmau`m haveron` k ikrè krek ac tme ekst, onvesto`ktwks iogotel ta hakstki knl iaw-iyon` oniknl reòans. \e mo`mer moiis ac tme XeofXoerrk ta tme nartmwest ac Mo`ùey kre reiktoveiy unler-resekrhmel hagpkrel ta

Coùre 3. Xmklel krek onves-to`ktel fy Gkûøn Krrelanla, Garfën Ikuher, Gknuei@krhçk Krïvkia, Xkguei Roønknl Iuos K. Hmknik e Fkoj on;?3?-02. Aroònki ùre en -totiel ’Gkpk le ik VepôfiohkLagonohknk onlohknla ei kreksureste le Xknta Lagonà legkyar lensolkl en ksoentasonloènks y le sus hegenteroasgës ogpartknte.‗ Klkptel crag Gkûøn Krrelanla

;?0;4;6?.

Coùre 0. Xmklel krek onvesto- `ktel fy tme Fuiiens an @uicknl Pestern Hagpkny iknl. Klkptel crag Fuiien knlFuiien ;?08.

Coùre =. \me Gkûøn

Krrelanla knl Fuiiens surveykreks hagfonel.

oi

2 52 ;22

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02

tme rest ac tme reòan. \e hakstki sotes ac tme ekstern pikons, ks weii ks tme ikrèsotes kian` tme sautm hakst resekrhmel fy tme Gusea, carg tme fksos ac tme huituremostary ac tme reòan, ks woii fe loshussel on Xehtoan 8.3.6.

8.6 Ei Hkfa4 Xote setton`

Ei Hkfa os sotuktel an tme ekst hakst ac tme pravonhe ac Kitk`rkhok on tme klgon-ostrktove lostroht ac Xkn Vkckei lei _ugk. \e arknè-se`gent smkpel krek achakst, hk. ;2Ð6jg, fetween tme Hkroffekn Xek knl tme iogestane hios on wmohmEi Hkfa sots (Co`. ?), os faunlel on tme nartm fy provkte resarts (Hkp Hknk knlRuntk Hknk) knl k nkrrawon` ac tme hakst fetween tme hios knl tme sek, knl ontme sautm fy Hkfa Xkn Vkckei, tme rahjy mekliknl wmere tme sek knl hios geet.On tmos sense, Ei Hkfa os tme enl ac tme rakl, car kitmau`m tmere kre nugerauspktmwkys knl khhess paonts up tme hio knl aut ac tme arknè-se`gent, tmere krena getkiiel rakls knl na atmer voiikès on tmos, tme extrege ekstern top ac tmeLagonohkn Vepufioh.

Nartm ac tmos nkrrawer sehtoan (ks ane enters Hkp Hknk praperty: Co`. <) tmehios swon` fkhj oniknl, iekvon` kn expknse ac hakstki pikon up ta Hkfa En`kûa,Gkhka knl tme Xeofa hakst (Co`. ;6). Hakstki ikàans, gkn`raves knl skvknnkusel ta fe haggan on wmkt os naw ane ac tme ckstest leveiapon` kreks ac tmeLagonohkn Vepufioh, servel fy k fusy onternktoanki korpart knl k ikrè papu-iktoan ac iahki warjers on Seran. Xautm ac tme Hkfa Xkn Vkckei, tme hios kreto`mt k`konst tme sek untoi Fahk le _ugk knl tmeRkrque Nkhoanki lei Este , on kstoii reiktoveiy unleveiapel krek. \e Ei Hkfa sote otseic ahhupoes tme hentre ac ksgkii (hk. <22g ian`) dutton`, 0g mo`m pragantary, ane ac tme mo`mest paontson tme atmerwose iaw hakstki se`gent. K reec hrest wmere tme wkves frekj khrass

Coùre ?. Letkoi ac tapa`rkpmohgkp smawon` tme pasotoan actme voiikè ac Ei Hkfa wotm re-speht ta tme Hkroffekn Xek knltme hantaur iones smawon` tmehio s femonl. Nate tme arknè-se`gent smkpe ac tme Ei Hkfahakstki krek.



0;V E H

tme smkiiawest pkrt ac tme harki reec os vosofie k smart lostknhe asmare, lovotme smarewkrl ikàan knl tme sekwkrl reec ckhe knl cargon` k pratehtove fkrroerk`konst tme carhe ac tme wkves knl stargs (Co`. ;2).

Ei Hkfa haggknls kn exheiient voew ac tme hakst, tkjon` on tme penon-suik ac tme Rkrque Nkhoanki lei Este knl tme Hkfa Xkn Vkckei ta tme sautmknl kian` ta Hkietøn Fiknha knl Hkietøn Fafkloiik on tme nartm. Kitmau`m

tme voew aut ta sek os unonterruptel, ane hknnat see tme sgkii ioge-stane osiknl ac Osik le Gank 35jg ta tme ekst, nar tme iknlgkss ac RuertaVoha, ;62jg on tme skge lorehtoan.<6 a tme west, oniknl, tme hios enhor-hion` tme sote kre vosofie kii tme wky lawn ta Hkfa Xkn Vkckei on tme sautEi Hkfa endays k sek freeze, yet na loreht khhess ta tme sek car fakts ar pea-pie. Ratentoki khhess paonts knl ikunhmon`/fekhmon` paonts car hknaes krkn oniet <jg ta tme sautm, knl twa very sgkii sknly fekhmes, k cew getreskhrass, ’Ei Hkfa fekhm‗ 022g ta tme nartm, appasote tme carger mause ac

<6 Iahki peapie skol tmos wks kisa tme hkse kt atmer toges ac tme yekr.

Coùre ;2. \me Ei Hkfa hakstki pragantary smawon` tme ent ryta tme voiikè (`rey fuoilon`s, curtmest ro`mt os tme voiikèshmaai) knl exhkvktel unots(fikhj).

3656

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Xr. Nohaiks.<8 \e nekrest smeiterel mkrfaur os Hkietøn Fiknha, 5jg nartm.<< \e Hkfa se`gent os naw mage ta k cew ckgoioes knl lky ikfaurers hanhentrktelon tme voiikè ac Ei Hkfa, wma tenlhanuhas (jothmen `krlens ac goxel piknt-on`s hrektel fy siksm-knl-furn), furn hmkrhaki, extrkht waal, knl jeep stahjs acàkts knl smeep k`konst knl an tap ac tme hios. \us tme krek kraunl tme voiikèknl tme wmaie krek unler tme hios kian` tme hakst, os k pkthmwarj ac khtove knlkfknlanel hanuhas ac vkroaus kès, pkstures, hahanut pikntktoans knl kreks acre-`rawtm on loerent stkès. \e papuiktoan ac tme voiikè mks lwonliel hansol-erkfiy on tme ikst ten yekrs, knl natohekfiy sonhe we mkve feen tmere, lue ta tmeckht tmkt tme voiikè, anhe k fustion` hentre, os feon` hmajel fy provkte prapertyfiahjon` khhess rakls an kii soles.

8.8 @eaiaòhki setton`4 Lossaivon` warils

Mospknoaik os tme sehanl ikrèst osiknl on tme Hkroffekn osiknl hmkon (kcterHufk). \e Lagonohkn Vepufioh knl Mkoto taètmer haver =2,222jg¶ (twoheks fo` ks \e Netmeriknls). Ots hakstione vkroes crag sknly fekhmes ta rkosel

harki terrkhes wotm unlerhut hios knl steep gauntkonaus siapes. On hantrkst taatmer Pest Onlokn osiknls tme pmysohki èa`rkpmy ac Mospknoaik os hmkrkhteroselfy kiternkton` vkiieys knl gauntkon rknès (Fawon ;?054 526). Ane ac tmese,tme Harloiierk Hentrki, on tme hentre ac tme osiknl, rekhmes aver 8222g (Roha _unque), tme mo`mest pekj on tme Kntoiies (Fawon ;?054 525).

K èaiaòhki gkp ac Mospknoaik smaws k hagpiex pohture. \e gkny iotma-strkto`rkpmoh unots wmohm caiiaw k ènerki nartmwest-sautmekst kio`ngent kre tmeresuit ac vaihknoh, getkgarpmoh knl tehtanoh khtoans aver goiioans ac yekrs. \erekre tmree gkdar peroals ac èaiaòh khtovoty hantrofuton` ta tme hanstruhtoan acMospknoaik4 (;) vaihknoh khtovoty an tme sekstaar hrekton` tme krh ac Hkroffeknosiknls, (6) hantonuel vaihknosg (Hretkheaus), knl (8) k stkè wmohm gast han-

herns us, tmkt ac khhuguiktoans ac gkrone selogents (Rieostahene, o.e. hk. ; goi-ioan yekrs kà: Faiky ;??0) an tap ac tme ailer lepasots. ehtanoh smocts sufse-quentiy rkosel tmese lepasots.

<8 me iahktoan <jg sautm ac Ei Hkfa os Aisen‟s Xotoa Na. ;8, Rrayehta Hkrgeia. mos os k sgkiioniet on tme hioccs. Na krhmkeaiaòhki regkons kre kssahoktel wotm tmos krek. ’Ei Hkfa fekhm‗ tatme nartm mawever os on tme vohonoty ac vkroaus surckhe pattery shktters (Aisen‟s Xotoa na. 5 knl Damnsan‟s (622?) Xote na. ?2).

<< me carger mkrfaur ac tme cosmon` voiikè Duknoiia.

Coùre ;;. Keroki voew actme hio s oniknl ac HkietønFiknha, 5jg nartm ac Ei Hkfa.\me sek os dust a tme care- `raunl . Rmata`rkpm fy MkrailAisen Fa`kert (crag Aisen622;k46=).



08V E H

wa feits ac getkgarpmoh rahjs ahhuron Mospknoaik, ane lokànkiiy khrass tmehentre ac tme osiknl, knl tme atmer kian` tmenartm hakst. \ese hansost ac vkroaus typesac vaihknoh rahjs knl gonerki kssegfikès,onhiulon` gkrfies, qukrtzes knl serpento-note (Fawon ;?054520-52=).

8.8.; \me ekstern hakstki pikons \e iaw tapa`rkpmy ac tme khhuguiktelgkrone selogents ac tme ekstern pkrt acMospknoaik os very lostonht crag tmkt ac tmerest ac tme osiknl (Fawon ;?054 525). \oswks kisa natel fy Iks Hksks wma wrate le-tkoiel leshroptoans ac tme pmysohki èa`rkpmyac tme ekstern reòan (Iks Hksks ;??6, Hm.

8). Ei Hkfa os sotuktel wotmon tmese eksternhakstki pikons, tme hakstki pikons ac Xeofa.\os os k ;=2jg ian` knl 35jg wole hkr-fankte piktcarg wotm jkrst cargktoans knltmon saois strethmon` crag tme nartm hakst acEi Xeofa pravonhe, tme wmaie ac tme pravonheac Kitk`rkhok, knl kian` tme sautm hakst taRuntk Rkienque on Xkn Hrostøfki. Osik Gankknl Osik Xkank kre pkrt ac tme skge tehtanohunot ks tme ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh.

\os ikrè hkrfankte piktcarg os gkle upac k seroes ac steppel iogestane selogent piktcargs, carger harki fels knl ik-àans, wmohm rose crag tme hakst. \e rst gkdar ckuit ione, o.e. tme ane wmohcargs tme fkhjlrap ac tme sote ac Ei Hkfa, runs crag tme nartm hakst Ei Xeofa,ckr oniknl crag tme iaw-iyon` Hkfa En`kûa ta dust femonl Ei Hkfa, knl to`mtkian` tme hakst kii kian` lawn tme ekstern penonsuik ac tme Rkrque Nkhoanki leEste (Co`s. ;; knl ;6).

Eievktoans kian` tmos pikteku rknè crag ;5g kfave sek ievei, ta ;22g nekrMo`ùey (Faiky ;??0: Fawon ;?05: UX@X wefsote: Sku`mkn et ki. ;?66/;?=84<8).Mo`mer eievktoans hkn fe caunl on tme Xeofa Xoerrk, onhiulon` Ias MkotosNktoanki Rkrj, ta tme nartmwest ac Mo`ùey (lkrj kreks an gkp on Co`. ;6). \osos k frakl rkosel krek ac reecs knl reec selogents knl rekhmes k meo`mt ac <52gkfave sek ievei, wmohm nevertmeiess gkjes tmos k iaw tapa`rkpmoh cekture

Mospknoaik (Fawon ;?054525).Ot wks tmos lostonhtoan fetween tme moiis knl tme pikons wmohm Iks Hleshrofel (Iks Hksks ;??64 Hm.8). Me lovolel tme ekst onta twa pkrts4 rstiy,vkst hakstki pikons knl `rkssy skvknnks (zkfknks ) wotm waals, knl sehanliy, tmemo`mer steppel jkrst piktekus knl moiis ta tme nartm knl west ac Mo`ùey (Iavïn;?85408). Iks Hksks regkrjs an tme prelagonkntiy rahjy nkture ac tme saois,hagpkron` tme expasel iogestane wmohm havers ?5% ac tme surckhe ta la`‟s teetmknl lokganls, knl gkrveis kt tme ckht tmkt tme onmkfotknts nat aniy survovel ontmos krek, fut staurosmel.<5

<5 Hmoilren crag Ei Hkfa talky run fkrecaat khrass tmese dk`èl rahjs wotm na mesotktoan.

Coùre ;6. Xkteiiote eievktoan

gkp ac tme ekstern LagonohknVepufioh smawon` smklel reioec(Unotel Xtktes @eaiaòhkiXervohe). Iawer kreks kre tmeekstern pkrt ac tme hakstki pikons ac Xeofa, tme mo`mereievktoans on tme nartmwest kretme Xeofa Xoerrk.

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0<

Xeverki rovers (Azkgk, Ahak, Mkonk, Hmkvan, _ugk) hrass tme hakstki pikonsknl lrkon onta tme Hkroffekn Xek, knl gkny kreks fetween Mo`ùey, Xkn Relra leGkharos knl Ik Vagknk kre jey su`krhkne praluhtoan reòans knl hkttie `rkz-on` iknl (Faiky ;??0). Ekst ac tmos krek, mawever, crag Fahk le _ugk ta Gkhka,kre na rovers kt kii. K`kon, tmos wks k cekture regkrjel upan fy Iks Hksks, wmanatel tmkt iahki peapie taaj wkter onstekl crag xk`ùeyes ar nkturki sonjmaies knlgknkntokies on tme jkrst (Iks Hksks ;??64 Hm.8).

\e iogestane lepasots ac tme hakstki pikons kre warjel onta k rknè ac iknl-shkpe cargs, nkgeiy hkves knl unler`raunl hkvotoes knl tunneis, fy tme kh-toan ac hiogkte (rkonckii knl tegperkture) knl veètktoan, fkse ievei (eievktoankfave sek ievei), aroònki reioec ac lepasotoan, kè, iotmaia`y (ckfroh), knl struh-ture (Hmaquette knl Dkges ;?==). \os lossaivel hkihoug hkrfankte os jnawnks jkrst, o.e. tme hkrfankte èaia`y cargel fy lossaiutoan ac aroònki lepasots.On èaiaòhki tergs jkrst cargs rkpoliy, kt tme togeshkie ac tens ac tmausknls acyekrs.<3 On tme trapohki knl suf-trapohki hioges ac tme Hkroffekn, jkrst os gkoniycargel ks tme resuit ac rkonckii (’kutaènoh rehmkrè‗).<0 Jkrst pmysoa`nagoes kremo`miy vkrokfie knl lepenlent an iahki hanlotoans. Car exkgpie, Ias MkotosesNktoanki Rkrj, an tme nartm hakst ac tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh, sautm ac XkgknëFky, os k jkrst expknse ac steep-solel moiis (gaàtes ) sepkrktel fy vkiieys (Voverket ki. 6222). \os jkrst iknlshkpe os cargel fy rovers knl tmus very loerent cragtme jkrst piktcarg ac tme sautmern hakst wmere tmere kre na rovers.

8.8.;.; @eagarpmaia`y ac tme hakstki pikons

\e iknlshkpe ac tme sautmern jkrst piktcarg os ane cuii ac iahki vkroktoan ‘ fiaw-maies, unlerhut hios, knl sek hkves kre sage ac tme hakstki cektures. Pet knllry pot hkves (vertohki smkcts), rahj smeiters, hkvernaus systegs repiete wotm stk-ikhtotes, stkik`gotes knl stawstane (speieatmegs 4 prehopotktes lepasotel on speieknsetton`s: Hmaquette knl Dkges ;?==48: Crknj et ki. ;??=), veètktoan- iiel le-pressoans ac vkroaus logensoans, wkter- iielhenatks knl sufterrknekn rovers<= krekii haggan pmenagenk wotmon tme gohra-tehtanoh unot ac tme Ei Hkfa se`gentknl tme hios wmohm surraunl ot.

<3 Ks os tme hkse an tme Fkmkgks: see Gyiraoe knl Hkrew ;??5/62284;2.<0 Ks appasel ta ’kiiaènoh rehmkrè‗ wmohm hanherns lossaiutoan fy ikrè vaiuges ac wkter suhm

ks rovers knl strekgs. Lrkgktoh iknlcargs suhm ks tme tawer jkrst on @uoion, Hmonk, hkusel fykiiaènoh rehmkrè, la nat ahhur an tme hkrfankte osiknls, wmere tme lagonknt cargs kre hiasellepressoans knl hkves (Gyiraoe knl Hkrew ;??5/622845).

<= Ane suhm sufterrknekn rover suppioes wkter ta tme wmaie ac Hkp Hknk wmohm havers ;32 sqjoiagetres.

Coùre ;8. \ypohki sgkii los-saiutoan pahjets on tme vohonotyac Ei Hkfa. Nate tme pikntstkjon` klvkntkè ac tme nktu-rki ’ awerpats‗.



05V E H

\e ethmel jkrst `raunl surckhes ac Ei Hkfa, cargel fy rkonckii, khtoan actme sek knl foaiaòhki kènts (onvertefrktes, ki`ke, eth.) kre pottel surckhes carg-on` ’nkturki stawerpats‗ (Faiky ;??0: Co`s ;8 knl ;<). Kitmau`m k lry zane,tmos type ac jkrst os hkpkfie ac so`no hknt wkter starkè lue ta saoi on ii knl tmikrè surckhe netwarj ac lossaivel pahjets wmohm mail wkter fy hkpoiikry khtoa(Gyiraoe knl Hkrew ;??5). \e mage `krlens ac tme onmkfotknts ac Ei Hkfa voi-ikè testocy ta tmos ckht. Gareaver, Iks Hksks leshrofes tmos jkrst k`rohuiture kshmkrkhterostoh klkptktoan ac tme onmkfotknts ac Mo`ùey knl Osik Gank loercrag tme gaunl k`rohuiture usel ta praluhe hksskvk. Lespote tme mkrl, lry knlrahjy hanlotoans, tme saoi on tme pahjets wks very certoie. Fatm ikrè lepressoan

iiel wotmterrkrassk (saoi lepasots rohm on oran knl kiugonoug), knl kisa tmesgkiier pahjets on tme fkre jkrst were usel car hrap huitovktoan. K stkpie on tmeekstern reòan wks tme unlagestohktel hyhkl Tkgok spp. ( ùëyo`k ), kn kiternk-tove ta hksskvk knl usel ta gkje staur (Iks Hksks ;??64 6??4 Hm.8).

\e terrkhes curtmer kwky crag knl pra`ressoveiy mo`mer tmkn tme hakst mkvefeen expasel car ianèr knl tmus tmeor jkrst cargktoans kre gare lrkgktoh (ian`-er expasure ta rkonwkter, `rekter lostknhe crag wkter tkfie, see Damnsan 622?:Aisen 6222, 622;k). Hkves apen ta tme hio ckhe kre haggan on tme cargktoanswmohm pravole k fkhjlrap ta Ei Hkfa (Co`. ;5). \ese kre prafkfiy stknj gkr-òn hkves cargel kt sek ievei wmen tme hkrfankte piktcarg ac tme ekstern hakstkpikons wks egerènt. Ciknj gkròn hkves kre lossaivel avki ar ionekr hmkgferswotm na nkturki entrknhes wmohm carg kian` tme stknj ac hkrfankte piktcargwmere cresm wkter knl sekwkter gox. Ikter sek ievei ckiis iel ta tme cargktoanac speieatmegs, on iion` knl haiikpses, knl eventuki tehtanoh upioct lrkons tmehkves ta iekve tmeg on tme hurrent pasotoan (Crknj et ki. ;??=). \e expasel hkveentrknhes kre evolenhe ac hio retrekt wmohm meips gkontkon tme hio vertohkgehmknohki haiikpse ac tme hio crag tme fkse upwkrls lue ta foa-erasoan (seeCrknj et ki. ;??=, hoton` Dennon`s ;?=5: Gyiraoe knl Hkrew ;??5 an Osik Gank

knl tme Fkmkgks). Gkssove fauilers natohekfiy lat tme fkse kii kian` tme hiosac Ei Hkfa, evolenhe ac tme fkse-upwkrl haiikpse galei (Crknj et ki. ;??=4=;).Xage ac tmese fauilers were caho on tme pre-Haiugfokn iknlshkpe wotm kfun-lknt smeii knl pattery regkons, onhiulon` reparts ac furoki (tme sa-hkiiel ’Onloknhegetery‗ unler tme hios ta tme sautm ac Ei Hkfa sote feon` kn exkgpie ac tmoskraunl tmeor perogeters knl petraìypms an tmeor stknjs (Damnsan 622?). An OsiGank, suhm stknj gkròn hkves lkte ta fecare tme stkrt ac tme sehanl [ukternkry,kfaut 6 goiioan yekrs kà (6Gk).

An tap ac tme hios,curtmer oniknl, tme jkrst osgare gkture, wotm weii-le-veiapel saois acterrkrassk knl leeper knl ikrèr jkrstvaols. \os gky fe lue tak `rekter eievktoan kfavesek ievei wotm respeht ta tmepiktcarg feiaw tme hios,ks jkrst iknlshkpes eralelawn ta tme ievei ac iahkiwkter faloes, knl hauil kisa

Coùre ;<. Lossaiutoan pot iiel wotm wektmerel rahjknl saoi crag vkroaus iionèvents (Klkptel crag Gyiraoeknl Hkrew ;??5). Xoze ac potsrknès crag k cew hentogetres

ta severki getres.

Coùre ;5. Ciknj gkròn hkvesen raute ta Ei Hkfa. Nate hai-ikpsel ckhe expason` tme vaolknl speieatmegs wmohm cargelonsole.



03

fe reiktel ta gohra-hiogktoh loerenhes ks tme rkonckii an tap ac tme hios os èn-erkiiy gare kfunlknt tmkn lawn an tme Ei Hkfa pikon (Hmaquette knl Dkges;?==4;-6;).

Kitmau`m hagpkrel ta tme rohmness ac tme ailer cargktoans suhm ks tmeHarloiierk Hentrki, tme jkrst iknlshkpe kppekrs gonerkiaòhkiiy rktmer ganata-naus knl tmere seegs ta fe k pkuhoty ac iahki iotmoh rkw gkterokis. Exheptoanskre k type ac `reenstane, serpentonozel perolatote, wmohm ks weii ks ahhurronòn tme Harloiierk Hentrki knl kian` tme nartm hakst, hkn fe caunl nekr Mo`ùey(Fawon ;?054565). \os gky mkve feen usel car `reenstane krteckhts on Ei Hkfa,kitmau`m tmere were unlaufteliy k vkroety ac saurhes, onhiulon` expasel `reen-stanes on tme Harloiierk Hentrki (Fawon ;?0545<2). @rknotes kisa ahhur ta tmenartmwest on tme Xeofa Xoerrk (Fawon ;?05456=).

Atmer iahki gkterokis wmohm gky mkve feen expiaotel kre fkuxote, kn kiu-gonaus ikterote wmohm os present eotmer ks k certoie rel saoi (terrkrassk ), ar cargssekgs ac rel hanhretoans on iogestane hkvotoes. Ot os enhaunterel espehokiiy antap ac tme hios ac Ei Hkfa.<? \os gky mkve feen usel ks k po`gent ar ta tegperpattery.

Ahhksoankiiy iahki knl sgkii kreks ac re-hrystkiiosel iogestane (Fawon;?0545;6), rknòn` crag k wmote ta io`mt frawn, hkn fe afservel on tme hios.\os os sogoikr ta gkteroki usel car k nugfer ac krteckhts crag tme sote.52

Xpeieatmegs (stkikhtotes, stkik`gotes knl haiugns) on tme vohonoty were ahhk-soankiiy sotes ac rahj krt, espehokiiy on tme twoio`mt ac entrknhes. On kllotoan, rkreerrktohs ar lrapstanes (tme resuit ac ìkhoki khtoan) kre kisa present on tme krek,suhm ks tme naluie, na gare tmkn 82hg khrass, ac lkrj `rey/`reen getkgarpmohrahj egfellel on tme jkrst cargktoan an tme rakl ieklon` ta Ei Hkfa. Xpmerohkioran-rohm hkihote hanhretoans kre acten caunl on tme iknlshkpe ac Ei Hkfa, knlmkve kisa feen rehaverel wotm exhkvktel gkteroki kt tme sote. \os os tme hkse wotmatmer sotes on tme vohonoty. Kitmau`m tmese eiegents were cargel nkturkiiy, tmey

gky mkve feen frau`mt ta tme sote ks gknuparts.8.8.;.6 @eagarpmaia`y ac Ei Hkfa

\e èagarpmaia`y ac Ei Hkfa os meteraèneaus. \e nartmern partoan ac tmesote represents k tapa`rkpmoh iaw wotm respeht ta tme sautmern partoan. K sgkiickuit-ione sepkrktes tmese twa zanes (Macgkn et ki. 6225). \e èagarpmaia`yac tme sautmern partoan, on wmohm tme gkon exhkvktoan unot wks sotuktel, restehtsot‟s sufgerèl pkst ks k hkrfankte ikàan. Pmereks tme rkosel Ei Hkfa pragan-tary naw lagonktes tme tapa`rkpmy ac tme hakstione, ;22,222-622,222 yekrskà ot wks tme fattag ac k ikàan (Frknja Guūoć, pers. hagg.: see Nohmais;???4;05 car èaiaòhki leshroptoan).

\e sautmern partoan ac tme sote hansosts ac uprkosel hkrfankte selogentscrag ki`ke knl gaiiushs iovon` on tme ikàan. Fels ac onterhkiktel iogestane knlsknlstane hk. 62hg tmohj ac loerentoki hansostenhy (ekst ta west) ioe ks k selo-gent pkhjet an tap ac k ikyer ac sknl kt loeron` leptms khrass tme sote. \eremks feen ikterki trknscargktoan ac tmese selogents sa tmkt tmey lop kt kn knìeac hk. <5 le`rees. On tme nartm, tmohjer lepasots ac fekhmrahj (iotmo el fekhmselogent), sknl (fiawn lepasots, murrohkne events1) knl mugoh saois (kntmrapa-ènoh) carg k tmohj pkhjet aver k getre leep kt tme hio elè. \os os unlerikonfy felrahj knl yeiiaw sknl.

<? errkrassk (ks saiol lepasots hkiiel fkuxote) ahhurs an iogestane on kn orreùikr feit crag Rknkgkknl Hastk Vohk, khrass Dkgkohk knl Mospknoaik (Faiky ;??046?=). mese lepasots kre gonel ontme krek ac Ei Hkfa (see Rradeht Hkrgeia, sehtoan 8.0.6.;).

52 Onhiulon` k frawn qukrtz gohra-troànaiotm knl k sgkii onhosel ckhe.



00V E H

\e hkrfankte selogents ac Ei Hkfa kre surraunlel fy cassoiosel harki, tmecarger harki reec, guhm mkrler tmkn tme ikàan lepasots ac tme sote (Co`. ;0).

\e cassoi reharl hantkons smeii knl harki spehoes wmohm kre extknt talky on tmkrek suhm ksHottkroug pohk knl Xolerekstreksp. (Damnsan 622?).

8.8.6 Xuggkry

\e ekstern hakstki pikons mkve k very pkrtohuikr èaia`y hmkrkhterosel fy jkrsttapa`rkpmy, tmon saois knl sufterrknekn wkter saurhes. \e iahki iknlshkpe ac

Ei Hkfa os k praluht ac lossaivel ioge-stane, tme certoioty knl maspotkfoioty acwmohm os nat oggelokteiy kppkrent, futwmase ’stawerpats‗ knl mollen wktersaurhes were kvkoikfie ta onmkfotknts. EiHkfa otseic ahhupoes k pragantary acsact, rkosel ikàan selogents, loerentcrag tme mkrler, dk`èl harki lepasots aneotmer sole.

8.< Ehaia`y knl pkikeaehaia`y

Mospknoaik, ac wmohm tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh os tme ekstern pkrt, os kn osiktme gkròn ac tme trapohs, on tme Nartmern Megospmere, wotm ots nartmern hackhon` tme Ktikntoh knl ots sautmern hakst tme Hkroffekn Xek. Taa- knl pmytaèa`rkpmohkiiy, Mospknoaik wks osaiktel tmrau`m k ian` èaiaòhki toge peroawmohm hantrofutes ta k mo`m le`ree ac enlegosg. Aver ;2 goiioan yekrs kà tme@rekter Kntoiies were stoii kttkhmel ta tme Hentrki Kgerohkn gkoniknl knl ekhmatmer. Atmerwose gkrone hurrents knl mugkn prapk`ktoan mkve feen tme gkonkènts eehton` tme stark knl ckunk ac Mospknoaik. \e nargki lostonhtoans gklefetween enlegoh, nktove knl ontraluhel stark knl ckunk (o.e. see Faiky ;??0) kresogpiy hkteàroes ac togeshkie knl mostarohki onterest, wotmenlegoh recerron` tak èaiaòhki togeshkie,nktove recerron` ta pre-Eurapekn hantkht, knlontraluhel past-Eurapekn hantkht. Xonhe tme rst haianozktoan fy mugkns on tme 5tm goiien-

noug FH mugkns mkve mkl k muè ogpkht an tmeor ehaia`y tmrau`m tme ogpartktoan, huitovktoan knl expiaotktoan ac piknt knl knogki ioce.

;

6

8

<

5

Coùre ;3. \me iahki iknlshkpeac Ei Hkfa smawon` kspehts acots èagarpmaia`y. (;) harkiiogestane, (6) sknl ikyer aconterhkiktel lepasots ac cargerikàan, (8) fellel iogestane aconterhkiktel lepasots ac cargerikàan, (<) ofol .: extenlon` tatme pragantary ac Ei Hkfa, (5)iogestane terrkhe ac tme hio s

femonl Ei Hkfa.

Coùre ;0. Harki iogestanefekhm sautm ac Ei Hkfa.



0=

Ot os krùkfie tme extent ta wmohm tme hurrent ehaia`y ac tme ekstern reòan,ane ac tme kreks ac tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh wotm tme iawest mostarohki papuik-toan lensotoes, os k ie`khy ac tme pre-Haiugfokn, ar sa-hkiiel ’nktove‗ ehaia`y.Nkturkiiy peapie knl tmeor envorangents kre on ha-evaiutoankry sygfoasos, knl khanstknt stkte ac hmknè. Nevertmeiess, martohuiturki knl huionkry trklotoans, tmehantonuel ogpaverosmgent ac tme rurki papuiktoan knl tme reiktoveiy ikte ogpkhtac ikrè-shkie hanstruhtoan leveiapgent on tme krek gekn tmkt nat aniy kre kr-hmkeaiaòhki iknlshkpes stoii afservkfie on hertkon kreks, fut tmkt tme present-lkyehaia`y smauil fe hansolerel on tergs ac ots lepkrture crag knl patentoki sogo-ikroty (hantonuoty) ta pkst ehaiaòes. On atmer warls sgkii-shkie siksm-knl-furngoxel piknton`s knl stkpie hraps mkve k iat on haggan wotm tme prehaianokionloènaus pkst.5; \os os k pasotoan ian` klmerel ta fy Lagonohkn krhmkeaia-òsts (see Se`k ;?=;). \e untkgel reiahktoan knl trknscargktoan ac hagguno-toes knl pikhes onta taurost unots (unolkles turçstohks ) gkrjs k le notove onhosoanon tmos reiktoansmop. \os os on na sgkii geksure fehkuse tme eiote loshaurse actaurosg knl provktozktoan exhiules warjon` Lagonohkns knl haggunotoes knlhanshoausiy wrotes k nkrrktove ac k prostone nkture (’pure dunìe‗, ’wotm na khhessrakls‗ ks ane iahkiunolkl turçstohk puts ot on ots pragatoanki gkteroki) wotm namugkn mostary car vkst swktmes ac tme hauntry.

8.<.; Hurrent ehaia` y ac tme ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh

Ciark knl ckunk . \e ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh mks k vkroel pmytaèa`rkpmycrag gkn`raves knl veètktoan ac hakstki ikàans (lepressoans feiaw tme kverkèmo`m toles) ta tme mugol (wet) ta myperxerapmytoh (lry) carests kraunl knl ta tmenartm ac Mo`ùey wmohm kre gastiy naw settiel knl huitovktel car su`krhkne knlhkttie `rkzon`. Xuhm carests kssahoktel wotm jkrst tapa`rkpmy ahhur on kii ac tme@rekter Kntoiies knl pkrts ac Hentrki Kgerohk (Jeiiy et ki. ;?==, hotel on Voverket ki. 6222). Xufxerapmytoh carests (eiegents ac fatm mugol knl lry) lagonktetme ekst crag Runtk Gkhka lawn ta tme penonsuik ac tme Rkrque lei Este knlOsik Xkank (Faiky ;??04;28). Myper- knl sufxerapmytoh carests kre hmkrkhterozelfy iaw, orreùikr rkonckii on wmohm piknts lepenl an extreges wmohm gky aniyahhur every cew yekrs. On myperxerapmytoh kreks, apen waaliknls wotm hkhto knltmarnfusmes lagonkte an tmon kijkione saois. Xufxerapmytoh carests kre sego-apen carests wotm kijkione saois leeper tmkn tmase ac tme myperxerapmytoh carests.Nevertmeiess, hanlotoans kre tapa`rkpmohkiiy mo`miy vkrokfie wotm hmkrkhterostohscrag loerent pmytaèa`rkpmoh zanes caunl hiase ta ekhm atmer on tme skge krek(Frewer et ki. 6228). Car exkgpie, leep, rel saois (terrkrassk ) knl tkii stknls acfrakliekc trees hkn ahhur next ta kreks ac iaw fusm knl na saois. \ese carestelkreks kre rohm on spehoes fut suer le`rklktoan crag hmkrhaki furnon` knl cree

runnon` àkts (Faiky ;??04;25, Voverk et ki. 6222).\e Lagonohkn Vepufioh mks kn onsuikr ckunk wotm forls ks tme ikrèst verte-frkte `raup knl k mo`m le`ree ac enlegosg. Enlegoh ckunk suhm ks oùknks knltmesaienalan, k rkre onsehtovare, mkve tmeor nekrest neo`mfaurs an Gklk`kshkrknl leganstrkte tme mo`m le`ree ac osaiktoan ac tme Hkroffekn (Macgeester622=: Faiky ;??04;;6).

\e stark knl ckunk ac tme Rkrque Nkhoanki lei Este (Faiky ;??0), k pratehtelnktoanki pkrj sonhe ;?05, os oncargktove an tme hmkrkhter ac tme foatk ac kn krekreiktoveiy cree crag tme ontensoty ac lecarestktoan, expiaotktoan knl lestruhtoan.

5; me gkon praluhts praluhel car lagestoh hansugptoan on tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh onhiule4hksskvk, gkoze, peknuts, fekns, fktktk, ykutçk , ponekppie ‘ kii pre-Haiugfokn stkpies. me papu-iktoan kisa reioes ta k ikrè extent an tme ikter ontraluhel pikntkons knl rohe (Accohe ac NktoankiXtktostohs 6220).



0?V E H

\e pkrj, ots hios vosofie crag Ei Hkfa, knl on tme skge hiogktoh knl hakstkizane, mks eshkpel tme orrevahkfie lestruhtoan ac tme iknlshkpon` on Runtk knHkp Hknk (wmere tme ikàans mkve feen krto hokiiy lrkonel, tme hios lynkgotknl tme nkturki tapa`rkpmy rkzel car àic haurses) knl tme guhm gare gonogki,yet hmkrkhterostoh ogpkht ac hmkrhaki furnon` knl àkt `rkzon` khtovotoes on krek ac Ei Hkfa.

\e Rkrque Nkhoanki lei Este os k penonsuik wmohm cargs tme extrege sautm-ekst ac tme hauntry wotm kn krek ac 8;2sq jg (Co`. <). Ioje tme reòan ac Ei Hkfaot os k stkt hkrfankte terrkhe wotm hios roson` crag tme hakst kt kfaut ;jg onikn\ere os na surckhe cresm runnon` wkter on tme pkrj. Unler`raunl saurhes suhmks tme Gknktoki le ik Kietk knl atmer rkonwkter trkps pravole lronjon` wkter(Ktoies knl Arte`k 622;). \e veètktoan, hmkrkhterosel fy ;222-6222 gg kn-nuki rkonckii, cargs twa ikyers4 k strktk ac frakl-iekvel tkiier trees (0-;5g) suhmks òknt `s, gkma`kny knl ùkykhën, knl k lense unlerfrusm ac yaunèr treesknl fusmes. Epopmytes (piknts kttkhmon` ta atmer, ikrèr piknts) knl ioknks (ian`-steggel hiogfers) kre kfunlknt. Aver 522 loerent piknt spehoes mkve feenrepartel car tme pkrj ac wmohm 52 kre enlegoh (Arte`k knl Ktoies 62284;=). \eonteroar kisa mks ikàans wotm gkn`rave swkgps. \e hakstki kreks, wmohm kreuncartunkteiy unpratehtel, kre lagonktel fy sek `rkpe knl atmer fusmes (Faiky;??0).

Kfaut mkic ac kii jnawn Lagonohkn forl spehoes, onhiulon` eo`mt enlegohta Mospknoaik, ahhur on tme pkrj. Arte`k knl Ktoies (62284;?) òve k ùre ac;<< loerent spehoes present on tme pkrj. \e pkrj‟s ikàans kttrkht forls suhmks luhjs knl laves, hagon` crag Nartm Kgerohk on tme wonter wmohm wauilmkve feen kttrkhtove ta munt (Gkûøn Krrelanla et ki. ;?0;4=5). Xgkii enlegohgkggkis suhm ks tmemutçk knl saienalan kre kisa repartel on tme pkrj. Oùknkstmrove on tme lry envorangent. Fkts kre haggan on tme hkves on tme pkrj, knlgknktee knl turties ahhksoankiiy `rkze tme sek-pkstures asmare. Ro`s, àkts, hkt

tie, ganàase, gohe knl rkts kre ogpartknt ontraluhel eiegents knl lestraytme osiknl foatk. Osik Xkank, kn osiet extensoan ac tme pkrj, mks fkrroer reecson` ta tme sautm, lagonktel fy Khrapark pkigktk , frkon harkis,Rarotesspp. knl Gantkstrek knnuikros wmohm mause gkny sm spehoes. \ese kre tme skge harkiscaunl on tme cassoi knl iovon` reharl ac Ei Hkfa.

alky, fehkuse ot os pratehtel crag ontensove mugkn expiaotktoan, guhm actme onteroar ac tme pkrj os ogpenetrkfie. \e ckht tmkt trapohki carest mks feenkiiawel ta reènerkte laes nat gekn tmkt tmos os gare kjon ta tme ’nkturki‗ pre-Haiugfokn iknlshkpe. Ckr crag ot. \e ikrè nugfer ac so`no hknt krhmkeaiaò-hki sotes wotmon ots faunlkroes testocy ta kn extensove onloènaus presenhe on pkst wmohm wauil mkve mkl k so`no hknt ogpkht an tme envorangent knl ehaiaònhiulon` tme apenon` up knl huitovktoan ac ikrè kreks (Ktoies knl Arte`k 622;:Hanrkl et ki. 622;, 622=: @uerrera ;?=;: Arte`k knl Ktoies 6228). Gareaver,stuloes ac ikte Maiahene veètktoan lynkgohs crag ikje selogents eisewmere ontme Mkoto knl tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh smaw tmkt Herkgoh Kè lecarestktoan restehtel on tme paiien reharls (Moùerk-@unly et ki. ;???: Ikne et ki. 622?). Ksk gare ènerki regkrj on tmos respeht, k very crequent afservktoan ac Haiugfusos tme exostenhe ac extensove pkstures knl k`rohuiturki eils ac tme nktoves, fo`tmkn tmase on Hkstoiie (e.`. Haiugfus ;??24;<?-;50). Nevertmeiess, oc nat tmeogkè ac k prehaianoki iknlshkpe, tme ie`khy ac pre-Haiugfokn knl gare rehentmartohuiture os lauftiess respansofie car tme hurrent spehoes loversoty wotmon pkrj. Gare resekrhm an tme hurrent pmytaèa`rkpmy ac pratehtel kreks ac tmeLagonohkn Vepufioh hauil patentokiiy smel gare io`mt an prehaianoki ehaia`y.



=2

Ciark knl ckunk iahki ta tme sote . \e veètktoan kraunl Ei Hkfa sote hansostsac hapses ac hahanut pkigs, iovestahj `rkzel `rkss, knl iaw fusmes knl cruot treesfeianòn` ta tme voiikè.56 Xek`rkpe knl ùëyo`k ione tme rakl kian` tme hakstonta tme voiikè knl feyanl tme Ei Hkfa pragantary kian` tme harkiione smare tatme sautm. Autsole tme `krlen knl mause piats ac tme voiikè, tme veètktoan fe-tween tme rahjy smareione knl tme hios onhiules lense frusm, ahhksoanki hahanutstknls, knl tawkrls tme hios, tkiier trees suhm ks ùkykhën. Naw iottie-usel trkhjshut tmrau`m tme unler`rawtm, usukiiy vokhenatks knl hkves, wmohm kiiawel khhessta knl crag carger prapertoes, ta kiiaw waal ta fe trknspartel ta tme hakst knlkhhess ta tme hios. Mere knl tmere loerentoki kreks ac re`rawtm hkn fe afservelon kreks ac carger pkstures knl kfknlanelhanuha sotes. Xtuloes hkrroel aut onIas Mkotoses Nktoanki Rkrj onlohkte kfknlanelhanuhas leveiap hiasel hknapoesknl k mo`m lensoty ac trees on kppraxogkteiy 62 yekrs (Voverk et ki. 6222). \eaniy reksans peapie hage ta tmos krek naw os ta merl iovestahj, furn hmkrhaki,haiieht hahanuts, maney, fktme, sm, lo` car krteckhts knl atmer gare neckroauskhtovotoes (lru` knl peapie trk hjon`).

Kitmau`m naw rkre, Ei Hkfa voiikèr Feita Soiik ahhksoankiiy seiis ùkykhën ia`s (hk. ;.5-6g ian`, 82hg lokgeter) wmohm me saurhes crag nekr tme voiikè,feiaw tme hios.58 \ere kre oggkture sgkii trees knl stugps ac ùkykhën `raw-on` an tme sote. Knatmer trapohki mkrlwaal wmohm `raws an tap ac tme hios,os pronhewaal, poûo poûo (Exastegk hkrofkeug). Fatknost Gëxoga Reûk Vahk(Haarlonklar @erenhok Kgfoentki le Hkp Hknk ) knl Feita Soiik oncargel us tmktfatm spehoes, enlegoh ta tme Hkroffekn, were haggan knl lense on tme krekkfave knl feiaw tme hios tmorty yekrs kà. Feita kisa olento el atmer crk`rkntwaal types wmohm ahhur ks statskg wksmel up on Ei Hkfa.

Hiogkte . Expasure ta trkle wonls knl eievktoan kre tme twa gkdar ckhtarsonstuenhon` Lagonohkn hiogkte (Faiky ;??0). \e loverse iknlshkpes ac tmeLagonohkn Vepufioh gekn tmkt tme hiogkte os vkroel. Gekn knnuki rkonckii an

tme ekst hakst os iess tmkn ;222gg (see Faiky ;??04 Co`. ?). Rrehopotktoan han-hentrktes on tme wetter, murrohkne seksan crag Dune ta Ahtafer, wmereks Dknukryta Kproi kre lry, wotm sage rkon on Gky. Kverkè tegperktures on tme RuntkHknk krek kre fetween 66´ knl 8;´H, tme mattest gantms ahhurron` on Duiy knl Kuùst, tme hailest on Dknukry knl Cefrukry ( khtuj 6220).5< Knnuki tegperk-ture ashoiiktoans kre gonogki (kfaut 5´H kraunl tme gekn) knl lkoiy tegperk-ture ashoiiktoans kre mo`mer tmkn seksanki (Faiky ;??0). Hiogkte lok`rkgs ac tme Kitk`rkhok krek smaw tmkt tme prehopotktoan hurve rkreiy ckiis unler tme tegperk-ture hurve (tegperkture knl rkonckii kre reiktel knl taètmer onlohkte evkpark-toan patentoki) wmohm gekns tmkt kitmau`m tme krek laes nat mkve guhm rkonckii,ot os nat hikssel ks krol, knl tmerecare kiwkys mugol (=2% kverkè mugoloty:

khtuj 6220).55 \os os typohki car trapohki hiogktes (see Pkiter hiogkte lok`rkgson Faiky ;??043=).

rkle wonls fiaw crag tme ekst aver tme wmaie osiknl. \os, taètmer wotmsek freezes (hurrents ac kor hrektel fy tme loerentoki tegperkture roses an iknlknl sek), gekn tmkt luron` tme lky tmere os kiwkys kn eksteriy wonl crag tme sekwmohm fiaws aver tme krek. On Lehegfer wonls sagetoges hage crag tme nartm. Kt no`mt tme reverse eeht, tmeterrki , fiaws crag tme iknl sekwkrls. \os galer-ktes tme mat, mugol tegperktures an tme hakst (Faiky ;??0).

56 Xee Arte`k (62254;;5) car k sogoikr leshroptoan ac tme envorangent on tme ikte ;?02s.58 Me seiis tmese car LV $ ;65 (kfaut 6.5 euras) k poehe ta golliegen ta gkje ’nktove-styie‗

coùrones (guûehks ) car tme taurost gkrjet.5< me Accohe ac Nktoanki Xtktostohs pufiosmes kverkè mo`mest tegperktures per yekr crag tme Runtk

Hknk wektmer stktoan ( khtuj 6220).55 Krol hiogktes kre tmase on wmohm prehopotktoan ckiis unler tme tegperkture hurve.



=;V E H

\ere os knatmer jonl ac wonl wmohm kehts tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh4 mur-rohknes. \ese kre pravajel fy tme haiiosoan ac kor gksses ac loerent tegperk-tures, wmen ikrè kgaunts ac wkter evkparktes aver tme sek, wmohm rose knl haquohjiy kt kitotule knl spon kian` wotm tme ekrtm‟s ratktoan (Faiky ;??0). \eLagonohkn Vepufioh mks k `rekter tmkn ;2% knnuki hmknhe ac experoenhon` murrohkne iknlckii. \os os on hantrkst ta tme rest ac tme @rekter Kntoiies, Iesse Kntoiies knl Hentrki Kgerohk wmere hmknhes kre 5 ta ;2% (Lr Iosk Jennelypers. hagg.). Fetween ;?22 knl 6228, seventeen murrohknes (hkteàroes ;-5)hrassel tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh. Car exkgpie, Murrohkne @earès, k hkteàry8 murrohkne struhj tme ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh on Xeptegfer ;??=, joiion`gare tmkn <22 peapie knl iekvon` ;55,222 mageiess. Luron` tmos toge, tme pea-pie on Ei Hkfa wma were lorehtiy on tme pktm ac tme murrohkne, stel ta tme hkon tme hios knl smeiterel tmere car tmree lkys untoi tme starg mkl pkssel.

Iknlshkpes.\e krek on wmohm Ei Hkfa os sotuktel hagproses kppraxogkteiy;822jg¶ on wmohm tmere kre na terrestroki wkter saurhes. \ere kre aniy twa rov-ers ekst ac Mo`ùey. \e Vça _ugk wmohm geknlers sautm crag Mo`ùey knl egp-toes onta tme Hkroffekn Xek kt Fahk le _ugk, ;0jg ks tme hraw stoes crag EiHkfa (65jg kian` k hakstki raute). Xehanliy, tme Vça Knkguyk os k sgkiier roverwmohm geknlers nartm crag tme lorehtoan ac Mo`ùey ta egpty onta tme KtikntohAhekn sage joiagetres west ac Runtk Gkhka (<2jg crag Ei Hkfa) (Co`. <). \erest ac tme hakstki Hkroffekn pikon kisa mks na gkdar rover systegs. Pmkt rovertmere kre, kre leepiy entrenhmel on tme sact unleriyon` rahj knl mkve nkrrawvkiieys knl vortukiiy na staalpikons (Fuiien knl Fuiien ;?08). \e unler`raunlwkter suppioes on tme jkrst, knl rkonckii kre tmus ogpartknt wkter saurhes. Reapinat hannehtel ta tme gkons suppiy (o.e. tme gkdaroty on rurki pikhes) reiy an rkonwkter haiiehtoan on rkonwkter futts autsole tmeor mauses, knl tkje klvkntkè actme rkony gantms ta toge piknton`s.

8.<.6 Rkikeaehaia` y ac Ei HkfaRkikeastark knl ckunk . On tme Krhmkoh, kitmau`m tmere os sage evolenhe car gkn-kègent ac piknts (gknoah, gkoze, `rksses, eth.), tmere os na evolenhe yet car tmeontraluhtoan ac knogkis (Newsag knl Pon` 622<). Vegkons ac Tkgok spp.kssahoktel wotm ksmes crag mekrtms were caunl on ikyers lkton` crag ;=?2 FHon tme Huevk le Fernk, an tme elè ac tme Rkrque Nkhoanki lei Este (SeiazGk`òaia et ki. ;?00).

Crag tme Herkgoh Kè on tme @rekter Kntoiies tmere os guhm gare evolenhecar tme use ac woil piknts knl huitovktoan ac cruot trees knl hraps. Evolenhecrag Ruerta Voha knl Mkoto (En Fks Xkione) su`èsts tmkt on tme Herkgoh K`’Hkroffekn mage `krlens were loverse wotm guitopie strktk onharparkton` merfs,

vones, smrufs knl trees‗ (Newsag knl Pon` 622<4;5<). Caal hraps knl stk-pies suhm ks gknoah knl gkoze were ontraluhel ar leveiapel on tme osiknls.Gkggkis suhm ks tmemutçk were gknkèl crag tme Herkgoh Kè knl la`s weretme gast wolesprekl lagestoh spehoes. Kn ogpartknt stkpie hmkrkhterostoh ac tmehaia`y knl prehaianoki sufsostenhe on tme ekstern reòan os tme hyhkl Tkgok .Tkgok staurosmes on jkrst kreks, hiase ta tme sek. Ot mks kirekly feen gentoantmkt on mostaroh toges Iks Hksks wks struhj fy ots use on Mo`ùey ks kn kiternktta hksskvk. Gare so`no hkntiy, ks weii ks k saurhe ac hkrfamylrkte, frekl gklecrag Tkgok wks kisa k saurhe ac prateon. \os wks lue ta k praluhtoan prahess onwmohm cergentktoan enhaurkèl gk`àts ta mkthm on tme lau`m (Seiaz Gk`òaia;??6). \e use ac tmos unlagestohktel piknt ks k caal saurhe on tme ekstern re-

òan crag tme sehanl goiiennoug FH ta tme krrovki ac tme Eurapekns smaws nat



=6

aniy k regkrjkfie huiturki hantonuoty ac Krhmkoh knl `ktmerer iocewkys onta tmeikter peroal, fut fehkuse ac ots enmknhel prateon hantent os seen ks k superoar stk-pie caal, knl hmkrkhterostoh ac tme Gank Rksskè krek (Seiaz Gk`òaia ;??6).

Iahki pkionaiaòhki lktk present on krhmkeaiaòhki lepasots hage crag tmeRradeht Duknoiia exhkvktoans (Aisen 6226). Xtrkto`rkpmoh unots crag prafkfie set-tiegent hantexts revekiel tme presenhe ac cruots knl hrap piknts suhm ks prohjiypekr (Apuntok spp.), iahkiiy jnawn kstunk frkvk ar ùkzëfkrk , pkpkyk ar ie-hmask (Hkrohk pkpkyk ), ùkvk ar ùkykfk (Rsoloug ùkdkvk ), hahapiug ar mohkha (Hmrysafkiknus ohkha), tafkhha (Nohatoknk tkfkhug), potkdkyk(Myiahereus spp.), zkgok ar ùëyo`k ( Tkgok lefoios ), trees suhm ks ùkykhën (@ukokhug a honkie ),ks weii ks atmer fekhm piknts, `rksses knl weels passofiy kssahoktel wotm iknlhiekrknhe.

On tergs ac tme ckunki kssegfikè exhkvktel crag Duknoiia, ac tme soxteenloerent kreks (tatki ac 802g¶), 35% ac kii `kstrapals rehaverel were terres-troki spehoes (Raiylantes spp. knlHkrkhaius spp.), knl tme vkst gkdaroty ac tmeseRaiylantes spp.53 Ac tme gkrone smeiis, Xtragfus spp. wks tme gast kfunlknt(<2% ac tme gkrone smeii regkons), caiiawel fyHottkroug pohk (65%), wotm Gurex spp.,Sksug gurohktug, Hanus spp.,Hmotan spp.,Cossureiik spp,Nerotk spp.,Rurpurk pktuik , gkjon` up ;-;2% wotm severki atmer olento el spehoes ksneìoòfiy present. \ere kre na lktk an tme atmer ckunki regkons.

Knatmer sote on tme krek car wmohm pufiosmel ckunki lktk kre kvkoikfie os EiFkrroa, ;0jg up tme hakst crag Ei Hkfa (Vçgaio ;??3). On fatm tme iawest iev-eis ac tme Ei Fkrroa sote ( ckse Runtk Hknk,8<2 FH-<<2 KL) knl on tme sehanlpmkse ( ckse Ei Fkrroa, KL <22-022) gkrone knl terrestroki `kstrapals lagonktetme ckunki regkons (kigast ?2%), tme gkdaroty on fatm pmkses feon`Xtragfus ò`ks (82-02%) (wotmHottkroug pohk, Gurex frevocrans , fovkives knl atmer spe-hoes feon` iess haggan).50 K ikrè 65-<2% ac tme `kstrapals were iknl snkois(Raiylantes spp.,Hkrkhaius spp. knlHeroan spp.). Veec knl leep sek smes repre-

sentel iess tmkn 5% ac tme ckunki kssegfikè (wotm iess on tme ikter pmkse) wotmforls, gkggkis knl atmer vertefrkte ckunk hantrofuton` iess tmkn ;%. Ac tmese,enlegoh lave spehoes, turtie knl la` regkons were gonogkiiy present. \e poh-ture os sogoikr car fatm pmkses. \e ckunki regkons su`èst very iottie expiaotktoanac terrestroki ckunk. Vçgaio hanhiules k reioknhe an tme expiaotktoan ac tme harkireec knl nekr-smare net smon`.

Ontereston` on fatm tme Duknoiia knl tme Ei Fkrroa exhkvktoans kre tme mo`mnugfers ac terrestroki `kstrapals on hakstki hantexts. Iknlsnkois were kisa veryhaggan on tme krhmkeaiaòhki lepasots ac Ei Hkfa. \ese kre ènerkiiy evolenheac k wet, waalel envorangent (Vçgaio ;??3: Seiaz Gk`òaia et ki. ;?03). \epresent iknlshkpe on tmese kreks os lecarestel, knl tmese smeii spehoes kre nawikrèiy kfsent, exhept wmen onmkfotel fy mergot hrkfs. Ks haggenski knogkis,kttrkhtel fy mugkn ruffosm, tmeor presenhe on tme oggelokte krek ac mugkn kh-tovoty sotes, gky onlohkte apen gollen poies on tme pkst. Rermkps tme presenhe acsuhm snkois os kisa hyhiohki knl lepenlent an rkons. \os laes nat prehiule tmeckht tmkt tme surraunlon` kreks were waalel, fut sogpiy tmkt tme lensoty ac ter-restroki snkoi regkons gky fe kn onlohktar ac lensoty knl haverkè ac gollen gk-teroki. \e kfunlknhe ac terrestroki `kstrapals knl tme sek snkoiHottkroug pohk ongollen lepasots on Ei Hkfa iel us ta spehuikte tmkt kii tmree spehoes kre reùikriy

53 On tme repart (Aisen 6226 unpuf.) tme smeii regkons kre repartel sepkrkteiy car ekhm exhkvktelikyer. Xeeon` ks tmese ikyers kre krfotrkry knl nat lktel knl tme strkto`rkpmy os gastiy smkiiaw,O mkve iugpel kii tme regkons taètmer ta enkfie rau`m hagpkrosans. Ot os nat hiekr maw tmeskgpies were hauntel, O kssuge fy GNO.

50 K`kon, ot os nat hiekr maw tme skgpies were hauntel. Rerhentkès kre lorehtiy quatel crag tmepufiosmel text.



=8V E H

onmkfotel fy mergot hrkfs, knl tmkt tmos gky khhaunt car tmeor presenhe on gollen mekps. K`kon, wmetmer tmey were leioferkteiy haiiehtel car caal ar present kshkvenèrs os k gktter car cuture resekrhm (Macgkn et ki. 62254;=).

On suggkry, iknlsnkois,Xtragfusspp. knl Hottkroug pohk kre gast hag-gan on tme Duknoiia knl Fkrroa sotes, caiiawel fy sgkiier gkrone gaiiushs, knlk ian` wky femonl tmos fy leep sek smes knl terrestroki ckunk, onlohkton` k prlagonkntiy gkrone-aroentel prateon loet, ks wauil fe expehtel crag hakstkiiahktoans.

Rkikeahiogkte . Lktk crag ikje selogents, trkhe getkis, osatapes knl paiiensequenhes kiiaw rehanstruhtoans ac hiogkte mostary. \e evolenhe ènerkiiy paontsta k gaost hiogkte on tme horhug-Hkroffekn untoi tme gollie Maiahene, wotm lro-er hanlotoans crag tme gollie Maiahene crag 8<22 FR, punhtuktel fy gaosterperoals (e.`. ;322-?22 FR). \os ’ikte Maiahene lryon` trenl‗ (Jennely et ki.6223) mks feen natel on mo`m-resaiutoan reharls crag Mkoto, tme Fkmkgks, tmLagonohkn Vepufioh knl Ruerta Voha (Ikje Gorkàæne, Hmurhm‟s Fiue Maie knlIkà Enroquoiioa, Ikùnk artuùera) knl gare woleiy khrass tme Gesakgerohknknl Hkroffekn reòan (Feets et ki. 6223: Fertrkn et ki. 622<: Fannossent et ki.6220: Jennely et ki. 6223).

Aver tme ikst 6322 yekrs, 622-yekr hyhies ac lrau`mt eposales superogpaseltmegseives an tmese ianèr terg hyhies. \ese mkve feen lahugentel car KL 5=5,=36, ?=3 knl ;25; wotm kn extenlel lrau`mt fetween KL 022/=22-=52/;222(Feets et ki. 6223: Fertrkn et ki. 622<: Hurtos et ki. 622; knl Maleii et ki. 622;hot., Newsag knl Pon` 622<4;6-;8, Ikne et ki. 622?). \e ogpkhts ac lroerhanlotoans an tme ikte Maiahene ehaia`y, kitmau`m hantonènt upan iahki hanlo-toans, were tme iass ac carests knl extonhtoan ac sage gkggki spehoes (Newsagknl Pon` 622<). Hiogktoh vkroktoan kisa mkl kn afservkfie ogpkht an mugknpapuiktoan lynkgohs. Car exkgpie, ikjes on tme Iks Ikùnks krek ac tme caatmoiisac tme Harloiierk Hentrki, Lagonohkn Vepufioh, rst smawel evolenhe ac mugkn

ahhupktoan luron` k severeiy krol peroal (Ikne et ki. 622?), knl curtmer k eiltme kfknlangent ac tme settiegent ac Knse â ik @aurle, @ukleiaupe, mks feenkttrofutel ta warsenon` hiogktoh hanlotoans (Feets et ki. 6223). Hanverseiy, ekr-ioer go`rktoans, suhm ks tme Xkiklaol haianozktoan ac tme Kntoiies, mks feen ionta ckvaurkfie hiogktoh hanlotoans (Fannossent et ki. 6220).

Ot os wartm hoton` tme hiogkte suggkry crag tme Iks Ikùnks stuly (Ikne etki. 622?4 kfie 5) ks tmos aers k lktel hmranaia`y car ikte Maiahene pkikeaen-vorangentki hmknè crag tme onteroar ac Mospknoaik. Kitmau`m Iks Ikùnks okn onteroar sote kt k guhm mo`mer kitotule tmkn Ei Hkfa, tme mo`m-resaiutoan lktkhkn fe usel ks k fksos car hansoleron` mugkn/hiogkte onterkhtoan on sotes suhmks Ei Hkfa untoi gare iahki lktk fehage kvkoikfie.5= Hoton` aniy tmase peroalsreievknt ta tme ahhupktoan ac Ei Hkfa4 kcter gesoh (wet) hanlotoans crag 822 FHta KL <82, Ikne et ki. reharl kn krol pmkse crag KL <82 ta ;232 wotm k severelrau`mt fetween KL 052-?52. \os os caiiawel fy onhreksonìy gesoh hanlotoansfetween KL ;232-;652 wmohm èt wetter stoii up ta KL ;322.

Ks ckr ks hakstki envorangents kre hanhernel, wotm recerenhe ta Mkotokn lktkJee`kn regkrjs tmkt tme lryon` trenl iel ta sek ievei lehione ac twa getres kt tmefeònnon` ac tme Astoanaol erk (hk. KL 522-052, Jee`kn ;??54?0). \os gkymkve expasel nkrraw smeives knl sknl fekhmes. \os lroer peroal hantonuel ta KL ?52, kcter wmohm wetter hanlotoans returnel (Hurtos ;??6, Hurtos knl Maleii

5= On cuture we gky iekrn k iat gare kfaut tme oggelokte iahki Maiahene hiogkte (o.e. tme ikst;2,222 yrs) crag anàon` resekrhm fy Iosk Jennely knl haiiekùes, Sorònok ehm, wma krerehanstruhton` murrohkne mostary aver tme pkst cew ta severki tmausknl yekrs, tmrau`m tme stuac hakstki ikàan selogents crag Ikùnk Fkvkra.



=<

;??8, Maleii et ki. ;??; hot., Jee`kn ;??5, Ikne et ki. 622?). \os gekns tmkttme sek ievei gky mkve feen 52hg mo`mer tmkn present on tme Ikte Herkgoh Kè(Jee`kn ;??5). On tergs ac ogpkht an Ei Hkfa, tmos gky mkve geknt tmkt kt tmetoge ac rst settiegent (hk. KL 322), gare fekhm kreks gky mkve patentokiiyfeen expasel knl tmus mkve ckhoiotktel hknae trkvei. \e kfunlknhe ac Hmohaolherkgoh regkons kian` tme hakst testo es tmkt tmos wks kisa tme hantegparkryhakstione. Rermkps even gare so`no hknt tmkn tmos os tme passofoioty tmkt on tme

rst cew henturoes ac settiegent on Ei Hkfa, sonjmaies on tme oggelokte vohon-oty ac tme sote, wmohm nawklkys hantkon wkter taa skity car mugkn hansugptoan(Damnsan 622?), gky mkve peroalohkiiy feen saurhes ac sweet wkter on tme pkst,pkrtohuikriy luron` tme Astoanaol (8.0.8).

\e hakstione otseic mks feen reiktoveiy stkfie car tme ikst 6222 yekrs knl tmetolki rknè on tme Hkroffekn os reiktoveiy iaw. Lespote tme erasove ogpkht ac mo`m-ener`y stargs an iogestane felrahj, knl vosofie crkhturon` knl smekron`-a acikrè hmunjs ac tme hios anta tme fekhm knl onta tme sek, tme krhmkeaiaòhkievolenhe crag Ei Hkfa leganstrktes tmkt tmos os nat tme hkse on tme oggeloktevohonoty ac tme sote wmere krhmkeaiaòhki cektures tkje khhaunt ac tme hantegpa-rkry hio elè, smawon` tmkt tme hakstione mere wks guhm tme skge. Evolenhe cartmos woii fe loshussel ikter an.

8.5 Iknl use mostary

On arler ta unlerstknl tme guitotule pmysohki ckhtars khton` an tme sote ac EiHkfa tmrau`maut ots mostary sa ks ta fetter unlerstknl tme tkpmanagohki prah-esses eehton` tme krhmkeaiaòhki lepasots, ot os ogpartknt ta rehanstruht tme mos-tary ac iknl use knl mostarohki trkdehtary ac tme krek on tme past-haianoki peroalaver tme ikst 522 yekrs. Pe hkn la tmos tmrau`m k hagfonktoan ac hensus lktk,arki knl gkteroki mostary.

8.5.; Gkteroki mostary

\ere os evolenhe ac kfsenhe ac ahhupktoan car tme 522 yekrs fetween Eurapeknhantkht knl tme hantegparkry voiikè. K nugfer ac iaater‟s pots, hegent mausefkses knl tme oran regkons ac tme fkse ac k iaklon` fky car trapohki mkrlwaal kretme aniy pmysohki regkons testocyon` ta pkst khtovoty fetween ;3tmhentury kfkn-langent knl ikte 62tm hentury re-ahhupktoan. Pmkt ahhupktoan tmere mks feen,mks mkl iottie ikston` ogpkht an tme iknlshkpe ‘ na ikrè-shkie fuoilon` pradehts,na ontensove k`rohuiture ar onlustry.

8.5.6 Hensus lktk knl rehanstruhtel mostary

On a hoki klgonostrktove tergs, tme voiikè ac Ei Hkfa feian`s ta tme lostroht acXkn Vkckei lei _ugk, on tme pravonhe ac Kitk`rkhok. Maw ian` ot mks feen reh-a`nozel ks kn a hoki pikhe os lo huit ta letergone. An k gkp pufiosmel fy tmeOnstotuta Hkrta`rë ha Unoversotkroa crag ;?05, tme iahktoan ac Ei Hkfa os gkrjelfy k pikhe lat ikfeielHkyufk (see gkp pkè on Seiaz Gk`òaia et ki. ;?034;2),kitmau`m we mkve never mekrl knyane on tme voiikè recer ta ot fy tmos nkge.

Rapuiktoan lensoty gkps crag tmrau`maut tme 62tm hentury smaw tme papuik-toan ac Kitk`rkhok pravonhe ta fe hansostentiy ane ac tme iawest on tme LagonohknVepufioh (962/jg¶) (Xk`kwe ;??3).5? Crag lega`rkpmoh lktk tme iknl seegsta mkve feen ahhupoel fy lospersel hkttie ckrgs knl sonìe ckgoioes furnon`

5? Potm k papuiktoan ac ;=6,222 knl 32 onmkfotknts per jg, tmos os stoii tme hkse (hensus lktk 6226,Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk en hocrks 6220 , pufiohktoan ac tme Accohe ac Nktoanki Xtktostohs).



=5V E H

hmkrhaki knl prkhtohon` sufsostenhe ckrgon`.32 Xuf-trapohki gkture carests wauilmkve feen haggan on tme krek untoi 82 yekrs kà (Gkxoga Reûk knl Feita Soiik.pers. haggs.) wmen tmere wks stoii enau`m mkrlwaal ta suppart k ia`òn` on-lustry. \e iaklon` fky an tme hakstki pragantary ac Ei Hkfa, tme regkons acwmohm kre recerrel ta kfave, wks khtove untoi ot wks kfknlanel on tme ;?02s ar=2s (Feita Soiik. pers. hagg.). Ia`òn` wks haggan on tme ekst on tme ;?tm knlekriy 62tm henturoes. Car exkgpie, tmere wks k skwgoii an Hktkionk Osiknl fuoit on;?8< ta hut gkma`kny (Xwoettenok gkmaàno ), ùkdkh (@ukukhug sknhtug), quoe-frkhmk (Jruòalenlran cerrug) knl atmer trees (Faiky ;??04620).

\e ekstern reòan os naw ane ac tme ckstest leveiapon` reòanki ehanagoes ontme Lagonohkn Vepufioh lue ta taurost knl provkte leveiapgent ac tme hakstkizane. \os os sagetmon` wmohm aver tme ikst cew lehkles mks orrevahkfiy hmkn`tme ckhe ac tme krek. Untoi present tme faunlkroes ac tmos leveiapgent stap dussmart ac Ei Hkfa, wmohm sots ioje kn osiknl on tme gollie. Pmen tme ie`ki losputeaver tme iknl kraunl Ei Hkfa mkve feen resaivel, ot taa woii loskppekr.

8.5.8 Arki mostary \e mostary we jnaw ac Ei Hkfa voiikè, naw tme ikst settiegent kt tme enl actme hakstki rakl, os repektel on sogoikr wkys on vkroaus pkrts ac tme LagonohkVepufioh knl represents tme enhaunter ac Lagonohkn rurki voiikè ioce on kn erkac ìafkiozktoan.

Pmen we hkge on 6225, tmere were kfaut 82 mause hagpaunls knl gkyfek papuiktoan ac 02 pergknent resolents. \ere were twa rovki smaps (haigklas )run fy tme twa gkon ckgoioes on tme voiikè ‘ tme gkyar, Ioanei Kvoik‟s ckgoiknl Gkràt Vaskroa knl Feita Soiik‟s ckgoiy. Aver tme yekrs, tmese kre tme twackgoioes wotm wmag we mkve mkl gast hantkht, wma we jnaw fest, knl tmrau`mwmag we unlerstknl Ei Hkfa.

Ei Hkfa mks prafkfiy feen settiel car kfaut 52 yekrs (Damnsan 622?462, 5<-55). Feita hkge tmere ks k fay, wmen tmere were 32 ar sa ckgoioes, knl mks iovetmere car 65 yekrs. Gknaia Khastk, knatmer Lagonohkn haiiekùe, iovel tmere car66 yekrs, wmen me gavel lawn crag tme hios. Gkràt kisa skol tmkt tmey uselta iove an tap ac tme hios, knl sufsequentiy gavel lawn onta tme voiikè. Xmegentoans tmkt tme mekrt ac tme voiikè usel ta fe nekrer tme hios, an tme haksfut retrektel lue ta cekr ac stargs. Eipoloa Arte`k (;?0=k4=8) gentoans seûar Kgkla Xknktk,nkhola y hrokla en ei iu`kr (’farn knl rkosel on tme krek‗). \os kiisu`èsts tmkt tme voiikè aperktel ks k jonl ac gk`net severki lehkles kà, puii-on` peapie on crag sgkiier ckrgs knl mausemails on tme krek. Gkràt su`èsteltmos mkppenel kcter k pkrtohuikriy fkl murrohkne, fut tmere hauil mkve feen knnugfer ac atmer reksans knl iahki ehanagoh onhentoves.

\ere usel ta fe kt iekst tmree hmurhmes, ane ac wmohm wks stoii khtove, knk sgkii stkte progkry shmaai wmohm os ane ac tme aniy so`ns ac a hoki reha`ntoan, ks weii ks ots onhiusoan an tapa`rkpmohki gkps ac tmeOnstotuta Hkrta`rë ha Goiotkr . \ere os na runnon` wkter ar eiehtrohoty, na getkiiel rakl knl na reùikrgatar trknspart ar khhess ta gelohki servohes.

32 Faiky hotes k typohki exkgpie ac tmos jonl ac ehanagoh khtovoty ac k peksknt ckrger on tme ;?=seiion` hmkrhaki me furnel crag k mehtkre ac iknl an Hiuf Gel praperty next ta Runtk Hknk. Mesail tmos car $; per fk` ta k golliegkn wma sail ot on Xknta Lagonà. wenty perhent ac tmehmkrhaki onhage went ta tme iknlawner. Xailoers krrestel tme peksknt, fut nat tme iknlawner,wma suppioel tme peksknt wotm hrelot luron` mos krrest. Kcter twa yekrs ac uson` tme hiekriknl ks khanuha, tme saoi wks lepietel knl òven fkhj ta tme iknlawner ta `rkze hkttie. On tmoswky iknlawners hiekr tmeor iknl knl la nat èt hmkrèl car lecarestktoan ac `reen trees (Faiky;??04;8?).



=3

On tme caur yekrs we mkve warjel on Ei Hkfa, tmere mkve feen muè hmknès.\e onmkfotknts, hkst ks oiie`ki squktters ac losputel iknl, kre `rklukiiy feon`fau`mt aut (oc tmey kre cartunkte), ar carhel ta iekve ks tme hakstki zanes ac tmeekstern reòan èt ekten up knl turnel onta provkte enhikves. Xonhe 6225, wemkve natohel k lrkgktoh lehrekse on papuiktoan knl reluhtoan on khtovoty on EiHkfa. \e gkyar gavel ta Mo`ùey fehkuse ac oii mekitm knl tme voiikè shmaaimks hiasel. Aniy tme gast gkrònkiozel ckgoioes stoii iove tmere, knl Feita knlmos ckgoiy kht ks hkretkjers ac tme iknl car k iahki iknlawner wma kisa mausesmos warjers on tme mauses ac carger voiikèrs. \os wks k prahess wmohm wks weiiunlerwky fy 6225, ks ot wks hiekr crag khhaunts knl kfknlanel prapertoes tmkttme voiikè usel ta fe guhm fo`èr wotm gare streets, `krlens knl fusonesses.@rklukiiy mauses were kfknlanel, hmoilren sent ta iove wotm atmer reiktoves,mages fuoit eisewmere wotm sage on tme voiikè gkontkonel ks weejenl smonìalès. \e voiikèrs la nat awn tme iknl an wmohm tme sote sots, fut tmey la`rkze knogkis an ot, fuoil mauses aver ot knl tme voiikè shmaai os reparteliy ontme krek ac k furoki hanhentrktoan knl gollen lepasots aver ane getre leep. \erakl onta tme voiikè huts tmrau`m tmese gollen lepasots, knl hmoilren on tme voi-ikè reùikriy haiieht klarnas crag tmeor ckgoiyhanuhas . \e pkrt ac tme sote weonvesto`ktel os aroentel gare sekwkrls ac tme present-lky voiikè knl extenls taots nartm (Co`. ;2).

8.5.< Xuggkry knl loshussoan

On suggkry tmen, gkteroki, a hoki knl arki mostary ac tme voiikè onlohktes tmkttme krhmkeaiaòhki sote ac Ei Hkfa mks nat unleràne kny so`no hknt hmknès arle`rklktoan sonhe prehaianoki onloènaus ahhupktoan. \e ikhj ac k so`no hkntgkteroki caatpront reiktel ta tme ikst 522 yekrs, tme iaw papuiktoan lensoty ac tmereòan on ènerki, knl tme gonogki ogpkht ac tme hurrent papuiktoan gekn tmkttme sote os on k very àal stkte ac preservktoan. \os hanhurs wotm Aisen‟s ogpkhtkssessgent ac tme sote on wmohm me leegs tme qukioty ac tme regkons exheiient knltme stkte ac preservktoan ac tme sote galerkte, fksel an presenhe ac iaater‟s potson tme nartm ac tme sote (6222).

8.3 Veòanki setton`4 Rre-Haiugfokn knl haianoki Mo`ùey

8.3.; \me krhmkeaia` y ac tme ekstern reòan, past-KL 322 \e Mo`ùey reòan, ar tme ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh, ta wmohm Ei Hkfa fe-ian`s, os so`no hknt on nkrrktoves acfehagon` kçna. Ot ahhupoes kn ogpartkntpikhe on tme huiture-mostarohki nkrrktove ac tme @rekter Kntoiies knl tme eposte-gaia`y ac tme evaiutoan ac nktove papuiktoans on tme krek. On tme Ikte Herkgoh Kè tme ekstern reòan (tme galern lky pravonhe ac Kitk`rkhok knl pkrts acIk Vagknk, o.e. tme iaw-iyon` krek ekst ac tme Xeofa Xoerrk knl tme Hmkvanrover) hagprosel k nugfer ac settiegent sotes wotm ian` ahhupktoans knl verysogoikr herkgoh sequenhes (Macgkn et ki. 6220: Seiaz Gk`òaia ;?06). \ossequenhe mks feen rehentiy suggkrozel ks kn ekriy Astoanaol (KL 322-?22),k ikte Astoanaol (KL ?22-;622) knl nkiiy k Hmohaol pmkse (KL ;622-;522)



=0V E H

(Macgkn et ki. 62204 kfie 8).3; \e passofoioty ac kn even ekrioer, pre-Astoanaolherkgoh pmkse crag 822 FH os on neel ac curtmer onvesto`ktoan. \ere os k gkr-ònki presenhe ac Xkiklaol herkgohs on tme krek, kt car exkgpie Ik Hkietk (SeiaGk`òaia ;?08: Seiaz Gk`òaia knl Arte`k ;??3).

An k ikrèr shkie, tme ekstern reòan os onharparktel onta tme huiturki-èa-`rkpmoh reòan ac tme Gank Rksskè (Vause ;??6). \os os k lo huit strethmac wkter, ;62jg wole, hannehton` tme Ktikntoh Ahekn wotm tme Hkroffekn Xekknl sepkrkton` tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh crag Ruerta Voha. \os strkot mks feenhanheovel ac kt loerent toges knl fy loerent shmaikrs ta mkve representel knogpelogent, hanstoht zane ar k pasotove ckhoiotktar ac reiktoans car papuiktoaan eotmer sole ac tme wkter. Ks k huiturki krek on tme Ikte Herkgoh Kè ot enhagpksses tme western mkic ac Ruerta Voha, knl tme wmaie ac tme ekstern pkrt ac tLagonohkn Vepufioh up ta Xknta Lagonà. \e Gank Rksskè krek wks rstolento el ks k gkdar huiturki spmere fy Vause, wma natel tmkt tme faunlkroesfetween herkgoh styies ahhur wotmon osiknls, rktmer tmkn fetween osiknls (Vau;?5;, ;?=6, ;??6). \os su`èsts hannehtoans khrass faloes ac wkter knl hiaserhuiturki toes fetween peapies an eotmer sole ac k pksskè tmkn wotmon tme skosiknl.

Crag kraunl KL 322 untoi haianoki toges tme Gank Rksskè wks kn krek acprapasel huiturki hanverènhe knl hrass-certoiozktoan, ogpartknt on tme levei-apgent ac tme Hmohaol herkgoh seroes knl tme rose ac paiotohki moerkrhmoeseganoki hagpiexoty knl sahoki onequkioty. Astoanaol herkgohs kppekrel kigastsoguitkneausiy (on kn krhmkeaiaòhki sense) on tme Gank Rksskè krek knl tme rac tme @rekter Kntoiies knl Fkmkgks crag tme 3tm ar 0tm hentury (Huret 6225).\os wks dust ane eiegent on k suote ac gkteroki huiture hmknès kttrofutel ta le-ga`rkpmoh `rawtm knl go`rktoan (Huret 6225). Kt tmos toge, tme Gank Rksskèwks hanheovel ac ks k reheptoan krek car go`rkton` `raups, knl kt tme carecrantac huiturki onnavktoan. Fy tme tergonki pmkse crag KL ;622, ot os ènerkiiy seen

ks tme mekrtiknl ac tme ’Hikssoh kçna‗ (sensu Vause ;??6). Xage ac tme act-hotel gkteroki huiture trkots kre Hmohaol herkgohs, ikrè settiegents, k`rohuiturke hoenhy, stane-ionel pikzks, exatoh knl mo`miy hrkctel otegs suhm ks eikfarkstane tmree-paonters knl stane haiikrs,hegç stktukry knl pkrkpmernkiok reiktelta tmehamafk rotuki. \e Gank Rksskè os seen ks tme saurhe ac kppraproktoan,eguiktoan knl tme cahus ac wmkt sage see ks prestoè reiktoansmops fetween eiotnetwarjs on gkny atmer pkrts ac tme @rekter Kntoiies (Aiover 622?).

Ei Hkfa tmus feian`s ta tme mekrtiknl ac wmkt kre seen ks tme gast hagpiexsahoetoes on tme Hkroffekn fecare Eurapekn hantkht. \e leveiapgentki trkdeh-tary ac tme weii jnawn mostarohki enl praluht, tme ’ kçna‗, mawever, os guhmlefktel knl fksel kigast exhiusoveiy an text knl pattery.

Vause skw tmos trkdehtary crag progotove ta hovoiozel ks k rktmer sekgiess p`ressoan crag Xkiklaol ta Astoanaol on Ruerta Voha, caiiawel fy go`rktoan knllospikhegent ac Krhmkoh peapies on tme rest ac tme @rekter Kntoiies vok tme GRksskè, knl sufsequent leveiapgent ac tme kçna on tmos skge krek (;??6).Atmer galeis, mawever, òve ckr gare kènhy ta tme kirekly exostent Krhmkoh

3; Seiaz Gk`òaia‟s (et ki. ;?08) ènerki use ac tme tergs Astoanaol, Geiikhaol knl Hmohaol kreprecerrel aver tme gare hagpiex nagenhikture ac Vause (;??6) wma uses k hagfonktoan ac seroesknl suf-seroes nkges ta leshrofe herkgohs. Seiaz Gk`òaia‟s tergonaia`y mks tme klvkntkè acfeon` gare iahkiiy spehocoh ta Mospknoaik knl gareaver me losputes tme Ionnkekn ènekia`y acherkgoh styies ks presentel fy Vause. Seiaz Gk`òaia‟s use ac guitopie reòanki nkges car veryiahki knl trknsotoanki styies woii fe kvaolel mawever, knl tme sogpiocoel hmranaia`y car tmeekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh (Macgkn et ki. 6220) recerrel ta onstekl. Mawever, ot os reha`nozel,ks stktel fy Seiaz Gk`òaia, tmkt iahki loversoty os k mkiigkrj ac herkgohs on tme ekstern reòan(Seiaz Gk`òaia ;?00).



==

papuiktoans knl ta loverse, new, go`rktoans ac nan Ruerta-Vohkn aroòn. Kn ex-kgpie ac tmos os tme huiturki myfrolozktoan mypatmesos ac Hmkniktte Fkoj (6228)wma hrelots tme Astoanaol seroes ta Krhmkoh khhuiturktoan wotm pattery-praluh-on` Xkiklaol ckrgers on Ruerta Voha. \ese new Astoanaol `raups sufsequentiygo`rktel aut ac Ruerta Voha knl on turn khhuiturktel Krhmkoh papuiktoans onatmer osiknls. Seiaz Gk`òaia paonts ta henturoes ac go`rktoan, myfrolozktoanknl papuiktoan `rawtm ahhurron` fecare tme prapasel Astoanaol expknsoan cragRuerta Voha, prahesses weii unlerwky fy tme 5tm hentury KL (Huret 6225: SeiazGk`òaia et ki. ;??;: Seiaz Gk`òaia knl Arte`k ;??3). \e presenhe ac patterypraluhtoan severki henturoes FH on tme ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh (Ei Fkrroa,Ei Hkogota, Gusoïpelra) os seen ks evolenhe ac osiknl etmnaènesos knl guitopiesepkrkte go`rktoans crag tme Xautm Kgerohkn gkoniknl (Seiaz Gk`òaia ;?03:Seiaz Gk`òaia et ki. ;?0<, ;??;: Seiaz Gk`òaia knl Arte`k ;??3).

Atmers (Huret 6225: Jee`kn 62224;52: Jee`kn knl Valrçùez Vkgas 6220)prapase vkroktoans an tmese hagpiex mostaroes, onharparkton` lousoan, go`rk-toan knl myfrolozktoan. \ese shenkroas tkje tme kènhy kwky crag tme Xkiklaolmartohuiturkiosts ks huiture fronèrs, knl see tme Hmohaol ks k gox ac gkoniknl,enlegoh knl Astoanaol trklotoans (see kisa Valrçùez Vkgas et ki. 622=). \egaleis fehage gare hagpiex aver toge ta egpmksoze k guitopiohoty ac kh-tars knl aroòns. Pmkt tmey mkve on haggan os k hansensus tmkt tmere wks khmknè wmohm ahhurrel sagetoge kraunl KL 322 wmohm iel ta tme klaptoanac Astoanaol herkgohs knl tme leveiapgent ac ganugentki krhmotehture, es-pehokiiy on Ruerta Voha. \e leveiapgent ac tme Hmohaol ahhurrel on sautmekstLagonohkn Vepufioh, fetween KL =22-;222 (wotm tme ekrioest ahhurrenhe on Duknlaioa kraunl KL =65: Seiaz Gk`òaia et ki. ;?08). Fy KL ;622, Hmohaol-reiktel herkgoh knl iotmoh krteckhts kre sprekl aver tme Gank Rksskè krek knlguhm ac tme rest ac tme @rekter Kntoiies, evaivon` onta loverse reòanki cargs(Aiover 622?: Gh@onnos ;??0: Seiaz Gk`òaia ;??8: Poisan 62204;8?-;<3).

\e aniy ane wma kttegpts ta expikon tmese leveiapgents on tergs ac iahkihanlotoans knl hantonènhoes os Seiaz Gk`òaia. Mos pohture ac tme mostarohkiloversoty ac konkn aroòns os unotel raunl tme mypatmesos, speho h ta tme jkrstzanes ac tme ekstern reòan knl western Ruerta Voha, tmkt hagpiexoty wks tmeresuit ac kn klkptove respanse ta tme iahki ehaia`y (Seiaz Gk`òaia ;??6). \oshagpiexoty os seen ks hereganoki knl reioòaus on nkture. Mos galei os fksel anonterpretktoans ac nktove ehaia`y knl ar`knozktoan ac ikfaur. Lostonht crag tmeontensove gaunl huitovktoan ac hksskvk, wmohm os k trapohki iawiknl trklotoan, un-lagestohktelzkgok wks expiaotel on tme ekstern reòan. Tkgok lol nat requoreontensove ckrgon` getmals, nat even siksm-knl-furn, fut wks haiiehtel lorehtiycrag tme woil. \os so`no hkntiy reluhel ikfaur hasts. Gareaver, ots prahesson`praluhel k stkpie rohm on fatm hkrfamylrktesknl prateons. Seiaz Gk`òaia seestmos ks k gare e hoent expiaotktoan ac tme envorangent wmohm, hagfonel wotmhenturoes ac go`rktoans, `kve huitures on tme ekstern reòan kn klkptove klvkn-tkè, pragatel lega`rkpmoh `rawtm knl tme appartunoty ta leveiap sapmos-tohktel hereganoki knl reioòaus struhtures (Seiaz Gk`òaia et ki. ;?03: SeiazGk`òaia ;??6: Seiaz Gk`òaia knl Arte`k ;?=3). Jkrst envorangents kre natiogotel ta tme Gank Rksskè mawever, knl tmere os `rawon` evolenhe tmkt Tkgok wks expiaotel khrass k woler krek ac tme @rekter Kntoiies tmkn dust Mo`ùey onprehaianoki toges (Rk`ën Dogïnez knl Aiover 622=: Valrçùez Xuërez knl Rk`ën Dogïnez 622=). Nevertmeiess, tmos os ane ac tme aniy kttegpts kt k gare sotuktel, Kntoiiekn knl sahoki perspehtove an reòanki hagpiexoty.



=?V E H

Xotes on Mo`ùey kre tmerecare ac so`no hknhe on mypatmeses ac tme evaiuac tme mostaroh kçna. \ey kre kisa oiiustrktove ac maw tmese lefktes mkve unrehentiy ahhurrel an tme papuiktoan ievei, an tme fksos ac herkgoh trkots, ar aut-sole tme settiegent. Fy reiyon` an tmos jonl ac lktk, tme trkdehtary wmohm ieklta tme hagpiex strkto hktoan ac tme mostarohki peroal os seen ks onevotkfie paariy unlerstaal on tergs ac ots sahoki prahesses. Pmkt os mkppenon` kt tmeievei ac tme onlovoluki settiegent, mausemail ar iahki settiegent `raup, knl mawtmese hantrofutes ta tme fo`èr pohture, os unjnawn. Huret‟s warj an prehaia-noki lega`rkpmy lehanstruhtel tme olek tmkt tme sahoki prahesses ac eposales acso`no hknt huiture hmknè on tme Hkroffekn hkn fe unlerstaal sogpiy on tergsac gkhra-prahesses suhm ks go`rktoan, knl wotm rehaurse ta herkgoh sequenhes(Huret 6225). Me sees sogoikr hmknès on Ruerta Voha ks k resuit ac guitopieprahesses onvaivon` khtars knl hantexts kt sgkiier shkies. On tme next sehtoan tmsettiegent pkttern on Mo`ùey woii fe exkgonel on gare letkoi ta òve hantext tatme ontrk-sote knkiysos on tme caiiawon` hmkpter.

8.3.6 Xettiegent pktterns Aver ;=2 Herkgoh Kè sotes, rknòn` crag ontensoveiy exhkvktel settiegents ta@RX paonts gkrjon` k cew surckhe smerls mkve feen olento el on tme Mo`ùereòan (Co`. ;=). \e lostrofutoan òves fatm kn ogpressoan ac Herkgoh Kè sotelensoty knl iahktoan, knl resekrhm ontensoty on tme ekstern reòan. Kn on-leptmloshussoan ac tme lynkgohs knl lega`rkpmohs ac tmos lostrofutoan kre feyanl tmeshape ac tmos hmkpter. \e loshussoan mere serves ta pikhe Ei Hkfa on k lokhmranreòanki setton` wotmon k netwarj ac iahki sotes.

\e lenagonktoan ’settiegent‗, gkrjel fy ikrè wmote lats, os fksel anpufiosmel onterpretktoans ar tme repartel presenhe ac gollen gaunls. Hiustersac paonts suhm ks on tme Runtk Gkhka, Fahk le Hmkvan knl Hkp Hknk fekhmkreks gky nat represent loshrete sotes, fut tme extensoan ac ikrè settiegents,ar settiegent-reiktel khtovoty mkias. \os os prafkfiy tme hkse wotm tme RuntkGkhka sote, wmohm havers ;jg¶.36 Hkves eotmer lenate sotes ac rahj krt, mugknar atmer huiturki regkons, knl pikzk sotes kre prehoseiy tmkt: sotes wotm reparteusukiiy stane-ionel pikzks. Ane sote on pkrtohuikr smauil fe trektel wotm hkutoantme pikzk kt Runtk Espklk, kt tme sautmekst top ac tme osiknl, feiaw Ei Hkfa K pikzk wks repartel on tmos iahktoan on tme ;?52‟s fy tme tmen lorehtar ac tm Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna, Egoie le Fayroe Gayk, weii khqukontel wotmLagonohkn pikzks, mkvon` hanluhtel kn osiknl wole survey. \os sote mks feenrecerrel ta on pufiohktoans (Gkûøn Krrelanla et ki. ;?0;4?;: Arte`k 6225:Seiaz Gk`òaia ;?06), fut sufsequent vosots fy aurseives, Arte`k (62254;<0)knl Damnsan (622?) ckoiel ta reiahkte tme pikzk, kitmau`m Hmohaol herkgohs w

caunl on tme krek.38 \e pikzk os iect an tmos gkp, kitmau`m ots exostenhe smauilfe trektel wotm k hkvekt.

36 Kitmau`m ot os loccohuit ta hanhiule knytmon` re`krlon` tme krhmkeaia`y ac Runtk Gkhka. mos k guito-hagpanent sote spknnon` k tmausknl yekrs wmohm mks sonhe fehage k àic haurse knlregkons ikrèiy unpufiosmel (Knlôdkr Rersonki et ki. 622<4;0;: Rroeta Sohoasa 622=4;<5: Arte`k;?0=k: Uiiak Mun` 622=: Seiaz Gk`òaia et ki. ;?06: unpufiosmel reparts4 Aisen 622<k:

kvkrez Gkrok knl Hkilerøn 6220).38 Lespote tme ckht tmkt tme Gank Rksskè pikzks kre gare ioje tme stane-leiogotel anes ac Ruerta

Voha, ènerkiiy pikzks on Mospknoaik kre leiogotel fy ekrtmern fknjs (e.`. Hmkhuey, En FksXkione, harrki le Iks Hkfuyks). Oc tme purpartel pikzk kt Runtk Espklk hansostel ac rkosel ekrtmfknjs, ot gky weii fe tmkt murrohkne lkgkè onciohtel on tme ontervenon` 52 yekrs fetween leFayroe Gayk‟s knl ikter vosots, suhm ks tmkt crag murrohkne @earès wmohm pkssel aver Ei Hkfa;??=, rkzel tme evolenhe.



?2

Rrevoaus resekrhm sonìes aut tme ekstern hakstki pikons ks tme gast onten-soveiy onvesto`ktel knl gast lenseiy papuiktel zane on tme Lagonohkn Vepufiohwotm k reùikr spkhon` ac sotes kian` tme entore hakstki pikon (Krrelanla et ki.;?0;4;23). Knl onleel, tme rst ogpressoan os ane ac averwmeigon` hakstki set-tiegent. \os pohture fekrs aut tme afservktoan fy tme Fuiiens tmkt ’On every pikhewmere we caunl k fekhm, even k very sgkii ane, we caunl evolenhe ac k presenhe ontme pkst ac Kgeronlokns ‗ (Fuiien knl Fuiien ;?0848;0). \os os nat dust iogotelta tme sknly fekhmes, mawever, wmohm kre shkrhe on tme ekstern reòan, fut os kisatme hkse kian` tme gare haggan rkosel knl rahjy smareione.

Mkrliy kny sotes mkve feen olento el on tme onteroar exhept kian` rover haurs-

es. Lry khhess paonts crag tme hakst, o.e. pktmwkys tmrau`m tme hios ta tme mo`m-er piktekus, kisa mkve sotes kian` tmeg. \e Xeofa Xoerrk nartmwest ac Mo`ùeyseegs ta carg k fkrroer, knl cew sotes mkve feen olento el mere kpkrt crag hkvesotes wotm rahj krt (Rk`ën Rerlaga ;?03).

\kt tmos pohture os k foks ac resekrhm ontensoty, lue ta fuoiler leveiapgentkian` tme hakst knl tme mo`m vosofoioty ac hakstki sotes (ènerkiiy gare expaseltmkn tmase oniknl) hknnat fe o`narel, fut surveys wmohm expiohotiy iaajel carsotes on tme onteroar kisa nate tme prelagonknhe ac tme hakstki settiegent pkt-tern. \e Fuiiens car exkgpie expressiy sekrhmel tme su`krhkne eil ac Mo`ùey,wotmaut resuit. Aisen‟s resekrhm an tap ac tme oniknl hakstki piktekus loln‟t iahktekny so`no hknt sotes mere eotmer (Aisen 622;k). Mawever, sufsequent surveys fy

Ieolen Unoversoty lol iahkte k haupie ac sotes, onhiulon` k patentokiiy so`no hknt

Coùre ;=. Krhmkeaiaòhkisotes on tme ekstern LagonohknVepufioh. Ieènl4 Ikrè wmotelats4 se iegent sotes: fikhjtroknìes4 hkve sotes: squkres4 pikzks: sgkii lats4 sotes rkn`-on` crag onlovoluki nls taguito-hagpanent sotes: wmotestkr4 Ei Hkfa.



?;V E H

settiegent (Ei Fkrtaia) an tap ac tme hios, k`kon reiktel ta kn khhess paont cragtme hakst (Damnsan 622?40?). Ot os so`no hknt tmkt tmese oniknl sotes kre ereiktel ta rover haurses, knl oc nat, kre kian` khhess paonts crag tme hakst.

\os seegs ta fe kt alls wotm Iks Hksks‟ leshroptoan su`èston` tmkt tmemo`mer reòans were gare lenseiy papuiktel tmkn tme hakstki reòans on Mo`ùey(’en geloa le estas gantes mkhokn ias onloas sus puefias…‗ Iks Hksks ;=05465?,Hm.846??). Kitmau`m ot os prehoseiy tmese mo`mer kreks on tme Xeofa Xoerrkmkve nat feen ontensoveiy resekrhmel. Ane ac tme gast letkoiel leshroptoans ac ktawn os ac ane suhm oniknl settiegent on tme moiis ac tme Mo`ùey krek. Iks Hksleshrofes caur frakl streets, 52 pkhes wole knl k hrassfaw‟s smat ian` (o.e. severkimunlrel getres) hut tmrau`m tme trees on tme carg ac k hrass. Khharlon` ta IksHksks, tmese streets were usel car stkòn` fktties, knl tme tawn otseic skt kt tmeontersehtoan, on tme gollie (Iks Hksks ;??64 Hm. 846??).

\e hakstki settiegents kre reiktoveiy reùikriy spkhel kian` tme hakst, ;2-;5jg kpkrt knl onterspersel wotm sgkiier sotes (Co`. ;=). Gareaver, ane hkn pon-paont mufs wmere settiegents ahhur taètmer wotm loverse sote types suhm ks hkvknl pikzks. \os os tme hkse kraunl Runtk Gkhka, Runtk Hknk-Ei Hkfa, Fahk le _ugk, sautm Rkrque Nkhoanki lei Este/Xkank, tme Fkykmofe knl Fahk le Hmkvønkreks. \e skge os true curtmer west kian` tme sautm hakst crag Ik Vagknk taXkn Relra le Gkharçs knl Xknta Lagonà (nat an tme gkp).

Ot os lo huit ta `kon k reiokfie pohture ac tme lega`rkpmoh lynkgohs tmrau`mtoge representel fy tme sote lostrofutoan. \os os lue ta tme aver-representktoanac Hmohaol herkgohs wotm tmeor teii-tkie onhosel leharktoan, knl prafkfie unlerrepresentktoan ac ekrioer herkgohs, wmohm fekr cewer lok`nastoh trkots. Gareavgkny sotes were olento el an tme fksos ac surckhe regkons knl tmus ekrioer furoelepasots wauil nat mkve feen afservel. \ere os, mawever, enau`m hmranaiaòhkioncargktoan ta gkje k frakl lostonhtoan fetween Astoanaol knl Hmohaol car hk.55 sotes (Co`. ;?). Gareaver, ekriy haianoki gkteroki mks feen rehaverel crag kt

iekst caur ar ve sotes. Car sage ac tmese, onhiulon` Ei Hkfa, tmos hkn fe seen kevolenhe car hantonuel onloènaus ahhupktoan luron` haianoki toges. Ks gentoanel on tme prevoaus sehtoan, ian` ahhupktoans knl sogoikr herkgoh

sequenhes hkn fe seen on sotes khrass tme Mo`ùey reòan. Kigast kii sotes wokn ekrioer ahhupktoan (n7;<) were kisa onmkfotel ar usel on tme ikter peroal.3< Oc we iaaj speho hkiiy kt settiegent sotes, we see tmkt settiegent mostaroes revehantonuoty wotm suhhessove herkgoh papuiktoans ahhupyon` tme skge kreks. \onlohktes hantonuoty on settiegent iahktoan. Hkre smauil fe tkjen on kttrofuton`tmos ta hantonuoty ac settiegent papuiktoan, mawever, knl tme reiktoansmop fetween ekrioer knl ikter strkto`rkpmoh sequenhes gust fe estkfiosmel an k sote-tasote fksos. aa iottie os jnawn kfaut tme gkdaroty ac sotes ta hanhiule knytmonkfaut settiegent lynkgohs on tergs ac ahhupktoan pmkses. Nevertmeiess, twasotes onlohkte loerenhes fetween ekriy knl ikte ahhupktoans eotmer on tergs aontrk-sote settiegent iahktoan ar spktoki ar`knosktoan (Ktkdkloza, knl Ei Hkfa).\os su`èsts k frekj ar so`no hknt rekio`ngent knl rearoentktoan ac settiegentprkhtohes fetween tme ekriy knl ikte pmkses. Pmkt Macgkn et ki. (6220) recerta ks Ikte Astoanaol herkgohs, kre recerrel ta iahkiiy unler k guitotule ac sote-knl pmkse-speho h nkges, ekhm onterpretel ks loerent trknsotoanki types fe-tween Astoanaol knl Hmohaol, knl representon` loverse knhestroes (Macgkn etki. 6220: Seiaz Gk`òaia et ki.;?08). Hagfonel Astoanaol knl Hmohaol trkotskre hansolerel haggan kt sotes on tme ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh crag kraunl KL =22 ta ?22 (Macgkn et ki. 6220: Arte`k et ki. 6228). \e nkture knl lkton`

3< Xotes car wmohm tmos os nat tme hkse mkve ènerkiiy nat feen ontensoveiy resekrhmel.



?6

ac tmos trknsotoan mawever neels curtmer onvesto`ktoan, knl òven tme guitopiemypatmeses kfaut tme aroòns ac Hmohaol tmos wauil fe kn ogpartknt ione ac on-quory an k sote ievei.35

\e gkdaroty ac tme new sotes, o.e. tmase wmohm aniy kppekrel on tme ikteperoal, seeg ta fe hkve sotes. Xage new settiegent sotes kisa kppekr, mawever.\os kii òves tme ogpressoan ac loverso hktoan ac iknlshkpe use, wotm gkny garepikhes feon` crequentel tmkn on tme prevoaus pmkse, knl passofie papuiktoanonhrekse.33 \e precerenhe car hakstki iahktoans woii fe loshussel ikter wotm recer-enhe ta tme iahktoan hmaohe ac Ei Hkfa. \os gky mkve ta la wotm k guitopiohotyac ckhtars onhiulon` expiaotktoan ac gkrone resaurhes knl strkteòh pasotoanon`

car haggunohktoan.

35 Hmohaol herkgohs on Ei Hkfa kre kssahoktel wotm mause struhtures wmohm fksel an k reiktovehmranaia`y presentel on Hmkpter 3, feòn ks ekriy ks tme ?tm hentury KL, o.e. ekrioer tmkn KL;622 su`èstel fy Macgkn et ki. 6220 car tme Ei Hkfa Hmohaol.

33 mos afservktoan os so`nocohknt wotm respeht ta tme lega`rkpmoh trenls car Ruerta Voha, on wmohmHuret nates k papuiktoan lehione on KL ;622-;522 on caur stuly reòans, onhiulon` sote kfkn-langent (Huret 6225). Ane ac mos prapasel expiknktoans car tmos os go`rktoan ta Mospknoaik.

Coùre ;?. Lokhmranoh lostro-futoan ac sotes. Ieènl4 Fikhjstkrs4 Astoanaol: wmote stkrs4Hmohaol: fikhj-knl-wmote

stkrs4 Astoanaol knl Hmohaol.



?8V E H

K hiaser iaaj kt tme lktel settiegents revekis tme ian` lurktoan ac tmese sotesknl tme hmranaiaòhki spkn ac Herkgoh Kè settiegent on tme ekstern reòan onènerki. Carty-caur lktes, prelagonkntiy crag settiegent hantexts, onhiulon`tme lktes crag Ei Hkfa, mkve feen piattel on Co`. 62.30

\e ekrioest sehureiy lktel hantexts wotm Astoanaol herkgohs on tme eksternLagonohkn Vepufioh hage crag Ei Hkfa, feònnon` on tme ikte-3tm ta gol-0tm hentury. Kt tme atmer enl ac tme shkie, Ei Hkfa kisa smaws tme iktest lktes car kHmohaol hantext on tme reòan. \ese ekriy-;5tm hentury lktes kre gare ar iesshantegparkneaus wotm tme lktes crag wkteria`èl waal crag tme Gknkntokile ik Kietk (Feejer et ki. 6226: Hanrkl et ki. 622=). Ot os natewartmy tmkt naonloènaus sotes reveki ;3tm hentury lktes òven tme presenhe ac Eurapekn gk-teroki, suhm ks aiove dkr crk`gents, on Ei Hkfa, Ktkdkloza, Rikyk le Fkvkra knlHmkvøn sotes, knl prafkfiy Runtk Gkhka.3= Ve`krlon` tme ikhj ac onloènaushaianoki-lktel hantexts, k rkloahkrfan lkte crag tme Gank Rksskè krek hagescrag hmkrhaki knl fane lepasots crag tme sote ac Huevk Ne`rk, an Osik Gankwmohm mkl k hkiofrktel rknè fetween KL ;<=2 knl ;355 (Crknj ;??=). \egoxel skgpie mawever os ckr crag oleki.

30 me smeii skgpies mkve feen harrehtel car tme gkrone reservaor ecceht (wmohm atmerwose lktes severki henturoes yaunèr). Atmer skgpies were crag hmkrhaki, mugkn fane knl smeiis.Uncartunkteiy, onsuccohoent hantext os jnawn crag gkny ac tmese skgpies ta fe kfie ta hanluhttaa guhm letkoiel knkiysos (goxel fuij skgpies tkjen crag krfotrkry ikyers, aroònki ikfarktarylktes sagetoges nat pufiosmel). Loshussoan os iogotel ta Herkgoh Kè sotes (o.e. nat Huevk leFernk knl Gusoïpelra) knl exhiules tme frakl rknès car Fkrroa.

3= Kssugel ta fe tme Gkhka gentoanel fy Iks Hksks, kitmau`m na haianoki gkteroki mks feenrepartel crag tme exhkvktoans. Mawever, tme exhkvktoan mostary ac tmos sote os ckr crag oleki.

Coùre 62. ;<H lktes crag4(;) Ei Hkfa: (6) Xotoa leRepe: (8) Ei Fkrroa: (<)Runtk Gkhka: (5) Oìesok le

Gkhka: (3) Ktkdkloza: (0) Ik Kietk. (HKIOF VkloahkrfanHkiofrktoan Rra`rkg, Xtuoverknl Veoger ;?=3-6225).



?<

8.3.8 Loshussoan

\e ekstern reòan os trklotoankiiy seen ks kn krek ac etmnaènesos knl k reheptoanzane, hmknneiion` pre-Krkwkjkn knl Krkwkjkn onstuenhes onta Mospknoaik cragnartmekstern Xautm Kgerohk vok Ruerta Voha knl lorehtiy crag vkroaus gkon-iknl lestonktoans. \e ekriy stkrt ac tme Astoanaol sequenhe on tmos krek on tme

ikte-3tm hentury, tme pietmark ac iahki vkroktoans on herkgoh styies kttestel on tmeioterkture, knl tme hakstki lostrofutoan ac sotes la nat lospute tmos. Gkny settie-

gent sotes experoenhel hentury‟s ian` ahhupktoan wmohm resuitel on vkroel use acespehokiiy tme hakstki iknlshkpe knl tme leveiapgent ac iahki hakstki netwarjs.Frakl herkgoh sequenhes, lespote styiostoh loversoty, kre smkrel tmrau`maut tmekrek khrass gkny sotes (Macgkn et ki. 6223, 6220, 622=: Arte`k ;?0=k: Arte`ket ki. 6228: Uiiak Mun` 622=: Seiaz Gk`òaia et ki. ;?08, ;?03).

Kii on kii, knl espehokiiy on tme ikte pmkse, tme sote pktterns su`èst netwarjsac iahki settiegents, ionjel ta osaiktel lweiion`s, smon` spats knl `krlens, wotmtme onmkfotknts uson` iahki hkves car k vkroety ac purpases. Mugkn regkons werelepasotel kt vkroaus sotes tmrau`maut tme iknlshkpe, onhiulon` fatm settiegentsknl hkves. \e reiktoansmop fetween tme settiegents knl pikzk sotes os nat hiekr.Xage sotes suhm ks Ik Kietk knl Ktkdkloza mkve ikrè knl guitopie pikzks on (pas-sofiy) settiegent hantexts, knl atmer settiegents mkve na olento el pikzk kt kii. Pmetmer we smauil see tmese ks reòanki hentres ac k``re`ktoan, servon` guitopiehaggunotoes, neels gare resekrhm. \e passofie kitmau`m prafiegktoh iahktoanac k pikzk kt Runtk Espklk, wotm khhess aniy passofie crag tme settiegent ac EiHkfa os pkrtohuikriy ontroùon` on tmos respeht.

Xage ac tmese hakstki settiegents hanneht ta atmer sotes oniknl kian` khhesspaonts up rovers knl crag tme hakst tmrau`m tme hios. \e Fuiiens (;?08) kisanatel tmos pkttern, oncerron` k hakstki-oniknl ehanagy wotm kn exhmknè ac ckrgpraluhts car gkrone praluhe kt smare voiikès, trknspartel uprover fy lu`-aut.\ey kisa nate tme hiusteron` ac sotes on lostonht ehaiaòhki zanes4 sgkii soteskt every sknl fekhm kian` tme prelagonkntiy rahjy hakstione, sotes an tme rstoniknl terrkhe wmere àal k`rohuiturki saois stkrt knl oniknl sotes kian` roverfknjs knl kt eievktoan. On hantrkst, tmey nate kn kfsenhe ac sotes on oniknl krekskwky crag rovers (o.e. tmey were unkfie ta iahkte sotes on su`kr hkne knl `rkzonìknls).

Gare warj os neelel ta re ne tmos pohture knl smel io`mt an tme iahki lynkg-ohs. \os mks rehentiy stkrtel wotm herkgoh knl hiky pravenknhe stuloes, ane actme resuits ac wmohm su`èst herkgohs (ar hiky) crag Runtk Gkhka were woleiyrepresentel kt atmer sotes on tme krek, suhm ks Ei Hkfa, knl sotes on tme RkrqueNkhoanki lei Este (vkn Ks et ki. 622=, Hanrkl et ki. 622=).

Ks gentoanel, severki sotes on tme krek wotnessel haianoki presenhe. Hantkht

knl haianoki Mo`ùey os loshussel on tme next sehtoan.

8.3.< Mo`ùey4 \me iksthkhohkzà knl tme pkhocohktoan ac tme ekst

Mo`ùey ar Hkozhogô (’nase‗ ar ’feònnon`‗) os ane ac tme severki huiturki-èa-`rkpmohki entotoes ac Mospknoaik nkgel on tme mostaroh lahugents. \oshkho-hkzà haverel tme entore ekstern partoan ac tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh, tme west-ern faunlkroes feon` kian` tme ione ac Xknta Lagonà ta Ias Mkotoses knl tmeFky ac Xkgknë on tme nartm (Se`k ;?=2). \e gkp ac tme hkrta`rkpmer Garkies(;52=: on Se`k ;?=2) onhiules Mo`ùey ks k pravonhe wotmon Hkozhogô, wmere-ks Iks Hksks (;??6, Hm 846?=) sees Mo`ùey ks k sepkrkte jon`lag, ac wmohm



?5V E H

Gkhka wks kisa pkrt.3? \kt Mo`ùey wks papuiktel fy etmnohkiiy loverse peapiekt tme toge ac hantkht os onlohktel fy recerenhes ta ’Hoùkyas‗ on tme Xkgknkrek, lostonht crag atmer `raups (Seiaz Gk`òaia knl Arte`k ;?=2). \e ia-hki paiotohki eiote so`no hknt on Xpknosm khhaunts were Moùknkgë (k pawequeen), Hatufknkgë (k so`no hkntseûar knl wkrroar crag tme Rkrque Nkhoankilei Este reòan), Hkykhak, Onïs le Hkykhak (woce knl suhhessar ac tme carger), K`ùeyfknk ac Xkank, knl Knlrïs ac Mo`ùey (Knlersan-Hørlavk ;??2: Iks Hksks;=054 Fj 54853: Fj 84638: Aiover 622?4;?;: kvkrez Gkrçk ;??3: Se`k ;?=2).Loshrepknhoes knl hancusoan kfaut tme reiktoansmop fetween fatm tme pikhnkges (wmkt wks k reòan ac wmkt1) knl mostarohki persankès (wma wks sufalonkte ta wmag1) onlohktes nat aniy tme seiehtove enhaunters knl crk`gentkryhagpremensoans ac tme Xpknosm haianosts, fut kisa tme ckht tmkt tme ekstern rewks prafkfiy nat k uno elhkhohkzà, fut k mostarohkiiy hantonènt reòan wotmsmocton` netwarjs ac peers. \e pratekn èa`rkpmy knl iost ac mostarohki hmkrkhters restehts tme ;= ar sa yekrs ac hmknès wmohm taaj pikhe on tme reòan lurotme toge tme vkroaus hmranohiers were present. \e kgfoùoty on tme khhaunts gkykisa fe lue ta tme ckht tmkt wmereks sagehkhoques (Hatufknkgë) gky mkve rosenta pragonenhe on toges ac hanstoht, atmers (Moùknkgë) gky mkve meil gare stk-fie pasotoans. \e reòan gky tmerecare mkve feen trknscargel ks k goiotkry han-celerktoan (ks Aiover 622? tergs ot) aniy on haianoki toges, wmereks prevoausiyot gky mkve feen k reòanki haggunoty fksel an k loerent set ac reiktoansmops,suhm ks iahki netwarjs ac rehoprahoty ks su`èstel fy tme settiegent pktterns knlreòanki herkgoh lostrofutoans on tme ikst sehtoan. \os mostarohki krek woii mencartm fe recerrel ta ks Mo`ùey ta loshrogonkte fetween tme westeriy mkic ac tmhkhohkzà (hagproson` tme galern-lky pravonhes ac Ik Vagknk, Ei Xeofa, MktaGkyar, Xkn Relra le Gkharos, Xknta Lagonà L.N., knl Gante Riktk), cragtme ekstern hakstki zane (present lky Kitk`rkhok onhiulon` Osik Xkank) wmohtme sufdeht ac tmos lossertktoan.

\kt Hkozhogô wks seen ks tme feònnon` ac tme osiknl os reharlel fy Gkrtorle Knìerok wma stktes tmkt Mospknoaik wks hanheovel ac ks k’ganstraus iovon`fekst ac tme cegkie sex‗ , ac wmohm Hkozhogô wks tme mekl (Mkrros hot., Jee`kn et ki;??=). On Mkrros‟ knkiysos ac Knìerok knl tme ;3tm hentury paiotohki èa`rkpmy actme osiknl, Mospknoaik wks lovolel onta eo`mt pkors achkhohkzàs wotm tapa`rkpmo-hki cektures representon` tme eyes, gautm, careie`s, monl ie`s, knl vkònk (Jee`knet ki. ;??=4 Co`. ?.8). \e eyes were twa hkves on tme ekstern reòan.

\e ’tkgon` ac tme ekst‗ (Aisen Fa`kert et ki. 6220) ahhurrel reiktoveiy ikte.\ere wks k peroal ac gare tmkn ten yekrs on wmohm tme peapie ac Mo`ùey, ki-tmau`m weii kwkre ac tme trkugks knl expiaotktoan on atmer pkrts ac Mospknoawks gerhocuiiy cree ac loreht haianoki onterventoan. Untoi ;526 tmere were aniy822 Xpknosm on Mospknoaik, knl tmey were iogotel ta tme nartm, hentrki knwestern pkrts knl Xknta Lagonà (Knlersan-Hørlavk ;??2). Ot wks on tmesepkrts, àil rohm kreks, tmkt tme Xpknosm paiohoes acrepkrtogoenta knl reluhhoøn carhofiy regavel tme onloènaus haggunotoes ta Xpknosm tawns knl pikhel nk-tove peapie unler tme awnersmop ac onlovolukis (Knlersan-Hørlavk ;??2: GaykRans ;??6). Mo`ùey wks nat ac onterest fehkuse ot wks wotmaut àil. \e pmysohkioii trektgent, stkrvktoan knl legose ac tme nktove papuiktoan ta tme nartmwestprafkfiy ensurel tmkt tme lagonknt respanse on tme ekst wks ’marrar knl losùstkt Eurapekn hovoiozktoan‗ (Iïvo-Xtrkuss ;?55/0840<).

3? Kitmau`m tmere kre kisa loshrepknhoes fetween Iks Hksks‟ warjs on tmos respeht.



?3

Mawever, unler Avknla‟s àvernarsmop crag ;526, Xpknosm nugfers knltmeor ikfaur legknls onhreksel. \e newiy estkfiosmel tawn ac Xknta Lagonàreioel an k suppiy ac frekl crag Osik Xkank, tme trkle on wmohm persostel untoi on;528 kn onckgaus onholent spkrjel tme rst wkr ac Mo`ùey, rehauntel on letkoify Iks Hksks. K Xpknosm gksto, prafkfiy kcter leioferkte onhotegent, kttkhjelknl joiiel kn onloènaushkhoque . Xpknosm sailoers were joiiel on return wmereup-an Avknla sent munlrels ac traaps ta wkè wkr, resuiton` on tme lektm ac gknymunlrels ac nktove peapie (Knlersan-Hørlavk ;??2: Hmurkgpo Vkgçrez 6220:Iks Hksks ;=05: Aiover 622?). \e mekls ac iahki voiikès eventukiiy frajerel carpekhe knl khheptel ta serve tme Xpknosm, hantonuon` ta suppiy tmeg wotm frekl,knl fuoilon` k cart car tmeg on tme krek (Aiover 622?4;?3-;?0).

Ot wks unreienton` oii-trektgent wmohm on tme enl fraje tme Mo`ùey hkhohkzà.Caiiawon` tme truhe, tme haianoki kfuses wrau`mt an tme iahki peapie frel resost-knhe wmohm huigonktel on tme sehanl wkr ac Mo`ùey on ;52<. \e onloènauspeapie ac Mo`ùey mkl feen wotness ta tme haurse ac Xpknosm-nktove reiktoans onatmer pkrts ac Mospknoaik. \ey mkl seen maw strkteòes ac sto`mt, khquoeshenheknl hagpkrtgentkiozktoan uitogkteiy lol nat warj (Knlersan-Hørlavk ;??2).On Mo`ùey, on hantrkst, tme appasotoan wks ogpressove knl kttkhjs knl haunter-kttkhjs ikstel ten gantms (Hmurkgpo Vkgçrez 6220). \e new wkr k`kon iel tasevere iass ac nktove ioce knl tme exehutoan ac kgan` atmers, Hatufknkgë. \ossehanl wkr gkrjel tme le notove enl ac tmehkhohkzà ac Mo`ùey. Kcterwkrls tmeregkonon` papuiktoan wks lovolel kganènhagenleras knl twa Xpknosm settie-gents, Xkivkieøn knl Xknhtk Hruz le Kohkykùk.

Ane nki onholent on tme haianoki mostary ac tme reòan wks k pikn fy ia-hkihkhoques ta lestray tme cart tawn ac Xkivkieøn (Fahk le _ugk), spurrel anfy resostknhe ta tme Xpknosm on Ruerta Voha on ;5;2/;5;;. \os wks geknt kspkrt ac k woler haarlonktel kttkhj an haianoki onterests on Mospknoaik fut wksquksmel (Aiover 622?46;<). Knlersan-Hørlavk (;??246=3) estogktes tmkt tmere

were aniy 6222 nktove peapie on Mospknoaik fy ;56? (nat onhiulon` tmase pea-pie ogpartel crag atmer osiknls ta sweii k lyon` warj carhe) aut ac kn aroò-nki papuiktoan wmohm sme estogktes ta mkve feen fetween 652,222 ta 522,222(;??24;53).02

Ei Hkfa wauil mkve feen wotness ta tmese trkugktoh events, passofiy smeiter-on` tmase wma stel Osik Xkank knl tmeor voiikès on tme Rkrque lei Este luron` tme

rst wkr on ;528, knl hantrofuton` wkrroars ta resost tme Xpknosm. \e haggu-noty wauil mkve feen aniy taa kwkre ac tme onholents knl pio`mt ac tme neo`m-fauron` haggunotoes, ks weii ks tme rest ac tme osiknl, knl jeen ta kvaol losrup-toan an tme shkie seen eisewmere. \e senoar gegfers ac tme Ei Hkfa mausemailsprafkfiy taaj tme lehosoan ta kssost Moùknkgë knl Hatufknkgë fy senlon` on-mkfotknts ta resost tme Xpknosm on ;528 knl ;52< on tme peroals ac wkrckre wmohmikstel aver k yekr. On tme smart-iovel truhe peroal, tmey gky kisa mkve pravolelikfaur knl praluhe ta try knl goto`kte tme ogpkht ac tme Xpknosm legknls antme netwarjs ac haggunotoes ks k wmaie. On tme enl, kcter tme lecekt ac tme seh-anl wkr knl tme raunl-up ac tme rest ac tme Mo`ùey papuiktoan, Ei Hkfa gkymkve feen kfknlanel. \os skl mostary wauil mkve feen typohki ac tme wky nk-tove haggunotoes were extergonktel fy kttrotoan, on wmohm reserves, garkie knlpapuiktoan were warn lawn knl extorpktel fy twa yekrs ac loreht hanstoht knltme pressure aclegark ikfaur legknls (Knlersan-Hørlavk ;??246=;).

02 Estogktes car tme hantkht peroal onloènaus papuiktoan fksel an haianoki saurhes rknè crag32,222 kt tme iawer enl, ta = goiioan kt tme upper enl (Serionlen ;?08 knl Haaj knl Farkm;?0;, hot. Knlersan Hørlavk ;??24;?3).



?0V E H

\e gkteroki evolenhe car tme nktove respanse on Ei Hkfa ta tme Xpknosm pres-enhe woii fe loshussel curtmer on Hmkpter 3.

8.0 Ei Hkfa krhmkeaiaòhki resekrhm mostary

’_au lan‟t wknt ta lo` tmere, ot‟s kirekly feen lane.‗

Crequentiy mekrl kssessgent ac aur enlekvaurs crag iahkis luron` tmerst yekr ac aur onvesto`ktoan.

Ei Hkfa mks nat feen kn osaiktel cahus on prevoaus resekrhm. Vktmer, ot mks wkys feen onharparktel on ikrèr resekrhm kreks knl hmkrkhterozel ks ane ac tmnugeraus hakstki sotes wmohm ahhur kian` tme hakst kt reùikr ontervkis fetweeHkfa En`kûa knl Xknta Lagonà. K gare ar iess hantonuaus hakstki trknsehtaver 82jg ian` (knl ac vkryon` woltms) crag sautm ac Hkfa Xkn Vkckei ta RuntkHknk mks feen gare ontensoveiy onvesto`ktel fy survey on rehent yekrs. \os iknlos on provkte mknls knl sufdeht ta fekhm urfknozktoan knl gonerki extrkhtoan Kitmau`m tmese surveys mkve feen aniy rktmer super hoki knl ikrèiy iogotel tme hakst, tme resuits kiiaw ane ta toe Ei Hkfa onta tme gkteroki mostary ac tmoggelokte krek knl pravole sote hmkrkhterostohs car hagpkrosan.

Hertkoniy Ei Hkfa mks ian` feen reha`nozel ks k sote fy iaaters, haiiehtars knliahkifushklares . Iess onstotutoanki, fut very tmarau`m krteckht retroevki mks feenhkrroel aut aver tme yekrs hanhentrkton` on tme nartmwest ac tme sote. \ase hag-gossoanon` haiiehtoan crag tme sote onhiule Lr. Estreiik, wma mks krteckhts prafkfiy crag Ei Hkfa on mos provkte haiiehtoan, knl kisa passofiy Xkguei Roøn wmahaiiehtoan crag tme ekst ac tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh naw iis tme Guseug ac Kitas le Hmkvøn.0; Mkrail Aisen kisa reparts iaaton` fy careo`n taurosts (Aisen622;k). On tme yekrs we warjel an tme sote, we get Mehtar Nuûez (ks gentoanelon Hmkpter 6) wma reùikriy lo`s tme zane wotm k tekg ac croenls knl seiis krte

ckhts. Pe gkppel sage 65 pots on tme sote ac Ei Hkfa rknòn` crag 8 ta ;=g¶wmohm mkl feen lu` ta regave krteckhts, sage reparteliy kssahoktel wotm furokis.Xpaoi mekps stoii surraunl tmese pots.

\e sote kttrkhtel tme a hoki kttentoan ac tme Gusea lei Magfre on tme ikte;?02s. wa test-pots were lu` fy Guseug resekrhmer Eipoloa Arte`k unler tmelorehtoan ac tme carger lorehtar ac tme Gusea lei Magfre , Fernkrla Se`k, knlwotm tme iahki eil warjers crag Ei Hkfa voiikè, onhiulon` tme tmen cuture gky-ar ac Ei Hkfa Ioanei Kvoik 06 (Aisen 622<: Arte`k ;?0=k, 6225). \os test-potton`wks pkrt ac k seroes ac onvesto`ktoans hkrroel aut fy tme Guseug on sotes kian` tmekst hakst (Arte`k ;?0=k). Aver twenty yekrs ikter, Ei Hkfa wks k`kon olento elon surveys (Rradeht Hkrgeia knl Rradeht Duknoiia) hkrroel aut fy Mkrail Aisen

Fa`kert ac tme Gusea lei Magfre . \ese onvesto`ktoans knl tmeor resuits kre los-hussel feiaw, ks weii ks tme iktest onvesto`ktoan ac tme oggelokte krek ac tme sofy Erienl Damnsan, tmen GK stulent ac Ieolen Unoversoty.

0; mos haiiehtoan hansosts ac 8222 unpravenknhel afdehts, skol gastiy ta hage crag tme VçaHmkvøn krek (see Fiumlarn knl Jkpikn els ., ;??6: Gkûøn Krrelanla et ki. ;?0;).

06 Rohturel kt k soeve on Arte`k ;?0=k. Ioanei wks tme gkyar ac Ei Hkfa tmrau`maut aur coeilwarj6225-622=.



?=

8.0.; Ei Hkfa on ;?0=

Arte`k leshrofel Ei Hkfa ks kn extensove gollen wotm k galern mause an tap(Arte`k ;?0=k, 6225). \e iahktoan ac tmos mause, naw àne, os prafkfiy tmeiaatel nartmwest pkrt ac tme sote, naw k hahanut `rave wmere lanjeys kre tetm-erel (Co`. 6;).

wa test-pots were exhkvktel, tme exkht iahktoans ac wmohm kre rktmer lo huit

ta letergone crag Arte`k‟s sjethm.08 \e rst, paza na. ; (;Ð;.65g), wks praf-kfiy exhkvktel gare ar iess an tme ione ac k present lky cenhe on tme smkiiaw, ikterahhupktoan krek ac tme sote. Arte`k enhaunterel aniy 62hg ac lkrj, mugoh, sknlysaoi fecare motton` felrahj. Herkgohs, onhiulon`klarnas , were Hmohaol-leha-rktel, wotm onhosel knl punhtuktel leso`ns. Ckunki regkons onhiulelHottkroug pohk , iknlsnkois (Raiylantes spp.), iogpets (Cosureiik spp.) knl sm fanes.

\e sehanl test-pot, paza na. 6 (;.6Ð;.6g), wks prafkfiy on tme vohonoty acaur ;Ð;g unot =5-<<-22 (Co`. 60).0< Cove krfotrkry ieveis ac 62hg were exhkvkt-el. K hkihkreaus ikyer, onterpretel ks k mause-staar wks enhaunterel kt ;5hg fsi.Feiaw tmos, ta k leptm ac 3?hg fsi, wks k ikyer ac lkrj sknly saoi wotm herkgohknl ckunki regkons. Kt =2hg fsi ikrè stanes were enhaunterel wmohm haverel

tme fattag, knl tme ikst ;2hg wks yeiiaw sknl wotm shknt herkgoh regkons.Arte`k nates tmkt tme tap 32hg hantkonel onhosel-punhtktel Hmohaol smerls,knl k stane fekl. K sehtoan ac k stane haiikr wks enhaunterel kt 32hg fsi. \osiel Arte`k ta spehuikte kfaut tme presenhe ac k hereganoki pikzk (ofol . 6225). Ontme ikst ieveis herkgohs kre rel knl furnosmel wotm kppioquïl zaagarpmoh leha-

08 Me nates car exkgpie tmkt tme Hkfa Xkn Vkckei mekliknl os 6jg kwky crag tme prapertoeslepohtel ksvovoenlks le Kgkla Xkntknk , wmen on ckht ot os gare ioje 5jg.

0< me iahktoan ac tmos unot ekriy on 6225 wks hmasen ta hagpkre ta tme Gusea‟s conlon`s on Arte`k‟srepart.

Coùre 6;. Xjethm ac tme iahk-toan ac tme sote ac Ei Hkfa onreiktoan ta Kgkla Xkntknk‟s carger praperty knl tme

Gusea lei Magfre ‟s test- pots (hapoel crag Arte`k;?0=k: repraluhel on Arte`k62254;;=).



??V E H

rktoan, o.e. Astoanaol. Ckunki regkons k`kon onhiulelHottkroug pohk , iknlsnkois(Raiylantes spp.),Hmotan spp., iogpets (Cosureiik spp.), fovkives (Halkjok spp.),knl sm fanes.05

Kii tmos iel Arte`k ta hanhiule tmkt twa loerent ahhupktoans were presentkt tme sote4 tme rst hmkrkhterozel ks trknsotoanki, knl representon` eotmer ikteAstoanaol ar ekriy Hmohaol. K sehanl, ikter ahhupktoan os tmkt ac tme HmohaArte`k spehuiktes tmkt tmos wks k gonarhkhohki voiikè unler tme lagonknhe acMo`ùey (ofol . 62254;;5).

8.0.6 Ei Hkfa on 6222

Nekriy 65 yekrs ikter, on 6222-6226, gonerki extrkhtoan knl provkte leveiap-gent on tme Ei Hkfa reòan `kve tme Guseug tme appartunoty ta hanluhtsego-systegktoh wkijaver surveys wotm @RX. \os warj wks pkrt ac tme Hkrgeiaknl Duknoiia pradehts, knl wks hkrroel aut fy Mkrail Aisen Fa`kert (Co`. 66).Aisen‟s prelohtove galeiion` fksel an fofioa`rkpmoh, hkrta`rkpmoh knl pmata-`rkpmoh saurhes wks very suhhesscui: krhmkeaiaòhki regkons were enhaunter

on aver 62% ac prelohtel iahktoans on tme Duknoiia pradeht knl kigast 52% ontme Hkrgeia pradeht.03 Ot os tmknjs ta mos letkoiel gkps knl leshroptoans tmkt saguhm os jnawn kfaut tmos sehtoan ac tme Hkfa hakstione. Aisen‟s onventaryonsurveys, ikter suppiegentel fy Erienl Damnsan‟s survey (Damnsan 622?) pravole

05 Ks k nate an Arte`k‟s afservktoans, ot os gare iojeiy tmkt tme hkihkreaus ievei enhaunterel on paza na. 6 , rktmer tmkn representon` k mause-ciaar, os k ikyer ac fekhmrahj, ar iotmocoel fekhmselogent, o.e. k nkturki ikyer rktmer tmkn ane kntmrapaènoh on aroòn. Xogoikriy, tme ikrè stancaunl kt tme fattag ac tme test-pot, an tap ac k nekr steroie ikyer ac yeiiaw sknl, carg knatmer,nkturkiiy ahhurron`, èaiaòhki ikyer. Kitmau`m tme strkto`rkpmy knl leptm ac tme lepasots le-shrofel rau`miy harrespanl ta wmkt we kisa enhaunterel on =5-<<-22 knl tme kldkhent 6Ð6g¶unot (=5-8<-?0), tme nekt lostonhtoan fetween tme upper 32hg ac Hmohaol gkteroki knl tme iawer<2hg ac Astoanaol herkgohs laes nat harrespanl ta tme sagewmkt gare goxel kssegfikès knltme ontersehton` ac cektures knl krhmkeaiaòhki ikyers we caunl.

03 mos àes sage wky ta haunteron` regkrjs gkle fy tmase en`kèl on oncargki lo`òn` kt kr-hmkeaiaòhki sotes kfaut maw krhmkeaiaòsts la nat mkve kn unlerstknlon` ac wmere krhmkeaia`hki sotes kre (Mehtar Nuûez, pers. hagg. 6220).

Coùre 66. Kreks surveyel on prevoaus pradehts. Damnsan‟ssurvey on 622= haverel tme

skge krek ks Rradeht Hkrgeia; ks ckr ks Hkfa Xkn Vkckei.Ieènl4 stkr4 Ei Hkfa sote.



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k very àal lahugentktoan ac surckhe krhmkeaiaòhki lepasots knl atmer sotescrag wmohm ta `kon kn ogpressoan ac tme lega`rkpmy, lynkgosg knl `kgut acexpiaotktoan ac tme krek. Xotes hagproson` sonìe smerl lraps, settiegent sotes,

smon` spats, `krlens, furokis, hkves, rahj krt, knl staalel sonjmaies knl hkvernskttest ta k wole-rknòn` onloènaus presenhe tmrau`maut tme Ikte Herkgoh Kè.

8.0.6.; Rradeht Hkrgeia

\e 6222 Rradeht Hkrgeia survey (pradeht nkge4Rrayehta le Expiatkhoøn GonerkHkrgeia)00 haverel k hakstki trknseht fetween tme sek knl tme hios knl extenlelcrag tme enl ac tme Hkp Hknk praperty sautmwkrls ta severki joiagetres raunltme Hkfa Xkn Vkckei mekliknl. \e survey went up onta tme hios kt k paontfemonl Ei Hkfa hkiiel Dkrlk Ias aientonas, ane ac tme aniy khhess paonts on-iknl crag tme hakst (Rradeht Hkrgeia ;: Co`. 66). \e cahus ac tme survey wksan prevoausiy lahugentel sotes knl kreks ac patentoki onterest (wkter saurhes,eth.) olento el crag keroki pmatas knl tapa`rkpmoh gkps. Xotes were olento elcrag surckhe regkons knl 52Ð52hg smavei tests were gkle ta hmehj strkto`rkpmyknl leptm ac lepasots wmen surckhe regkons were nat present wmere prelohtel.Cocteen iahktoans testel pasotove car krhmkeaiaòhki regkons.

Ane ac tmese wks tme sote ac Ei Hkfa, kirekly pufiosmel fy Arte`k (;?0=k).Aisen reharlel Ei Hkfa ks iahktoan na. ?, krhmkeaiaòhki sote na. 54 Ei Hkfa(Co`. 68).

wenty-twa yekrs kcter Arte`k‟s vosot, Ei Hkfa wks leshrofel on guhm tmeskge tergs4 ks kn krek ac rkosel gollen lepasots kian` tme elès ac k rakl, nextta tme sek kt 0g kfave sek ievei. \e sote smawel kfunlknt crk`gents ac `rol-lies, Hmohaol pattery (caal vesseis) knl gkrone smeiis. Iahki peapie reparteltme presenhe ac mugkn fane gkteroki hiase ta tme shmaai. Aisen lol nat gkjekny smavei tests, fut hanhiules crag tme mo`m lensoty ac surckhe lepasots knlknehlates leshrofon` mugkn regkons, tmkt tmos wks k voiikè settiegent on wmohm

kçna `raups prkhtosel martohuiture knl expiaotel tme gkrone knl iknl-fkselresaurhes on tme krek.

On 622; tme survey krek wks extenlel ta onhiule kn krek an tap ac tme hios(Rradeht Hkrgeia 6: Co`. 66). \os trknseht rkn crag tme hios oniknl, haveron`k paiyàn <-=jg west ac tme hios. Aniy tmree super hoki surckhe shktters werelahugentel wmohm were ne`ktove on smavei-teston`. Lue ta tme kroloty ac tme

00 a extrkht mo`m qukioty iogestane car fkuxote praluhtoan.

Coùre 68. Xote reharl acEi Hkfa crag tme RrayehtaHkrgeia praspehtoan repart(Aisen 6222).



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hio-tap krek knl ots tmon saois, ks weii ks shknt krhmkeaiaòhki regkons, Aisonterprets tmos ks kn krek ac trknsot knl ahhksoanki expiaotktoan car haiiehtoknl gonogki martohuiture, on guhm tme skge wky ks ot wks expiaotel fy ckrgerskt tme toge ac tme survey. Me laes nat see tmos ks kn krek wartmy ac pergknenmkfotktoan. Mawever, on 622= gegfers ac tme Ieolen tekg vosotel tme sote ac ’EiFkrtaia‗, wotmon Aisen‟s survey krek (Damnsan 622?40?), knl on 6220, autsoltme survey krek, tme sote ac Ik Kietk 0= ta tme nartm, fatm ac wmohm mkl tme hmkr-khterostohs ac settiegent sotes.

On tatki, tme 6222 knl 622; surveys haverel hk. 02jg¶ on tme oggeloktehakstki knl oniknl vohonoty ac Ei Hkfa.0?

8.0.6.6 Rradeht Duknoiia

Rradeht Duknoiia wks kn onventaryon` survey hkrroel aut fy tme Guseug on 622;nartm ac Ei Hkfa, k`kon unler Mkrail Aisen, on tme carger voiikè knl surraunl-on` krek ac Duknoiia, naw Hkp Hknk praperty (pradeht nkge4Rrayehta Ongafoiokroa Duknoiia, Hkp Hknk ). \os trknseht kldaons tme Rradeht Hkrgeia survey krek (Co`.66). Hkp Hknk praperty on turn kldaons Runtk Hknk ta tme nartm, tme iahktoan atme sotes ac Ei Fkrroa knl Xotoa le Repe.

\e Rradeht Duknoiia survey rkn =jg kian` tme hakst crag Runtk Hknk taHkietøn Fiknha on tme sautm, knl ;.5 ta 6jg oniknl. \os os kn krek ac kppraxo-gkteiy ;6jg¶, guhm ac wmohm wks lagonktel fy k hakstki swkgp (Hone`k leRkntknki), knl onhiules nugeraus fkys knl entrknhes ta tme sek. On tatki 8? kr-hmkeaiaòhki sotes were reharlel. \ese 8? sepkrkte sotes hiusterel onta ;3 kreks,kt iekst twa atmer settiegents kt Hkietøn Fiknha, tme iahktoan ac tme carger voi-ikè ac Duknoiia, knl Hkietøn le Fafkloiik crag tme hiusteron` ac @RX paonts onnkturki fekhm kreks.

\e gkdaroty ac sotes, gastiy apen kor, fut sage on hkves wotm saurhes ac wk-ter, were sotuktel wotmon 652g ac tme sek knl kii mkl ekriy knl ikte herkgohs. \oswks caiiawel up on 6226 fy reshue exhkvktoans (gast tme krhmkeaiaòhki sotes mkirekly feen le`rklel lue ta iknlshkpon` knl tme horhuiktoan ac mekvy vemohies)on ekhm ac tme ;3 kreks. On tatki kfaut 802g¶, gastiy on 6Ð6g unots, wks exhk-vktel lawn ta felrahj ar steroie sknl.

Ioje on Ei Hkfa, krhmkeaiaòhki regkons were eotmeran tme surckhe ar very smkiiaw (95hg). \e strkto`rkpmyac tme exhkvktel unots gastiy hansostel ac k tmon ikyer (5-52hg) ac mugoh sknl an tap ac felrahj. On sage hkses,wmere tme unleriyon` èagarpmaia`y wks nat smkiiawfelrahj, tme krhmkeaiaòhki regkons rekhmel leptms ac;52hg fsi. Vegkons rehaverel hansostel ac gkrone knl

terrestroki `kstrapals, Hmohaol knl Astoanaol herkg-ohs, onhiulon` `rollies, taais knl sage pkrkpmernkiok.Aisen rehanstruhts tme vessei cargs ks sgkii fawis, fakt-smkpel apen fawis knl dkrs. Hmohaol herkgohs kre on tmegkdaroty.

\e hrauhmel progkry onmugktoan ac k yaun` wagknwks exhkvktel an tme hakst fy Hkietøn Fiknha. Hmohaolsmerls on mer vohonoty iel ta kn onterpretktoan ac k Hmohaol

0= Nat ta fe hancusel wotm tme Gknktoki le ik Kietk knl tme Rikzk le ik Kietk on tme Rkrque Nkhoanlei Este.

0? Aisen‟s reparts rehaggenlel cuiier krhmkeaiaòhki onvesto`ktoan ac tmese sotes knl k pratehtoanzane rklous ac ;jg crag tme hentre ac ekhm sote ks weii ks na gonerki extrkhtoan wotmon k ;.5jgrklous ac tme sotes (see Aisen 62224 Hmkpter 3).

Coùre 6<. Rastmaie cragHkietøn Fiknha (Aisen 6226).



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lkte car tme furoki. Ks gentoanel, tmos wks prafkfiy k settiegent hantext.Cektures onterpretel ks pastmaies were kisa enhaunterel, hut onta tme felrahj,kisa evolenhe car settiegent (Co`. 6<).

Na rkloahkrfan lktes were aftkonel crag tme onvesto`ktoans, fut tme pres-enhe ac fatm ekriy knl ikte herkgohs (wotm tme gkdaroty feon` ikter) knl tme ikhjac Eurapekn gkteroki onlohkte khtovoty kt iekst tmrau`maut tme Herkgoh Kè, knlespehokiiy on tme Hmohaol peroal.

8.0.8 Ei Hkfa on rehent coeilwarj knl mostarohki reparts Xurvey warj on tme iahki Ei Hkfa krek fy gegfers ac Ieolen Unoversoty knl Kicrela Happk crag Ik Xkpoenzk Unoversoty, ks weii ks kn GK tmesos fy cargerIeolen stulent Erienl Damnsan onhreksel jnawielè ac tme huiturki iknlshkpeac tme sote. \e iktter stuly on pkrtohuikr cahusel an tme prehaianoki use ac tmeiknlshkpe ac tme oggelokte krek ac Ei Hkfa (Co`. 66), espehokiiy wotm respeht tawkter saurhes knl iknlshkpe cektures (Damnsan 622?).

On kn oncargknt-iel survey ac tme Ei Hkfa se`gent (knl gonogkiiy an tap

ac tme hios), Damnsan (622?: Co`.3.3) olento el 56 sotes wotm krhmkeaiaòhki re-gkons wmohm taètmer wotm sotes olento el fy Aisen fron`s tme tatki ta 33 sotes.Xotes rknèl crag sonìe smerls ta gare lense regkons kraunl wkter saurhes, onhertkon hkves knl kraunl ikrè fauilers.

Damnsan‟s resuits onlohkte tmkt hertkon types ac iknlshkpe cektures, suhm ksikrè hkves, fauiler zanes knl staalel hkverns, were khtoveiy sau`mt aut fy iahkionmkfotknts car lagestoh uses knl fktmon`.

\ere kre na lronjon` wkter saurhes on tme oggelokte vohonoty ac tme sote ta-lky. wa saurhes nekr-fy, ane ;.5jg kwky crag tme sote, kre tehmnohkiiy lronj-kfie, kitmau`m frkhjosm, knl kre usel ks nan-precerentoki saurhes fy sage iahkionmkfotknts talky (Damnsan 622?4?0). Gast wkter saurhes on tme jkrst, even tmeweiis lu` fy tme present-lky voiikèrs, kre skione knl usel car purpases atmertmkn lronjon`. \os os lue ta tme praxogoty ac tme sek knl skit wkter/cresm wk-ter goxon` (Damnsan 622?). Mawever, tme iawer sek ieveis lahugentel on tmeAstoanaol (Jee`kn ;??5) gky mkve kehtel tme skionoty ac jkrst wkter saurheson tme pkst, knl even very sgkii knl iahki stuhtuktoans gky mkve gkle tme loer-enhe fetween patkfie knl nan-patkfie. Mo`mer rkonckii knl iawer sek ieveis gkymkve toppel tme fkiknhe on ckvaur ac pkst onmkfotknts knl geknt tmkt tmese wk-ter saurhes were lronjkfie (8.<.6). Oc tmos wks tme hkse, tmen iahki wkter saurhes(9;jg) wauil mkve feen patkfie crag tme stkrt ac mkfotktoan on Ei Hkfa up ta KL ;222 ar ;652 wmen wetter hanlotoan returnel knl sek ieveis rase (Jee`kn;??5: Ikne et ki. 622?).

\e fest knl gast patkfie saurhes talky kre an tap ac tme hios kt k lostknhe

ac 5jg on tme vohonoty ac tme Fkrtaia sote. Galern onmkfotknts haiieht rkonwkteron pikstoh lrugs, knl rkonwkter haiiehtoan wauil mkve feen k iojeiy khtovoty acpkst onmkfotknts kisa (Damnsan 622?4??). Damnsan onterprets tme gyrokl staalelhkverns knl hkves on tme krek prelagonkntiy ks fktmon` pikhes, knl onleel, tmesekre tme iknlshkpe cektures wotm tme gast evolenhe car pkst use (ofol .4?0).

K trknseht (82Ð5<2g) gkle on tme nartm ac Damnsan‟s survey krek, runnon`crag tme hios ta tme sek, on kn krek atmerwose levaol ac sotes, iel ta tme rehav-ery ac aver 622 smerls, smawon` tmkt tmere os ènerkiiy k tmon hkrpet ac mugknkhtovoty even on ’a-sote‗ kreks. \ese smerls, ks wotm tme atmer sotes on tme se`-gent, hiuster eotmer kian` tme fkse ac tme hios, ar gare acten kian` tme hakst,knl pergot ane ta oncer pktmwkys kian` tmese rautes ks tme gkdar krteroes ac kh-

hess on tme se`gent. Lauftiess atmer pktmwkys hannehtel vkroaus sotes ta tme Ei



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Hkfa settiegent. Ei Hkfa os tme ikrèst knl aniy settiegent sote on tme hakstkise`gent, wotm atmer passofie settiegents iahktel an tap ac tme hios kt Ik Kietk =2 knl Ei Fkrtaia.

On tergs ac tme lokhmranoh pohture, Damnsan olento el k cew sotes wotm e(Astoanaol) herkgohs, knl tme gkdaroty wotm ikte (Hmohaol) herkgohs (622?4;2;;6). \os onlohktes hantonuoty on iknlshkpe use wotm k loverso hktoan on tme iktperoal.

K hanìagerktoan ac nan-mkfotktoan sotes on tme sautmern enl ac tme Ei Hkfase`gent fecare tme Hkfa Xkn Vkckei mekliknl, wmohm onhiules rahj krt sotes suhks onhosel ckhes an speieatmegs knl ikrè osaiktel fauilers knl passofie mu-gkn regkons (knehlatki), su`èsts khtovotoes ac k gare hereganoki jonl (Damnsan622?4;;6-;;8). \os os kisa tme iahktoan ac le Fayroe Gayk‟s purpartel pikzksote. Atmer nan-settiegent khtovotoes kre evolenhel fy hkhmes knl osaiktel nls\os os tme hkse wotm 8222 la` knl seki teetm wotm onhosel Hmohaol gatocs caunfy iahki hmoilren nekr k rahj avermkn` on tme nekr vohonoty ac Ei Hkfa on tm;?02s (Arte`k ;?0=f46=5: 62254;;3). Kitmau`m tme prehose wmerekfauts ac tmoshkhme os nat jnawn, ot os tmau`mt ta hage crag wotmon tme Ei Hkfa se`gent. Onhannehtoan wotm tmos, kn kigast olentohki percarktel, onhosel la`‟s taatm wks rhaverel crag k pastmaie crag exhkvktoan on Ei Hkfa (Co`. 65: knl see Xtruhture6?, Hmkpter 5).

kntkiozonìy, iahki resolent Feita Soiik repartel tme nl ac k staneluma crag k hkve on tme krek sage yekrs kà. Me knl atmer voiikèrs kisa repart spa-rkloh nls ac troànaiotms knl atmer suhm pkrkpmernkiok wmohm tmey pksselta haiiehtars.

\e gkp (Co`. 63) òves kn avervoew ac tme sotes gentoanel on tme text. \ehuiturki iknlshkpe ac Ei Hkfa presents k cuii knl loverse pohture.=; Ks on tmewoler ekstern reòan, tme hanhentrktoan ac sotes os gastiy hakstki (k rknè ac ;.5ta 3jg fetween tme sotes crag Ei Hkfa ta Ei Fkrroa), kitmau`m tme olento hk-

toan ac ikrèr, passofiy settiegent sotes an tap ac tme hios, knl on atmer prapo-toaus oniknl iahktoans (suhm ks onlohktel fy tme nkge Runtk Xkionks, an tmelè ac k hakstki ikàan) onlohktes tmkt gare resekrhm go`mt hmknè tmos pohturXettiegents, surckhe shktters knl kn onhosel ganaiotm kt Maya le Vkgøn (;2jgta tme west ac Ei Hkfa) (Seiaz Gk`òaia et ki. ;?0346<3, 86;) onlohkte tmkt tmosehaiaòhki zane gky mkve feen dust ks ontensoveiy iovel ks kreks an tme hakst.

Ei Hkfa os tme settiegent cahus ac k sgkii strethm ac hakstione, onhiulon` tmemonteriknl ac tme hakstki se`gent. Ots oggelokte neo`mfaurs were Ei Fkrtaia,8.5jg kwky an tap ac tme hios femonl, settiegents kt _ugk hk. ;5jg ta tmewest (nat smawn), knl k prafkfie settiegent 5jg ta tme nartm kt Hkietøn Fiknha.\ese sotes were ionjel ta ekhm atmer vok hakstki rautes knl tmrau`m khhess paontson tme hios.

\e raw ac hkve sotes ta tme sautmwest, raunl tme Xkn Vkckei mekliknl, sagewotm petraìypms, knl atmers wotm herkgoh knl mugkn regkons, os equolostknfetween sotes on tme _ugk Fky krek knl Ei Hkfa. Xuhm sotes, ks weii ks tme passfie Runtk Espklk pikzk kt tme Xkn Vkckei mekliknl, knl tme ganaiotm gentoanelkfave, gky mkve ionjel guitopie settiegents fatm an tme hakst knl curtmer on-iknl. Gare resekrhm os neelel ta le ne tmese iahki reiktoansmops.

=2 NA tme skge ks tme Rkrque lei Este sotes ac tme skge nkge.=; Xotes gkppel kre crag k lktkfkse ac pufiosmel ioterkture knl unpufiosmel reparts crag tme Gusea

lei Magfre (Aisen 6222, 6226) hagpoiel fy tme hurrent kutmar. me iahktoan ac Ei Fkrtaia ostkjen crag Damnsan (622?). Car k letkoiel gkp ac kii reharlel sotes on tme Ei Hkfa se`gent see Damnsan (622?4 Co`. 3.3).



;2<

Kt k sgkiier shkie, atmer sotes on tme Ei Hkfa se`gent smauil fe seen on reik-toan ta tmos settiegent. Damnsan olento el staalel sonjmaies usel ks (nan-lronj-on`) wkter saurhes knl smerl shktters wotmon mkic k joiagetre ac tme hentre ac tmesote knl wmohm hauil fe onterpretel ks peropmerki ta tme settiegent (622?4?6).Atmer gare lostknt herkgoh shktters represent khtovotoes kssahoktel wotm wktersaurhes suhm ks fktmon` spats, smon` paonts, knl fekhm ikunhmes, knl atmerskraunl hkves knl iahktoans wotm mugkn regkons ar rahj krt. On atmer pikhes,smerl hanhentrktoans, espehokiiy ac `rollie poehes gky mkve feen osaiktel maus-es ar tegparkry smeiters (Damnsan 622?408). \e haggunotoes wma iovel on EiHkfa, fatm tmrau`maut ekrioer knl ikter peroals, hmase speho h iahktoans car k`kgut ac lagestoh, sufsostenhe, gartukry, knl rotuki khtovotoes. Lespote tme kp-pkrentiy nan-aptogki hanlotoans ac ots setton` on tergs ac ikhj ac k`rohuiturkisaoi knl patkfie wkter, Ei Hkfa wks ckr crag gkrònki - ot os egfellel on k cuiiyiovel iknlshkpe.

\e oggelokte iknlshkpe ac Ei Hkfa os reoterktel on tme sogoikr mufs ar naleswmohm kre vosofie kt tme ikrèr, reòanki shkie kian` kn =2jg strethm ac hakstki set-tiegents fetween tme ikrèr hentres ac Ktkdkloza on tme west, knl Runtk Gkhka ontme nartm. Ei Hkfa‟s settiegent mostary os ane smkrel fy onloènaus sotes khrassk wole reòan. Ac haurse ekhm wks hmkrkhterosel fy ots pkrtohuikr iknlshkpe knlsahoki setton`, lepenlent an ots pasotoan wotmon tme iahki settiegent netwarj. Khmkrkhterostoh pehuiokr ta Ei Hkfa os ots iahktoan an k hakstki hio wotm na eksykhhess ta tme sek. Fy hantrkst, Hkietøn Fiknha, Hkietøn le Fafkloiik, Xotoa leRepe, knl Ei Fkrroa kre kii an nkturki sknly fekhmes. \e settiegent iahktoanac Ei Hkfa gky tmerecare fe pkrtiy expikonel on tergs ac ots pasotoan on k net-warj ac hakstki settiegents, knl tmos wks gare ogpartknt tmkn khhess ta tme sek. Pmetmer tmos os tme hkse os sagetmon` wmohm hkn fe exkgonel fy k hiaser iaaj kttme sote otseic.

Coùre 65. Onhosel knl perca-rktel la`‟s teetm. Iect4 cragk hkhme ac tmausknls ac teetm

on tme Ei Hkfa sote envorans,exkht iahktoan unspeho el(Arte`k ;?0=f): Vo`mt4 cragk pastmaie on Ei Hkfa sote,khtuki soze. Oiiustrktar Erojvkn Lroei.



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8.= Loshussoan

On tergs ac tmeor ehaia`y, huiture-mostary, settiegent lynkgohs knl haianoki mos-tary, tme ekstern hakstki pikons ac Mo`ùey egerè ks mkvon` k speho h olento

\e tap ar mekl ac tme osiknl on Kgeronolokn skhrel èa`rkpmy, tme roveriess knlrahjy envorangent aerel mollen certoioty on ots iogestane pahjts knl unler-`raunl wkter saurhes. Knatmer hmkrkhterostoh ac tme zane wks tme expiaotktoac unhuitovktelzkgok crag tme Krhmkoh, wmohm lol nat nehessotkte tme ontensovgaunl k`rohuiture ac atmer pkrts ac Mospknoaik, knl wmohm kt iekst fy haianoktoges wks ekten ks k prateon knl hkrfamylrkte rohm stkpie. Maw guhm tme ehaia`y ac tme jkrst envorangent (o.e. k reioknhe anzkgok knl gkrone resaurhes) wksrespansofie car tme prelagonkntiy hakstki lostrofutoan ac sotes, ar k praluht acresekrhm foks on sote olento hktoan os nat hagpieteiy hiekr, mawever, wmkt os hos tmkt fatm settiegent lynkgohs knl herkgoh sequenhes onlohkte tmkt mkfotktoaiahktoans were stkfie tmrau`m toge. On tme ikter, Hmohaol peroal, tmere wks k

verso hktoan on use ac atmer kreks ac tme iknlshkpe suhm ks hkves knl pikzk sGareaver, hiusteron` ac spehoki khtovoty sotes kraunl settiegents hrekton` iahkimufs, ks weii ks reiktoansmops wotm sotes curtmer k eil, su`èsts kn ontensove hki netwarj, wmohm prafkfiy extenlel khrass tme Gank Rksskè ta Ruerta Voha.Ot wks passofiy k hagfonktoan ac ckhtars, ks weii ks tme apenness ac tmos reòta externki go`rktoans knl henturoes ac etmnaènesos, knl passofie hantonuellega`rkpmoh `rawtm (nat tme lehione seen on atmer kreks ac tme @rekter Kntoiiknl nartmern iesser Kntoiies on tme ikte peroal) wmohm resuitel on tme leveiapgent ac knl hagpiexoty lahugentel on tme Hmohaol papuiktoans ac tmos krek.

\kt tme hakstki iahktoan ac sotes os nat dust reiktel ta gkrone expiaotktoan,fut kisa sahoki ckhtars suhm ks tme pasotoan ac k iahki settiegent wotmon k wonetwarj, os kttestel fy tme ckht tmkt Ei Hkfa laes nat mkve loreht ar eksy khhessta tme sek fut onstekl kppekrs ta serve ks fatm k ionj on k hakstki netwarj ks weii

Coùre 63. Lostrofutoan gkpsmawon` 35 krhmkeaiaòhki

nls knl sotes on tme oggelo-kte krek ac tme Ei Hkfa sote.Unnkgel hkves knl nl spatskre tmase reharlel on Aisensurveys. Ieènl4 fikhj trokn- ìes4 hkve sotes: squkres4 pikzksotes: `rey lats4 surckhe shkt-ters: wmote horhies4 se iegents.



;23

ks wotm sotes khhessofie crag tme hakst on oniknl iahktoans (Ei Fkrtaia). \e on-loènaus onmkfotknts ac Mo`ùey mkl aver k lehkle ta wotness knl prepkre tmeorrespanse ta haianosktoan, kitmau`m tmey were eventukiiy reluhel on nugfers knlresaurhes knl suerel sahoki haiikpse lue ta sustkonel peroals ac wkrckre.

\e mostarohkiiy iaw papuiktoan lensoty ac tme ekstern reòan mks geknt tmktprehaianoki sotes knl iknlshkpes mkve regkonel reiktoveiy ontkht, espehokiiy on tmepratehtel krek ac tme Rkrque Nkhoanki lei Este. \os sotuktoan os hurrentiy hmkn`-on` lrkgktohkiiy wotm tme klvent ac ikrè-shkie hakstki leveiapgent.

\e next hmkpter mages on an tme sote ac Ei Hkfa otseic, knl tme exhkvktoanstrktèoes egpiayel kt tme sote.



;20H E H

Hmkpter <

Hurrent resekrhm on Ei Hkfa

Unlerstknlon` kn krhmkeaiaòhki sote os kiwkys k prahess wmohm leveiaps avenugfer ac seksans. Menhe tme getmals egpiayel on ekhm seksan kt Ei Hkfa wereloerent, fut uitogkteiy cahusel an tme gkon resekrhm questoan ta rehanstruhttme spktoki, tegparki knl gkteroki kspehts ac lagestoh ioce. \e hantonènt getm-alaia`y wks lahugenton` tme ar`knozktoan ac settiegent spkhe knl lagestoh le-pasots, knl tme gkon eilwarj cahus wks exhkvktoan ac marozantki unots fy mknta lahugent krteckhts knl cektures.

<.; Ontraluhtoan4 tme prahesses ac loshavery arreloshufrogoenta on Ei Hkfa

Crag 6225 ta 622= eilwarj wks hkrroel aut an tme sote ac Ei Hkfa on tmegantms ac Duiy knl Kuùst fy k hagfonel eil tekg crag Ieolen Unoversoty knltme voiikè ac Ei Hkfa (prelagonkntiy gegfers ac Feita Soiik knl tme gkyar,Ioanei Kvoik‟s ckgoioes) unler tme lorehtoan ac Lr Genna Maaìknl knl RracessarHaronne Macgkn (Ieolen Unoversoty) knl on haiikfarktoan wotm tme Gusea leiMagfre Lagonohkna.=6 \e tekg on tme eil nugferel kppraxogkteiy 62 peapiekt kny ane toge.

Kllotoankiiy, twa èapmysohki ksskys uson` gk`netagetry knl `raunl pen-etrkton` rklkr were hkrroel aut an tme sote4 tme rst, k poiat-stuly on tme spronac 6223, knl tme sehanl k cuiier survey on tme spron` ac 6220, cunlel fy tmeNktoanki @ea`rkpmoh Xahoety. Fatm pradehts were hkrroel aut on haiikfarktowotm Lr Frknja Guūoć ac Idufidknk Unoversoty, Xiavenok. \e resuits ac tmos resekrhm kre penlon` knl woii kppekr on k cartmhagon` sote gana`rkpm.

Pmkt caiiaws os k froec hmranaiaòhki suggkry ac tme eilwarj seksans taòve kn ogpressoan ac maw exhkvktoan strkte`y knl sote onterpretktoan leveiapelaver tme haurse ac tme caur seksans. \e cahus ac onterpretktoan os an tme krhmkaia`y ac tme gkon unot knl ots fuoit struhtures ks tmos os tme sufdeht ac tmos lsertktoan. \erekcter caiiaws k gare letkoiel leshroptoan ac tme eilwarj prahe-lures, eil strkteòes knl resuits.

<.;.; Xuggkry ac 6225 coeilwarj =8

\e exhkvktoans on Ei Hkfa on tme sugger ac 6225 were hkrroel aut fetween Duiy6; st knl Kuùst ;6tm. K tatki krek ac kppraxogkteiy 02g¶ wks exhkvktel fy mknl.\e kogs ac tme eilwarj were4(;) a lahugent ieveis ac sote preservktoan.(6) a apen ikrè unots ta rehaver cektures, mauses, furokis, eth.

=6 Crag 6225 ta 6220 unler ots lorehtar Ioh. Hkrias Mernënlez Xata, on 6220 knl 622=, Lr GkrhoaSeiaz Gk`òaia.

=8 Xee kisa Macgkn et ki. 6225, 6223 an tme preiogonkry resuits ac tme 6225 exhkvktoan hkgpko`n oEi Hkfa. ’Fiahj K‗ on tmos repart recers ta unot =5-2< knl ’Fiahj F‗ recers ta unot =<-6?/8?.



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;2?H E H

(8) a apen sgkiier unots on arler ta verocy tme strkto`rkpmy knl hmranaia`y actme sote tmkt wks repartel fy Arte`k (;?0=k).

(<) a haiieht k skgpie ac tme rknè ac krteckhts onhiulon` herkgohs, iotmohs, smharki knl knogki regkons.

(5) a `kon k rst ogpressoan ac tme èagarpmaia`y. K `rol systeg wks set aut aver tme terrkon knl k seroes ac eo`mt ;g¶ unots wereexhkvktel fksel an4 (k) praxogoty ta test-pots lu` fy tme Gusea lei MagfreLagonohkna on tme ikte ;?02s: (f) kuèr test lktk: (h) kssugel sote iogots: knl (l)kreks ac èaiaòhki/saoi vkroktoan (Macgkn et ki. 6225). wa ac tmese unots weikter extenlel fehkuse cektures were enhaunterel. \e rst wks k 6Ð<g (=5-2<)unot on tme nartmern partoan ac tme sote. Hiekr knl reùikr pastmaie cektures weenhaunterel kt 82hg fsi. \e sehanl, k 5Ð;2g (=<-6?/8?: see io`mt haiaurelrehtknìe on tme gkon unot, Co`. 60) unot an tme mo`mest pkrt ac tme rkosel hakpragantary ac Ei Hkfa revekiel cektures hut onta tme felrahj, averikon fy ktmon pkhjet (;2-;5hg) ac mugoh sknly saoi hantkonon` gollen gkteroki (ckunkiregkons knl herkgoh smerls), onhiulon` pkrt ac k iotmoh feit ar stane haiikr. Kiicektures were cuiiy exhkvktel knl lahugentel.

Aver 622 cektures, on fatm tme sknl knl felrahj unots, were lahugentel knlexhkvktel on tmos rst seksan revekion` k pkiogpsest ac pre-Haiugfokn ahhupktoan aver k wole krek ac tme sote. On tergs ac tme gkteroki kssegfikè, k sogoiktrkdehtary wks wotnessel on tme herkgohs ks on tme rest ac tme ekstern reòan, wiawer ieveis praluhon` rel, tmon-wkiiel, pikon Astoanaol herkgohs, knl upperieveis praluhon` tme gare fkraque, hakrse Hmohaol pattery. K marozantki se`re-`ktoan ac tmese herkgoh pmkses wks kisa tentktoveiy carwkrlel an tme fksos tmkttme nartmern partoan ac tme sote fatm styies were present, wmereks tme smkiiawsautmern pkrt praluhel gkoniy Hmohaol, knl tme 5Ð;2g unot exhiusoveiy sa.Fksel an tmese afservktoans, knl ta onvesto`kte tme Hmohaol lagestoh setton`, ot

wks leholel on cuture seksans ta hanhentrkte an tmos upper, sautmern pkrt ac tmesote, wmohm tmerekcter fehkge tme cahus ac tme exhkvktoan on 6223-622=.=<

<.;.6 Xuggkry ac 6223 coeilwarj =5

Exhkvktoan on sugger 6223 wks hkrroel aut an tme sote ac Ei Hkfa fetween Duiy<tm knl Kuùst ;;tm. K tatki krek ac kppraxogkteiy 820g¶ wks exhkvktel fymknl. [uestoans enugerktel car tme 6223 eil seksan were tme caiiawon`4(;) Pmkt os tme extent ac tme pastmaie cektures on tme felrahj on tme sautm-

ern/Hmohaol pkrt ac tme sote1 Kre kny struhtures loshernofie on enikrèltrenhmes1

(6) Hkn we re ne tme sote extents ks oncerrel crag tme 6225 kuèr knl test-pot-ton` hkgpko`n, o.e. estogkton` tme western iogots ac tme sote1(8) Pmkt os tme reiktoansmop fetween tme twa huiturki hagpanents wotnessel kt

tme sote1 La tme loerenhes on pattery styies represent k hantonuaus ahhu-pktoan sequenhe tmrau`m toge1 Kre tmere twa spktokiiy knl hmranaiaòhkiilostonht peroals ac mkfotktoan1

\e eilwarj wks hanhentrktel an twa crants4 extensoan ac =<-6?/8? (5Ð;2g)ta k ;2Ð82g unot (Co`. 60: sehtars 6?, 8?, knl <?), knl exhkvktoan ac 6Ð6gunots gkoniy on tme sautmern pkrt ac tme sote (ta knswer resekrhm questoan (;))

=< Eventukiiy fehagon` k unot ac ;282g¶.=5 Xee Macgkn et ki. 622=.

Coùre 60. Avervoew ac unotsexhkvktel on Ei Hkfa knlrecerrel ta on tme text. Ikrènugfers kre zanes, sgkiiernugfers kre sehtars. Unotshaiaurel crag io`mt (6225) talkrjer (6223, 6220, 622=).



;;2

\e lehosoan ta hantonue enikròn` unot =<-6?/8? fksel an tme lense hiuster-on` ac cektures knl tme presenhe ac iktest pmkse pattery mere wks faisterel fy k rk-loahkrfan lkte crag hmkrhaki crag tme ii ac k pastmaie (C=<-6?-82) wmohm `kvek lkte (hkiofrktel, ; so`gk) ac KL ;8??-;<6= (@rN-6?285). \e preservktoanac tme cektures on tmos krek wks exheiient, tme gkrjs ac gknuckhture (vertohki hmos-eion`) acten vosofie an tme onsole wkiis ac tme pastmaies. Mawever, gkteroki rehav-erel on 6223 knl k sehanl ;<H lkte (KL 0?0-?;6, hkiofrktel, ; so`gk, @rN-6??86) crag k Hottkroug pohk crag ikyer ; (=<-8?-6?) smawel tmkt tme sotuktoanwks ckr gare hagpiex tmkn onotokiiy kntohopktel. K sgkii nugfer ac Astoanaolsmerls kisa kppekrel on tmos gkoniy Hmohaol unot, on pkrtohuikr ta tme westernenl. Ks gare surckhe krek wks exhkvktel, averikppon` horhuikr struhtures knl pastkio`ngents fehkge onhreksonìy kppkrent. \e furoki ac k neankte wks rehaverelcrag k smkiiaw pot on tmos unot knl loerentoki hiusteron` ac sweepon` khhuguik-toans ac gollen gkteroki wks afservel on tme exhkvktoan ac tme squkres.

An k sote ievei, Haronne Macgkn‟s pattery knkiysos sau`mt ta hage ta tergswotm tme muè krrky ac iahki tergs (o.e.Runtk, Knklei, Gkhka, trknsohoanki, Ktkdkloza, @ukykfki, Garra, Harrkies eth.) nat aniy on tme herkgohs ac Ei Hkfa,fut khrass tme entore ekstern reòan. Lkton` tme sequenhe, wmohm rau`miy gavelcrag furnosmel, rel, pikon surckhes on tme iawer ieveis tmrau`m ta pattery fekr-on` kntmrapagarpmohklarnas wotm kppioquïl iogfs knl haee fekn eyes, tacuii-fiawn Fahk Hmohk pattery wotm ionekr onhosel knl punhtktel knl galeielklarnas wotm fkt knl sogokn ckhes wks k proaroty. \e Fahk Hmohk ikyer kppekrs tacarg k smkiiaw veneer khrass tme entore sote, haveron` k guhm ikrèr krek tmkn tmeatmer hagpanents, fut nevertmeiess ahhupyon` iess vertohki strkto`rkpmy.

a kshertkon tme extent ac tme lense cekture hiusteron` an tme fraw ac tmepragantary, knl ta iekrn gare ac tme spktoki krtohuiktoan ac tme atmer herkgohhagpanents, k seroes ac ;5 6Ð6g unots=3 were exhkvktel on krfotrkry ;2hg iky-ers. Exhkvktoan wks hkrroel aut untoi felrahj, ar steroie yeiiaw sknl wks rekhmel.

Pmkt tmese unots kisa gkle hiekr wks tmkt tme èagarpmaia`y ac tme sote os ex-tregeiy vkrokfie.

<.;.8 Xuggkry ac 6220 coeilwarj

Exhkvktoan on tme sugger ac 6220 wks hkrroel aut fetween Duiy ;;tm knl Kuùst60tm. On tatki kn krek ac 338g¶ wks exhkvktel on 6220.=0

[uestoans enugerktel on tme 6220 eil gknuki lostrofutel kt tme stkrt ac tmeseksan were tme caiiawon`4(;) Pmkt os tme extent knl spktoki hmkrkhterostohs ac tme pastmaie cektures on tme

felrahj on tme ikrè unot (=<-6?/8?/<?/5?)1

(6) Pmkt kre tme hmkrkhterostohs knl passofie onterpretktoans ac tme cektures ta tmeekstern (o.e. hakstki) extent ac tme unot1(8) Pmkt kre tme hmkrkhterostohs ac tme struhtures loshernofie on tme eil1(<) Pmkt evolenhe os tmere car onternki ar`knosktoan on tme struhtures (entrknhes,

mekrtms, eth.)1(5) Pmkt evolenhe os tmere car externki ar`knozktoan ac spkhe (warj kreks, knhoi-

ikry struhtures, starkè pots, gollens)1

=3 Unots 0<-<6-6=, =8-6?-32, =<-2?-22, =<-;0-28, =<-;=-3=, =<-6=-66, =<-88-22, =<-8<-25, =<-83-22, =<-80-28, =<-8=-22, =<-53-22, =<-5?-22, =<-5?-52, =5-8;-22.

=0 On kii 88g¶ ac 6Ð6 unots, knl tme rest on tme gkon trenhm on zanes =</=5, 382g¶



;;;H E H

(3) Pmkt os tme (tegparki knl spktoki) reiktoansmop fetween tme loerent krekac mkfotktoan an sote1

(0) Pks tmere hantonuaus ar onterruptel ahhupktoan1(=) Pmkt os tme reiktoansmop fetween tme lktk lerovel crag tme èapmysohki su

vey knl tme krhmkeaiaòhki lktk1 Ks on 6223, exhkvktoan wks hanhentrktel an twa khtovotoes4 exhkvktoan ac 6Ðunots knl enikrègent ac tme felrahj unot, car tme skge reksans ks on 6223.

On kllotoan ta exhkvktoan ac tme kfavegentoanel unots, k surckhe survey wkshkrroel aut aver tme sautmern mkic ac tme sote. On prevoaus seksans vkroaus gefers ac tme eil lorehtoan mkl natel tmkt surckhe krteckht hiusteron` knl hkrpetgollen lensotoes were eksoiy afservel an tme surckhe, knl recerrel ta on han-versktoan (’tme `rollie hiusters an tme gaunl‗, ’hakstki gollen sprekl‗, ’tmegaunls fy tme shmaai/cenhe‗), yet na systegktoh reharl mkl feen gkle ac tmosatmer tmkn persanki nates knl ogpressoans. \e krek ac tme surckhe survey wksgare ar iess tmkt kisa haverel fy gk`netagetry knl èarklkr on Gky 6220.

\rau`maut tme haurse ac tme hkgpko`n, tmree mugkn furokis were enhaun-terel knl exhkvktel. On =5-8< k hrauhmel onmugktoan wotm na `rkve òcts wks exhkvktel crag k sgkii pot lu` onta tme steroie fekhmrahj. \e `rkve pot os spktokiiykssahoktel wotm pastmaie cektures. \e strkto`rkpmoh reiktoan ac tme cektures wotme surraunlon`s wks nat reharlel ks tme furoki wks nat vosofie on tme pra ie.\e fakt-carg vessei rehaverel crag tme fattag ac tme western pra ie ac tmekldkhent unot on 6225 os tmau`mt ta mkve feen kssahoktel wotm tme furoki ‘ pasofiy pikhel an tme tap elè ac tme `rkve. Xage gollen gkteroki wks goxel wotmtme `rkve ii onlohkton` tmkt tme Astoanaol gollen wks cargel ar cargon` kttme toge ac lo`òn` tme `rkve pot. \e vessei rehaverel on 6225 wks surraunlelfy lense gollen gkteroki knl hrkf pkrts. \os onlohktes tmkt tme `rkve wks lu`tmrau`m tme sehanl (Astoanaol) gollen ikyer. K sehanl furoki, kisa hrauhmel

knl on k warse stkte ac preservktoan, wks rehaverel crag k sgkii, stane-haverelpot crag =5-<2, spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm pastmaie cektures. K tmorl hrauhmel mugktoan wks rehaverel crag k 6Ð6g unot (=5-8;-2=), ikter enikrèl ta 6Ð8g.Uncartunkteiy car tme spktoa-hantextuki onterpretktoan kii tmree furokis were etmer rehaverel crag sgkii unots ar crag tme elès ac unots.

\e gkon unot wks extenlel ekstwkrls ta geet tme hio tap. Kppraxogkteiy<2g ac hio elè wks exhkvktel. \os wks lane ta onvesto`kte tme reiktoansmopfetween tme struhtures on tmos unot knl tme cektures vosofie an tme hio elÒnleel ot wks caunl tmkt tme mkfotktoan cektures stappel twa ar tmree getres smyac tme elè, caiiawel fy kn ’egpty‗ strop, knl tmen k cew osaiktel cektures an tmeelè. On guhm ac tmos krek gkteroki wks nat haiiehtel ks tme felrahj wks eotmerexpasel ar haverel fy unstkfie sknl. Kt tmos stkè ot wks tmau`mt tmkt tme cewcektures prafkfiy feianèl ta loshrete hio tap struhtures kssahoktel wotm gk-rone khtovotoes suhm ks smon`. Ane cekture on pkrtohuikr (=5-36-C;8) wks k s`raaves an tme elè ac tme hio, kppkrentiy hkusel fy repektel rape khtoan on anespat. K gantm ac tme eil tekg mkuion` fuhjets ac sekwkter tmree ta caur togesk lky aver tme hio lol nat praluhe kny natohekfie kfrksoans (Co`. 0=). MenheC;8 gust mkve feen praluhel aver k ianèr peroal ac toge, ar fy kn khtovoty ac`rekter ontensoty.

Ane ac tme gkdar loshaveroes ac tme seksan wks tme rehavery ac ekriy hantkgkteroki on sote lepasots ac tme gkon unot. \os gkteroki hansostel ac k nugferac ìkss fekls knl `reen knl wmote ìkzel herkgohs. Lr Jktmieen K. Lek`kn



;;6

(Ciarolk Guseug ac Nkturki Mostary) olento el Nuevk Hkloz fekls knl aiove dkrpattery, fatm lktel ta tme onotoki pmkse ac Eurapekn hantkht, KL ;522 ta ;552(pers. hagg. sugger 6220). \os gkteroki wks rehaverel crag tme skge hantextks Hmohaol krteckhts. Ro` teetm knl fanes ks weii ks getki (oran) afdehts were kisarehaverel crag tmos knl gare lospersel kreks ac tme sote.

On kllotoan k ikrè nugfer ac smeii knl stane krteckhts were rehaverel, on-hiulon` kppraxogkteiy 82 `raunl stane fekls, onhosel smeii klarngents, gknyfekron` tme cra`-ie` gatoc, gohra-troànaiotms, k smeii ùkçzk , pkrt ac k stane hai-ikr (crag =5-<;-2=, ikyer ;) wotm k sgkii jnaf an ot knl wotm mekvy sehanlkryuse ks k taai, knl k ikrè leharktel troànaiotm gkle ac iahki sknlstane. \os wkson kllotoan ta munlrels ac herkgohklarnas .

<.;.< Xuggkry ac 622= coeilwarj Coeilwarj on tme sugger ac 622= wks hkrroel aut fetween Dune 82tm knl Kuùst;0 tm. \e cahus ac tmos seksan wks nl prahesson` on tme ikfarktaroes on RuntkHknk, rktmer tmkn ènerkton` kllotoanki exhkvktel gkterokis. \e kogs ac tme

622= seksan were tmerecare tme caiiawon`4(;) a hagpiete tme lahugentktoan ac kii gkterokis knl lepasot tme gkteroki ontme Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna on Xknta Lagonà.

(6) a hmehj wmetmer tme marozantki han negent ac haianoki gkteroki ta tmenartmekst ac tme gkon unot wks kn krteckht ac resekrhmer foks ar tme reki stkteac kkors, o.e. re-apenon` fk`s ac gkteroki exhkvktel on 6225-6220.

(8) a gonogkiiy extenl tme gkon unot ta hagpiete lahugentktoan ac k horhuikrstruhture (Xtruhture 8).

(<) a hanluht k survey tme onloènaus presenhe on tme oggelokte surraunlon`sac tme sote (GK tmesos pradeht, Damnsan 622?).

Mawever, we were cartunkte enau`m ta expknl upan knl gkp kn kllotoanki;6<g¶ on tme gkon unot. \os geknt tmkt ks weii ks lahugenton` tme regkonon`pkrt ac Xtruhture 8, we were kfie ta exhkvkte pkrts ac tmree sehtars, extenlon` kp-praxogkteiy 65g kian` tme elè ac tme hio knl 5-;;g oniknl. Parj pra`resselckst fehkuse tme felrahj on tmos krek ac tme hakst wks kt tme surckhe knl levaol acsaoi knl krteckhts.== Potm sage trawei-hieknon` tme cektures on tmos krek were ikolfkre, gkppel fy atki Xtktoan ( X) knl lrkwn.

On kllotoan, we haggossoanel iahki lovers ta traii tme wkters feiaw knl aneotmer sole ac tme sote ta afserve tme extent (pkrkiiei ta tme hakst knl aut ta sek)ac krhmkeaiaòhki gkterokis an tme sekstaar. Pe ksjel tmeg ta haiieht exatoh staneknl herkgoh gkteroki. \os tmey lol, kii tmree lovers (an sepkrkte ahhksoans) on-

lohkton` tmkt tme sprekl ac gkteroki wks very iogotel extenlon` permkps na garetmkn ;22g pkrkiiei ta tme sote knl nat ckr aut onta tme sek. Gkteroki tmey haiieht-el wks gastiy sgkii, onhiulon` very eralel pattery smerls knl ikrèr hagpiete,knl nekr hagpiete `reenstane taais.

<.6 Coeilwarj prahelures

Kn avervoew knl leshroptoan ac fksoh eilwarj prahelures os nehesskry kt tmospaont ta unlerstknl tme stknlkrls knl getmals usel luron` exhkvktoan, hai-iehtoan, lahugentktoan knl prahesson` ac tme krhmkeaiaòhki gkterokis. \e fk-

== K smkge ane hauil nat sky tme skge ac tme àkt lrappon`s, mawever! mos os tme ckvaurote iktekcternaan sieepon` pikhe ac tme iahki ciahjs.



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soh skgpion` knl exhkvktoan prahelures kre tmase hansostentiy egpiayel fy tmeIeolen Hkroffekn Vesekrhm @raup unler Genna I. R. Maaìknl knl HaronneI. Macgkn kt sotes suhm ks Knse â ik @aurle, @ukleiaupe, Jeifey‟s Volè, Xkfk,knl vkroaus sotes an Xt. Gkrton, knl oncargel fy tme rst ikrè-shkie exhkvktoansac mkfotktoan kreks on tme Hkroffekn kt @ailen Vahj, Xt Eustktous (Maaìknlknl Macgkn ;??8: Macgkn knl Maaìknl els. ;???: Serstee` knl Xhmonjei;??6). Vesekrhm questoans ks weii ks iahki knl iaòstohki hanlotoans gekn tmkttmos getmalaia`y os klkptel ta ekhm sote. On Ei Hkfa, wotm tme exheptoan atme rst yekr ac eilwarj, tme prahelures were stktel on eil gknukis car ekhmseksan.=?

\e fksoh eilwarj prahelures egpiayel on Ei Hkfa were exhkvktoan ac6Ð6g unots on krfotrkry ikyers khrass tme sote, knl tme exhkvktoan ac k ikrèr uon tme ikter mkfotktoan krek ac tme sote car tme expasure ac cektures. Kllotoakhtovotoes unlertkjen ta hagpiegent tmos kpprakhm onhiulel kn kuèr hkgpko`n,tapa`rkpmohki gkppon`, k surckhe survey ac tme sautmern partoan ac tme sote, suveys on tme iahki surraunlon`s, en`kègent wotm iahki peapie, knl k èapmysohkisurvey.

<.6.; \me sote `rol

K iahki `rol wks estkfiosmel wotm k X. Raonts on tme `rol were gkrjel wotmpikstoh tufes set on hanhrete ar felrahj. @RX haarlonktes were tkjen ikter wmohmwere gkthmel ta paonts on tme iahki `rol.

\e `rol lovolel tme sote onta unots ac zanes (;22Ð;22g), sehtars (;2Ð;2g)knl squkres (;Ð;g). \ere os k loreht reiktoan fetween tme x knl y haarlonktes,sa tmkt on k `rol ac ;jg¶ (;22Ð;22g), ekhm ;g¶ (;Ð;g) mks k unoque loòt rec-erenhe (Co`. 6=). \os mks tme klvkntkè ac gkjon` tme `rol on noteiy extenlkfieknl anhe eilwarjers kre usel ta tme systeg, hkn iahkte tmegseives knywmere antme sote. \e sote `rol wks tme fksos car iahkton` kii unots, cektures knl nls.?2

=? mere wks na wrotten gknuki kt tme stkrt ac tme pradeht on 6225: tmos wks leveiapel luron` tmecoeil seksan.

?2 On 6223 tme nugferon` ac tme zanes wks hmknèl4 522 wks kllel ta tme y kxos knl 6=22 kllelta tme x kxos. mos wks lane sogpiy ta kvaol tme farler fetween twa loccerent iy nkgel jg¶ zanefiahjs ahhurron` an-sote.

Coùre 6=. Ei Hkfa sote `rol

systeg. \me iahktoan ac tmefikhj ;Ð;g squkre hkn fe rec-erenhel ks =5-85-88 (o.e. Tane=5, Xehtar 85, Xqukre 88). Nf.\me fa ag iect-mknl squkreos 22 knl tme tap ro`mt-mknlsqukre os ??.



;;<

<.6.6 \me conl ikyer

Unots were set aut wotmon tmos `rol systeg knl exhkvktel on ’squkres‗ (marozan-tki extents ac ;g¶) knl vertohki ikyers ac ;2hg, untoi cektures were enhaunterel.Exhkvktoan tmen praheelel khharlon` ta tme cekture. On unots wmere k strkto`rkpmywks present pra ie lrkwon`s were gkle knl tme pra ie wkiis pmata`rkpmel.

Gkteroki crag tme nl ikyer wks rehaverel on ;2hg ikyers. Gkteroki cragikyers wks reharlel wotm sehtar-squkre haarlonktes ta ponpaont tmeor nl spatswotmon ; getre unhertkonty. Xo`no hknton sotunls were paont-piattel wotm tme

X. Gkteroki wks lry soevel an-sote tmrau`m k <gg pikstoh soeve gesm. Kii he-rkgohs (>;hg), smeii (iknl knl gkrone), stane (exhept iahki iogestane gktrox),fane, harki, ìkss, knl atmer krteckhts/ehackhts were seiehtel crag tme soeve fymknl. Ekhm nl (wmetmer sonìe suhm ks k fekl arklarna, ar fuij suhm ks k ikyerar saoi skgpie) wks put onta k fk` taètmer wotm k nl ikfei knl enterel on tme

nl iost. Asote, nls were wet soevel tmrau`m tme skge gesm ta regave sknlknl saoi.

On tme hkse ac tme 6Ð6g unots, ane squkre crag ekhm unot wks seiehtel ks kskgpie squkre crag wmohm kii soevel regkons (nat onhiulon` tme iahki iogestanegktrox) were haiiehtel (o.e. kcter soevon` tmrau`m k <gg-soeve gesm, tme iahkirahj gkteroki wks loshkrlel knl tme entore rest ac tme soeve resolue wks fk`èlknl tk`èl). \e rest ac tme gkteroki crag tme regkonon` tmree squkres wks se-iehtel ks kfave (Co`. 6?).

Kii exhkvktel gkteroki crag tme sote wks starel kt tme Ehaiaòhki Caunlktoan,Runtk Hknk, knl lahugentel (qukntotove knl qukiototve knkiyses ks weii ks pma-ta`rkpmoh reharlon`) on tme ikfarktaroes tmere. Kt tme enl ac tme 622= seksan, kiigkteroki (?5 faxes) wks starel on tme lepat ac tme Gusea lei Magfre on XkntaLagonà. Potm tme exheptoan ac cekture iis, gkteroki crag tme survey squkres,herkgoh knl fatknohki skgpies, ks weii ks pkrkpmernkiok knl herkgohklarnas ,were tkjen ta Ieolen car curtmer knkiysos. \ey woii fe returnel ta tme Gusea leiMagfre kcter hagpietoan ac knkiysos.

Coùre 6?. Xhmegktoh lok`rkgac tme Ei Hkfa skgpion` strkt-e`y car 6Ð6g unots.

6 getres 6 g e t r

e s

skgpie squkre

;2 hg

;22% haiiehtoangkteroki seiehtel fymknl crag soeve



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<.6.8 \me cekture ikyer

\e gkdaroty ac cektures on tme gkon unot were olento el knl lahugentel on anetoge per seksan kcter tme nki hieknon` ac tme felrahj ikyer onta wmohm tmey whut. Atmers were enhaunterel wmoist exhkvkton` sgkiier unots. Kii cektures werksso`nel k cekture nugfer wmohm wks xel ta tme kldkhent felrahj on tme eil,

knl kllel ta tme pikn lrkwon`.?;

Cektures were exhkvktel kcter tmey mkl feen ksso`nel k cekture nugfer, lrkwnan tme trenhm pikn knl geksurel-on wotm tme X. \e gkdaroty ac tme cektureswere rst vosofie kt tme ievei ac tme felrahj. \e gkdaroty ac tmese kre pastmaies.Aniy on exheptoanki hkses wks ot passofie ta sehtoan tme cektures hanventoankii?6 Onstekl cektures were cuiiy ’egptoel‗ crag tme tap lawn, on arler nat ta gosshmknès on haiaur ar texture onlohkton` k loerent ii (Co`. 82).?8 Kii gkterokiwks haiiehtel per ii knl saoi skgpies were tkjen crag ekhm ii car hagpkron` tatme Gunseii haiaur hmkrt. Na sarton` ar seiehtoan wks lane ac tme cekture iis ontme eil (uniess spehoki nls were enhaunterel), sa unioje car tme squkres, stanesknl atmer ehackhts were fuij rehaverel.

Cektures were lahugentel on tergs ac leptm, lokgeter, smkpe ac fattag, kf-senhe ar presenhe ac taaigkrjs, knl knìe (o.e. vertohki ar nat). Coiis were leshrofelon tergs ac texture knl haiaur (Gunseii haiaur hmkrt) knl k lrkwon` (;4;2) wksgkle ac tme onteroar hantaurs ac tme cekture knl taaigkrjs onlohktel.

K cekture carg wks hagpietel (onhiulon` lrkwon`) car ekhm cekture exhk-vktel. Rmata`rkpms were gkle ac kii exhkvktel cektures on 6225, knl seiehtelcektures tmerekcter. Xee Kppenlox ;k car k hapy ac k cekture carg.

<.6.< Xaoi leshroptoans

Xaoi, wmetmer crag tme ii ac k cekture ar crag tme surraunlon` gktrox, wksleshrofel an tme cekture cargs, pra ie knl trenhm pikn lrkwon`s wotm tme kol

ac k Gunseii hmkrt. Leshroptoans were gkle aut ac loreht sunio`mt knl car han-sostenhy knl ta kvaol onter-afserver vkroktoan tme present kutmar gkle kii saoileshroptoans.

Ogpartknt eils an tme carg reikte ta logensoan, tme presenhe ar kfsenhe actaaigkrjs, tme smkpe ac tme fattag knl leshroptoan ac tme ii(s). \e gkxoguglogensoans ac tme cekture were reharlel. Car cektures on tme felrahj tmos os tmepaont kt wmohm tme felrahj os rst seen ta fe galo el. \ese paonts were onlo-hktel wotm afioque penhoi iones lrkwn kt tme cekture faunlkroes an tme cekturcargs knl reharlel on wrotten nugfers an tme cekture cargs.

<.6.5 Lrkwon`s

Kii lrkwon`s, wotm tme exheptoan ac lrkwon`s an tme cekture cargs, were lanean goiiogeter pretex pkper wotm wkterpraac penhois. Rikn lrkwon`s were lrkwn;462, sehtoan lrkwon`s ;4;2, pra ie lrkwon`s gonogug ;4;2.

?; Cekture nugfers kre unoque. mey hansost ac k 3-loòt nugfer hansoston` ac k 6-loòt zanenugfer, sehtar nugfer, knl k cekture nugfer (nate4 na squkre nugfer), wotm tme iktter pre-helel fy C (car Cekture). Car exkgpie =5-6?-C=0 onlohktes Cekture =0 iahktel on Tane =5, Xehtar6?.

?6 mos os fehkuse felrahj laes nat kiiaw sehtoanon`, knl tme cektures were ènerkiiy taa sgkii tagkje k sehtoan ac tmeor coiis aniy.

?8 On prkhtohe tmos gekns na lostonhtoan os gkle fetween se`gents ; knl 6 on tergs ac exhkvktoan,conls haiiehtoan knl skgpion`. me lrkwon` an tme cekture carg os nat k sehtoan lrkwon`, fut klrkwon` ac tme hantaurs ac tme onternki wkiis ac tme cekture.

Coùre 82. Xogpio el hrasssehtoan ac pastmaies on tmefelrahj smawon` (K) ane ii,knl (F) twa iis. Afioqueiones represent felrahj gk-

trox. Hrasses represent vosofietaaigkrjs. Nate pastmaies ontme felrahj were nat sehtoanel,sa na se`gent lostonhtoans kregkle on tme lahugentktoan.

;

6F

;

K

xx



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<.8.3 Acc-sote prahesson` ac conl gkteroki

Xee Kppenlohes ;f-e car hapoes ac ikfarktary cargs usel on tme qukntotktoveprahesson` ac nl gkterokis. Caur gkon cargs were usel on tme ikfarktarycar prahesson` gkterokis4 k carg car spiotton` gkteroki exhkvktel crag cektures(Kppenlox ;f), k carg car spiotton` gkteroki exhkvktel crag squkres (Kppenlox

;h), k carg car spiotton` gkteroki exhkvktel crag survey squkres (Kppenlox ;l)knl k carg ta reharl gare letkoiel oncargktoan an gkrone smeiis crag tme cek-ture iis (Kppenlox ;e).

\e squkre spiot carg reharls weo`mts ac iknl smeii, seksmeii, hrkf pkrts, stane,fane, harki, herkgoh knl atmer (getki, ìkss, eth.) knl GNO haunts ac seksmeiis,iknl smeiis, ks weii ks k nugfer ac smeii taais, pkrkpmernkiok, galo el knl un-galo el poehes ac smeii, tme skge car stane taais, pkrkpmernkiok, galo el knlungalo el poehes knl fane taais, pkrkpmernkiok, mugkn (un-warjel) knl kno-gki (onhiulon` sm, un-warjel), galo el knl unolento el poehes ac fane.Harki taais, pkrkpmernkiok, galo el knl ungalo el poehes ks weii ks herkgohunleharktel knl leharktel smerls were hauntel. Kcter 6223, iknlsmeii knl hrkfwere na ianèr sepkrkteiy reharlel, ks tmeor lostrofutoans gorrarel tmase ac atmerhkteàroes. Fesoles tmey were taa toge-hansugon` ta sart knl tmeor so`no hknhegare kgfoùaus tmkn atmer hkteàroes.?<

\e cekture ii spiot carg loerel sio`mtiy crag tme carger, mkvon` cewereils. \os carg reharls weo`mts ac iknl smeii, seksmeii, hrkf, stane, fane, harki,

herkgoh knl atmer (getki, ìkss eth.) knl gkjes k lostonhtoan on tme haunt sehtoanac tme carg fetween smeii taais knl pkrkpmernkiok, stane taais knl pkrkpmernk-iok, fane taais knl pkrkpmernkiok knl mugkn (un-warjel), harki taais knl pkrk-pmernkiok knl, nkiiy, herkgohs leharktel knl `rollies. Onlovoluki haunts werenat leegel nehesskry car kii gkteroki hkteàroes. Curtmergare, kii iahki felrahjwks sepkrktel crag tme cekture resolues knl loshkrlel kcter feon` weo`mel knlpmata`rkpmel (Co`. 8;). \os wks lane ks ot os kssugel tmkt tme gkdaroty ac jkrstgkteroki on tme iis ceii onta twa hkteàroes knl wks eotmer4 (k) `rkvei wmohm mklckiien fkhj onta tme pastmaies an gknuckhture (knl sufsequentiy feen warnfy tme khtoan ac tme past), ar (f) ikrèr hmunjs usel ks pkhjon`. Rmata`rkpmohlahugentktoan wks leegel su hoent ta fe kfie ta gkje k rau`m estogktoan actme prapartoans ac ekhm.

?< Iknl hrkf knl terrestroki kstrapals gky mkve feen haggenski shkvenèrs, rktmer tmkn expiaotelcar caal fy tme onloènaus onmkfotknts.

Coùre 8;. Felrahj knl `rkvei crag tme soeve resolue ac k cekture i i. \mos wks weo`mel, pmata`rkpmel knl loshkrlel.



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\e gkdaroty ac tme nl gkteroki hansosts ac smeii knl herkgoh regkons.Oncargktoan requorel car tmos lossertktoan resekrhm wks gare qukntotktove tmqukiotktove (wotm exheptoans), knl tmus letkoiel, spehokiost reparts kre expehknl anàon` car ekhm gkteroki hkteàry.

Herkgohs knl gkrone smeii were hansolerel tme gast so`no hknt gkteroki hkt-eàroes on onterpretktoan. On qukntotktove knl spktoki knkiysos tmese were leeggast representktove ac tme lostrofutoan knl lensoty ac onloènaus khtovotoes.\ese twa hkteàroes were òven prehelenhe on onterpretktoan nat aniy fehkusetmey represent tme gkdaroty ac krhmkeaiaòhki gkteroki crag cekture iis knl exhvktel ikyers, fut fehkuse tmey kre reiktoveiy mekvy knl lense (hagpkrel ta hrkfpkrts knl sgkii sm knl gkggki fanes) knl kre lepasotel ks k loreht resuit achansugptoan knl loshkrl prkhtohes. \os os nat ta sky tmey kre sogpie ta onter-pret, fut tmkt tmeor lepasotoan os gare trknspkrent tmkn tmkt ac car exkgpie iknlsmeii knl harki, wmohm gky fe sufdeht ta gare onloreht prahesses.?5 Gareaver,wmereks herkgohs knl gkrone smeii were ènerkiiy rehaverel knl reharlel onequovkient wkys aver kii eil seksans, atmer gkteroki hkteàroes were nat. \osrestehts hmknòn` rehavery prkhtohes fetween sgkiier unots knl tme gkon unotlefktes ks ta tme so`no hknhe ac tmese hkteàroes, knl re negents ta exhkvktoanstrkteòes aver tme yekrs. \erecare, herkgohs knl gkrone smeii kre nat aniy han-solerel gast lok`nastoh, fut kisa gast equovkient.

Knkiysos ac tme Hmohaol herkgohs os stoii penlon`.?3 Letkoiel cargs leshrofon`garpmaiaòhki, styiostoh knl tehmnaiaòhki kttrofutes ac tme pattery, leveiapelfy prac. Lr Haronne I. Macgkn (6225), were hagpietel car kii rogs ikrèr tmkn5hg, on kllotoan ta tme cargs gentoanel kfave. On tergs ac tmos lossertktoan on-cargktoan an kfsenhe/presenhe, iahktoan knl qukntoty ac herkgohs os ogpartknt.Gareaver, fksoh cunhtoanki lostonhtoans, suhm ks tmkt fetween `rollie knl atmersmerls on ks ckr ks tmey smel io`mt an lagestoh prkhtohe kre tkjen onta khhaunXagetoges nates were kisa gkle on tme eil ar on tme ikfarktary hanhernon`

leharktoan an herkgohs ‘ usukiiy tmos wks iogotel ta k pasotove olento hktoan aHmohaol. \os oncargktoan os onharparktel onta tme caiiawon` krùgentktoan,fut tme rekler smauil fe kwkre ac ots rktmerkl mah nkture. Jnawielè hanhern-on` sote hmranaia`y knl krteckht typaia`y wauil fe `rektiy klvknhel fy cutureresekrhm hanhentrkton` an tme herkgohs crag struhture cektures car exkgpie.

\e skge os true ac tme atmer onlovoluki krteckht hkteàroes suhm ks tme fane,smeii knl stane gkterokis. \ese mkve feen tme sufdeht ac k nugfer ac FK knlGK tmeses (le Vuoter 622?: Macgeester 622=: vkn ler Marst 622?: Auweneei6220) knl curtmer stuloes woii hantrofute qukiotktove jnawielè on tme cuture. K letkoiel frekjlawn ac tme smeii spehoes on tme pastmaie cektures wks unlertkjen on sugger 622= fy stulents experoenhel on letergonon` smeii spehoes anHurkhka, trkonel fy Lennos Noewe`, GK, k ioktel ta Ieolen Unoversoty. \oswoii fe tme sufdeht ac k cuture stuly.

?5 Cassoiozel harki os nat nkturkiiy present an tme sote otseic, fut hkn fe caunl on kfunlknhe k cewmunlrel getres kwky, knl tme gehmknosgs fy wmohm ot at ta tme sote kre ks yet unler-resekrhmel.Hertkoniy sage wks frau`mt fy mugkn kènhy car use ks taais, fut atmer poehes gky mkve feentmrawn up on stargs ar frau`mt ta tme sote on atmer peroals. Xogoikriy, ks loshussel on Hmkpter 8iknl snkois gky fe present ks haggenski knogkis, ar mkve feen haiiehtel ks caal, ar tme smeiis fetrknspartel an tme fkhj ac mergot hrkfs. mey gky kisa onlohkte wetter hiogktoh hanlotoans. Ontmos sense, tme prahesses khton` an pattery knl gkrone smeii kre guhm sogpier!

?3 Kt tme toge ac wroton` tmos lossertktoan, kn GK mesos an tme ohana`rkpmy ac k skgpie ac tHmohaolklarnas (tmase exhkvktel on 6225 knl 6223) fy Naartde Aulmuos (622=) wks kvkoikfie,knl on kllotoan kn GK tmesos fy Hartney Xt. Dekn (622=k) an tme ekriy knl ikte Astoanaol herkg-ohs (o.e. nat crag tme gkon unot). Gareaver, ckfroh knl tehmnohki knkiysos ac hikys knl herkgohcrag tme ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh mkl feen preiogonkroiy unlertkjen (vkn Ks et ki. 622=).



;;=

wenty- ve perhent ac tme soeve resolue (fy weo`mt) crag ekhm ;2hg iky-er crag ekhm skgpie squkre ac tme 6Ð6g unots wks tkjen fkhj ta Ieolen carprahesson`. K nugfer ac fuij fatknohki skgpies (5 iotres) were sent ta Lr Iee K.Newsag (Rennsyivknok Xtkte Unoversoty) car knkiysos.

<.6.0 Haron` pra`rkgge knl gkppon` ac sote eievktoans a `kon onso`mt onta tme hmkrkhter ac tme nkturki strkto`rkpmy knl tme nkture knlextent ac tme huiturki khhuguiktoans kt Ei Hkfa kt tme stkrt ac eilwarj k haron`pra`rkgge wotm k ;6hg mknl kuèr wks hkrroel aut khrass tme sote, tatkiion` 3<tests (Co`. 86). On kllotoan, letkoiel gkppon` ac tme sote eievktoans, onhiulon`

Coùre 86. Rasotoan ac mknlkuèr tests knl eievktoanskhrass tme sote. Hantaur ioneskre ;g kpkrt. @rey krek

represents oncerrel sprekl ackrhmkeaiaòhki gkteroki.

2 62 <2

getres

5322

5<22

5522

8 0 2 2

8 ? 2 2

8 = 2 2



;;?H E H

tme hakstione knl a-sote kreks wks hkrroel aut wotm k X. \e spkhon` ac tme eevktoan geksuregents wks 6g wmere eievktoans were vkrokfie, knl <g wmen tmeiknlshkpe wks sagewmkt stktter.

Haron`s were set aut kian` ve kxes4 tmree runnon` on k west-ekst lorehtoancar ;32g khrass tme woltm ac tme sote, knl twa kxes runnon` nartm-sautm car6=2g khrass tme ien`tm ac tme sote. K ;2g ontervki car tests wks usel car krekstmkt yoeilel krhmkeaiaòhki gkteroki, wmereks k 62g ontervki wks estkfiosmel ckn kfsenhe ac krhmkeaiaòhki gkteroki on tme tests. Xote lepasots haverel kn krac kppraxogkteiy 8.5 mehtkres.

Onotoki oncargktoan an tme onternki sote struhture ac Ei Hkfa, onhiulon` tmsoze knl iahktoan ac gollen gaunls, tme presenhe knl kfsenhe ac krhmkeaiaòhkigkteroki knl kn onlohktoan ac tme sote iogots wks oncerrel crag tme resuiton` eievktoan gkp knl tme strkto`rkpmoh pra ies, hrektel fy ”stothmon`‟ kii tme kuèr lk

Coùre 88. Vesuits ac kuèr piats , wmere `rey representstme presenhe ac krhmkeaiaòhkigkteroki (fksel an ùre fy

Lan vkn len Fo`èikkr).

Xknl

Krhmkeaiaòhki gkteroki

Felrahj

Kuèrs ;-;3& 6<-8;

Kuèrs ;0-68

Kuèrs 86-<8 & 56-55

Kuèrs 53-3<

Kuèrs <<-5;

2 52

getres



;62

crag kii ve kxes taètmer (Co`. 88).?0 \e haron` pra`rkgge pravolel pkrtokifut ogpartknt oncargktoan an iahktoan knl leptm ac tme gollen khhuguiktoans.Herkgohs, hmkrhaki knl smeii kppekrel ta khhuguikte ta tme nartm knl ekst kian`tme hakstki gkròn, knl kian` tme ckuit-ione. \e crequenhy/lensoty ac krhmkea-iaòhki gkterokis logonosmel kfaut 52g crag tme peropmery ac tme gollens.

On tergs ac sote èaia`y, tme tests kisa pravolel oncargktoan kfaut tme reik-tove leptm ac tme felrahj khrass tme sote. On hertkon kreks wmere na felrahj wksenhaunterel tme unleriyon` gktrox wks yeiiaw sknl/iogestane `rkvei, kt atmers,gkoniy on tme sautmern pkrt ac tme sote, tme felrahj wks smkiiaw ar kt tme surckhe.Xaois were leeper on tme nartm ac tme sote.

<.6.= ;<H skgpion` knl sote hmranaia`y Lktes aftkonel crag ;<H skgpies crag Ei Hkfa mkve kirekly feen loshussel onk reòanki perspehtove on Hmkpter 8. \os sehtoan iaajs kt tme lktes crag tme soteon gare letkoi.

?0 Lan vkn len Fo`èikkr GK, hkrroel aut tme haron` ks weii ks presentktoan ac tme resuits.

Ikfarktaryhale Gkteroki

Hanventoankirkloahkrfankè (FR)

6-so`gkhkiofrktoan(KL) (?5%)

;-so`gkhkiofrktoan(KL)

Tane/sehtar/squkre/cekt/ikyer

Vegkrjs

@rN-6?285Hmkrhaki cragautsole elèac furnt past

585 +/- 65 ;866-;8<0 /;8?6-;<83 ;8??-;<6= =<-6?-C82 Unksso`nel, kssah Xtruhture 3

@rN-6??8;Hmkrhaki cragautsole elèac furnt past

=;5 +/- 85 ;;3<-;60; ;;?<-;;?5 /;62=-;638 =5-2<-C2; Crag 6Ð<g unot exhkvktel on 6225

@rN-6??86 Hott.pohk ;<?5 +/- 82 0<=-058/050-?=8 0?0-?;6 =<-8?-6?/; Gkon unot

@rN-6??88 Hott.pohk ;052 +/- 82 56;-3?? 5=<-335 =5-<<-22/;2f ;Ð;g (’hakstki unot‗, ikyer ;2, hagpkrewotm lktes crag =5-8< crag 6220)

@rN-6??8<@erhkrhonusikterkios ;;;2 +/- 65

=?3-?6</?8?-?0< ===-?== =5-<<-22/;2k

;Ð;g (’hakstki unot‗, ikyer ;2, hagpkrewotm lktes crag =5-8< crag 6220)

@rN-8258; Hott.pohk ;;02 +/- 65 ;2?5-;6=5 ;;33-;65= =<-8<-23/8 6Ð6g unot

@rN-82586 Hott.pohk ;565 +/- 65 06;-?80 0=6-==0 =5-8;-2;/< 6Ð6g unot

@rN-82588 Hott.pohk ;2<2 +/- 65 ;6<<-;8?0 ;606-;88= =<-8<-;3/; 6Ð6g unot

@rN-8258<Hmkrhaki cragautsole elèac furnt past

322 +/- 65 ;6?=-;802 /;80?-;<20

;82?-;886 /;880-;83; /;8=3-;8?=

=<-6?-C;0= Entrknhe past Xtruhture 3

@rN-82585Hmkrhaki cragautsole elèac furnt past

5=2 +/- 82 ;82;-;830 /;8=6-;<;0

;8;0-;858 /;8=?-;<20 =<-6?-C6<? Externki past Xtruhture 3

@rN-8;<;6 Hmkrhaki ;682 +/- <2 3=< -==0 0;6-0<3 / 030-=82 / =80-=3= 05-63-36/? 6Ð6g (’lanjey eil‗, ikyer ?)

@rN-8;<;8 Hott.pohk ;025 +/- 62 5=2-065 363-3?2 05-63-36/;6 6Ð6g (’lanjey eil‗, ikyer ;6)

@rN-8;<;< Hott.pohk ;<85 +/- 62 =03-;265 ?;;-?=0 05-63-36/? 6Ð6g (’lanjey eil‗, ikyer ?)

@rN-8;<;5 Hott.pohk ;562 +/- 62 06?-?8= 0==-==0 =5-8<-?2/< 6Ð6 (’hakstki unot‗, ikyer <)

@rN-8;<;3 Hott.pohk ;0<5 +/- 62 552-3?; 5?3-335 =5-8<-=;/;2 6Ð6g (’hakstki unot‗, ikyer ;2, hagpkrewotm lktes crag =5-<< crag 6225)

@rN-8;<;0Hmkrhaki cragautsole elèac furnt past

?;5 +/- 62 ;283-;;3?;2<3-;2?2 /;;6;-;;8? /;;<= -;;5?

=5-52-C;53 Onternki fkhj past Xtruhture ;

@rN-8;<;= Hmkrhaki cragautsole elèac furnt past

?65 +/- 82 ;263-;;00 ;2<<-;;26/;;;? -;;<8 /;;<3-;;55

=5-52-C;?8 Entrknhe past Xtruhture ;



;6;H E H

<.6.=.; Xkgpie seiehtoan

Aver 52 skgpies were tkjen crag tme sote wotm k voew ta rkloahkrfan lkton`, acwmohm ;0 skgpies were lktel. Kii skgpies were lktel fy tme Hentre car Osatape

Vesekrhm, Unoversoty ac @ranonèn, \e Netmeriknls. Gkterokis haiiehtel onhiul-el hmkrhaki,Hottkroug pohk smeiis knl iknl hrkf hikws. Rroaroty wks òven ta hmkr-haki, smeii knl hrkf skgpies crag sehure hantexts (o.e.on sotu cektures rktmer tmknstrky poehes wmohm gky mkve feen sufdeht ta foaturfktoan). Xepkrkte skgpiewere never hagfonel. Car exkgpie, tme skgpie ac iknl hrkf (@erhkrhonus ikterk-ios ) wks k fuij skgpie crag k loshrete hanhentrktoan ac iknl hrkf regkons on aneikyer.Hottkroug pohk smeiis were sonìe onlovolukis seiehtel crag gollen ikyersknl precerkfiy nat crag ikyer ;. Car tme gkon unot, mawever, tmos wks unkvaol-kfie ks acten tmere wks aniy ane ikyer kvkoikfie. On tmos hkse we ensurel tmkt onlovoluki wks weii egfellel on tme gollen pkhjet. On tergs ac onterpretktoan,precerenhe os òven ta lktes crag hmkrhaki skgpies crag progkry hantexts on tmegkon unot. Hmkrhaki wks precerkfiy seiehtel crag sufstkntoki stugps ac furntpasts crag wmohm ot wks passofie ta seieht tme yaunèst waal (o.e. tme autsoleelè). Cektures crag kigast every struhture were skgpiel on tme mape tmkt hmkr-haki crag furnt pasts wauil fe enhaunterel. Mawever, loerent kfknlangentprkhtohes geknt tmkt tmos wks nat tme hkse. Gkny struhtures mkl na ar onsu hoehmkrhaki on tmeor iis.

On tatki crag tme gkon unot tme regkons ac ve furnt pasts, crag kt iekst twaloerent struhtures, were lktel knl kHottkroug pohk snkoi wks lktel crag ikyer;. Atmer lktes were aftkonel crag hmkrhaki crag k past stugp on tme 6Ð<gunot on tme nartmern partoan ac tme sote, knl ten kllotoanki skgpies crag tmesgkiier unots khrass tme sote, espehokiiy hanhentrkton` an tme twa unots wotm leepest strkto`rkpmy knl presenhe ac ekriy Astoanaol herkgohs (=5-8</<< knl05-63-36).

\kfie 6. ;<H lktes crag EiHkfa (skgpies hkiofrktel wotmHKIOF Vkloahkrfan hkiofrk-toan pra`rkgge, Xtuover knlVeoger ;?=3-6225). Nate tmktHotkroug pohk skgpies wereharrehtel car tme gkrone res-ervaor e eht (-80 +/-6?). \mosharrehtoan os kn kverkèl vkiue

car tme west hakst ac Dkgkohk(-0= Ian`., ;= Ikt.) crag tmegkrone lktkfkse pufiosmelfy Mu`men et ki. (622<) knlVeoger et ki. (622<). Skiueskvkoikfie crag tme Fkmkgkskre gare on uenhel fy Nartm Ktikntoh vkiues, sa tmese mkvenat feen usel (tmknjs ta RkuikVeoger car klvohe an tmos).

Coùre 8<. Rrafkfoioty lostro-futoans ac ;<H lktes crag EiHkfa (HKIOF Vkloahkrfan hki-ofrktoan pra`rkgge, Xtuoverknl Veoger ;?=3-6225).



;66

<.6.=.6 Loshussoan ac lktes crag tme gkon unot

\e ve lktes crag furnt pasts on tme gkon unot hiuster onta twa pmkses kssaho-ktel wotm twa sepkrkte fuoilon` events (Xtruhture ; knl Xtruhture 3, see Hmkpter5). \e rst taaj pikhe on tme ekriy- ta gol-;6tm hentury, tme sehanl on tme ikte-;< tm hentury. \os k`rees wotm tme Hmohaol herkgohs on tmos unot. Crk`gents ac

ekriy aiove dkr knl Nuevk Hkloz styie fekls kssahoktel wotm Hmohaol krteckhts knlonloènaus cektures extenl tme lkton` sequenhe ac tmos unot onta hantkht knlekriy haianoki toges (up ta KL ;552).

Kn ekrioer nontm-hentury lkte crag kHottkroug pohk smeii crag ikyer ; (@rN-6??86) extenls tme toge-leptm ac khtovotoes on tmos krek ac tme sote fy aver 822yekrs. Xuhm khtovotoes, mawever, kre nat sa eksy ta onterpret. Xmeiis kre sufdeht talospikhegent tmrau`m nugeraus prahesses, car exkgpie on tme carg ac reahhupk-toan knl reiahktoan fy mergot hrkfs. \ey hkn kisa fe gavel kraunl fy peapieon recuse lepasots. \os os nat tme hkse car waal crag past stugps, ar hmkrhakicrag mekrtms wmohm kre on sehure progkry hantexts. On kllotoan, cew hantraiielhagpkrosans mkve feen gkle fetween lktes crag smeii knl hmkrhaki. Mawever,tme lkte mks sage quote ontereston` ogpiohktoans wotm respeht ta tme aroòn ac tmeHmohaol herkgoh seroes. Fatm tmos lkte knl knatmer ?tm hentury lkte crag k skg-pie crag k sgkiier unot an tme hakst (@rN-8;<;5) kre kssahoktel wotm Hmohaolherkgohs. \ese ekriy lktes crag Hmohaol hantexts haonhole wotm tme ekrioestgknocestktoans ac Hmohaol on tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh olento el kt tme sote ac Duknlaioa, an tme sautm hakst ac tme osiknl, nekr Xknta Lagonà kt kraunl KL=65 (Seiaz Gk`òaia et ki. ;?08). Ei Hkfa tmus mks ane ac tme ekrioest lktes ks-sahoktel wotm tmos type ac pattery.

Kitmau`m tme;6tm ta ikte-;5tm hentury (tme iktter fksel an haianoki herkgohs)lktes onlohkte ve henturoes ac mkfotktoan, gare evolenhe os neelel crag tmereiktove hmranaiaòes ac tme fuoit struhtures on tmos unot ta krrove kt hanhiusoanskfaut tme hantonuoty, ar nat, ac mkfotktoan, knl wmetmer tmere wks kisa mkfotk-toan on tmos krek ks ekriy ks tme ?tm hentury (see Hmkpter 5).

Nevertmeiess, we hkn iaaj gare hiaseiy kt tme fuoilon` pmkses ac tme twalktekfie struhtures fy suggon` tme prafkfoiotoes ac skgpies crag tme skgestruhtures.

Coùre 85. Xuggel prafkfoio-ty ac twa lktes crag Xtruhture; smawon` k ?5% prafkfoiotytmkt hanstruhtoan taaj pikhefetween KL ;262 knl ;;=2(AxHki v.8.;2).



;68H E H

Oc we sug tme prafkfoioty lostrofutoans car tme twa skgpies crag Xtruhture ;,tmos ènerktes k fest estogkte car tme peroal on wmohm ?5% ac tme fuoilon` eventaaj pikhe.?= On tme hkse ac Xtruhture ;, tmere os k ?5% prafkfoioty tmkt hanstruh-toan taaj pikhe fetween KL ;262 knl ;;=2 (Co`. 85).

On tme hkse ac Xtruhture 3, tmere os k ?5% prafkfoioty tmkt hanstruhtoan taapikhe fetween KL ;6?2 knl ;<62 (Co`. 83).

Oc ane klls k tmorl lktel skgpie wmohm os spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm Xtruhtu3, yet nat pkrt ac ots onternki ar externki past krrknègent, tme lktes kre smoctelk iottie yaunèr knl tmere os k ?5% prafkfoioty tmkt hanstruhtoan taaj pikhe fe-tween KL ;822 knl ;<<2 (Co`. 80).

?= Xuggon` kverkès tme lostrofutoans wotmaut lehrekson` tme errar gkròns ks wotm atmer cargs acstktostohki hagfonktoan (Axhki v.8.;2: Franj Vkgsey ;??5, 6225).

Coùre 83. Xuggel prafkfoi-oty ac lktes crag Xtruhture 3smawon` k ?5% prafkfoiotytmkt hanstruhtoan taaj pikhefetween KL ;6?2 knl ;<62(AxHki v.8.;2).

Coùre 80. Xuggel praf-kfoioty ac tmree lktes cragXtruhture 3 smawon` k ?5% prafkfoioty tmkt hanstruhtoantaaj pikhe fetween KL ;822knl ;<<2.



;6<

Hagfonon` tme lktes on tmos wky os tme gast hanservktove wky ac trekton`tmeg knl resuits on ikrèr gkròns tmkn car tme onlovoluki lktes kiane. Kssesson`tmese prafkfoiotoes taètmer, ane hkn lostoi tme ckht tmkt Xtruhture ; wks erehtelon tme ekriy- ta gol-;6tm hentury knl Xtruhture 3 wks erehtel on tme ikte ;<tm hen-tury. \eor reiktoansmops ta atmer struhtures on tmos unot knl tme ogpiohktoans actmese lktes woii fe loshussel on Hmkpter 3.

<.6.=.8 Loshussoan ac lktes crag tme sgkii unots

Mkvon` expressel hkutoan kt trekton` lktes crag smeii, ot os wartm gentoanon`tmkt tme lktes smaw hansostenhy knl onte`roty. Unot =<-8<, 52g ta tme sautmac tme gkon unot os kn krek ac Hmohaol recuse lepasots.Hottkroug pohk skgpiescrag ikyers ; knl 8 lkte ta tme ;8tm knl ;<tm henturoes, respehtoveiy (@rN-8258;,@rN-82588)

\e ekrioest lktes crag tme sote kre crag twaHottkroug pohk skgpies crag tmefattag, ikyer ;2, ac tme hakstki unot =5-8</<<. \ese skgpies (@rN-6??88 knl@rN-8;<;3), tkjen on loerent yekrs, smaw very to`mt knl averikppon` lktes,onlohkton` tme stkrt ac tme Ei Hkfa lkton` sequenhe ta fe sagewmere kraunl tmeekriy- ta gol-0tm hentury KL. Oc we exhiule tme ekriy Ei Fkrroa lktes, tmese kretme ekrioest Ikte Herkgoh lktes car tme reòan. K tmorl lkte an hrkf hikws cragtme skge ievei `kve k guhm ikter, ekriy ;2tm hentury lkte. Vktmer tmkn feon` kloshrepknhy lue ta tme lkton` ac loerent gkterokis, tmos skgpie os prafkfiy cragk ikter cekture, lu` onta ekrioer gollen lepasots. \e hrkf hikws kre kssahoktelwotm tme lepasotoan ac kn upturnel herkgoh vessei kssahoktel wotm k furoki cek-ture. \os onlorehtiy lktes tme furoki ta tme ekriy-;2tm hentury.

Kn ekriy-;8tm hentury lkte crag k furnt past on tme 6Ð<g unot (=5-2<) kisakhharls wotm tme Hmohaol herkgohs caunl (ks weii ks ekrioer styies) on tmos unot.\e ikte lkte smaws tmkt tme Hmohaol mkfotktoan krek wks nat han nel ta tmefelrahj, fut kisa gkle use ac tme sknly lepasots on tme nartmern partoan ac tmesote. \os mks ogpiohktoans car tme spktoki extent ac tme ikte-pmkse sote. \os lktesmaws tmkt tme nartmern pkrt ac tme sote mks nat aniy sage ac tme ekrioest, futkisa sage ac tme iktest lktes.

\e ekrioest lkte crag 05-63-36 os crag kHottkroug pohksmeii crag ikyer ;6,tme leepest (huiturki) ikyer ac tmos unot (@rN-8;<;8). Ot os k sio`mtiy yaunèr0tm hentury lkte tmkn tme twa lktes crag tme leepest ieveis ac tme hakstki unotloshussel kfave. wa gare lktes crag ikyer ? ac tmos unot averikp (@rN-8;<;6knl 8;<;<).

Conkiiy, k nontm hentury lkte crag kHottkroug pohk smeii crag ikyer < ac =5-8; (@rN-82586), averikps wotm tme smeii lkte crag tme gkon unot k cew getresta tme sautm (@rN-6??86).

<.6.? Xgkii unot exhkvktoans

\e kog ac tme sgkii unots, tme gkdaroty 6Ð6g, wks tmreecail4 ta aftkon strkto-`rkpmoh lktk, ta skgpie tme krhmkeaiaòhki regkons, knl ta test car presenhe/kf-senhe ac cektures.?? \os hkn fe seen ks k prahelure fetween haron` knl exhkvkt-on` k ikrè unot, o.e. ot òves tme qukiotktove oncargktoan ac exhkvktoan knl tmespktoki oncargktoan crag haron`.

?? Xeeon` ks cekture lensoty on tme ikrè unot rknèl crag >2.5 ta >6.5 cektures per g¶, unots ac <g¶were leegel succohoentiy ikrè ta reveki tme presenhe ar kfsenhe ac cektures on even kreks ac io`mtcekture lensoty.



;65H E H

On tatki 8; sgkiier unots rknòn` crag ;g¶ ta =g¶ were exhkvktel on kllotoan

ta tme gkon unot ( kfie 8 knl Co`. 8=). Ks leshrofel on Xehtoan <.6.=.8, sgkiierunots were exhkvktel on krfotrkry ikyers ac ;2hg knl tme exhkvktel gkteroki wetshreenel tmrau`m k <gg soeve. Kii krteckhts were seiehtel on tme eil knl òvensepkrkte nl nugfers. \e gkdaroty ac tme unots were 6Ð6g. Ane squkre onekhm 6Ð6g unot wks ènerkiiy leso`nktel k skgpie squkre knl kii krteckhts knlehackhts were haiiehtel on tme eil (iotmohs, fane, harki, smeii, herkgohs). Fufatknohki skgpies were kisa tkjen crag sage unots.

a suggkrose tme ènerki pohture crag tmese sgkiier unots, ot os wartm nat-on` tmkt twa hiaseiy spkhel unots on zane 05 on tme nartmwest ac tme sote (05-6knl 88) knl twa kldkhent unots on zane =5 an tme hakst ta tme nartmekst (=5-8<knl <<) were tme gast ontereston` on tergs ac tmeor leep, unlosturfel strkto`rk-pmoes. \ese twa unots mkl guitopie krhmkeaiaòhki ikyers wmohm suppioel sevrkloahkrfan skgpies (Xehtoan <.6.=.8). Gareaver, tmey lktel tme ekrioest ieveis ac

Unot (XP haarls) g Na. ac cektures Herkgoh type _ekrexhkvktel

Xpehoki nls

0<-83-<6 < 2 Renlon` 6220 Hrekg losh-smkpel fekl, eiioptohki Xtragfus penlknt

0<-<6-6= 8 2 Renlon` 6220

0<-<6-6= ; 2 Renlon` 6223 Rkrt ac k harki gohra-troànaiotm

0<-?8-22 < ;6 Renlon` 6220

0<-?3-22 < 5 Renlon` 6220

0<-?=-?< ; 2 Hmohaol 6225

05-63-36 < ; Astoanaol/Hmohaol1 6220 \ufuikr stane fekl,Xtragfus teetm oniky

05-88-3? ; < Astoanaol 6225

05-?6-02 ; 6 Astoanaol 6225

=8-6?-32 < 2 Renlon` 6223 Harki gohra-troànaiotm

=<-2?-22 < ; Renlon` 6223

=<-;0-28 < 6 Renlon` 6223 \wa mkives ac k sknlstane pmkiius-smkpel afdeht/lkàiota

=<-;=-3= < 2 Renlon` 6223

=<-6=-66 < ; Renlon` 6223

=<-88-22 < 6 Renlon` 6223 Xtane ekrpiu`

=<-8<-25 < 2 Renlon` 6223

=<-83-22 < = Renlon` 6223

=<-80-28 < 2 Renlon` 6223

=<-8=-22 < ; Renlon` 6223

=<-8?-2? ; 8 Hmohaol 6225

=<-53-22 < 2 Renlon` 6223

=<-5?-22 < < Hmohaol 6223

=<-5?-52 < 5 Hmohaol 6223

2<-2<-=5 = ;< Astoanaol/Hmohaol 6225 Hmohaol faly stkgp

25-20-=5 < 2 Astoanaol 6225

=5-60-22 < 2 losturfel 6225

=5-8;-22 < 0 6223 Onhosel fane ekrpiu`, tmreeXtragfus penlknts wotm cra`-ie`gatoc, feii-smkpel Xtragfus penlknt

=5-8;-2= 3 ;< Astoanaol/Hmohaol 6220

=5-8<-=2 < 0 Astoanaol/Hmohaol 6220 \wa smeii penlknts,Hmkgk skrlk fekl, nkhreaus teetm oniky,tmree harki knl stane gohratroànaiotas,Xtragfus fekl, qukrtzekrpiu`, yaun` cegkie furoki, furnt past

=5-<;-2= < ;< Astoanaol/Hmohaol 6220 Roehe ac stane haiikr,Xtragfus jey klarngent

=5-<<-22 ; 8 Astoanaol/Hmohaol 6225 Fakt-smkpel vessei, loarote fekl

\A\KI ;;; ;;2

\kfie 8. Avervoew ac Ei Hkfasgkiier unots, soze, nugfer ac cektures, herkgoh hagpanents,spehoki nls.



;63

tme sote knl pravolel tme fuij ac tme ekriy knl ikte Astoanaol herkgoh gkteroki.\ese herkgohs mkve feen hmkrkhterozel fy Xt. Dekn (622=k, 622=f) ks pikon, sog-

piy-smkpel cunhtoanki vesseis wotm sage vkroktoan on iop carg knl very ahhksoankileharktove eiegents suhm ksklarnas knl stropel fikhj-knl-`rey fknls ac pkont.Gast ac tme atmer unots mkl guhm smkiiawer, unloerentoktel ar losturfel strkto-`rkpmoes. O woii feòn wotm k leshroptoan ac tmese twa unots rst ta òve hantext tatme sote knl tmerekcter suggkrose tme strkto`rkpmy knl cektures on tme rest ac tmeunots `raupon` tmeg per zane. Ot smauil fe natel tmkt aniy preiogonkry resuitskre kvkoikfie crag tme knkiysos ac tme gkteroki crag tmese unots knl tmerecareletergonktoans ac wmkt os ekriy Astoanaol knl ikte Astoanaol, ks weii ks wmeretmey ahhur goxel wotm Hmohaol kre preiogonkry afservktoans gkle on tme eilknl gky fe revosel on tme cuture.

Coùre 8=. Avervoew ac sgkiiexhkvktel unots (fikhj).Otkiohosel sehtar nugfers onlo-hkte tmase unots wotm krhmkea-iaòhki cektures.

20

60

2<

<<88

8;

8;

<;

5;

36

6=8=

80;0

83 53

8<

88

2?

<6

83

?8

?3

63

?=

6?

?6

8<

56

6? 8? <? 5?

5282 <2

3?

32

3;

58

56 36

2 62 <2

getres



;60H E H

<.6.?.; Unots on zane 05

Unots 05-88-3? knl 05-63-36;22 were lu` on kn krek ac rkosel gollen lepasots ontme nartmwestern peropmery ac tme sote. \os os kn krek ac mekvy iaaton`. \e lryhanlotoans on tmos krek ac tme sote mkve gkle tme saoi very hrugfiy knl mkgpevosofoioty. Xeven ;2hg ikyers were exhkvktel on unot 05-88-3?, wmohm wks tm

onvesto`ktel lawn ta tme felrahj ikyer wotm tme mknl kuèr lue ta tme pawlerynkture ac tme saoi. \e ikrèr soze (6Ð6g) ac 05-63-36, 62 getres ta tme nartm,an tme elè ac k iaater‟s pot, enkfiel exhkvktoan lawn ta felrahj. On fatm unotsseven strkto`rkpmoh ikyers were afservel. On 05-88-3? tme felrahj wks kt k leptmac ;.<2g fsi, on 05-63-36, kt ;.62g fsi.

On fatm unots, krhmkeaiaòhki ikyers 8 ta 3 were hiekriy gollen lepasots wotmiats ac smeii knl furnel stanes. On 05-63-36 (Co`. 8?) kn ksmy hanhentrktoan onkrhmkeaiaòhki ikyer 5 gky mkve feen tme regkons ac k mekrtm. Lostonhtoanstme lry gollen pkhjet were mkrl ta afserve. Ekriy knl ikte gkterokis were ta kikrè extent goxel on tmese unots. \e felrahj kt tme fattag wks mkrl, marozan-tki knl magaènaus (na loppon` ioje on tme gkon unot). Vkloahkrfan skgpieswere tkjen crag krhmkeaiaòhki ikyers 8, < knl 5. KHottkroug pohk smeii cragtme leepest krhmkeaiaòhki ikyer (8) `kve k lkte ac KL 363-3?2 (@rN-8;<;8).;2; K hmkrhaki knl kHottkroug pohk crag tme ikyers (< knl 5) kfave tmos ikyer `kvelktes ac KL 3=<-==0 (@rN-8;<;6, hmkrhaki) knl KL =03-;265 (@rN-8;<;<,smeii).;26 \os hkn fe suggkrozel ks lepasotoan feònnon` mkicwky tmrau`m tme0tm hentury KL, hantonuon` (onterruptel ar sgaatm) tmrau`maut tme =tm, ?tm knl;2 tm henturoes. \e gehmknohki goxon` ac tmos gkteroki mo`mer up, sa tmkt ekrioknl ikter herkgohs ahhur taètmer, kppekrs ta fe k resuit ac goxon` on tme pkstrktmer tmkn ikter, iaater khtovoty.

;22 On tme krek recerrel ta fy us ks tme ’lanjey coeil‗ wmohm os k hahanut `rave, an tme western solac tme trkhj runnon` onta tme voiikè.

;2; wa stknlkrl levoktoans, harrehtel car tme gkrone reservaor ecceht.;26 Ofol .

Coùre 8?. Rra ie (ekst) ac05-63. Ieènl4 (;) felrahj: (6) ne, lry yeiiaw/wmote sknl:(8) ofol . gollen ikyer wotmsage herkgohs knl ckunkiregkons: (<) gollen ikyer,gare mugoh sknly saoi wotm ckunki knl herkgoh regkons,sage hmkrhaki knl ksm: (5)ofol . gollen ikyer wotmkfunlknt regkons, espehokiiysmeii, ksm knl furnt stanes:(3) ofol . gollen ikyer wotmlkrjer sknly saoi knl raats:(0) mugoh saoi wotm herkgohs, ckunki regkons knl veètktoan.Vkloahkrfan skgpies tkjen crag ikyers 8, < knl 5.

;2 hg

;

6 6

8

<

5

3

0

N X



;6=

Ikstiy on zane 05, fut tme rst ta fe exhkvktel, wks unot 05-?6-02;28, pikhelon hiekr rkosel gollen gaunls, next ta tme voiikè shmaai, nekr tme presugeliahus ac ane ac tme twa test-pots exhkvktel fy tme Gusea lei Magfre (Arte`k;?0=k). \os unot wks exhkvktel ta k leptm ac kppraxogkteiy ;22 hg. K frawn-osm-rel herkgoh type wks enhaunterel on kii ikyers, knl wks pkrtohuikriy lense onikyers < knl 5 (<2-32 hg fsi) ks weii ks kfunlknt gkrone ckunki regkons. wapassofie fkson-smkpel cektures, fatm smkiiaw, were enhaunterel fetween ikyers =knl ? (=2-;22 hg fsi).

Rreiogonkry onvesto`ktoan ac tme herkgohs onlohkte tmkt tmos unot hantkonelaniy Astoanaol gkteroki.

<.6.?.6 Unots on zane =5

wa hakstki unots an tme atmer sole on tme nartmekst ac tme sote kisa praluheloncargktove pra ies. K ;Ð;g unot (=5-<<-22);2< gkle on 6225 wks enikrèl on6220 fy pikhon` k 6Ð6g unot, =5-8<, kldkhent ta ot. Fatm unots were exhkvktelta leptms ac kppraxogkteiy ;22 hg. \e saois hantkonel lense gollen gkteroki(e.`., ckunki regkons, hmkrhaki, herkgohs, iotmohs, harki) onterspersel wotm ikyersac stanes knl smeii. ;<H skgpies crag tme fattag ikyer ac fatm unots revekiellktes crag tme 3tm hentury (Xehtoan <.6.8), tme ekrioest lktes crag tme sote. On =5-<<, k hiekr lostonhtoan wks seen on tme herkgoh styies wotm k Hmohaol hagpanenton tme upper ikyers, knl kn ekrioer Astoanaol hagpanent crag <2 ta 52 hg fsi,goxel wotm ikrè kgaunts ac ckunki regkons, lawn ta tme fattag ac tme exhkvk-toans. \e ekrioest ikyer wotm Hmohaol herkgohs, 82 ta <2hg fsi, `kve k ?tm henturylkte (KL 06?-?8=, @rN-8;<;5). Ot seegs tmkt tmese twa hagpanents averikpfetween <2 knl 32 hg fsi. Fy 32hg fsi, pikon rel pattery, tme smerls sgkiier knlgare crk`gentel, os tme aniy type present knl crag 02hg fsi kn krek ac hanhen-trktel ckunki regkons wks enhaunterel, pkrtohuikriy iknl snkoi smeiis. On tmos ikyertme saoi os very lkrj frawn, kigast fikhj. K nekr-hagpiete, fakt-smkpel vesseiwks enhaunterel, onvertel, kt =2-?2 hg fsi, pratrulon` aut ac tme west wkii, ksweii ks k hanhentrktoan ac ckunki regkons onhiulon` hrkf hikws (Co`. <2). \oscekture wks k ikter ontrusoan ks ot lktel ta tme ;2tm hentury.

Unler tmos wks knatmer smkiiaw ikyer ac yeiiaw/frawn sknl knl k passofiecekture ievei (?2-;22 hg fsi). Kitmau`m wmen sehtoanel, tme cektures kppekrelsmkiiaw knl tme felrahj, wmohm wks kisa enhaunterel on tmos ikyer, wks natgalo el.

;28 On tme 6225 repart tmos unot os recerrel ta ks test-pot ;.;2< On tme 6225 repart tmos unot os recerrel ta ks ’test-pot 6‗.

Coùre <2. Fakt-smkpel vesseion western pra ie ac ikyer ? acunot =5-<<-22. \me vessei osonvertel on k gollen ikyer.



;6?H E H

\e reksans car exhkvkton` yet knatmer unot on tme skge spat on 6220 (=5-8<-=2) were ta re-lahugent tme strkto`rkpmy an tme hakst òven aur `rekter jnawi-elè ac tme sote, ta tkje gare rkloahkrfan skgpies knl ta test kn krek wotmmo`m tmergagk`netoh resanknhe crag tme èapmysohs hkgpko`ns. On kllotoanot wauil meip ta resaive wmetmer tme nl ac tme fakt-smkpel vessei on tme wepra ie on ikyer ? ac =5-<< wks kn osaiktel nl ar reiktel ta knatmer cekture. Otturnel aut tmkt tme vessei wks prafkfiy kssahoktel wotm k furoki (C23) on tmos unac k hrauhmel, krtohuiktel, yaun` cegkie.;25

\e furoki pot wks k sufhorhuikr pot exhkvktel on tme fel/fekhmrahj, kfaut=2hg on lokgeter knl 32hg leep. \e farlers ac tme fattag ac tme furoki pot

`kve wky ta yeiiaw sknl. \e fakt-smkpel vessei wks pikhel an tmos fekhmrahjikyer next ta tme `rkve pot, ots iahktoan su`èston` kssahoktoan wotm tme furoki ture. Uncartunkteiy, ots prehose reiktoansmop hknnat fe letergonel seeon` ks tmescektures were exhkvktel on loerent seksans. Nevertmeiess, k tentktove lkton` atme furoki cekture ta tme ;2tm hentury gky fe su`èstel crag tme hrkf regkonscrag tme hantents ac tme vessei (@rN-6??8<). On kllotoan ta tmos cekture, tmreatmer cektures were exhkvktel on tme unot (C28, 2<, 25). C28 kppekrel ta fe kn orreùikr pot wotm gollen ii, C2< sgkiier wotm k iat ac hmkrhaki (furnt past1) knlC25 k pastmaie wotm pastgail knl hmkrhaki. Rra ie lrkwon`s gkle ac tme westpra ie, khharl weii wotm pra ie lrkwon`s ac tme ekst knl nartm pra ies gkle on=5-<<-22.

a suggkrose, tme pra ie on Co`. <; hansosts ac twa hiekr gollen pkhjets cuiiac ckunki regkons, herkgohs, hmkrhaki knl ksm, sepkrktel fy k ikyer ac ne, kigassteroie sknl kfaut ;2-;5hg tmohj. \ese ikyers kre lepasotel an tap ac kn unevenfekhmrahj/felrahj gktrox onta wmohm cektures mkve feen hut. \e gollen pkhj-et feiaw ’steroie‗ krhmkeaiaòhki ikyer 0 os kii ekriy. Kfave tmos, goxel Hmohaknl Astoanaol lepasots ahhur. K`kon tmos patentokiiy onlohktes ekrtm gavegenton kntoquoty, on tme ikter Hmohaol ahhupktoan pmkse.

Kn ogpartknt unot on tme nartmern hentrki pkrt ac tme sote wks =5-2<-2< (Co<6). \os wks exhkvktel ks k 6Ð<g unot kcter kn kuèr test revekiel kn ksmy ikyerwotm hmkrhaki kt k leptm ac 02 hg fsi. \e cekture ikyer fehkge vosofie ks stkonsar lkrjer kreks on k yeiiawosm hkihkreaus fekhmrahj kppraxogkteiy 82 hg fsi.

;25 Rers hagg. Lr Vkpmkêi Rknmuysen.

Coùre <;. Pestern pra ie ac=5-8<. Ieènl4 (;) felrahj:(6k) steroie, ne hkihkreaussknl wotm ikrèr `rknuikronhiusoans: (6f)ofol ., garefrawnosm: (8) sknl wotm ar- `knoh hagpanent, sage hmkr-haki: (<)ofol ., hakrse gollenlepasot, iknl knl gkrone smeii,iknl hrkf, herkgohs, hmkrhaki,hakrse onhiusoans: (5)ofol ., ne gollen lepasot: (3) ofol .,gollie ta ne gollen lepasot,kfunlknt iknl hrkf: (0) yei-iawosm, ne ta very ne sknl,iess gkteroki, ’steroie‗: (=k)kt fa ag hakrse knl lensegollen lepasot, wotm iky-erel pkthmes ac hmkrhaki: (=f)

ofol ., fut iess lense: (?) ks =fut gare goxel: (;2) mugohtapsaoi.

;2 hg

;

6k

6f

8

<5

3

0

=k=f

?

;2

Cekture

Xteroie sknl hantonues

1

X

N



;82

Kfave tmos wks k pkhjet ac lkrj frawn hikyey saoi, wotm cew krteckhts. \e sego-hegentel ta mkrl, (reiktoveiy) tmon, hkihkreaus mkrlpkn gky mkve feen cargelon rehent toges, knl wks onterpretel fy Arte`k (;?0=k) ks k mause staar. Pmkt kt

rst kppekrel ks orreùikr cektures, presentel tmegseives ks mo`miy reùikr, horhu-

ikr cektures aniy k cew hentogetres fenektm tme mkrlpkn surckhe. Kii tme cektures mkl very smkrp, reùikr faunlkroes knl raunlel fattags,hansostent wotm tmeor onterpretktoan ks kntmrapaènoh cektures (Co`. <8). \eyhauil nat fe onterpretel ks mkvon` resuitel crag nkturki kènhy. \e ii ac tmecektures exmofotel vkryon` le`rees ac frawn/yeiiaw-haiaurel saoi knl vkryon`prapartoans ac sknl knl hiky. Gkny cektures kppekrel ta mkve feen hut tmrau`mk pkrtiy- ta cuiiy hansaiolktel hegentel ikyer ac fekhm rahj, kitmau`m tmos gkymkve cargel kraunl tme cektures ks hkrfankte rohm wkter perhaiktel tmrau`m tmesknl knl `rkvei wmoist pasts knl pots wereon sotu. Herkgoh smerls, ks weii ks gk-rone ckunk knl sage hmkrhaki were caunl on tme gkdaroty ac tme cektures. \oskrek ac tme sote gerots curtmer onvesto`ktoan, ks tme cekture ikyer os ontkht. \e

krteckht ikyer mks feen iaatel knl losturfel on pkrts, fut tmos os gkoniy han nelta tme rkosel gollen kreks.

Coùre <6. Rmata`rkpm knl pikn lrkwon` ac =5-2<-2<(6Ð<g) smawon` tme lkrj cektures h iekriy vosofie on tmesknly gktrox.

Coùre <8. Exkgpie ac pastmaie cektures on =5-2<. Nate tmevery hiekr cekture faunlkroes.\me cekture an tme ro`mt wks

enhaunterel on tme pra ie wkiiac tme unot.



;86

;< cektures were onterpretel ks pastmaies ac vkryon` sozes. \e herkgoh hiusterswere ikrè smerls, iyon` stkt knl representon sotu vesseis rktmer tmkn goxel gol-len lepasots. \ese kre tme jonls ac cektures we patentokiiy goss wmen exhkvkton`squkres wotm k smavei. \e herkgoh hanhentrktoans were reston` an saoi piktcargsan tap ac tme felrahj.

Unot =5-<;-2= revekiel ;< cektures hut onta tme felrahj. K poehe ac k stanehaiikr kisa hkge crag squkre =, ikyer ;ac tmos unot ‘ k sienler type wotm pradeh-toan knl so`ns ac sehanlkry reuse ks k mkggeron` taai. An onspehtoan ot iaajs ksoc ot os gkle crag tme skge getkgarpmoh `reenosm stane ks tme twa poehes crag6225/6223, kitmau`m ot os ckr gare mekvoiy usel.

\e aniy atmer unots exhkvktel on zane =5 were ta test tme aroòns ac kreks acmo`m tmergagk`netoh resanknhe. wa sgkii unots (;Ð;g) were exhkvktel luron`spron` 6220. \e rst hantkonel k ikrè poehe ac rustel getki on tme rst twa iky-ers. \e sehanl wks cuiiy exhkvktel lawn ta tme felrahj wmere ot wks seen on tmepra ie tmkt k ikrè cekture, tme woltm ac tme unot, hut tmrau`m kii ikyers crag tmetap ta tme fattag. \e ii ac tmos cekture wks iaase knl hantkonel, kgan` k cewpre-Haiugfokn smerls knl ckunki regkons, kisa gkny sgkii poehes ac harraleloran. \ese poehes were tme aroòn ac tme tmergagk`netoh so`nkis. Lauftiess tmecektures feianèl ta tme mkrlwaal iaklon` fky wmohm Feita Soiik tail us wksonleel on tmos iahktoan.

<.6.?.8 Unots on zane =<

K haiiehtoan ac ;6 unots were exhkvktel on zane =< on kn krek ac prelagonkntiyHmohaol gkteroki. Mere tme èagarpmaia`y wks vkrokfie (felrahj ta sknl) futprelagonkntiy smkiiaw (surckhe ta <2hg fsi) knl gast ac tme unots hantkonelpastmaie cektures.;20

\e jkrst gktrox fehkge onhreksonìy hrugfiy tawkrls tme west (=<-6? ta2?), on hantrkst ta tme reiktoveiy saiol fellon` piknes ta tme ekst, up ta tme hakst.On tme zane kldkhent, 0<, tme felrahj wks k`kon mkrl, magaènaus knl smkiiaw.\e èagarpmaia`y os sogoikriy vkrokfie tawkrls tme sautm. Unot =<-80-22 tatme sautm ac tme ikrèr trenhm hansosts ac fekhmrahj feiaw mugoh ikyers. Nkturkihrevohes knl pahjets on tme nkturki gktrox were acten mkrl ta lostonùosm cragkntmrapaènoh cektures, espehokiiy on kreks wmere tme unleriyon` èagarpmai-a`y wks iess hagpkht (Co`. <5). \e sonìe cekture on =<-2?-22 car exkgpie wks

;20 mree ac tmese sgkiier unots (=<-8?-2?, =<-5?-22 knl =<-5?-52) were ikter onharparktel onta tmegkon unot knl woii nat fe loshussel mere.

Coùre <5. Unot =<-6=-66,smawon` tme uneven vkrokfoi-oty ac tme unleriyon` felrahj.Nate aniy ane kntmrapaènoh cekture wks lostonùosmel cragkii tme nkturki hrevohes on tmosunot, hentre tap.



;88H E H

olento kfie on tme pra iewkii ac tme unot, fut naton pikn voew.;2= Cektureswere tmerecare aniy olen-to el ks suhm uson` ro`-araus hroterok (reùikrotyknl resegfiknhe ta atmercektures).

Na cektures wereolento el on unots =<-8<-25, =<-80-28 ar =<-53-22. \e regkononùnots revekiel k nugferac pastmaies cektures,ioje tmase on tme ikrèrexhkvktel krek ( kfie 8). Khhuguiktoans ac la-gestoh recuse were en-haunterel on gkny ac tmeunots onhiulon` =<-8<(caur ikyers), =<-80 (tmree ikyers), =<-;0 (caur ikyers) knl =<-2? (twa ikyers),ks weii ks on =<-5?-22 knl =<-5?-52 (twa ikyers, ikter pkrt ac tme gkon unot).\ese khhuguiktoans lol nat equkte ta gollen gaunls, fut rktmer tass zanesar sweepon` khhuguiktoans an tme peropmery ac iovon`/khtovoty kreks.;2? Xuhm loc-cerentoki spkhon` ac tme cektures onlohktes guitopie mause hiusters khrass tmos ac tme sote. \os woii fe loshussel curtmer on Hmkpter 3 taètmer wotm tme resuac tme surckhe survey.

<.6.?.< Unots on zane 0<Na cektures were enhaunterel on tme twa gast sautmwesteriy sote unots (0<-83knl <6).;;2 \ese unots were pikhel an tme ekstern stknj ac k nkturki eievktelgaunl, tme western stknj ac wmohm cargs tme western iogots ac tme sote on tmkrek. Neotmer were kny cektures enhaunterel on tme ;Ð;g unot 0<-?=-?<, exhk-vktel on 6225. Exhiusoveiy Hmohaol herkgohs were enhaunterel on tme ii ac tmunot. \e twa atmer unots on tmos zane, 0<-?8-22 (Co`. <3) knl 0<-?3-22, han-tkonel ;6 cektures ekhm, hut onta orreùikr felrahj.

<.6.?.5 Unots on zane =8

\e sautmerngast unot =8-6?-32 wks exhkvktel ta k leptm ac kppraxogkteiy<2hg fsi. \e ii wks io`mt knl sknly wotm neìoòfie krhmkeaiaòhki gkteroki knlna cektures. \os os kisa tme paont kt wmohm surckhe gkteroki os na ianèr presenon tme sautm ac tme sote. \os os khheptel ks tme sautmern iogot ac tme sote.

;2= mos unot mks k sogoikr èagarpmaia`y ta tmkt enhaunterel on tme 6Ð<g unot =5-2<-2<. Merecektures were aniy hiekriy vosofie k cew hentogeters feiaw tme ievei ac tme fekhmrahj cargktoan

mos wauil prafkfiy fe tme hkse on =<-2?-22 kisa oc ikrèr unots were apenel.;2? Xagetmon` seen gare woleiy khrass tme sautmern pkrt ac tme sote (Xehtoan 3.3).;;2 Fatm were 6Ð6g unots, 0<-<6-6= feon` onhreksel crag k ;g¶ on 6225 ta k <g¶ unot on 6223.

Coùre <3. Rikn lrkwon` acunot 0<-?8-22.

C2<

C25

C23

C2;

C26

C28

C;2

C20C2=C2?

C;;

C;6

;g



;8<

<.6.;2 Gkon unot exhkvktoan getmalaia`y knl cektures \e gkon unot, kn krek ac ;282g¶ wotm k perogeter ac ;?2g, wks exhkvktel fy

mknl fetween 6225 knl 622=. \e lehosoan ta exhkvkte mere wks fksel an tmelense hiusteron` ac cektures exhkvktel on 6225 knl tme kigast exhiusove presenheac Fahk Hmohk pattery su`èston` tmkt tmos krek feianèl ta tme iktest pmkse acahhupktoan. \e unot ahhupoes tme mo`mest pkrt ac tme rkosel hakstki pragantaryac Ei Hkfa. On tatki sage 6;22 cektures were lahugentel knl usel on rehan-struhtoans. \e qukioty knl vosofoioty ac tme cektures on tme felrahj os unpkrki-ieiel on tme Hkroffekn (Co`. <0).

<.6.;2.; Exhkvktoan getmalaia`y

Exhkvktoan pra`ressel crag tme westerngast sehtar, 6? (Co`. <=), tawkrls tmehakst, knl tmerekcter extenlel nartmwkrls, ks tmos wks wmere tme cektures were

lensest.

Coùre <0. Rikn lrkwon` ac tmeEi Hkfa gkon unot. @rey krekskre krhmkeaiaòhki cektures hut

onta tme felrahj, ievei ;. \mesaiol iones kre cektures - eotmerfelrahj galo hktoan ar kreksac furnon`. \me saiol ionegkrjon` tme ekstern faunl-kry ac tme unot os tme hakstione.\me lksmel ione on tme nartm actme unot os k galern waalen cenhe.

2 5 ;2

getres



;85H E H

\e getmalaia`y egpiayel on exhkvktoan ac tme gkon unot wks kscaiiaws4 ekhm sehtar (;2Ð;2g) wks lovolel onta ;g unots (squkres) knleikstoh strun` fetween tme squkres car recerenhe (Co`. <?).

Exhkvktoan ac tme nl ikyer ènerkiiy taaj pikhe on k hmehjerfakrlcksmoan (o.e. kiternkte squkres), on twa stkès4 Corst k smaveiier regavetme fuij ac tme saoi onta fuhjets knl seeon` tmkt tmere were na loston-ùosmkfie ikyers on tme pkhjet ac saoi kfave tme felrahj on tmos krek, tmwks exhkvktel on ;2hg onhregents (Co`. 52).

Kii gkteroki crag ekhm squkre wks hkrroel ta tme soeves an tme elè actme unot, knl tme soeve resole seiehtel (smeii, stane, fane, harki, herkg-ohs, ks leshrofel on Hmkpter 8), fk`èl knl òven k unoque nl nugfer(Co`. 5;). Hertkon spehoki nls were paont-piattel wotm tme X.

Kcter felrahj mkl feen rekhmel, k traweiier taaj aver tme tksj achieknon` tme squkre, regavon` gast actme saoi crag tme felrahj hrevohes onarler ta reveki patentoki cektures. \etap cew hentogetres ac gkteroki wks re-gavel ta gkje tmese vosofie (Co`. 56).

Anhe tme fuij ac gkteroki mkl feenregavel crag tme squkres, eilwarj-ers ’hieknel‗ tme cekture ievei, tme

Coùre 52. Hmehjerfakrl ex-hkvktoan on pra`ress. Nate tmevkrokfoioty ac tme leptm ac tmetapsaoi/ nl ikyer fetween tmero`mt knl iect mknl pmatas.

Coùre 5;. Xoevon` knl tme se-iehtoan ac gkteroki crag soeve.

Coùre 56. Xystegktoh hiekn-on` ac tme felrahj (iect) knlhieknel expknse ac felrahj(ro`mt), hiekriy revekion` hor-

huikr pastmaie cektures (sagekirekly exhkvktel).

Coùre <?. Xehtar feon` lo-volel wotm eikstoh onta ;Ð;gsqukres.

Coùre <=. Xhmegktoh avervoewac tme Ei Hkfa gkon unot seh-tar nugfers (on fikhj, zanenugfers on wmote).

=< =< =< =< =<

=5 =5 =5 =5

=5 =5

=5

=5 =5



;83

felrahj, systegktohkiiy traweiion` on iones crag tme hakst (o.e. tme lorehtoan actme prevkoion` wonl). \os stkè wks hruhoki ta unhaver kii patentoki cektures ontme felrahj (Co`. 56).

Cektures were exhkvktel per ii wotmaut sehtoanon` (car expiknktoan seeXehtoan <.6 knl Macgkn et ki. 6225), fut wotm kttentoan ta ii hmkrkhterostohsknl hmknès on ii. @oven tme leptm knl nkrrawness ac gast ac tme cektures, tmoswks acten lo huit warj, hansoston` ac ioterkiiy spaanon` aut tme hantents, hag-pkron` ot k`konst k saoi skgpie (ta nate eventuki hmknès), knl mapon` tme fattagwauil fe rekhmel fecare ot àt taa leep (Co`. 58)!;;; Coiis were lry soevel an soteknl fk`èl on tme eil wotmaut curtmer seiehtoan (unioje car ikyer ;). K`kon, ocspattel, lok`nastoh krteckhts were spiot crag tme resolue on tme eil.

Cektures wmohm were nat exhkvktel, o.e. 05%, were prafel car leptm, knltmeor lokgeters reharlel. \os wks lane uson` k surprosonìy eehtove ’pajon`‗getmal, wmerefy k reoncarhon` steei ral wks usel ks k leptm prafe knl pusmelonta tme hentre ac ekhm cekture (Co`. 5<), ks ckr lawn ks tme felrahj ‘ wmohmgkle k lostonhtove saunl on hantkht wotm tme fattag ac tme ral, unioje hantkhtwotm sknl, saoi ar stanes. On tmos wky kii cektures were reharlel car leptm knllokgeter. \ase wotm knagkiaus (o.e. smkiiaw ar vkrokfie) leptms were exhkvktel.

Acten tmey pravel ta mkve k very stany ii, ar fe guitopie cektures.;;6

Exhkvktelcektures were lahugentel an cekture cargs (Co`. 55).

<.6.;2.6 Leshroptoan ac tme conl ikyer

\e nl ikyer on tme gkon unot hansostel ac k tap ikyer ac shruf knl `rkzel ve`-etktoan, wotm mugoh saoi hantkonon` krhmkeaiaòhki regkons unlernektm, cargon`k haveron` ac vkryon` tmohjness an tap ac felrahj (Co`. 53). \os smkiiaw pkhjetos tme krteckht ikyer, iovon` staar knl gkteroki crag tme ikst hk. ;822 yekrs hai-ikpsel onta ;2-62 hg. \e lepasots kfave tme felrahj ènerkiiy cargel k tmonhaveron` wotm na strkto`rkpmohki lostonhtoan. \us, tme gkdaroty ac squkres wereexhkvktel on aniy ane ar twa (;2hg) ikyers, knl sagetoges, wmere tmere wks na

ar neìoòfie gkteroki (o.e. tme ikst twa ar tmree getres kian` tme hakst), nat ktkii. Sery ahhksoankiiy k tmorl ikyer wks nehesskry (o.e. 62-82hg fsi). Xehanl knltmorl ikyers representel lenser sweepon` khhuguiktoans. \os wks, mawever, kiiane krhmkeaiaòhki event ks na sepkrkte krhmkeaiaòhki ikyers were reha`nozel.

Ot os hiekr tmkt lespote tme smkiiaw knl super hoki nkture ac tme krhmkeaiaò-hki lepasots, tme krhmkeaiaòhki regkons kre reiktoveiy ontkht, geknon` tmkt naso`no hknt leteroarktoan ar iknlshkpon` khtovotoes mkve ahhurrel. Car exkgpie,

;;; Iahki hmoilren caunl tmos cun warj knl onventel onènoaus taais crag pikstoh fatties, stohjs knlfots ac stron` tmey caunl an tme fekhm. mese were acten gare eccehtove tmkn tme saup iklies wefrau`mt crag tme Netmeriknls.

;;6 On ènerki, knl wotm tme exheptoan ac sage ac tme ikrèr cektures, tme k`reegent wks àal fe-tween pajel leptms knl exhkvktel leptms. Nkturkiiy exhkvktel leptms kre tme gast reiokfie, knltmos wks usel wmerever passofie.

Coùre 58. Exhkvktoan ac cektures, sagetoge requor-on` unhagcartkfie exhkvkton` pasotoans!

Coùre 5<. ’Rajon`‗ cekturesta tkje leptm.



;80H E H

on kreks reiktel ta tme iktest pmkse ac mkfotktoan on tme unot, ikrè smerls cratme skge vesseis ahhurrel taètmer on tme skge ar kldkhent squkres. Eisewmere otme unot, hertkon krteckhts staal aut crag tme ènerki khhuguiktoans ac sweepon`regkons knl were kssahoktel wotm pkrtohuikr struhtures wmoie hmkrhaki knl furstanes were caunl kssahoktel wotm furnt cektures. Vesuits presentel on Hmkpter 3crag tme krteckht lostrofutoans eikfarkte an tmos knl smaw tmkt spktoki oncargktoan crag ikyer ; os representktove ac onloènaus khtovotoes.

<.6.;2.8 \me cekture ievei

Cektures kssahoktel wotm prelagonkntiy Hmohaol herkgohs were rst enhauntereon tme ;Ð;g unot =<-8?-2?. \os krek wks sufsequentiy hmasen ta enikrè on ar-ler ta pursue staarpikns (Co`. 50).

Cektures mere were mewn lorehtiy onta tme felrahj. \e felrahj on tme gkonunot hansosts ac stkhjel iogestane fellon` loppon` ta tme sautmwest. \e jkrstgktrox os nat magaèneaus knl fehages onhreksonìy iaase knl iess hagpkhttawkrls tme west (nkgeiy on =<-6?), on hantrkst ta tme reiktoveiy saiol fellon`piknes on tme rest ac tme unot ta tme hakst knl nartm. Nawmere an tme sote os tmk ikrè expknse ac magaèneoty, ks hkn fe seen crag tme èagarpmaiaòhki vkro-kfoioty evolenhel on tme sgkiier unots. Kisa wotmon tme ’tau`mer‗ iogestane on tgkon unot, tmere were loeron` le`rees ac mkrlness. Kitmau`m nat sufdehtel takny mkrlness tests, k àal onlohktoan hkn fe òven fy tme ckht tmkt on sage pikheon tme gkon unot ot wks ogpassofie ta mkgger kn oran nkoi onta tme felrahj(usel ta kttkhm cekture nugfers ta tme cektures), knl sagetoges k lroii mkl ta feusel ta pasotoan tme oran refkrs ta gkrj tme unot faunlkroes, espehokiiy tawkrlstme hakst. \os kttrkhtel rktmer tmkn leterrel tme ekrioer onmkfotknts, maweverks cektures were gkle on sufstrktes ac loeron` hansostenhoes wotm na kppkrenckvauron` ac sacter kreks. On ènerki, ane hkn see kn expiohot hmaohe ta settie iogestane ac tme ikàan lepasots (ks appasel ta tme mkrler harki iogestane ta tme

Coùre 55. Lahugentonèxhkvktel cektures an cekture cargs, knl letkoi ac cekturehiuster.

Coùre 53. Xhmegktoh pra ieac k ’typohki‗ squkre on tme

gkon unot smawon`4 (;) ioge-stane felrahj, loppon` hk. <5´west: (6) lkrj frawn mugoh,sknly ikyer ac vkryon` leptms(;-82hg fsi) wotm vkryon`lensotoes ac ckunki, herkgohknl iotmoh regkons: tmere osna strkto`rkpmoh lostonhtoanon tmos ii, o.e. ots lepasotoanos kii reiktel ta ane (huguik-tove, aver toge) event: (8) kr-hmkeaiaòhki cektures hut ontatme felrahj (nate4 ii ac tme

cektures os lepenlent an tmekfknlangent prahess).

;2 hg

;

6 smeiiherkgoh

8

8

P

E



;8=

sautm), wmohm kre spktokiiy han nel ta tme Ei Hkfa pragantary. \os os kisa tmehkse on Hkietøn Fiknha knl Runtk Gkhka wmere sogoikr iogestane lepasots werehmasen car settiegent, knl wmere pastmaies were gkle onta tme felrahj.

Xote cargktoan prahesses acten afioterkte sgkiier cektures, ar tmey gky aniyfe rehaverkfie unler exheiient hanlotoans ac preservktoan. On tme felrahj ac EiHkfa, mawever, even sio`mt galo hktoan ac tme felrahj iekves hiekr ogpressoan-sknl cektures iess tmkn 5hg on lokgeter kre nevertmeiess ungostkjkfie. \e un-evenness ac tme felrahj surckhe, feiaw tme tapsaoi, gkle car k very mo`m ikfaur/toge ontensove exhkvktoan. \os wks gare tmkn hagpensktel fy tme pergknentknl ungostkjkfie kntmrapaènoh nkture ac tme cektures.

On 6225, kii cektures on tme gkon unot were cuiiy exhkvktel, lrkwn knl pma-ta`rkpmel. \os wks kn ogpartknt prahess ta fehage khqukontel wotm tme hmkr-khterostohs ac tme cektures on tme sote, ta fe kfie ta lostonùosm kntmrapaènohkhtoans crag nkturki saiutoan pahjets knl lepressoans, knl ta unlerstknl tmerknè ac vkrokfoioty on pmysohki kppekrknhe, hanstruhtoan, type knl ii.;;8 \os`kve us k ikrè skgpie crag wmohm ta gkje lehosoans kfaut cuture seiehtoans carexhkvktoan.

Aver tme next seksans, loerent skgpion` strkteòes car seiehton` cektures carexhkvktoan were usel. Mawever, ks gare surckhe krek wks unhaverel, kssahoktoansfetween cektures fehkge vosofie knl struhtures were reha`nosel fatm on tme eil

;;8 Gkny questoans were pasel fy aurseives knl vosotars ta tme sote aver tme yekrs ks ta tme aroòn actme cektures on tme felrahj, knl espehokiiy wmetmer tmey were kntmrapaènoh, o.e. mugkn-gkle,ar nat. me erasove khtoan ac wkter on k jkrst envorangent praluhes equkiiy reùikr maies knlsmkcts on felrahj (see Xehtoan 8.8 an èaia`y). aaigkrjs knl atmer gknuckhturon` evolenhe ksweii ks tmeor onharparktoan ks struhturki eiegents onta fuoit mauses ac haurse pravole tme uitogktekrùgents k`konst tmos. @rawon` ckgoiokroty wotm tme cektures iel us ta loshkrl severki ’nkturki‗cektures on ikter yekrs. Mawever, use ac nkturki maies knl lepressoans ta suppart pasts os kisawotnessel on tme unot, knl tmerecare gkny ac tmese ’nkturki‗ maies were ikter reonstktel wmentmere wks k cunhtoanki reksan ta la sa.

Coùre 50. Unot =<-8?-2?,wmere pastmaie cektures hutonta tme felrahj were rstenhaunterel.



;8?H E H

knl tmrau`m lesj knkiysos. Pe were tmen kfie ta exhkvkte k seiehtoanac cektures per struhture knl skgpie per struhture car tme patentokipresenhe ac hmkrhaki car lkton`.;;<

Menhe, kn osaiktel struhture knl reiktoveiy iaw cekture lensoty on=<-5? iel us ta hantonue exhkvkton` ro`mt ta tme elè ac tme hio onkn eart ta unlerstknl tme reiktoansmop fetween tme horhuikr struh-tures knl tme gare ionekr han ùrktoans ac cektures vosofie an tmeexpasel rahj ac tme hio elè. Kn ’egpty‗ strop ac kfaut twa tatmree getres sepkrktel tme cektures ac tme horhuikr struhtures cragcektures kian` tme elè ac tme hio (Co`. 5=). On guhm ac tmos krekgkteroki wks nat haiiehtel ks tme felrahj wks eotmer expasel ar hav-erel fy unstkfie keaiokn sknl.

On 622=, we taaj klvkntkè ac tmos sotuktoan, knl hieknel tmefelrahj on tme kirekly expasel krek an tme mo`mest pkrt ac tme prag-antary on arler ta expase gare cektures knl tme rest ac k struhtureunhaverel on 6220. oge hansugon` soevon` wks nat requorel kstmere wks na ontkht nl ikyer.

<.6.;2.< Getroh knl pmysohki prapertoes ac tme cektures

Kigast 65% (hk. <?5 cektures) were cuiiy exhkvktel on tme gkonunot. Mawever, getroh oncargktoan wks reharlel car kii ac tme cektures. Cekturesvkroel on leptm crag 6 ta ;;3hg, knl on lokgeter crag < ta 06hg. K tatki ac??% ac kii cektures kre onterpretel ks pastmaies: ne`ktove cektures, leeper tmkntmey kre wole, gkle car sonjon` waalen pasts onta. K cew pastmaies stoii han-tkonel tme regkons ac furnt pasts knl on sage pastmaies, pastgails (stkons iecton tme sehtoan ac tme pastmaie onlohkton` tme carger presenhe ac k past) were vofie. \e regkonon` cektures kre k sgkii nugfer (n73) ac pots, twa lepasotoans acmugkn regkons, twa furnt pkthmes, severki nkturki lepressoans (wmohm gky mkvfeen usel ta suppart pasts), knl k nugfer ac cektures wmohm we were unkfieta pasotoveiy olentocy ks kntmrapaènoh, fut wmohm gky mkve suppartel pastCektures were onterpretel ks pastmaies an tme fksos ac getroh knl garpmaiaòhhansolerktoans4 tme reùikroty ac tmeor pikns kt paont ac entry onta tme felrahjtme reùikroty ac tme onner wkiis, hrass-sehtoan knl tme reùikroty ac tme lokgeteleptm rktoa (Co`. 36). Ikter an on tme exhkvktoan prahess, ks gare squkre getreswere ikol fkre, cunhtoanki knl spktoki hansolerktoans fehkge k gare afvoausckhtar on onterpretktoan4 gast cektures were onharparktel ks struhturki eiegents,pastmaies, on fuoit struhtures (see Hmkpter 5).

Ks hkn fe seen crag Co`. 32, ?2% ac kii pastmaies kre equki ta ar iess tmkn5<hg leep. Aver 52% kre fetween ;2 knl 65hg leep. \e tkoi ac tme mosta`rkg

hantkons k so`no hknt nugfer ac pastmaies (aver 622) mawever tmkt kre leepertmkn 55hg. Leptms nkturkiiy frekj onta hiksses 6-?hg, ;2-65hg, 63-<6hg, knl<8-;;3hg leep.

;;< On 6223 ot wks leholel ta exhkvkte tme ikst raw (raw ?2) on ekhm sehtar, o.e. k ;2% skgpie. Kllotoankiiy, cektures car exhkvktoan were seiehtel an tme fksos ac soze (> 82hg lokgeter, kssug-on` tme ikrèst pastmaies wauil mkve feianèl ta tme gkon iakl-fekron` pasts, knl tme reiktoan-smops fetween tmese gkon pasts ogpartknt car lostonùosmon` fetween struhtures), knagkiaushmkrkhterostohs knl orreùikroty on pikn voew. On 6220 we were kfie ta reha`noze guitopie horhustruhtures on tme coeil knl ta onvesto`kte tmeor hancoùrktoans, fatm onternki knl externki.

Coùre 5=. \me faunlkryfetween pastmaies reiktel tahorhuikr struhtures (fy sektel ùre), caiiawel fy k cekture- cree strop (fy stknlon` `raup),knl feyanl tmeg, an tme hakst,k cew (nat vosofie) cektures.



;<2

\e lostrofutoan hurve os even to`mter car pastmaie lokgeters (Co`. 3;). Nonetyperhent ac kii pastmaies kre equki ta ar iess tmkn 65hg on lokgeter. Aver 52% krefetween ;2 knl ;3hg on lokgeter. \os gekns tmkt tme gkdaroty ac pastmaies krereiktoveiy siog paies. Lokgeter hiksses nkturkiiy frekj onta kre <-?hg, ;2-;3hg,;0-88hg knl 8<-3?hg on woltm.

Crag tme lostrofutoan ac knl harreiktoans fetween tme leptms knl lokgetersac tme cektures, we hkn hmkrkhterose tme averwmeigon` gkdaroty ac cektures kssiog, smkiiaw pastmaies. \e ckht tmkt tme logensoans kre reiktoveiy sgkii mksguhm ta la wotm tme vosofoioty ac tme cektures on tme felrahj gktrox, fut ot oskisa kn khhurkte representktoan ac reki fuoilon` prkhtohes knl prapartoans ac tmefuoilon` gkteroki seiehtel. \os iktter os k ’reki‗ hkteàry ac pastmaies wmohm har-respanls ta k speho h cunhtoan. \os cunhtoan harrespanls ta tme gast haggan

Coùre 5?. Avervoew ac gkonunot exhkvktoan on 6223 (natetme iaaser hansostenhy ac tmefelrahj on tme nekr pohture).Pmote afdehts kre cekture ikfeis xel ta tme felrahj.

Coùre 32. (iect) Mosta`rkgsmawon` tme crequenhy ac past-maie leptms on 8hg ontervkis.

Coùre 3;. (ro`mt) Mosta`rkgsmawon` tme crequenhy ac pastmaie lokgeters on 6hgontervkis.

Leptm ac pastmaie cektures (hg)

;62;22=232<2622

C r e q u e n h y

652

622

;52

;22

52

2

Gekn 763.0<Xtl. Lev. 7 ;=.;<;

N 76,20;

Nargki

Lokgeter ac pastmaie cektures (hg)3252<28262;22

C r e q u e n h y

<22

822

622

;22

2

Gekn 7;3.;8Xtl. Lev. 70.6;0

N 76,2?0

Nargki



;<;H E H

logensoans car hanstruhtoan togfers. \e pasts ac tme autsole wkiis ac horhuikrstruhtures t onta pastmaies fetween ;6-;<hg on lokgeter (63% ac kii past-maies). Coùre 38 onlohktes tmkt kitmau`m past lokgeters were reiktoveiy stknlkrozel (khharlon` ta cunhtoan, see Hmkpter 5) tme leptms vkry wotmon tmese hkteroes. Gast kre fetween ;5-62hg on leptm, fut rknè crag < ta <0hg.

Oc ane laes tme skge wotm lokgeter crequenhoes car pastmaie leptms fetween;2-65hg (52% ac kii pastmaies, o.e. kikrèr hikss tmkn car tme lokgeters, 63%),tmen ane sees tmkt tmere os guhm iess vkroktoan, knl tmkt tme stknlkrl levoktocrag tme gekn os sgkiier tmkn car tme lokgeter crequenhoes car k sgkiier hikss(Co`. 3<).

\os su`èsts frknhmes ar togfers ac k stknlkrlozel tmohjness (hk. ;2hg) wereprecerrel, knl tme pastmaies were exehutel ta khhaggalkte tmeg. Kitmau`mleptms kre stranìy harreiktel ta lokgeter, tme ikrèr stknlkrl levoktoan su`èstseotmer tme leptm wks iess hruhoki (fehkuse tme felrahj pravolel kgpie suppartkcter k hertkon hrotohki leptm1), ar, ks we smkii see on tme next hmkpter, fehkleptm harreiktes nat aniy ta lokgeter, fut kisa wotm knatmer ckhtar4 tme pasotoan

ac k past wotmon k struhture. kjen kitaètm-er, mawever, tme kverkè rktoa ac lokgeter taleptm os ;4;.3.

Unioje @ailen Vahj, wmere 32hg mkl tafe kllel ta tme meo`mt ac tme exhkvktoan ieveita hagpenskte car leteroarktoan ac tme aroònkiiovon` staar (Xhmonjei ;??64;<5), on Ei Hkfa

we hkn fe han lent tmkt tme cekture exhkvk-toan ievei, ievei ;, os kisa tme aroònki iovon`staar ievei knl tmkt fy knl ikrè exhkvktel cek-ture leptms kre reki leptms.;;5

Fkse smkpes ac tme pastmaies tenl ta feraunl ta hane-smkpel, wotm ikrèr cekturesmkvon` èntier, stktter fattags knl sgkiieranes, gare smkrp tergonktoans (Co`. 35). Fkse-smkpe mawever wks nat hansolerel pkrtohuikr-iy lok`nastoh, ks tme lostonhtoans fetween tme

;;5 On @ailen Vahj, 32% ac tme pastmaie cektures were fetween ;-63hg feiaw exhkvktoan ievei. Onkhtuki ckht tmos gekns tme cektures were rehanstruhtel ks feon` 3;-=3hg leep.

Coùre 36. (iect) Xhk er piatac tme reiktoansmop fetweenleptms knl lokgeters ac kii cektures on gkon unot. \me ion-ekr re`ressoan ione suggkrosestme reiktoansmop fetween leptmknl lokgeter.

Coùre 38. (ro`mt) Mosta`rkgsmawon` leptm crequenhoes car pastmaies fetween ;6-;<hg onlokgeter.

Coùre 3<. Mosta`rkg smaw-on` lokgeter crequenhoes car pastmaies fetween ;2-65hg onleptm.

Lokgeter (hg)=232<2622

L e p

t m ( h g

)

;62

;22

=2

32

<2

62

2

Cot ione car \atkiunjnawnRotRastmaieNkturkiFuroki

Cekture types

Lokgeter (hg)

52<28262;22

C r e q u e n h

y

622

;52

;22

52

2

Gekn 7;8.<Xtl. Lev. 7 <.85=

N 7;,2?0



;<6

smkpes were nat smkrp, knl gkny pastmaies smkrel sogoikr cargs, presenton`tmegseives ks reùikr hyionlers. \e faloes ac gkny ac tme ikrèr pastmaies foi-iawel ar stkrel mkicwky lawn tmeor ien`tms, sa tmkt tmeor taps knl fattags weresio`mtiy nkrrawer.

\e hantrai knl sjoii exerhosel on gknuckhturon` tme cektures hkn fe seen

crag k nugfer ac tmeor hmkrkhterostohs. Corstiy, tmey kre kii exehutel wotm k mo`mle`ree ac reùikroty. \os os re`krliess ac tme mkrlness ac tme gktrox onta wmohmtmey were lu`. Xehanliy, tme taai gkrjs vosofie an tme onsole wkiis ac gkny actme cektures smaw tmkt tmey were gkle wotm hantraiiel knl sustkonel gave-gents. aai gkrjs, oc vosofie, kppekrel ks vertohki hmoseiion` an tme wkiis knlelès ac tme maies (ioje onvertel, stutel Laroh haiugns), fut sagetoges k pehjeltehmnoque wks usel. \os wks afservkfie an fatm ikrè knl very sgkii cektures(Co`. 33). Xage ac tme vertohki hmoseiion` runs on pkrkiiei iones crag tme tap tatme fattag ac sagetoges very leep cektures wotm na vosofie frekj. \os òves tmeogpressoan tmkt tmey were skwn. \orliy, tmere os evolenhe car very cew gostkjeson tme ne`ktove krhmotehture ac tme mkfotktoan krek ‘ suhm tmon`s ks taai sioppkès,onharreht pikhegent ac tme maie, eth. kre mkrliy ever afservel. Pmen cektureswere pikhel hiase ta ekhm atmer, tme tmon wkiis fetween tmeg were preservel kiitme ien`tm ac tme cekture, k`kon evolenhon` jnawielè ac maw ta warj tme fel-rahj knl oc tme pasts were na ianèr tmere, jnawielè ac tme pasotoan ac cargerpasts. On ènerki, pasts wauil mkve ttel snuìy onta tmese maies wotm gonogkiraag car ikterki gavegent. \e reiktove kfsenhe ac pkhjon` stanes on kii fut tmeikrèr pastmaies seegs ta suppart tmos (kitmau`m see feiaw an tme evolenhe cragfurnt pasts).

Eisewmere on tme Hkroffekn (@ailen Vahj knl utu), maister-cargel past-maies were lu` aut ta ekse gknaeuvron` ac pasts onta tme maies. Mere, tme on-mkfotknts ac Ei Hkfa precerrel ta gkje tme gast ac tme nkturki, saiol knl stran`prapertoes ac tme felrahj, knl gkje tme pastmaies ks hanstrohtel ks passofie tafene t crag tme nkturki suppartove prapertoes ac tme felrahj. \e nktove tehm-naia`y kppekrs ta fe io`mt crkgel wotm àal caunlktoans.

Ks kirekly natel, on gkny hkses tme sgkiier knl ikrèr pastmaies mkve evo-lenhe ac taai gkrjs. \e gast afvoaus ac tmese hkn fe afservel ks hiaseiy spkhelvertohki ta lokànki `raaves lawn tme ien`tm ac tme cekture‟s wkii. Iotmoh knlharki taais kppraxogkton` tme soze knl smkpe ac tme `raaves were rehaverel cragk nugfer ac tme test-pots, kitmau`m ot regkons spehuiktove wmetmer suhm ogpie-gents were usel ta gknuckhture pastmaies. K rau`mer nosm on sage ac tmecektures gky resuit crag mknl-pehjon` rktmer tmkn crag k pohj-knl-hak (lo`-òn` stohj) tehmnoque, kitmau`m tme rau`mness hauil equkiiy resuit crag erasoveprahesses. Experogentki tests wauil smel io`mt an maw tme pastmaies gky mkve

feen praluhel.

Coùre 35. Roe-hmkrt smawon`tme reiktove crequenhoes ac fksesmkpes ac pastmaie cektures.

XqukreOrreùikrC ikt-fattagelHane-smkpelV aunlUnexhkvktel



;<8H E H

Ot os hiekr tmkt tme onloènaus papuiktoan lol nat tkje khhaunt ac tme dk`èlgohra-tapa`rkpmy ac tme felrahj wmen leholon` wmere ta pikhe pastmaies, futwarjel ta k pre-le nel olek kfaut tme lesorel struhture. \os hkn fe seen crag

tme ckht tmkt cektures ahhur fetween fels, an pekjs, on trau`ms knl sage ac tmesgkiier cektures hansost ac taaigkrjs an tme sole ac k fel wmere tme iogestane mksfeen galo el, fut nat lu` onta untoi k maie wks gkle on tme iogestane praper(Co`. 30).

Gare acten tmkn nat, tme kfsenhe ac sgkiier cektures on hiekr han ùrktoanswmere tmey wauil fe expehtel haonholes wotm nkturki hrevohes knl hmknnei-ioorreùikrotoes on tme felrahj, espehokiiy tawkrls tme hakst. On tergs ac spktoklostrofutoan, tme pastmaie cektures ahhur sonìy, on pkors, knl on hiusters ac tmree.\ese kre ènerkiiy reiktel ta sepkrkte fuoilon` events rktmer tmkn khton` ks sup-part pasts, wmohm ac haurse kre nat nehesskry on felrahj caunlktoans.

On hkses ac guitopie averikppon` cektures ot os lo huit ta estkfiosm wmohm ture wks hut rst ar, onleel, wmetmer tmey were hantegparkry. On gast hkses tmepastmaies mkve feen lu` vertohkiiy onta tme felrahj. Kigast 65% ac tme cekturesexhkvktel (n7;68), mawever, were siknton`, geknon` tmkt tmey were lu` kt knknìe sa tmkt tme pasts tmey suppartel wauil nat mkve staal vertohkiiy upro`mt(Co`. 3?).

<.6.;2.5 Cekture coiis

Gast cektures hantkonel ane ii, fut sage ac tme ikrèr cektures hantkonel gare.\e loerenhes on ii kre lue ta fatm huiturki knl nkturki prahesses. \e gasthagganiy ahhurron` loerenhe natel on cekture iis wks k `rkluki onhrekse onsknl hantent knl lehrekse ac mugoh hantent on tme fattag pkrt ac tme cekture.\os os nat equktel ta loerent ii events, fut ta pelaiaòhki ckhtars. \e han-tents ac tme iis were kisa lepenlent an kfknlangent prahesses, o.e. wmetmerpasts mkl feen regavel, ar iecton sotu an mause kfknlangent. Cove past stugpswere rehaverelon sotu on 6?-C;0=, C6<? knl C6?8, knl =5-52-C;53 knl C;?8(Co`s. 02-0<). \ese were tme regkons ac furnt pasts iect on pikhe wmen tme struh-ture wks furnt lawn.;;3 \e rst tmree (Co`s. 02-06) kre onterpretel ks feian`-on` ta tme skge struhture knl mkve hansostent rkloahkrfan lktes (Xehtoan <.6.=:@rN-6?285, 8258<, 82585). \e iktter twa sogoikriy feian` ta knatmer struh-ture wotm hansostent rkloahkrfan lktes (@rN-8;<;0 knl @rN-8;<;=).

;;3 On tmese hkses tme pasts were cuiiy furnt, knl reiktel ta kfknlangent, nat dust hmkrrel ks on tmehkse ac sage ac tme pasts rehaverel crag tme utu sote wmere past enls were hmkrrel an hanstruh-toan ac tme mause ta stren`tmen knl prateht tme waal (Vo`mter 6226k482;-828).

Coùre 33. K seiehtoan ac pastmaie cektures wotm vosofietaaigkrjs an tmeor onteroarwkiis. \mos os vosofie an ikrè(ro`mt knl iect) knl sgkii (hen-tre) cektures kioje. \me tmree

cektures an tme iec t evolenhehmoseiion`-type gkrjs, wmerekstmkt an tme ro`mt kppekrs gare pehjel.

Coùre 30. Mere tme pastmaie(=<-6?-C6;) ckiis fetween twafellon` piknes, menhe tme ekst-ern wkii os galo el kt k mo`mer pasotoan tmkn tme western wkii.\me gkxogug leptm (o.e. antme ekstern wkii) wks reharlel car ki i cekutures.

Coùre 3=. Rastmaie cektures(=<-5?-C?3/?3) ontersehtonèkhm atmer. Xuhm ’laufie‗ pastmaies kre quote haggan.\me sgkiier os nat k supparteiegent mawever, ks ènerkiiy,

tme twa cektures feian` ta loccerent struhtures.

x

x

x

x

x

x

P

E

;2hg

E

P

;2hg



;<<

\e pasts on Coùres 02-06 smawel k pkttern ac hagfustoan hansostent wotmfurnon` kt mo`m tegperktureon sotu. On kii tmree hkses, tme gollie ac tme trunjwks furnt kwky, iekvon` twa autsole sehtoans ac hmkrrel hmkrhaki. \os os lue tatme ckht tmkt tme gare axolozel onsole mkl furnel kwky hagpieteiy, unioje tmeautsole wmohm wks pkhjel fy saoi knl tmerecare nat axyènktel (pers. hagg.Genna I. R. Maaìknl).

\e pastmaies ac tmese tmree cektures kre ikrèr on lokgeter tmkn tme paststmey hantkon, knl tme spkhes kraunl tme pasts were pkhjel wotm stanes. \emaies kre <3-52hg on lokgeter, tme pasts tmegseives kre 62-63hg on lokgeter.Gareaver, tme pasts lol nat rekhm tme fattag ac tme pots. \os os on hantrkst tatme afservktoans gkle kfave, tmkt pasts wauil mkve ttel tme pastmaies quote

Coùre 06. Xehtoan lrkwon`knl pikn pmata ac furnt past6?-C6<?. Ieènl4 (;) hmkr-haki: (6) frawn/`rey sknl:(8) frawn iaase, magaènaussknly saoi: (<) `rey, stanysknl: (5) `reyer, gkny ikrèrstanes: (3) iaase felrahj.

x

x

xx

x

x

x

x

E P

;2hg

Coùre 3?. Exkgpie ac ksiknton` cekture, =<-6?-C20. Hrasses onlohkte vosofietaaigkrjs.

Coùre 02. Xehtoan lrkwon`knl pikn pmata ac furnt past=<-6?-C6?8 (nate4 ii kfavefurnt past regkons nat seh-toanel). Ieènl4 (;) hmkrhaki:(6) ksmy past stkon: (8) lkrjmeteraèneaus ii: (<) io`mt,meteraèneaus, stany ii: (5) yeiiaw/frawn ii: (3) yeiiawsknl knl iaase felrahj, nktu-rki strktug.

Coùre 0;. Xehtoan lrkwon`knl pikn pmata ac furnt past6?-C;0=. Ieènl4 (;) hmkrhaki:(6) frawn/`rey sknly met -eraèneaus ii: (8) ksmy sknlknl hmkrhaki: (<) hansaiolktelsknl, sage hmkrhaki: (5) frawnsknl: (3) iaase felrahj.



;<5H E H

snuìy. \ese pastmaies, on sehtar 6?, were gkle gare rau`miy tmkn tmase on tmeeksteriy sehtars, permkps reiktel ta tme ckht tmkt tme felrahj on tme western mkac sehtar 6? os ac k gare hrugfiy hansostenhy tmkn curtmer ekst. Mawever, fkselan evolenhe crag eisewmere on tme unot, ot wauil kppekr tmkt kt iekst sage ac tmikrèr pastmaies were gkle fo`èr tmkn tme pasts car wmohm tmey were lestonel.

\os gky kisa mkve feen tme hkse wotm twa gare kldkhent pasts (onterpretel kstme entrknhe pasts ac k struhture) on sehtar =5-52, wmohm kisa hantkonel regkoac furnt past stugps on tmeor ii. \e fknls ac hmkrhaki vosofie on tme sehtoanskre onterpretel ks tme fattags ac pasts (Co`s. 08 knl 0<). Nate tmkt mere ks weiitme pasts la nat rekhm kii tme wky ta tme fattag ac tme pastmaie.

_et atmer pastmaies kppekrel ta mkve mkl tmeor pasts regavel, knl tme past-maie sufsequentiy re iiel, on ane event wotm hiekn gkteroki. \os os tme hkse wottme ikrè pastmaie pohturel on Coùre 05, wmohm wks wole enau`m on lokgeter sehtoan. \e ii wks magaèneaus knl tmere wks na evolenhe ac k past smklawon tme sehtoan.

On atmer hkses, tme pasts mkl sogoikriy feen regavel, fut tme maies were fkhj-iiel wotm ikrè stanes. \os os tme hkse wotm tme cekture on Coùre 03.

On tme iktter twa hkses (fkhj- iion` kcter past regavki), tmos hkn fe seen ks klesore ta re-use k piat ac iknl. Mawever, tme gkdaroty ac tme cektures hantkoneltme skge gkteroki ks ikyer ; (o.e. tme qukntoty ac krhmkeaiaòhki regkons lepenlon` wmere ot wks iahktel on tme unot). \os os kisa kttrofutel ta pasts feon` re-gavel, knl re iiel wotm tme surraunlon` gktrox.

\ese kssertoans kre gkle wotm hkutoan, mawever, ks lue ta tme sgkii soze acgkny ac tme cektures knl tme ogpassofoioty ac hanventoanki sehtoanon`, letkoieafservktoan ac tme ii sehtoan car so`ns ac suhm pmenagenk ks past smklaws wknat passofie. Mkl pasts feen iect ta raton sotu car exkgpie, we wauil aniy mkvefeen kfie ta leteht tmos car tme very ikrèst cektures. \e aniy tmon` we hkn skyos tmkt tmos prkhtohe wks nat afservel on tme cew pastmaie cektures wmohmwere

sehtoanel. Onstekl, past-regavki caiiawel fy fkhj- iion`, knl furnon` ac tmestruhture kre twa prkhtohes car wmohm we la mkve pasotove evolenhe. Kitmau`mhknnat fe sure wmkt perhentkè ac exhkvktel cektures represent hkses wmere pastwere leioferkteiy regavel, we hkn kt iekst fe gare han lent kfaut hkses wmerestruhtures mkve feen furnt lawn. Hmkrhaki wks eksoiy spattel knl lahugentelon tme iis ac cektures. On sgkii qukntotoes, hmkrhaki on pastmaie iis laes nnehesskroiy onlohkte furnon` (ot gky mkve feen present on tme fkhj- ii gkterokiXgkiier cektures wotm hmkrhaki were aniy onterpretel ks pkrt ac furnt struhturesoc gast cektures hansostentiy smawel furnt regkons knl tme ikrèr cektures ac tmeskge struhture hantkonel furnt past regkons ar so`no hknt kgaunts ac hansaio-lktel hmkrhaki. Ks woii fe seen on Hmkpter 5, tmos wks tme hkse car k sgkii nugfac struhtures aniy.

<.6.;2.3 Nan-pastmaie cektures

Lespote feon` vkstiy autnugferel, atmer types ac cekture were lahugentel ontme gkon unot. \os car exkgpie wks tme hkse car furn pkthmes kssahoktel wotmstruhtures. Kitmau`m tme nkturki haiaur ac tme felrahj vkroes crag wmote ta `reysknl arknè khharlon` ta loerent axolozktoan prahesses, ot wks passofie ta olen-tocy twa ikrè kreks ac felrahj wmohm kppekrel ta mkve feen trknscargel lue taexpasure ta ontense mekt. \ese were cektures =<-6?-C80; knl C806 (onlohktelwotm saiol iones on tme ckr west ac tme unot on Co`. <0). \ese kreks gky fe ksshoktel wotm tme skge furnon` event ks leshrofel kfave car tme pastmaies on tmokrek. \os woii fe loshussel on Hmkpter 5.

Coùre 08. Cekture =5-52-C;53. Ieènl4 (;) frawnmugoh saoi wotm herkgoh,hmkrhaki knl ckunki regkons:(6) hmkrhaki ikyer, wotm ksmysmklaw unlernektm: (8) ks ;fut cewer krhmkeaiaòhki onhiu-soans. Fa ag ac cekture on

steroie sknl.

Coùre 0<. Cekture =5-52-C;?8. Ieènl4 (;) frawn mu-goh sknl wotm very neìoòfieregkons knl k tmohj ikyer achmkrhaki gkrjon` tme fa ag ack furnt past: (6) yeiiaw sknl.

Coùre 05. Cekture =<-5;-C6=6. Ieènl4 (;) io`mt frawnsknl, `rkvei knl stanes,neìoòfie ckunki knl herkgohregkons. Kii ane ii.

6

;

8

P E

;2hg

;

6

N X

;2hg

XP NE

;2hg

;



;<3

Atmer cektures on tme west ac tme unot were k pot (8?-C602), kn kntmrapa-ènoh hmknnei (6?-C838 knl C838 west) knl tme lepasotoan ac k neankte (=<-6?-C63;). \e pot wks afian` smkpel wotm k raunlel enl (tme atmer enl went ontatme trenhm wkii) knl hut fy twa pastmaies. \e fattag knl onsole wkiis ac tme potmkl hiekr taaigkrjs on tmeg, resegfion` tme gkrjs ac k sgkii hmosei knl guitopiesmkpon` fiaws sa tmkt tme nosm wks reiktoveiy sgaatm. \e ii mkl mo`mer han-hentrktoans ac ckunki regkons on ot tmkn tme gkdaroty ac tme pastmaies on tmos seh-tar, kitmau`m nat on mo`m enau`m lensotoes ta hmkrkhteroze ot ks k recuse pot. \ekntmrapaènoh hmknnei wks reiktel ta severki rau`m pastmaies. \e hmranaia`y osnat hiekr, o.e. wmetmer tme pastmaies hut tme hmknnei ar vohe versk.

\e lepasotoan ac neankte regkons on 6?-C63; os spktokiiy kssahoktel wotmguitopie horhuikr struhtures on sehtar 6?. Kt tmos stkè ot os nat yet jnawn wmetm-er4 (k) tme sjeietan os hagpiete, kitmau`m an exhkvktoan tme hrknoki crk`gents,rofs knl ian` fane seegel ta fe on knktagohki pasotoan knl: (f) wmetmer tmelepasotoan os on ckht kssahoktel wotm tme furnt struhture. \ere were car exkgpievery gonogki hmkrhaki regkons on tme furoki pot.

\e lepasotoan ac mugkn regkons wks kisa enhaunterel on knatmer cekture,=5-<2-C;0. \os wks k sgkii, stane-haverel pot hantkonon` tme fkliy preservelregkons ac k hrauhmel (wrkppel) onmugktoan spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm past-maie cektures. \e `rkve pot hantkonel k cew smerls knl smeii (suhm ks kn ontkhtHottkrroug pohk smeii). \e furoki wks lorehtiy k`konst tme unot wkii knl tmus cur-tmer spktoki oncargktoan hauil nat fe kshertkonel. Knatmer pastmaie hantkonel kcrk`gent ac k passofiy mugkn tofok.;;0

Mugkn regkons kre kssahoktel wotm pasts knl pastmaie cektures on atmer soteson tme ekst ac tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh suhm ks Dukn Relra knl Ktkdkloza (SeiazGk`òaia et ki. ;?03, ;??;, ;??3: Seiaz Gk`òaia knl Arte`k ;?=3).

Eisewmere, knatmer nan-pastmaie cekture wmohm gky fe pre-Haiugfokn onaroòn (=5-36-C;8) wks k set ac `raaves an tme elè ac tme hio ks oc hkusel fy

repektel rape khtoan on ane spat (Co`. 0=, iect). \os mks kirekly feen leshrofelon Xehtoan <.;.8. K curtmer afservktoan an tme cektures ac tme gkon unot os tmkt on sage kreks

(espehokiiy afservel on sehtars 6? knl <?, fut letehtkfie on tme gkdaroty ac tmeunot wotm tme exheptoan ac kian` tme hakst) tme pekjs ac tme felrahj mkl feenkrto hokiiy stkttenel ta hrekte k sgaatmer surckhe (Co`. 0=, ro`mt knl Co`. <0 onlo-hktel fy saiol iones). Haupiel wotm tme evolenhe car furnon` (C80; knl C806),tmos su`èsts tmkt, ks gentoanel kfave, tme felrahj wks tme khtuki iovon` surckhe

;;0 Rers. hagg. Lr Lkriene K. Pestan.

Coùre 03. Xehtoan lrkwon` ac pastmaie cekture on wmohm tme past mks feen regavel knl tmehkvoty fkhj- iiel wotm ikrèstanes.

Coùre 00. Rikn lrkwon` onievei ; ac =<-6?-C63;, tmelepasotoan ac tme fanes ac kneankte on k sgkii pot on tmefelrahj. Ieènl4 (;) sjuii knlrof crk`gents: (6) iaase frawnsknl knl `rkvei onta wmohmfanes kre lepasotel, knl ontatme yeiiaw sknl unlernektm:(8) frawn sknl knl `rkvei.\me ùre ta tme ro`mt os knogpressoan ac maw tme gkdar-oty ac tme ian` fanes, sjuii knl dkw iky on tme pot, o.e. iaaseiykrtohuiktel wotm sage gossonèiegents.

;2hg

8

6;



;<0H E H

on tme pkst. On tme next hmkpter ot woii fe smawn tmkt tmese kreks ahhur onsogkon struhtures knl onlohkte tmkt tme felrahj, permkps haverel fy gkts, ar kikyer ac ekrtm ar sknl, wks tme iovon` surckhe onsole tmese struhtures.

Kisa natewartmy were severki squkreosm cektures on =5-56 knl =5-36. \eseahhurrel on tme skge krek ks tme present-lky cenhe wmohm huts tme unot khrtmese sehtars. \e cekture wkiis ac sage were kisa reiktoveiy ’hiekniy‗ hut hag-pkrel ta tme rest ac tme cektures on tme unot. Ane ar twa raunl maies mkl hiekriy

feen lroiiel tmrau`m tme felrahj rehentiy knl on atmer kreks prehaianoki past-maies were usel ta suppart tme pasts ac tme present cenhe. Kii were gkppel.

<.6.;; Xurckhe survey getmalaia`y a hagpiogent tme lktk crag tme gkon unot exhkvktoans, k surckhe survey wks

hkrroel aut on tme sautmern partoan ac tme sote. \os wks ta `kon gare qukiotktovelktk an lepasotoanki vkrokfoioty khrass tme ikrèiy Hmohaol pkrt ac tme sote. Otmapel ta see gare nuknhel pktternon` on tme smeet gollen lepasots. On suhm kwky ot wauil fe passofie ta hagpkre lktk crag k ikrèr krek wotm tmkt crag tmegkon unot, ta pikhe tmos unot on k sote hantext knl tmus kssess maw representkttme exhkvktel pkrt ac tme mkfotktoan krek wks on hagpkrosan wotm tme rest acikte-pmkse mkfotktoan krek. Gareaver, ot wauil pravole hagpkrktove lktk car tmeèapmysohki lktk wmohm haverel ikrèiy tme skge krek.

\e survey iogots rkn crag tme ’gaunl‗ (k rose hk.;82g oniknl, fetween tmehakst knl tme present-lky voiikè, tme jkrst ac wmohm wks expasel kt tme surckhtme western siape ac wmohm gkrjs tme westerngast faunlkry ac tme sote. Atmerfarlers were cargel fy tme hakstione (ekst), tme sautmern sote iogots (o.e. tmepaont kt wmohm tme surckhe gkteroki lwonlies ta natmon`) knl tme gkon unot. \esurveyel krek lol nat hagpieteiy geet tme gkon unot fehkuse spaoi mekps cragprevoaus hkgpko`ns were kn afstkhie.

Xurvey iaòstohs were kolel enargausiy fy tme veètktoan hiekrknhe ac tme èa-pmysohki praspehtoan on Gky 6220 wmohm iect swktmes ac tme sote kigast fkr;;=

Lue ta tme ikhj ac rkon, nane ac tmos veètktoan mkl rehaverel on tme ontervenon` twa gantms, iekvon` 2.05 mehtkres ac tme sautmern partoan ac tme sote woequki vosofoioty. \os wks true ac tme wmaie krek surveyel exhept car tme pkrts nhaverel on tme èapmysohki hkgpko`n, knl sa kn kllotoanki 8622g¶ ac veètktoanwks hiekrel fy gkhmete.

Xurvey trknsehts were set aut on 62Ð62g unots (Co`. 0?). Gkteroki wks haiiehtel crag 6Ð6g unots on hmehjerfakrl cksmoan wotm 52% haverkè khmoevel. Lueta toge hanstrkonts tme survey krek os nat hagpieteiy hantonuaus knl kiternktetrknsehts were surveyel on tme nartmwest krek (menhe ’egpty‗ kreks). On tatki h=522g¶ wks ontensoveiy surveyel wotm 52% haverkè.

;;= mos wks kisa tme hkse kt En Fks Xkione, Mkoto wmere coeilwarjers pracotel crag extensoveètktoan hiekrknhe car kn eiehtragk`netoh survey ta hkrry aut k surckhe haiiehtoan (Lek`kn;?=?4<55).

Coùre 0=. Cekture hkusel fyrepektel kfrksove khtoan (iect:nate vosofie stroktoans an on-sole wkiis). Krek ac krto hokiiy

k enel felrahj on sehtar <?(ro`mt). Nate ’sgaatm‗ kspehtac felrahj kraunl tme cektureknl k enel pekjs.



;<=

\e rst ontentoan wks ta haunt herkgoh gkteroki aniy, iekvon` oton sotu.Mawever, sufsequentiy ot wks leholel tmkt tme kfoioty ta gkje k qukiotktove los-tonhtoan on tme gkteroki ta smel io`mt an khtovoty kreks (o.e. `rollie, nan-`rol-lie) knl ta hmehj hmranaiaòhki loerentoktoan on herkgohs (ekriy/ikte) ta nu-knhe tme frakl lohmatagy fetween nartm-ekriy, sautm-ikte wks lesorkfie. On tmeenl kii gkteroki, wotm tme exheptoan ac iknl smeii knl ungalo el iahki stanewks haiiehtel (o.e. fane, gkrone smeii, harki, herkgoh, exatoh/galo el stane,knl kii galo el gkteroki knl krteckhts). Gkteroki fo`èr tmkn k st (e.`. gktureHottkroug pohk smeiis) wks iect on tme eil on tmase kreks haverel fy èarklkr see-on` ks tmos wks tassel ksole on tme èapmysohki hkgpko`n ta kiiaw tme eksy pksskèac tme rklkr kntennk.

[ukiotktove knkiysos ac tme herkgohs os penlon`, kitmau`m afservktoans on tmeeil knl ikfarktary luron` sarton` onlohkte tmkt gast mks Hmohaol hmkrkhter-

ostohs, rktmer tmkn ekriy Astoanaol (uson` tme lok`nastoh hmkrkhterostohs ar rel,weii- rel, tmon, wmohm ac haurse kre dust ùoleiones, knl o`naron` tme ckht tmkttme Ikte Astoanaol herkgoh hmkrkhterostohs kre mkrl ta lostonùosm crag tmase acHmohaol, espehokiiy tme pkste ac faly smerls).

\e resuits ac tme surckhe survey `kve very àal onso`mt onta ontrk-sote settie-gent lynkgohs. \ese resuits woii fe loshussel on Hmkpter 3.

Coùre 0?. Ei Hkfa sote pikn smawon` kreks sur-veyel (lkrj `rey) knlletkoi ac zaagel surveytrknseht lovolel onta6Ð6g squkres car 52%haverkè.

62g



;<?H E H

<.8 Loshussoan

\os hmkpter suggkrosel tme eilwarj hkrroel aut aver caur seksans on Ei Hkfa,ks weii ks tme eil, lktk rehavery knl lahugentktoan prahelures. Vesuits werepresentel crag tme haron`, tapa`rkpmoh gkppon`, lkton` knl sgkii unots ks weiiks k gare letkoiel loshussoan ac tme gkon unot exhkvktoan knl tme cektures knl

nl ikyer crag tmos unot.Cove rkloahkrfan lktes crag hmkrhaki crag past stugps on tme gkon unotonlohkte tmkt fuoilon` khtovotoes were tkjon` pikhe an tme Ei Hkfa pragantaryfetween tme ekriy ;6tm ta ikte-;<tm henturoes, wotm kn kllotoanki lkte crag smeiion tme ?tm hentury knl ogpartel Eurapekn gkteroki extenlon` tmos hmranaia`yfatm ekrioer knl ikter.

K hertkon le`ree ac marozantki se`re`ktoan fetween tme ekriy knl ikte mkfo-tktoan os su`èstel fy rkloahkrfan lktes knl tme herkgoh typaia`y. Lktes cragtme nartmern partoan ac tme sote (zanes 05 knl =5) onlohkte tme stkrt ac mkfottoan crag tme feònnon` ac tme 0tm hentury knl k sequenhe ac lktes untoi tme ;;tm hentury. \os ahhupktoan, wmetmer hantonuaus ar nat, hrektel tme ron`-smkpel

khhuguiktoans ac Astoanaol gollen gkteroki on tmos krek ac tme sote wotm mkfotoan presugel ta mkve feen iahktel on tme krek onsole tmese lepasots (Co`. =2).Ikte lktes crag tme gkon unot, ks weii ks prelagonkntiy Hmohaol herkgohs knl

Coùre =2. Xogpio el lostro-futoan ac gkon lensotoes ac

Hmohaol knl Astoanaol gkte-roki khrass tme sote.

3656

2 62 <2

getres

Hmohaol mkfotktoan

Astoanaol mkfotktoan

Astoanaol gollen



;52

;6 tm ta ;<tm hentury lktes crag sgkiier unots on zanes 0< knl =< onlohkte mkfotk-toan mkl spktokiiy smoctel sautm on tme ikter peroal, lespote sage averikp wotm tmeekrioer mkfotktoan.

\e pohture presentel feiaw os k sogpio el vosukiosktoan ac tme lktk. On èn-erki lktes crag khrass tme sote onlohkte tme stkrt ac tme Hmohaol on tme ?tm henturyon Ei Hkfa, wotm ekrioer Astoanaol mkfotktoan iogotel ta tme nartmern pkrt actme sote, knl Hmohaol mkfotktoan hanhentrktel on tme sautm wotm averikps on tmenartm ta kn unjnawn extent. Letkoiel herkgoh knkiysos wauil meip re ne tmospohture. Uitogkteiy aniy gare exhkvktoan on tme iesser-onvesto`ktel nartm ac tmesote wauil hikrocy ahhupktoan sequenhes mere.

\e smkiiawer lepasots an tap ac tme felrahj on tme sautmern pkrt ac tmesote were gare ontensoveiy resekrhmel awon` ta tme qukioty ac tme cektures, tmeprelagonkntiy sonìe-pmkse Hmohaol lepasots, knl tme gonogki losturfknhe fyiaater khtovoty. \e ikrè unot exhkvktel mere revekiel tmausknls ac cektures hutonta tme felrahj. \e letkoiel avervoew ac tme garpmaiaòhki knl getroh hmkrkh-terostohs ac tme cektures iel ta tme onterpretktoan ac tme gkdaroty ks pastmaies. \osonterpretktoan os stren`tmenel on Hmkpter 5 wmohm presents tme rehanstruhtoansac tme cektures crag tme gkon unot knl leveiaps k typaia`y ac fuoit struhtures.



;5;V E H

Hmkpter 5

Vehanstruhtoans ac tme fuoit

envorangent on Ei Hkfa

5.; Getmalaia`y ac rehanstruhtoan

\e eil getmalaia`y, lktk kttrofutes knl hmkrkhterostohs ac tme cektures on tmegkon unot mkve feen leshrofel on tme prevoaus hmkpter. \os wks ta òve tme rekl-er tme nehesskry oncargktoan knl fkhj`raunl car tme rehanstruhtoans prapaselon tmos hmkpter.

\ree ckhtars were ac progkry ogpartknhe on olentocyon` struhtures4 (;) tmevosuki ogpkht ac tme spktoki reiktoansmop fetween cektures an tme pikn lrkwo(6) lokgeter knl leptm oncargktoan ac ekhm cekture, vosukiiy representel: knl(8) tme olento hktoan ac ’tegpikte han ùrktoans‗ ks jeys car olentocyon` atmestruhtures.(;) Xtruhtures were progkroiy olento el an tme fksos ac tme spktoki reiktoansmo

fetween cektures on tme marozantki pikne. \os os oggelokteiy kppkrent wmeniaajon` kt tme pikn lrkwon` ac tme gkon unot4 horhuikr cargs iekp a tmepkè! Khhurkhy ac pikn lrkwon`s os tmerecare hruhoki. Hansolerktoans wmomeip gkontkon tme khhurkhy knl utoioty ac eil lrkwon`s kre hantonuoty otergs ac lrku`mts-peapie knl tmase wma òve tme geksuregents (eotmer anear tme atmer raie smauil precerkfiy fe hansostentiy tme skge persan/s), en-suron` tmkt cekture hanhentrktoans kre sprekl aver ks cew exhkvktoan unotks passofie, knl tmerekcter lrkwn an ks cew smeets ks passofie. On kllotoanta lrkwon` tme cektures ta shkie fy mknl on tme eil, paont piatton` cekturehentres wotm k X os kn ogpartknt hantrai ac khhurkhy. Kny loshrepknhoes ftween tme eil lrkwon` knl tme loòtki gkp kre evolent oc tmey kre averikonan tap ac ekhm atmer. \ese hkn tmen fe resaivel.

(6) Caiiawon` spktoki reiktoansmops, lokgeter knl leptm ac cektures were tme nexgast ogpartknt ckhtars onvaivel on onterpreton` struhtures. \os getroh on-cargktoan wks jnawn car kii cektures. \os wks nat aniy k ckhtar on tme onter-pretktoan ac tme cunhtoan ac onlovoluki cektures (pot ar pastmaie, onteroar aexteroar, eth.), fut ot kisa hikro el reiktoansmops fetween cektures.

(8) Ks ckgoiokroty `rew wotm tme types ac eiegents present on tme unot, hertkhagganiy ahhurron` ’tegpikte han ùrktoans‗ ar lok`nastoh pkrts ac struh-tures were olento el knl tkjen ks tegpiktes fy wmohm ta olentocy sogoikrstruhtures. Xa, car exkgpie, kcter tme gast evolent horhuikr han ùrktoansmkl feen osaiktel, entrknhe han ùrktoans, wotm tmeor teii-tkie aroentktoanknl khhagpknyon` pkor ac kio`nel raac-supparts, were acten krreston` eie-gents ac k mause struhture.

Kii atmer iones ac evolenhe, suhm ks tme presenhe ar kfsenhe ac taaigkrjs knl tmsmkpe ac tme fattag ac k cekture, were hansolerel sehanlkry ta tme spktoki knlgetroh hmkrkhterostohs kt tme olento hktoan pmkse. \ese hmkrkhterostohs were suitel car tme harrafarktoan ar questoanon` ac k pkrtohuikr onterpretktoan.



;56

Atmer ckhtars suhm ks ii prapertoes fehkge gare reievknt on ikter stkès ac tmeknkiysos, hanhernon` car exkgpie tme iocehyhie ar hmranaia`y ac pkrtohuikr struh-tures. Coii prapertoes were rkreiy k ckhtar on tme olento hktoan ac struhtures (un-ioje car exkgpie kt Knse â ik @aurle, @ukleiaupe, wmere Xtruhture 8 wks olento-

el an tme fksos acHmkgk skrlk smeii crk`gents on pastmaie iis, Luon ;??=),kitmau`m tmey were ogpartknt on tergs ac onterpretktoans ac kfknlangent.

Krhmkeaiaòhki gkteroki exhkvktel crag fatm cekture iis knl tme krteckht iky-er were kisa ogpartknt on tergs ac letergonon` cunhtoan knl reiktove hmranaia`yac tme struhtures ks weii ks reiktel khtovotoes knl prkhtohes. \e gkteroki hkteàroesharki, nan-iahki stane, iahki stane (gkoniy felrahj), fane ( sm knl gkggki),iknl smeii, gkrone smeii, herkgohs (leharktel, unleharktel, `rollie), hmkrhaki,getki knl ìkss were tkjen onta khhaunt luron` knkiysos ac tme struhtures.

Krrovon` kt tme rehanstruhtoans presentel wks k prahess ac gkny pmkses,wmohm mks fy na gekns exmkustel tme on note re negents wmohm gky fe gkleon tme cuture, ar fy atmer resekrhmers. Pmkt os presentel kre nat tme nki, fut tmefest passofie rehanstruhtoans. Na rehanstruhtoans kre presentel wmohm kre natleegel hrelofie fy tme kutmar.

Vehanstruhtoans were gkle on guitopie stkès, knl fy leveiapon` tme gaste hoent use ac tme sactwkre car tme lktk kt mknl. ;;? \os wks caunl ta fe k sys-teg ac haiaur-halon` cektures khharlon` ta leptm knl suhhessove ’cklon`-aut‗ accektures ks tmey were ksso`nel ta struhtures. K froec synapsos ac tme lesj-fkselknkiysos os òven feiaw.

5.;.; Lesj-fksel knkiysos

Corst, uson` @OX sactwkre, k fkse gkp ac tme pikn lrkwon` wks vosukiosel (onGkpOnca crag lktk ogpartel crag KutaHkl gkps knl lktkfkse tkfies) on wmohmkii cektures were haiaur halel, on tmree rknès, khharlon` ta leptm. \os fksegkp `kve k gkxogug ac vosuki oncargktoan (o.e. iahktoan, lokgeter knl leptm)wotmaut kn averiakl ac letkoi. Conlon` tmos mkppy geloug wks k prahess ac han-stknt kldustgent.;62 Leptm hiksses were onotokiiy hmasen khharlon` ta tmenkturkifrekj kiàrotmg on tme sactwkre pra`rkgge knl sufsequentiy re nel ta caiiawkn krhmkeaiaòhki rekioty4 o.e. tme gkon cunhtoanki hkteàroes ac cektures on tmegast pragonent struhtures ‘ tme horhuikr fuoilon`s.;6; Vau`miy tmos equktes ta4(;) cektures reiktel ta perogeter wkiis, kio`ngents knl io`mt struhtures (;-6<hg,o.e. smkiiawest): (6) suppart eiegents, usukiiy onternki ta struhtures (<3-;;3hg,o.e. leepest): knl (8) gol-rknè cektures wmohm hauil cui i eotmer cunhtoan (65-<<hg). \e gast lostonht han ùrktoans knl pktterns were osaiktel, knl `rklu-kiiy, stkrton` wotm tme gast han lent rehanstruhtoans, struhtures were ’cklel‗crag tme pikn.;66 \os geknt tmkt na cektures were ever leietel crag voew, fut

regkonel vosofie ks mkvon` feen kirekly ksso`nel.;68 Xuhhessove stkès ac cklon`

;;? GkpOnca, versoan 0.2, hapyro`mt ;?=5-6226 GkpOnca Harparktoan: Gohrasact Accohe Khhess6228, hapyro`mt ;??6-6228, Gohrasact Harparktoan: KutaHkl 622=, KHOX hapyro`mt ;?=?-622;: XRXX ;3.2, hapyro`mt XRXX Onh. ;?=?-6220.

;62 Kldustgent ac leptm rknès knl haiaurs. Espehokiiy haiaur seiehtoans kre sensotove ta afserverloccerenhes4 O caunl tme fest hagfonktoan wks ponj car tme smkiiaw cektures (wmote wks taa’egpty‗), `rey car tme gol-leptm rknè cektures knl fikhj car tme leepest.

;6; Nat fehkuse tmos os tme aniy type ac struhture present on tme unot, fut fehkuse ot wks k sehurestkrton` paont. Anhe tmese gare hanspohuaus knl reiokfie eiegents mkl feen olentocoel tme vosukigkp wks kiterel ta mo`mio`mt atmer patentoki hancoùrktoans.

;66 meor haiaur prapertoes were hmknèl ta gkje tmeg iess pragonent fut stoii vosofie.;68 Xage cektures were usel gare tmkn anhe, fut precerkfiy on hagfonktoan wotm harrafarkton`

krhmkeaiaòhki evolenhe (coii, re-smkpon`, knagkiaus soze car k pkrtohuikr cunhtoan (su`èston`re-hutton`), eth.



;58V E H

struhtures osaiktel tmase cektures wmohm were gare prafiegktoh ta ksso`n, knlwmohm on turn (sagetoges!) yoeilel tmeor pktterns anhe creel crag tme lensehiutter.

On ekriy pmkses, gonogki rehanstruhtoans were kiwkys precerrel. \erecare, ei-egents suhm ks repkors, laufie cektures knl averfuoilon` were nat onharparktelkt rst on hkse tmey feianèl ta atmer struhtures. Mawever, anhe ks gkny hrelofiestruhtures mkl feen rehanstruhtel ks passofie knl atmer hkteàroes ac evolenhemkl feen kssessel ( ii prapertoes, lkton`, garpmaiaòhki letkois ac tme cekture,eth.), kllotoanki cektures hauil fe ksso`nel gare han lentiy. Menhe tme rehan-struhtoans presentel kre tme cuiiest versoans pikusofie.

\e gare surckhe krek expasel, tme eksoer ot os ta rehanstruht struhtures.\erecare, kreks on tme sautmekst ac tme unot mkve mo`mer prapartoans ac ksso`ncektures fehkuse tmos os tme ikrèst expasel krek. Hanverseiy, tme hiaser ane èts tme faunlkry ac tme exhkvktel krek, tme mkrler ot os ta ksso`n cektures, ks tmey ten feian` ta struhtures wmohm kre pkrtokiiy ar kigast cuiiy autsole tme exhkvktelkrek. \os os kisa tme hkse car ikrèr struhtures on exhess ac ;2g on lokgeter wmohmkre sogpiy mkrler ta rehanstruht feon` on exhess ac tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes.Car exkgpie, tmere kre twa struhtures wmohm mkve k patentoki krek ac aver ;22gkitmau`m lue ta tme restrohtel vosoan ac tme wmaie struhture tmese mkve reiktoiaw reiokfoioty rkton`s. \us tme soze ac tme exhkvktel krek `rektiy onstuenhes tmsoze ac struhtures wmohm woii fe rehanstruhtel4 struhtures ikrèr tmkn tme gkxgug lokgeter ac tme exhkvktel krek woii onevotkfiy fe mkrler ta spat. \os os natta sky tmkt suhm struhtures mkve feen averiaajel, fut tmkt tmese kre nat fe tmeeksoest ta olentocy.

5.;.6 Hancolenhe hiksses

Lue ta tme stkfoioty, preservktoan hanlotoans knl reiktove stktness ac tme felrahj(iottie loerenhe on eievktoan lespote surckhe orreùikrotoes) on tme Ei Hkfa gkunot (ks appasel ta saoi stkons on gare lynkgoh envorangents), cektures hkn veryhan lentiy fe ksso`nel k cunhtoanki onterpretktoan (pastmaies, nkturki lepres-soans, furokis, pots, eth.), knl tmus, ks gentoanel kfave, guhm egpmksos os pikhelan tme spktoki knl pmysohki prapertoes ac tme cektures ks kn onlohktoan ac tm

tness car onhiusoan on k pkrtohuikr rehanstruhtoan. Eisewmere on tme Hkroffloerenhes on exhkvktoan piknes (o.e. siapes knl gohra-tapa`rkpmoh orreùikrotoes), cektures sprekl aver loerent unots, ikhj ac reùikroty on fuoit eiegentsknl loerentoki saoi cargktoan prahesses hantrofute ta vkroktoan knl pase `rekterhmkiienès ta rehanstruhtoan (Fro`mt 6228: Huret ;??6k: Maaìknl ;??5, ;??3,;???: Maaìknl knl Macgkn ;??8: Jkpikn 622?: Garsonj 6223: Vo`mter el.6226: Xoeèi ;??6: Serstee` knl Vastkon, els. ;??0).

Gkny struhtures were reha`nosel on tme eil, espehokiiy wmen ikrèr exhkvktoan extents were ikol fkre on ikter seksans. \e regkrjkfie unocargoty on spkh-on`, leptm knl lokgeter ac cektures knl tme hiekr pktterns afservel on tme eilkisa kolel tme lesj-fksel rehanstruhtoans hansolerkfiy.

On sugger 622= rehanstruhtoans ac kii tme gkon horhuikr struhtures reha`-nosel kt tmkt toge knl sage mkrler ta onterpret struhtures were hmehjel k`konfy exhkvktoan ac ane ar gare onternki knl externki cektures ac tmese struhtures.Entrknhe cektures were leegel pkrtohuikriy lok`nastoh knl sa acten seiehtel carexhkvktoan.;6<

;6< mese were sage ac tme ikrèst cektures on tme exhkvktoan knl were tmus gare iojeiy ta mkve feenexhkvktel even wmen nat reha`nozel ks pkrt ac k struhture kt tme toge.



;5<

K moerkrhmy ac rehanstruhtoans os presentel wmohm restehts tme han lenhe ks-so`nel ta ekhm struhture fy tme kutmar. Uitogkteiy tmos moerkrhmy, restehtel on reio-kfoioty shares, os lerovel crag k sogoikr systeg usel car kssessgent ac mause-piknreiokfoioty fy tme Ieolen shmaai ac Luthm Rremostary knl klkptel fy tme IeolenHkroffekn Xhmaai (Krnailussen 622=: Fro`mt 6228: Cajjens knl Dknsen 6226:Garsonj 6223). \e hiksses woii loer per sote lepenlon` an tme saoi cargktoanprahesses knl sufstrktk ac tme sote. Car exkgpie, on Ei Hkfa kii cektures kppekron ane pikne (tme felrahj), wmereks tme sotuktoan os loerent car exkgpie carlynkgoh staal-pikon sotes suhm ks Dkhknks (RA-6?), Ruerta Voha (Jkpikn 622?).Gareaver, hroterok usel on premostaroh Eurape, wmere mause typaia`y os reiktoveiyweii unlerstaal kre nat nehesskroiy suotel ta tme Hkroffekn hantext wmere mausetypaia`y os mkrliy unlerstaal. On tme Hkroffekn guhm gare ckotm os vestel ontme onterpretktoans ac tme exhkvktar ar tme repart wroter. On knjo Ciop, Krufk, carexkgpie, cekture han ùrktoans were kppravel ks struhtures oc tmey get ’k her-tkon gonogug qukiotktove ievei‗ leshrofel ks ’reùikriy spkhel pastmaies on tmegast syggetrohki ar reùikr passofie pkttern‗. Mawever, k ’iess ”stroht‟ hroterok‗wks egpiayel wmere ot wks ceit nehesskry (Serstee` knl Vastkon, els., ;??0488). Kt utu, Xt \agks, UXSO (Vo`mter, el., 622646?3-6?0), H;< lkton` wks tmegast usecui knkiytohki taai car tme olento hktoan ac struhtures, caiiawel fy past-maie leptm, knl tme reha`notoan ac crequentiy ahhurron` types ar pkrts ac types(sogoikr ta tme ’tegpikte han ùrktoans‗ recerrel ta kfave). Fehkuse ac tme ckotmpikhel on tme exhkvktar knl fehkuse ac tme ikhj ac sotes car hagpkrosan, resekrhm-ers smauil fe roàraus on tmeor onterpretktoans knl nat klgot struhtures wmohmkre nat lecensofie. Aniy fy presenton` hiekr krùgents knl feon` trknspkrentkfaut tme ievei ac hrelofoioty ac kn onterpretktoan hkn k fksos car k typaia`y artrenls on fuoilon` trklotoans fe olento el knl usecuiiy egpiayel ks hagpkrosansfy atmer resekrhmers.

Loshussoans fetween resekrhmers on tme Ieolen Hkroffekn Vesekrhm @raup

en`kèl on tme rehanstruhtoan ac sote cektures, knl k nugfer ac GK tmeses antmos tapoh (Fro`mt 6228: Luon ;??=: Jkpikn 622?: Garsonj 6223) mkve pravolelk stkrton` paont ta hage up wotm k set ac hroterok ar ùoleiones wmohm gky fe uselfy cuture resekrhmers, kitmau`m prahelures woii nehesskroiy vkry per sote. \os ossagetmon` wmohm smauil fe warjel an haiikfarktoveiy on tme cuture.

Vehanstruhtoans ac tme sote Ei Hkfa sote struhtures were lovolel onta caur,nugferel, han lenhe hiksses, o.e. (;) 7 very reiokfie, (6) 7 reiokfie, (8) 7 pikuso-fie, knl (<) 7 passofie. \e caiiawon` hroterok were kppioel4

Hancolenhe Hikss ;

Sery reiokfie. \e struhture wks reha`nosel on tme eil knl tme cektures hmehjel

on tme eil car hancargoty wotmon k woler `raup ac cektures. \e cektures smkregetroh knl qukiotktove hansostenhy (o.e. on lokgeter, leptm, knìe, spkhon` knlii) knl, exhept on kreks hut fy tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes, carg k hagpiete

pikn representon` lu`-lawn eiegents ac tme carger struhture. \ere os na lauftkfaut vkioloty.

Hancolenhe Hikss 6

Veiokfie. \e struhture wks reha`nosel on tme eil ar crag vosuki onspehtoanac pikn lrkwon`s knl tme cektures hmehjel on tme eil car hancargoty wotmon kwoler `raup ac cektures. \e cektures smkre getroh knl qukiotktove hansostenhy(o.e. on lokgeter, leptm, knìe, spkhon` knl ii). \e struhture represents k hag-

piete ar nekriy hagpiete pikn ac lu`-lawn eiegents, kitmau`m unhertkontoesgky exost kfaut tme prehose carger han ùrktoan on hertkon kreks. \os laes nat



;55V E H

letrkht crag tme onterpretktoan ks k wmaie. \ere os na lauft kfaut vkioloty,fut unhertkonty gky exost on tme letkois (lue ta refuoilon` ar guitopie pikusofieonterpretktoans).

Hancolenhe Hikss 8

Rikusofie. \e struhture wks reha`nosel an tme fksos ac vosuki onspehtoan ac piknlrkwon`s knl eil lahugentktoan. \e cektures mkve sage getroh onhansost-enhoes (o.e. lokgeters, leptms, knìes, spkhon` knl iis gky nat entoreiy har-respanl) knl tme struhture gky fe onhagpiete on exhkvktel kreks (o.e. auter aronner struhture kiane reha`nosel), knl evolenhe orreùikrotoes nat smkrel fy garesehure exkgpies. Mawever, taètmer tme cektures evolenhe su hoent hamerenhe tfe reha`nosel ks hancargon` ta k struhture. Kiternktoveiy, k so`no hknt partoanac tme pikn gky ckii autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes, monleron` reha`notoanfut tme vosofie partoan os hansostent wotm hagpiete exkgpies ac tme skge type astruhture. \orliy, tme struhture gky fe reha`nosel crag pikn lrkwon`s ks k ha-merent han ùrktoan ac cektures fut os reiktoveiy unhaggan on tme unot, ar mksna cektures exhkvktel ta pravole kllotoanki oncargktoan. \os os hansolerel tmefest pikusofie rehanstruhtoan.

Hancolenhe Hikss <

Rassofie. Cektures smaw getroh onhansostenhoes knl onhagpieteness, fut òventmeor sogoikroty ta atmer han ùrktoans ac cektures wmohm kre gare sehure onhkte tmey gky feian` ta tme skge type. Kiternktoveiy, cektures gky fe onhansost-ent, kppekr ta carg onhagpiete struhtures wotm na sogoikroty ta atmer struhturesrehanstruhtel on tme unot, fut cekture praxogoty, onternki pktternon` knl cektureexhiusoan crag atmer struhtures gkjes kssahoktoan ks pkrt ac ane struhture pas-sofie. On smart, ot os ceit tmkt tme fkiknhe ac evolenhe os suhm tmkt tmese hantoans gerot onterpretktoan ks k passofie struhture, aver redehtoan.

5.;.8 Rresentktoan ac tme struhture onterpretktoans Lue ta tme mo`m qukioty ac tme lktk, knl tme ckht tmkt gkny onterpretktoans ktmau`mt ta represent hagpiete, ar nekr hagpiete struhtures, tme repartel geks-uregents (leptm, spkns, lokgeters, eth.) represent reki fuoilon` iaòh. \erecare,repartel geksuregents suhm ks kverkè spkns fetween pasts ar tme staar krek acstruhtures kre sufdeht ta onterpretktoan fksel an wmkt tme fuoilon` wauil mkveiaajel ioje fksel an experoenhe `konel crag tme atmer (gare hagpiete) struh-tures on tme unot. Car exkgpie, wmere pasts kre leegel ta fe gosson`, ar tmestruhture ckiis autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes, kn onterpretktoan os precerre

tmkt onterpaiktes tme ’gosson` lktk‗.Xa, car exkgpie, onterpretktoans ac ’kldkhent‗ knl ’appason`‗ pastmaies on kmause struhture kre fksel an tme onterpretel aroentktoan ac tme struhture knl otspresugel onternki krhmotehture reiktel ta tmeor cunhtoan wotmon k fuoilon`. Atmlostknhes kre nat hansolerel ks reievknt (Co`. =;).

Xpkns fetween kny twa pasts kre òven crag hentre ta hentre. @oven tmecarger loshussoan, tmos os haunter-ontuotove, espehokiiy on tme hkse ac entrknwmere lostknhes fetween tme autsole elès ac tme cektures wauil òve k reki gonogug soze ac k laarwky. \e iaòh mere os tmkt pastmaie lokgeters kre nat nehes-skroiy tme skge ks past woltms, knl tmos os tmau`mt ta fe k gare neutrki wky acreparton` tmese lostknhes.



;53

Kreks were hkihuiktel car kii struhtures fy lrkwon` k paiyànfetween tme hentres ac kii cektures ac tme externki past horhie. \egkxogug krek (lostknhes fetween ”gosson`‟ cektures onterpaikt-el knl exhkvktoan faunlkroes o`narel) os usel car kii loshussoanks tmos os leegel k gare sensofie representktoan ac khtuki staarspkhe tmkn gonogug kreks wmere exhkvktoan faunlkroes ar goss-on` cektures gkje tme krek krto hokiiy sgkiier.

Kii struhtures, uniess atmerwose stktel, kre aroentel sa tmkttme tap ac tme pkè os lue nartm. Kii struhtures, uniess atmerwosestktel, kre kisa repraluhel ta tme skge shkie car ekse ac hagpkro-san. Ekhm struhture os presentel, surraunlel fy tme cekturesnat onharparktel onta tme rehanstruhtoan. Menhe tme pikn lrkwon` accektures oggelokteiy surraunlon` tme struhture os vosofie knl tmerekler hkn see wmohm cektures were onhiulel, knl, dust ks ogpartkntiy, wmohm aneswere exhiulel crag tme rehanstruhtoan. On tme cew hkses wmere cekture leptms krenat jnawn, tmese kre hrassmkthmel. Xaiol iones onlohkte exhkvktoan faunlkroes,knl, on tme ekst, tme elè ac tme hio. Nkturki lepressoans on tme felrahj, ks weiiks krto hoki stkttenon` ac tme felrahj kre kisa gkrjel an tme pikn lrkwon`s fysaiol iones (lkrj wmen reievknt ta k pkrtohuikr struhture knl io`mter `rey wmennat).

\e cektures on tme pikn lrkwon`s ac tme struhtures feiaw kre haiaur-halel kh-harlon` ta leptm. K lovosoan ac cektures onta tmree leptm rknès mks feen gkle kstmos lrkws aut tme gast ogpartknt leptm pktternon` knl os vosukiiy hagpremen-sofie ta tme rekler (gare haiaurs wauil fe hancuson`). Gare suftie ar extrkarlo-nkry pktterns woii fe oiiustrktel sepkrkteiy wmere neelel. Car tme leptm ieènlcar kii tme ùres, uniess atmerwose stktel, see Co`. =6.

5.6 Xtruhture onterpretktoans

Pmkt caiiaws os k leshroptoan ac ekhm struhture olento el on tme gkon unot.Rkrtohuikrs suhm ks spktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs, cekture ii prapertoes, spe-hoki nls crag cekture iis (tmase crag tme nl ikyer kre loshussel on tme Hmkpter3), mostary ac kfknlangent, lkton`, kssahoktel cektures, averikppon` struhtures,knl smkrel cektures kre loshussel per struhture. K syntmesos ac tmese hmkrkhteros-tohs os leveiapel on k typaia`y kt tme enl ac tmos hmkpter. Maw onlovoluki struh-tures reikte ta ekhm atmer knl ta tme rest ac tme sote os loshussel on Hmkpter 3.

Kppenlox 6 hantkons kn avervoew ac tme gkon hmkrkhterostohs per struhture,knl Kppenlox 8, kvkoikfie ks kn anione resaurhe, pravoles k letkoiel frekjlawnac tme cektures per struhture.

On tatki, 56 struhtures mkve feen rehanstruhtel. Gast ac tmese (n7<2) hag-prose horhuikr fuoilon`s. Kllotoankiiy, k nugfer ac kio`ngents knl sgkiier pasthanstruhtoans hkn fe reha`nozel.

Xtruhture ; (Hancolenhe Hikss4 ;)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. \e pikn ac Xtruhture ; os tmkt ac k reùikrpast-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac <3 pastmaies knl k han ùrk-toan ac eo`mt pastmaies cargon` kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan. \e staarkrek os hk. 83g¶. \os struhture os 0g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetweenexternki pasts ac <3hg (crag hentre ta hentre ac tme cektures), knl kn kverkèspkn fetween appason` pkors ac tme onternki pasts ac <.50g knl ;.?<g fetween

Coùre =;. Xhmegktoh lrkwonàc kn onternki han ùrktoan.Xaiol iones represent hotel los-tknhes fetween appason` knlkldkhent pastmaie pkors fkselan k westeriy entrknhe (o.e.ekst-west aroentktoan). Lksmeliones, kisa fetween kldkhentknl appason` pastmaie pkors,kre nat sa reievknt òven tme precerrel onterpretel aroentk-toan knl onternki krhmotehture(o.e. tme toe fekgs knl ron`fekg).

Coùre =6. Leptm (hg) khharl-on` ta haiaur.

kldkhent

kldkhent kldkhent

kldkhent

appason`

appason`

a

p p a s

o n `

a

p p a s

o n `

<3 ta ;;3hg

6; ta <5hg

6 ta 62hg



;50V E H

tme pkors. Rastmaies rknè crag ;8 ta 0<hg on leptm knl ;2 ta 52hg on lokg-eter. Kn entrknhe ahhurs on tme west gkrjel fy tme wolest spkhon` fetween tmeexternki pastmaies (?2hg). weive cektures were exhkvktel crag tmos struhture.

\e averkrhmon` hmkrkhterostoh ac tme staar pikn os tmkt ac k fuoilon` wmostaws crag crant ta fkhj feònnon` wotm k ganugentkiozel entrknhe wmohm lo-gonosmes ta kn onhreksonìy io`mter hanstruhtoan tawkrls tme fkhj. \os ènerkihanhept onharparktes knatmer pkttern ac reùikr kiternktoan fetween ikrèr knlsgkiier pasts kian` tme wmaie perogeter. \ese sgkiier pktterns hakieshe wotmontme ikrèr carg.

On tergs ac externki carg, none cektures exhkvktel crag tme auter ron` (tmreecrag tme sautm, ekst knl nartm, respehtoveiy) were gknuckhturel sa tmkt tmeorpasts wauil mkve feen onhionel tawkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture. \os onlo-hktes tmkt tme auter ron` hansostel ac siknton` pasts, sehurel kt tme tap (tergo-nkton` on eotmer k hane- ar feemove-smkpel kpex).;65 Atmer exhkvktel cektures,

onhiulon` twa onternki pasts knl ane entrknhe past, kre vertohki cektures, knlwauil mkve suppartel vertohki upro`mts. Na atmer cektures were exhkvktel cragtme west ac tme struhture, sa tmkt ot regkons passofie tmkt nat dust tme entrknhpasts, fut kisa tmase stknjon` ot (see gare feiaw) were vertohki. On tmos hkse, angky envoskè k vertohki ckàkle kt tme crant ac tme struhture, wotm tme rest ac perogeter cargon` k siapon` raac. Ar oc aniy tme twa entrknhe pasts were vertohki,tmen k partoha-type entrknhe on k prelagonkntiy lagel ar hane-smkpel carg.

\e lostrofutoan ac leptms ac tme cektures tmrau`maut tme struhture cargs kreùikr pkttern on wmohm cektures on tme western tmorl ac tme externki ron`, kespehokiiy tme twa pastmaies cargon` tme entrknhe pkor knl tme pastmaies stkn

;65 mese cektures were leioferkteiy lu` ta set tme upro`mts kt kn knìe knl kre nat tme resuit acerasove khtoan ac pasts on tmeor sahjets.

Coùre =8. Xtruhture ;.

<2 6

g etres



;5=

on` tme entrknhe kre set guhm leeper onta tme `raunl tmkn tme rest ac tme cek-tures on tme ron`. Rastmaies rknè crag ;8 ta 0<hg on leptm, knl ;2 ta 52hg onlokgeter.

\e syggetry ac tme cekture logensoans kt tme entrknhe, fatm on leptm knllokgeter os strojon`. \e leep-set entrknhe pkor (33 knl 3=hg leep), kiternktewotm kldkhent sienlerer knl smkiiawer cektures (6? knl 8;hg leep), kldkhentta ekhm ac wmohm kre k`kon ikrèr pasts (38 knl 3<hg leep), caiiawel fy suf-sequentiy smkiiawer (<= knl 80hg leep), ikrèr (56 knl 5?hg leep), smkiiawerknl k`kon ikrèr pasts. \os cargs k reùikr pkttern ac pasts rklokton` crag tmeentrknhe, kiternkton` fetween leeper/tmohjer knl smkiiawer/sienlerer. \os se-quenhe os onterruptel fy k sio`mtiy woler spkhon` fetween tme 0tm knl =tm pastson tme seroes an fatm soles ac tme entrknhe. \e cektures on tme rest ac tme auterron` kre sgkiier on lokgeter knl set smkiiawer on tme felrahj, tme gkdaroty kisaashoiikton` fetween kiternkton` leeper knl smkiiawer pasts. Kn exheptoan knlknatmer paont ac syggetry kre twa pkors ac appason` pasts, nartm knl sautm,wmohm kre kisa leep set (ane ac wmohm on tme sautm os tme leepest perogeter cek-ture, 06hg).

\e onternki han ùrktoan hansosts ac eo`mt leep knl frakl pastmaies. \ese,taètmer wotm tme entrknhe pkor, kre tme ikrèst cektures on tme struhture. \eeo`mt pasts carg kldkhent pkors4 twa kt tme fkhj (ekst), crant (west), nartm knlsautm. \e kldkhent pkors ac onternki pasts kio`n an tme entrknhe knl an tmepkors ac leeper set pasts on tme nartm knl sautm ac tme perogeter. Ekhm onternkipast kisa cargs k pkor fy hannehton` ta ots appason` onlovoluki, gast iojeiy fygekns ac marozantki raac fekgs daonon` tme pkors ac upro`mts4 tme nartmern wotmtme sautmern knl tme crant wotm tme fkhj pkor. \e appason` pastmaie pkors kttme crant knl fkhj kre ikrèr tmkn tmase ta tme soles on tme nartm knl sautm. \epkor ac fkhj pasts kre kisa sio`mtiy leeper tmkn tme rest knl tme wolest cektures ontme wmaie struhture. \os os egpmksozel fy tme ckht tmkt tme crant pkor ac onternki

pasts, femonl tme entrknhe kre set <5hg woler tmkn tme fkhj pkor. \e appason`past pkors hanverè an tme entrknhe knl hrekte k hentrki marozantki kxos tmrau`mtme struhture, enlon` kt tme fkhj wkii. \e kverkè lostknhe fetween tme onternkipastmaies knl tme exteroar wkii (hentre ta hentre) os ?<hg.

Ot os uniojeiy tmkt tmere wks kn khhess paont on tmos fkhj wkii ks tme entrknheknl onternki pasts kio`n an k past rktmer tmkn kny apenon`. \e spkhon` fetweentme cektures on tme auter ron` rkoses tme passofoioty ac gare tmkn ane khhess paontar entrknhe. Crag cekture elè ta cekture elè tme lostknhe fetween tme autsoleac sage ac tme cektures os equki ar `rekter tmkn tmkt fetween tme autsole elès actme entrknhe pasts on tme west. Mawever, òven tmkt upro`mts gky mkve feen sien-lerer tmkn tmeor sahjets, tmos gky nat fe k reiokfie ùole ta tme reki spkhon`. Kgare afdehtove ùole os ta tkje tme spkn crag hentre ta hentre fetween tme pasts.On tmos hkse, tmkt ac tme pkorel entrknhe pasts on tme west os tme `rektest kt ?2hg. Kn onterpretktoan os precerrel on wmohm tme struhture mkl aniy ane laarwky.Cekture coiis. Gast ac tme cektures mkl ane ar twa loerent iis lepenlon` antme soze. Ks regkrjel on Hmkpter <, tme loerenhe fetween iis os kttrofutkfie tapelaiaòhki ckhtars on wmohm k `rkluki lehrekse ac mugus hantent knl onhrekse onsknl ahhurs tawkrls tme fattag pkrt ac tme cekture. Coiis ac tme tweive exhkvktelcektures were sogoikr knl hantkonel caal regkons suhm ks gkrone smeiis, hrkfhikws, sm, knl gkggki fanes ks weii ks pattery smerls. Up ta 522` ac patterywere rehaverel crag tme ikrèr pastmaies (52 ta ;65I), ks weii ks ;22-822` acgkrone smeii regkons. Ane ac tme externki pastmaies hantkonel k Hmohaolklarna.Gare Hmohaol leharktel smerls were rehaverel crag tme iis ks weii ks k poehe ac



;5?V E H

pattery `rollie.;63 Onlohktoans tmkt tme pasts lol nat t to`mtiy onta tmeor sahjetshages crag tme ckht tmkt tme hmkrhaki autiones ac fatm tme sehtoanel pasts lonat rekhm tme soles nar tme fattag ac tme pastmaies, knl tmkt atmer cektures han-tkonel ikrè poehes ac felrahj kt tme fattag ac tmeor iis knl `rkvei tmrau`mauttme iis. \e exhkvktel entrknhe pastmaie (=5-52-C;?8) hantkonel hk. ?2` achmkrhaki, tme fkhj onternki pastmaie (=5-52-C;53) gare tmkn 622`.Xpehoki conls. Fekls were caunl on tme iis ac tmree cektures onhiulon` fatm exhk-vktel onternki pastmaies (k ikrè `reen loarote fekl wotm hentrki percarktoan knltwa ikterki onlentktoans crag k pastmaie femonl tme entrknhe, knl k fane fekl onane ac tme fkhj pastmaies) ks weii ks on tme exhkvktel entrknhe past (k fiue/`reenlosh-smkpel stane fekl). Xee Coùre ;5<. Kfknlangent. Ane entrknhe knl ane fkhj onternki pastmaie were sehtoanel(sagetmon` nat passofie car tme gkdaroty ac tme cektures lue ta tme hanstrkonts atme felrahj knl pastmaie lokgeters). Xufstkntoki regkons ac furnt past stugpswere vosofie on tme sehtoans ac fatm pastmaies kfaut mkicwky lawn. \e iis acseven aut ac tme ten atmer exhkvktel cektures kisa hantkonel hmkrhaki. \os onlo-

hktes tmkt tme struhture wks furnt lawn.Lkton`. Hmkrhaki crag twa furnt pasts lkte Xtruhture ; ta tme ekriy ta gol-;6tm

hentury wotm k ?5% prafkfoioty tmkt hanstruhtoan taaj pikhe fetween KL ;262knl ;;=2 (@rN-8;<;0: @rN-8;<;=). Kssahoktel cektures. Xeventeen unksso`nel cektures ahhur wotmon tme perogeterac Xtruhture ;. \ese kre sgkii cektures wmohm hiuster on crant ac tme fkhj onter-nki pastmaie pkor knl kraunl tme onsole ac tme perogeter. \ey la nat su`èstonternki pkrtotoanon` ac kny jonl knl gky nat even fe reiktel ta tme struhture.Atmer sgkii cektures dust autsole tme perogeter, suhm ks tme raw ac caur cekturon tme sautm sautmekst wmohm caiiaw tme hurve ac tme perogeter wkii, gky repsent repkors.

Averikps. Xtruhtures ?, 62, 6;, 8<, 8=, 8?, <2, knl 56.Xmkrel cektures.Xox cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures, onhiulon` k cekture crag tme hentrki han ùrktoan.

Xtruhture 6 (Hancolenhe Hikss4 ;)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 6 os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 8< pastmaies knl k han ùrktoanac eo`mt pastmaies cargon` kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan. Ciaar krek os hk<8g¶. \os struhture os 0.<g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween externkitme pasts ac 52hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason` pkors ac onternki pastsac 5.35g knl 6.5g fetween tme pkors. Ot mks kn entrknhe on tme west-nartmwest

wenty cektures were exhkvktel crag tmos struhture, onhiulon` kii cektures ac tmonternki han ùrktoan.

;63 Xeeon` ks Xtruhture ; os sehureiy lktel crag hmkrhaki crag pasts, ot wauil fe wartm hagpkron`tme pattery knl atmer krteckhts crag ots cektures. Fksel an tme kssugptoan tmkt tme patteryenterel tme pastmaie eotmer ks progkry coii (o.e. wmen tme pastmaie wks corst gkle) ar ks lagestolefros luron` use ac tme mause ar kcter tme core (o.e. tme pastmaies khtel ks krteckht trkps), tmhauil meip lkton` tme herkgoh styie knl hantrofute tawkrls k coner hmranaia`y ac tme Hmohaol, o.ecrag tme ikte-;;tm ta gol-;6 tm hentury. me skge àes car pattery crag tme pastmaies ac Xtruhture3 (see caatnate ;60) knl tme onloènaus krteckhts goxel on ikyer ; on tme krek ac hanhentrktelhaianoki pattery. Ratentokiiy ane hauil hagpkre ;;tm-;6 tm-, ;<tm- knl ikte ;5tm / ekriy-;3tm henturyHmohaol pattery.



;32

Fatm tme onternki knl externki past horhies ac Xtruhture 6 were reha`nozel knlstkjel aut on tme eil. Veha`notoan ac Xtruhture 6 meipel hansolerkfiy wotm tmeon- eil onterpretktoan knl vosukiozktoan ac atmer sogoikr struhtures on tme unot.

Kjon ta Xtruhture ;, tme lostrofutoan ac leptms ac tme cektures tmrau`mauttme struhture cargs k reùikr pkttern on wmohm cektures on tme western tmorl actme externki ron`, knl espehokiiy tme entrknhe pastmaies ks weii ks tme pastmaiesstknjon` tme entrknhe kre leeper knl woler tmkn tme rest ac tme cektures on tmeron`. Rastmaies logonosm on leptm knl woltm tawkrls tme fkhj ac tme struhture.Cektures rknè crag 3 ta =2hg on leptm, knl = ta 55hg on lokgeter. wa sio`mtiyknagkiaus cektures on tme externki horhie kre kn orreùikr pot (=5-5?-C;8;), <2hgwole knl 65hg leep, wmohm kre passofiy twa cektures. Ikhj ac taaigkrjs knl or-reùikroty gky onlohkte tmos os k nkturki lepressoan, fut ot wks prafkfiy usel takhhaggalkte k past òven ots pasotoan on tme auter past ron`. Knatmer cekture(=<-5?-C55), kldkhent ta ane ac tme entrknhe pasts on tme auter ron`, mks k wolerkperture kt tme tap tmkn tme rest ac tme lokgeter ac tme pastmaie ks oc tme lehosoanwks gkle ta lehrekse tme vaiuge ac tme pastmaie luron` gknuckhture.

\e kverkè lostknhe fetween tme onternki pastmaies knl tme exteroar wkii(hentre ta hentre) os 38hg, o.e. reiktoveiy hiase set.

Ot os hiekr on tme pikn knl on tme eil tmkt tmere were ikpses on tme externkipast horhie. \os wks tme hkse on caur pikhes an tme ekstern partoan ac tme horhie. Kii tmase kreks wmohm ’smauil‗ mkve hantkonel pastmaies, were kreks ac (smkiiaw)nkturki lepressoans on tme felrahj, caiiawon` tme iones ac tme fellon` piknes.\ese lepressoans mkve sogoikr leptms ta tmase ac tme pastmaies kt tme rekr ac tmestruhture. kjon` onta khhaunt tmese lepressoans, wmohm on kii iojeiomaal wereusel ta suppart upro`mts, Xtruhture 6 hkn fe onterpretel ks mkvon` k cuii auterhorhie ac pasts.

<6

ge t r e s

2

Coùre =<. Xtruhture 6.



;3;V E H

Unioje Xtruhture ;, kii exhkvktel cektures kre vertohki. \os onlohktes tmkt pastswere set upro`mt onta tme pastmaies. \os laes nat prehiule tme ckht tmkt tmesepasts gky mkve feen tme raac wmohm strethmel kii tme wky lawn ta tme `raunl(ks gky fe tme hkse car Xtruhture ;), fut tmkt tmey were nat khhaggalktel ktkn knìe an gknuckhture. Ot gky kisa fe tme hkse tmkt tme pastmaies suppartelupro`mts an wmohm k raac struhture wks pikhel.Cekture coiis. Gast ac tme eo`mt onternki cektures, rknòn` crag 32 ta <2I, mkltwa ar tmree loerent iis car tme skge reksans ks gentoanel kfave car Xtruhture;.

Coiis ac tme eo`mt onternki cektures were sogoikr knl ekhm hantkonel sgkkgaunts ac caal regkons suhm ks gkrone smeiis (9;62`), hrkf hikws (962`), knl

sm knl gkggki fanes (985`) ks weii ks pattery smerls (9;22`). \e cektureslol nat hantkon so`no hknt qukntotoes ac felrahj gkteroki (96j`), kitmau`m otwks regkrjel ac ane ac tme cektures tmkt tme tap ac tme ii wks cuii ac rahjs.

\e iis ac tme externki exhkvktel cektures hantkonel vkryon` kgaunts ac ar-`knoh (;` ta >622`), pattery (;` ta >322`), knl stane gkterokis (9;j` ta >5j`).\os wks re`krliess ac vaiuge. wa cektures on tme nartm ac tme externki ron` han-tkonel so`no hkntiy gare smeii, fane knl pattery regkons tmkn tme rest ks weii kspoehes ac k pattery `rollie. \e skge àes car tme orreùikr pot, usel ks k pastmaie,on tme sautmern mkic ac tme struhture (=5-5?-C;8;).

\e loerenhes fetween tme qukntotoes ac tme ii hkteàroes onlohkte tmkt tmpastmaies were fkhj- iiel, prafkfiy kcter regavki ac tme pasts (see gare an tmosfeiaw).Xpehoki conls. K fekl wks rehaverel crag tme ii ac ane ac tme cektures (=<-5?-C;2<) on tme nartm ac tme externki ron` (wmote wotm `reen knl fikhj onhiusoans, k hentrki percarktoan knl ikterki onlentktoans). K la`‟s taatm wks rehav-erel crag tme ii ac tme sautmerngast onternki pastmaie femonl tme entrknhe.

Xo`no hknt qukntotoes ac pattery (>322`), sage leharktel, were rehaverel cragkn kldkhent cekture (=<-52-C;;5) ac reiktoveiy sgkii vaiuge, onhiulon` `rolliepoehes. Curtmer onvesto`ktoan gky letergone wmetmer tmos wks crag ane ar garevesseis. Kfknlangent. Kii exhept twa ac tme exhkvktel cektures mkl hmkrhaki on tmeo

iis. Mawever, on tme gkdaroty ac hkses tmos wks na gare tmkn k cew `rkgs (;=`). Ane sgkii externki cekture hantkonel so`no hkntiy gare, wotm tme hmkrhakgoxel tmrau`m tme ii. Nawmere, mawever, were cektures enhaunterel on wmohsaiol poehes ac hmkrhaki go`mt represent tme regkons ac furnt pasts. \e hmkrhakion tme iis wks pkrt ac tme hmkrhaki on tme saoi gktrox. \os struhture wks nafurnt lawn. Ots pasts were eotmer iect ta raton sotu ar regavel knl tme pastmaies

re- iiel (leioferkteiy fy mugkn kènhy, ar nkturkiiy). Kn onterpretktoan ac leiof-erkte re- iion` os precerrel fehkuse ac tme reiktove magaèneoty ac tme iis cratme tap ta tme fattag ac tme cektures (su`èstove ac fkhj- iion` on ane event)knl fehkuse ac tme loerenhe on iis khrass tme struhture (o.e. ane wotm k vehmkrhaki-rohm ii, knatmer wotm ikrè rahjs on tme tap ac tme cekture knl very cerent kgaunts ac ar`knoh gkteroki, re`krliess ac vaiuge, on sagetoges kldkhentcektures wmohm spekjs k`konst nkturki iion` prahesses).Lkton`. Hmohaol fksel an pattery on cekture iis. Kssahoktel cektures. wenty unksso`nel cektures ahhur wotmon tme perogeter acXtruhture 6. Xeverki ac tmese kre orreùikr lepressoans wmohm gky mkve supparpasts. K`kon, ot os nat afvoaus tmkt tmese kre struhturkiiy ar cunhtoankiiy reikteta Xtruhture 6, knl gky feian` ta atmer ks yet unrehanstruhtel struhtures.



;36

Xeverki sgkii pastmaies knl pastmaie han ùrktoans hiuster kraunl tme pe-rogeter ac Xtruhture 6, fut k loreht reiktoansmop os lo huit ta pasot, kitmau`m ot oshertkoniy tme hkse tmkt tmere kre mkrliy kny cektures kt tme fkhj ac tme struhture.Averikps. Aniy Xtruhture ;3 ontersehts Xtruhture 6. Xtruhture <3, iess tmkn ;2hgta tme west, os hansolerel ta fe taa hiase ta fe hantegparkry.

Oc ane regaves kii tme cektures ksso`nel ta atmer struhtures onsole Xtruhture 6,ane os iect wotm ;3 cektures. Fekron` on gonl tmkt tmos os ane ac tme kreks ac tmeunot wotm tme iawest cekture lensoty, tmos òves kn ogpressoan ac tme iaw prapar-toan ac lu`-lawn cektures nat lorehtiy reiktel ta mause hanstruhtoan.Xmkrel cektures. Nane.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 8 os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture wotm kn extensove repikhegent pmkse. \e pikn ac Xtruhture 8 en-hagpksses twa kigast exkhtiy averikppon` struhtures, wotm gkny ac tme cekturesusel on fatm onhkrnktoans. \os feon` tme hkse, ot os nat passofie ta sepkrkte tmegknl fatm kre presentel taètmer. Ciaar krek os hk. 80g¶. Xtruhture 8 hansosts ackn auter ron` ac 06 pastmaies, knl k han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pastmaies cargon` knonner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan, wotm kllotoanki pasts lu` kldkhent ta tme gastsautmwesteriy onternki past. \os struhture os 0g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkèspkn fetween tme externki pasts ac <?hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason`pkors ac onternki pasts ac <.<5g knl 6.2<g fetween tme pkors. Ot mks kn entrknheon tme west. Xoxteen cektures were exhkvktel crag Xtruhture 8.

Rastmaie logensoans rknè crag ;6 ta ;;3hg on leptm knl ;2 ta <<hg onlokgeter. Unioje Xtruhtures ; knl 6, tmere os nat suhm k hiekr pkttern on tme los-trofutoan ac leptms khrass tme cektures on tme externki horhie, kitmau`m leeper

<6

g etres

2

Coùre =5. Xtruhture 8.



;38V E H

pastmaies ahhur kt ontervkis kraunl tme perogeter, car exkgpie on tme sautm kswotm Xtruhture ;. Gast externki cektures, mawever, ckii fetween 62 ta <5hg leepknl la nat nehesskroiy èt smkiiawer averkii tawkrls tme fkhj. \e twa entrknhepastmaies kre tme leepest knl wolest (06 knl =5hg) on tme externki horhie, fut krenat afvoausiy stknjel fy pastmaies ac lehrekson` soze ks wotm Xtruhtures ; knl 6. K warl ac hkutoan os nehesskry, mawever, ks tme exhkvktel pastmaies were sagetoges leeper tmkn tmeor ’pajel‗ leptms. \os wks lue ta tme stany ii.

Ks wotm Xtruhture ;, pasts exhkvktel crag tme externki horhie were sikntontawkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture. \os wks tme hkse wotm none ac tme ;< pastmaies testel car knìe on tme nartmekst, ekst, sautm, knl west. \e exhkvktel en-trknhe pastmaie, k leep pastmaie on tme sautmern wkii knl tmree atmer passofiyrepkor pastmaies crag tme sautmern wkii were vertohki. Kii ve onteroar pastmaexhkvktel were vertohki cektures. On kii iojeiomaal tmos struhture wauil mkve monwkrl siknton` wkiis.

Aver mkic tme externki perogeter ac Xtruhture 8 hansosts ac k laufie past hor-hie. \os os espehokiiy tme hkse on tme nartmern mkic, wmohm kt rst iel ta tme restruhtoan ac twa struhtures smkron` tme skge onternki han ùrktoan knl entrknhecektures. Mawever, lue ta tme ckht tmkt tmere were guitopie (hk. eo`mt) strethmkian` tme perogeter ac tmos sehanl struhture wmohm kppekrel ta fe ”gosson`‟ cetures, k gare iojeiy expiknktoan os tmkt tmese cektures represent extensove repikhgent ac gast ac tme autsole wkii kt sage paont on tme struhture‟s mostary. \e ckhttmkt nat kii perogeter pastmaies were reusel, fut onternki pastmaies were, smawsk precerenhe car re-gkjon` sgkiier pastmaies, fut re-uson` ikrèr anes on tmosstruhture. \e sgkiier pastmaies on tme felrahj wauil mkve feen kvkoikfie, knlprafkfiy kisa vosofie car re-use, fut tmos lol nat ahhur on tme hkse ac Xtruhture8. Ot os passofie tmkt kii cektures were hantegparkneaus knl tme laufion` actme pastmaies represents k laufie-wkiiel struhture. K sonìe raw ac pasts on tmesautmwest knl ekst smaw tmkt tmos wks nat tme hkse kii tme wky raunl, knl on è

erki k twa-pmkse expiknktoan os precerrel ks laufie wkiis kre nat seen eisewmeron tme unot.\e onternki cektures ac Xtruhture 8 kre krrknèl on k very reùikr pkttern

kjon ta Xtruhture ;, wotm eo`mt leep knl frakl pastmaies cargon` kldkhent pkorswmohm kio`n an tme entrknhe knl an tme pkors ac leeper set pasts on tme nartm ksautm ac tme perogeter. Ekhm onternki past kisa cargs k pkor fy hannehton` ot taots appason` onlovoluki. \e appason` pastmaie pkors kt tme crant knl fkhj kreikrèr tmkn tmase ta tme soles on tme nartm knl sautm, fut unioje Xtruhture ; tmecrant pkor ac onternki pasts femonl tme entrknhe os gare nkrrawiy set (85hg) tmkntme fkhj pkor. \e leepest pastmaies on tme struhture kre tme crant knl fkhj pkorsac onternki pasts wmohm kre aver ane getre leep (;;6, ;;< knl ;;3hg). \e ex-heptoan os tme nartm fkhj pastmaie (=5-3;-C38) wmohm wks lahugentel ks aniy68hg leep. Xeeon` ks tmos os tme aniy ane ac tme caur pastmaies tmkt wks nat ehkvktel, knl tme atmer tmree hantkonel caur ta gare tmkn ;2j` ac stane gkteroki,ot os very iojeiy tmkt tme pajel leptm wks khtukiiy guhm leeper, fut leptm praf-on` wks ogpelel fy hagpkhtel stane gkteroki. \e kverkè lostknhe fetween tmeonternki pastmaies knl tme exteroar wkii (hentre ta hentre) os ;25hg.Cekture coiis. \e cektures on Xtruhture 8 mkl ane ar twa iis lepenlon` an soze.Coii 6, tawkrls tme fattag ac tme ikrèst cektures, smawel kn kigast hagpietekfsenhe ac mugoh gkteroki knl kn onhrekse on felrahj hantent. Gkny ac tme cek-tures mkl ikrè poehes ac felrahj on tmeor iis, espehokiiy leeper lawn (tmos khhauntel car tme errars gkle wmen pajon`). On ènerki iis ac fatm onternki knlexternki cektures were sogoikr knl hantkonel very iottie huiturki gkteroki (965`fane gkteroki, 902` gkrone smeiis, 9;2` hrkf hikws, 9;32` pattery). Car exkg-



;3<

pie, tme entrknhe past (=5-5;-C658) mks k vaiuge ac aver ;22I hantkonon` hk.62j` ac felrahj gkteroki knl ;32` ac pattery, onhiulon` leharktel smerls acwmkt kppekrel ta fe tme skge vessei wmohm ahhurrel kt reùikr ontervkis tmrau`m-aut fatm iis, ta tme fattag ac tme cekture.Xpehoki conls. K leep ponj fekl, gkle acHmkgk skrlk smeii, wks rehaverel crag

ane ac tme pastmaies (=5-5;-C;<6) on tme sautmwest ac tme exteroar. \os fekl ossogoikr ta tmree atmers4 ane caunl kssahoktel wotm tme furoki cekture on =5-8<-C23 an tme hakst, knl twa gare crag lepasots kfave tme furoki cekture. Kfknlangent. Xage ac tme exhkvktel cektures hantkonel neìoòfie kgauntsac hmkrhaki (;`), tme gkxogug feon` 0` on ane ac tme entrknhe pasts. \os osnat leegel enau`m ta hanstotute furnon` ac tme struhture, fut represents re-soluki hmkrhaki on tme saoi gktrox. Ks leshrofel kfave, tme cekture iis reiktel tatmos struhture were regkrjkfiy ’hiekn‗, wotm mkrliy kny lostonhtoan fetween iis.Ikhj ac past smklaws on tme ikrèr exhkvktel pastmaies knl sogoikr pattery ah-hurron` tmrau`maut tme iis onlohkte tmkt pasts mkl feen regavel knl tme maies

iiel wotm hiekn sknl.Lkton`. Hmohaol. Kssahoktel cektures. Ot os passofie tmkt k ikrè cekture (=5-3;-C3?) k`konst tmefkhj wkii os kssahoktel wotm Xtruhture 8. \os cekture wks exhkvktel knl smawel kvery hiekn, unloerentoktel ii (sogoikr ta =5-5;-C6=6). Vegkrjkfiy, lespote tmesoze ac tmos cekture (aver ;52I), tmere wks aniy ane loshernkfie ii ‘ frawnosmsknl wotm k cew smerls knl ckunki regkons. \os `kve tme ogpressoan tmkt rktmertmkn feon` iecton sotu, tme past wks regavel knl tme maie iiel on wotm reiktoveiy’hiekn‗ saoi. \os os tme skge shenkroa ks envoskèl car kii exhkvktel pasts ac tmosstruhture. \e cunhtoan ac tmos ikrè past on Xtruhture 8 regkons unhiekr, fut ot ossogoikr on soze ta twa atmer ksso`nel (ta atmer struhtures) cektures wotmon tme pe-rogeter ac Xtruhture 8, knl ane unksso`nel cekture dust autsole Xtruhture 8. \elensoty ac unksso`nel cektures on tmos krek ac tme unot os quote mo`m, knl tmerecareot os lo huit ta kssahokte ar exhiule cektures crag Xtruhture 8. Mawever, wmktkrrknègent ac cektures os present on Xtruhture 8 laes nat onlohkte kny onternkipkrtotoanon` ac spkhe.

Averikps. Xtruhtures 68, 6<, 6?, 82, 86, knl 80.Xmkrel cektures. Cove cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures, onhiulon` ane actme cektures crag tme hentrki han ùrktoan.

Xtruhture < (Hancolenhe Hikss4 ;)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture < os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture wotm kn eposale ac refuoilon` ar averfuoilon`. \e staar krek oshk. =;g¶ wmohm gkjes ot twohe ks fo` ks Xtruhtures ; ta 8. Ot hansosts ac kn auterron` ac 02 pastmaies knl k han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pastmaies cargon` kn onnerraac-fekron` hanstruhtoan. \os struhture os ;2.55g on lokgeter. Ot mks kn kver-kè spkn fetween externki pasts ac 50hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason`pkors ac onternki pasts ac =.;;g knl 8.23g fetween tme pkors. Rastmaies rknècrag 5 ta ?8hg on leptm, knl ;2 ta 55hg on lokgeter. Ot mks kn entrknhe on tmewest gkrjel fy tme wolest spkhon` fetween externki pasts (;26hg). Cocteen cek-tures were exhkvktel crag tmos struhture.

\e laufion` ac pastmaies, espehokiiy kian` tme ekst knl sautmekstern perog-eter, seegs ta represent k refuoilon` pmkse on wmohm sehtoans ac tme auter wkii/

raac were repikhel.



;35V E H

Caur externki exhkvktel cektures kre lu` kt k siknt on tme felrahj, knìel ta-wkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture. @oven tme ckht tmkt atmer pastmaies exhkvkcrag tme perogeter kre vertohki, tme evolenhe kfaut tme carg ac tme auter wkiios onhanhiusove. On kny hkse, tme entrknhe pasts knl twa pastmaies exhkvktel eotmer sole ac tme entrknhe were vertohki. Caur exhkvktel pastmaies ac tme ontehan ùrktoan were kisa vertohki.

\e lostrofutoan ac leptms ac tme cektures tmrau`maut tme struhture, kitmau`mnat ks hansostent ks on Xtruhture ;, cargs k pkttern on wmohm entrknhe cektureknl stknjon` pastmaies on tme externki ron` kre set reiktoveiy leep onta tme `raunl\os os tme skge car tme seven pastmaies on tme nartm ac tme externki ron` knl cacektures wmohm kio`n an ekhm ac tme onternki pastmaies. Cektures kt tme fkhj astruhture tenl ta fe io`mter.

\e onternki past han ùrktoan, hansoston` ac eo`mt leep-set knl wole pasts(58 ta ?8hg leep), os very reùikr on tergs ac ots spktoki ikyaut. Crant knl fkhj

pkors ac pasts ks weii ks nartm knl sautm pkors carg kigast hagpieteiy pkrkiieiraac supparts. \e crant pkor ac onternki pastmaies os leeper tmkn tme rekr pkor:on tme hkse ac tme nartmerngast appason` pkor tmos loerenhe os aniy ;2hg, futon tme hkse ac tme sautmern pkor tmos os <2hg. Kii atmer horhuikr struhtures smhiaser equovkienhe fetween tme appason` pkors. Mawever, tme ckht tmkt tme smiawest onternki pastmaie os 58hg on leptm (o.e. leep enau`m ta suppart k mekvyraac-fekron` past), knl tmkt fatm pkors smauil mkve sogoikr loerenhes oc tmrestehtel k nan-marozantki crkge, tme ikhj ac equovkienhe (reiktove ta atmer strutures) os nat tmau`mt ta fe so`no hknt car tme averkii smkpe ac tme struhture.

\e kverkè lostknhe fetween tme onternki pastmaies knl tme exteroar wkii(hentre ta hentre) os 02hg, o.e. reiktoveiy hiase set.

<

ge t re s

62

Coùre =3. Xtruhture <.



;33

\e pekjs ac tme felrahj mkve feen krto hokiiy stkttenel aver tme gkdaroty actme surckhe onsole tmos struhture (espehokiiy on tmase kreks onlohktel fy tme saiol`rey ione). \os wks iojeiy lane ta hrekte k sgaatmer iovon` surckhe, kitmau`m otgky nat lorehtiy fe reiktel ta tmos struhture (see Xtruhture ;;).Cekture coiis. \e twa ikrè entrknhe pasts (=<-8?-C;60 knl ;<6) ks weii ks tme

caur onternki pasts, kii fetween 32 knl 622I on vaiuge sprekl aver up ta tmreeiis, hantkon k sogoikr ii gktrox hansoston` ac iottie pattery (62-332`), ar`knohgkteroki onhiulon` smeiis (<2- >522`), fane crk`gents (6-;22`) knl hrkf hikws(6-<=`), knl up ta ;5-62j` ac stane gkteroki wmohm gky mkve feen usel ks pkhj-on` car tme pasts. Onterpretktoan ks pkhjon` gkteroki rktmer tmkn ks fkhj- ii kcterkfknlangent os precerrel lue ta tme soze ac tme stane gkteroki, mkic ac wmohm hknfe leshrofel ks `rkvei, knl tme atmer mkic ac poehes na ikrèr tmkn k st. Kii atmerexhkvktel cektures on tme externki horhie mkl reiktoveiy `rkveiiy iis. \os kisa kp-pioel ta sage unexhkvktel cektures natel ks lo huit ta leptm prafe lue ta tmeorstany hantent.

Rastmaies exhkvktel on tme externki perogeter horhie kisa smkrel ii praper-toes ac tme atmers exhkvktel4 nkgeiy neìoòfie pattery, kn ar`knoh hagpanent(hansoston` ac gkrone smeii, fane knl hrkf hikws) knl k so`no hknt prapartoan ac`rkvei on tme vaiuge ac tme ii.

None pastmaies hantkonel hmkrhaki. Ane ac tme entrknhe pasts mkl 62`, knltme atmer ?2`, wmoie caur exhkvktel onternki pastmaies hantkonel iess tmkn ;2èkhm, knl tmree atmers crag tme externki horhie iess tmkn ;`.Xpehoki conls. K fekl wks rehaverel crag k pastmaie ii (=5-<2-C60) on tmegollie ac tme nartmern wkii ac tme struhture. \os wks k wmote stane, losh-smkpelfekl wotm k hentrki percarktoan knl twa ikterki onlentktoans. Kfknlangent. @oven tme kgaunt ac hmkrhaki on tme iis ac tme ikrèr cektures(;2-?2`) ot os prafkfie tmkt tmos struhture furnt lawn. Hmkrhaki vaiuges kre iesstmkn tmase ac Xtruhtures ; knl 3, knl tme furnt past regkons were nat natel ontme eil (ks os tme hkse car Xtruhtures ; knl 3). Nevertmeiess, tme mo`m hmkrhakihantent ac sage ac tme cekture iis wks natel on tme eil. Rermkps tme hagfus-toan tegperktures were nat ks mo`m ks car tme atmer furnt struhtures geknon`tmkt tme pasts were nat furnt, o.e. hkrfanozel, hagpieteiy, knl tmus iess pre-servel. Kitmau`m nat ks hiekr-hut ks car Xtruhtures ; knl 3, tme onterpretktoan acfurnon` os reksankfie.Lkton`. Rresugkfiy Hmohaol. Hmkrhaki skgpies were nat lktel knl tme pat-tery kre unlok`nastoh. Xee Hmkpter 3 car ots pasotoan wotmon tme Ei Hkfa reiktovehmranaia`y. Kssahoktel cektures. \ere kre iess tmkn <2, gkoniy very sgkii, kssahoktel cek-tures ahhurron` wotmon tme perogeter ac Xtruhture <. \ese kre nat nehesskr-oiy tmau`mt ta fe kssahoktel wotm tme struhture. Autsole tme struhture, cektureshiuster ta tme nartm, fut ks tmese kre an tme elè ac tme exhkvktoan unot, tmeykre tmau`mt ta feian` ta atmer struhtures. Cektures kraunl tme perogeter gkyrepresent repkors ta atmer struhtures ks tmere os quote k pkiogpsest ac averikp-pon` mauses on tmos krek. K hurvel kio`ngent ta tme sautmekst os nat tmau`mt tafe reiktel. Ks wotm Xtruhtures 6 knl 8, tmere kre mkrliy kny unksso`nel cekturesautsole tme fkhj ac Xtruhture <.Averikps. Xtruhtures 5, =, ;;, ;8, ;<, <;, <<, <3, 52, 5;, knl 56.Xmkrel cektures. Xox ac tme externki cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures.



;30V E H

Xtruhture 5 (Hancolenhe Hikss4 8)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 5 os tme pikn ac wmkt kppekrs tafe k reùikr past-fuoit struhture. \e pikn os onhagpiete lue ta tme ckht tmkt mkictme struhture ckiis autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes. \e regkonon` mkic hansostac kn auter ron` ac 66 pastmaies, knl k han ùrktoan ac ve pastmaies cargon`

kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan, tme letkois ac wmohm kre nat hertkon on pikh\e onterpaiktel staar krek ac tme hagpiete pikn os hk. 5;g¶. \os struhture os=.8g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween tme externki pasts ac 5?hg. \osspkhon` gky fe sio`mtiy onstktel lue ta tme ckht tmkt tme auter horhie kppekrs ohagpiete on pikhes. \e spkn fetween tme aniy revekiel appason` pkor ac onternkipasts os 3g knl tme kverkè fetween tme pkors os 6.8<g. Averkii, cektures rknècrag ;2 ta 68hg on lokgeter knl = ta 55hg on leptm. \ere os na afvoaus en-trknhe on tme perogeter, wmohm gky ckii autsole tme exhkvktel krek. en cektuwere exhkvktel crag tmos struhture.

On tergs ac tme soze ac tme cektures, on ènerki, tme ekstern partoan ac tme progeter mks k gare even lostrofutoan ac smkiiaw, sienler pastmaies, on jeepon`wotm tme atmer horhuikr struhtures on tme unot wmohm kre sio`mter tawkrls tme(o.e. ekst). Eisewmere leptms knl lokgeters ac tme kldkhent cektures kre garereùikriy leeper. Cektures on tme perogeter kre ènerkiiy eveniy spkhel wotm sgki`kps on tme nartmwest knl ekst. Caur ac tme ten cektures exhkvktel crag tme pe-rogeter kre lu` onta tme felrahj kt k siknt. wa ac tmese crag tme ekstern wkii kresiknton` tawkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture, tme atmer twa kre cektures smkrel fatmer struhtures knl tmeor knìes kre unhiekr wotm respeht ta Xtruhture 5.

<

g etres

62

Coùre =0. Xtruhture 5.



;3=

\e onternki han ùrktoan hansosts ac ve ikrè pastmaies, rknòn` crag 68 ta55hg leep. \e kverkè lostknhe fetween tme onternki pastmaies knl tme exteroarwkii (hentre ta hentre) os =2hg. \ese pastmaies kre onterpretel ks representon`tme tap (nartmern) pkor knl fkhj (ekstern) pkor ac raac-supparts, ks weii ks aneac tme crant pkor ac pastmaies femonl tme entrknhe.

Mkvon` skol tmkt, mawever, ot os lo huit ta olentocy kn entrknhe wotm her-tkonty, òven tme onhagpieteness. \e lostrofutoan knl leptms ac tme cektures ontme ekstern partoan ac tme perogeter ks weii ks ikhj ac prehelent seeg ta krùek`konst ane on tme ekst. Entrknhes kre usukiiy leso`nktel fy kn kldkhent pkorac sogoikriy leep-set knl wole pastmaies, acten hrekton` tme ikrèst `kp on tmeperogeter, sagetoges, stknjel fy pastmaies ac lehrekson` soze knl kio`nel wotmk pkor ac onternki pasts wmase spkn os `rekter tmkn tmkt ac tme entrknhe spkn.Aroentktoan os usukiiy fetween west ta nartmwest. \e ikrèst pastmaie on tmeperogeter os aroentel west-nartmwest, knl kitmau`m ikhjon` kn afvoaus haunter-pkrt kfave ar feiaw ot, hauil onlohkte kn entrknhe wmohm mks feen afshurel fytme exhkvktoan faunlkry. \e kio`ngent ac tme onternki hanstruhtoan kisa ckvaurstmos onterpretktoan. Curtmer exhkvktoan wauil aer k saiutoan.Cekture coiis. \e hantents ac tme cekture iis were sogoikriy spkrse knl stuhtuktelkhharlon` ta tme vaiuge ac tme pastmaie. wa cektures hantkonel na ar`knoh arpattery regkons, aniy sgkii kgaunts ac `rkvei (9<2`), wmereks tme atmers han-tkonel 62-=22` `rkvei, 2-6` fane, 2-0` pattery, 2-;<` gkrone smeiis, 2-6` hrkfhikws knl 2-;` hmkrhaki.Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Rasts were eotmer regavel ar iect ta raton sotu. \e struhture wksnat furnt lawn.Lkton`. \e lepasots on ikyer ; kre tme tmonnest on tme krek ac Xtruhture 5. Onckht, hantrkry ta eisewmere on tme unot tmere kre very shkrhe herkgoh (na `rollie)knl gkrone smeii regkons, tmos kfsenhe klmeron` ta k segohorhuikr krek hansug-gkte wotm tme perogeter wkii ac tme struhture. @oven tmos ckht, Xtruhture 5 os ks-sugel ta fe reiktoveiy ikte on tme hmranaia`y ac tme unot (see Hmkpter 3 car otspasotoan wotmon tme Ei Hkfa reiktove hmranaia`y).

Kssahoktel cektures. \ere kre mkrliy kny cektures eotmer onsole ar autsoleXtruhture 5 wmohm kre tmau`mt ta fe reiktel ta ot.Averikps. Xtruhtures <, ;<, ;5, <;, <8, <5, 52, 5;, knl 56.Xmkrel cektures. None cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures. Kii kre crag tmeperogeter.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs.Xtruhture 3 os tme pikn ac k past-fuoithorhuikr struhture hansoston` ac k very reùikr auter ron` ac <; pastmaies wmohmonharparktes ikrèr, raac-fekron` suppart pasts wotmon ots perogeter. K sgkii pkrtac tme nartmern partoan ac tme struhture ckiis autsole exhkvktoan faunlkroes.Nevertmeiess, oc hagpiete, kn kllotoanki twa mekvy-set pasts on tme perogeterwauil kigast hertkoniy hagpiete kn eo`mt-past han ùrktoan. \e onterpaiktelstaar krek os hk. 00g¶. \os struhture os ;2g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spknfetween externki pasts ac 50hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason` pkors aconternki pasts =.?8g knl <.25g fetween tme pkors. Ot mks kn entrknhe on tme westgkrjel fy tme wolest spkhon` fetween externki pasts. Aver mkic tme cektures, onkii 6<, were exhkvktel.



;3?V E H

\e ènerki hanhept ac hanstruhtoan os k ikrè horhuikr fuoilon` wotm raac sup-part hagon` crag leeper set pasts wotmon tme perogeter wkii. \e lostrofutoanac fatm leptms knl lokgeters ac tme cektures tmrau`maut tme struhture cargs kreùikr pkttern on wmohm gkssove entrknhe pastmaies kre stknjel fy kn krrknègent ac sgkiier pastmaies, caiiawel fy leeper pasts k`kon. \ese leeper pastskre tme equovkient ac tme crant pkor ac onternki pasts on tme atmer horhuikr strtures loshussel sa ckr. \erekcter, on tme sautmwest (tme nartmern qukrter ac tmeperogeter ckiis autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes) kn kio`ngent ac sox smkiiawepasts (≬<2hg), os caiiawel fy knatmer leep-set (08hg) raac suppart, caiiawelfy seven smkiiawer pasts (≬<0hg), knl knatmer leep-set supparton` past (?;hg). Knatmer sox smkiiawer pasts (≬<5hg) caiiaw, knl tmen ane ac tme fkhj suppartpasts (55hg), caiiawel fy seven sienler knl smkiiaw pasts (≬<6hg), ac wmohmtme gollie os tme leepest, knl knatmer fkhj suppart past (?0hg). Caur smkiiawerpasts hantonue tme perogeter fecare loskppekron` unler tme unot faunlkry. \os

eehtuki kfknlangent ac k cuii onternki past-horhie ks raac suppart onhrekses tmeonternki spkhe.\ere os kisa k reùikr pkttern on tme lokgeters ac tme pasts on tme horhie. \e

suppart cektures kii mkve `rekter lokgeters tmkn tme atmer perogeter cektureswotm tmase fetween tme twa fkhj suppart pasts feon` gast sienler on lokgeter,kjon ta tme fkhj ac tme atmer struhtures loshussel. \e `rekt hanhern car syg-getrohki reùikroty on tme pikn os kppkrent on every kspeht.

@oven tme ikte lkton` ac tmos struhture hagpkrel ta tmkt ac Xtruhture ; (seefeiaw), tmere os reksan ta feioeve tmkt tmos type ac suppart òven fy tme externkwkii wks k ikter leveiapgent aut ac tme ekrioer type wmohm sepkrktel wkii knsuppart. Kii cektures exhkvktel crag tme onternki knl externki hanstruhtoans werevertohki.

Coùre ==. Xtruhture 3.

<

g etres

62



;02

Knkiysos ac hmkrhaki skgpies crag tme twa entrknhe cektures fy Iee K.Newsag smaws tmkt tme pasts were crag Xkpatkheke (skpaloiik ckgoiy), gkthmon`wotm twa loerent spehoes ac tmeXoleraxyian ènus4X. skiohocaioug (I.) Ikg. (syn.Lopmaios skiohocaiok ) knl X. caetolossogug Dkhq. (syn. Gkstohmalenlran caetolosso-gug ). \os os k trapohki mkrlwaal, oleki car hanstruhtoan. Ot mks feen caunl onkssahoktoan wotm krhmkeaiaòhki sotes crag tme Krhmkoh anwkrls on tme Iesser knl@rekter Kntoiies (Newsag knl Pon` 622<). \e tree praluhes elofie sact cruotsknl os hiksso el ks k mage-`krlen spehoes fy Newsag (;??5). Ot hkn taierkte krolknl skione hanlotoans, gkjon` ot kn oleki resaurhe on k setton` suhm ks tme eksternhakstki pikons ac Mospknoaik.Cekture coiis. Ac kii tme pastmaies exhkvktel, aniy caur lol nat hantkon hmkrhakiknl tmese were exhiusoveiy sgkiier pastmaies. Xufstkntoki regkons ac furnt paststugps were rehaverel crag tme twa entrknhe cektures (=<-6?-C6?8 knl C;0=). Ks loshussel on Hmkpter <, tmese smawel so`ns ac hagfustoan kt mo`m tegperk-ture. Hmkrhaki skgpies were haiiehtel car lkton` knl car spehoes letergonktoan,knl k curtmer 662` wks rehaverel crag tme iis. \e iis ac fatm cektures kisahantkonel sufstkntoki kgaunts ac furnt felrahj gkteroki (>;2j`) knl leharktelpattery smerls. \ere were very iottie caal regkons on tme entrknhe cektures (gk-rone smeii ≬;6` knl fane ≬<`). \e skge pktterns kre afservel on tme ve exhk-vktel suppart pasts kt tme crant, fkhj knl sautm. Kii hantkon hmkrhaki (6-;83`),pattery (62-682`), felrahj wotm so`ns ac furnon` (≬ 0j`), knl gonogki caalregkons (gkrone smeii ≬=<`, hrkf hikws ≬5` knl fane ≬<`).;60

\e sgkiier perogeter pastmaies hantkonel neìoòfie hmkrhaki (2-;3`), `rkvei(<`-≬6j`), pattery (2-68`), gkrone smeiis (2-;=`), knl fane (2-8`).Xpehoki conls. wa fekls were rehaverel4 ane crag tme nartmeriy entrknhe past(=<-6?-C6?8, ii 6) knl ane crag tme sautmeriy crant supparton` past (=<-6?-C6<=, ii ;). \ese were smeii ar fane fekls.;6=

Kfknlangent. \os struhture wks furnt lawn. \os os evolent crag tme suf-stkntoki regkons ac hmkrhaki crag furnt pasts on tme iis ac tme ikrèst cektures.wa furnt pkthmes (C80; knl 806), wmere tme felrahj mkl hagpieteiy los-

haiaurel lue ta ontense mekt, ahhurrel onsole nartm ac tme entrknhe knl on tmesautmwest. Ot os ontereston` ta nate tmkt lespote tme ckht tmkt tme entrknhe pastsmkl furnt ro`mt lawn ta tme fattag, na hmkrhaki ar aniy k cew `rkgs testo el tatmos ahhurrenhe on tme sgkiier perogeter cektures. \os smauil urè hkutoan wotmrespeht ta olentocyon` lestruhtoan, ar nat, fy re.

Lkton`. Xtruhture 3 wks erehtel on tme ikte ;<tm hentury. Xkgpies crag twa furntpasts òve k ?5% prafkfoioty tmkt hanstruhtoan taaj pikhe fetween KL ;6?2 knl;<62 (@rN-8258< knl @rN-82585). Oc ane klls k tmorl lktel skgpie (@rN-6?285) wmohm os spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm Xtruhture 3, yet nat pkrt ac ots onternkiar externki past krrknègent, k sagewmkt yaunèr lkte os su`èstel, knl tmereos k ?5% prafkfoioty tmkt hanstruhtoan taaj pikhe fetween KL ;822 knl ;<<2.\e struhture kisa ahhupoes ane ac tme hieknest kreks ac tme unot.

;60 Natkfiy, reiktoveiy gkny herkgoh smerls, onhiulon` leharktel poehes were rehaverel crag tmetwa entrknhe cektures, ks weii ks crag tme atmer suppart pasts. Ks car struhture ;, struhture 3os sehureiy lktel crag hmkrhaki crag pasts wmohm gekns tmkt ot wauil fe wartm hagpkron` tmepattery crag ots cektures. Xee caatnate ;63.

;6= Exkht gkteroki unjnawn.



;0;V E H

Kssahoktel cektures. Ks gentoanel kfave, Xtruhture 3 os gast prafkfiy kssaho-ktel wotm twa kreks ac ontense mekt ahhurron` ks loshaiaurel felrahj wotmon otperogeter. \e ontensoty ac tme re wmohm lestrayel tme struhture kt kfknlan-gent os vosofie on tmese kreks. Iogestane nkturkiiy wektmers loerent haiaurs, futmere ot wks evolent tmkt re wks prafkfiy tme kènt.

K pastmaie cekture ahhurron` onsole Xtruhture 3, tawkrls tme hentre (=<-8?-C82) kisa hantkonel tme regkons ac k furnt past wmase lkte rknè ckiis wotmon tmskge rknè ks Xtruhture 3 (see kfave). Kitmau`m nat onharparktel ks k struhturkieiegent on Xtruhture 3, tmos pastmaie gky mkve feen pkrt ac kn onternki han ù-rktoan wmohm mks nat feen rehanstruhtel, kitmau`m ot gky dust ks iojeiy feian` tknatmer struhture wmohm ckiis autsole tme unot.

Ane, knl passofiy twa, sepkrkte sehanlkry lepasotoans ac mugkn fane gk-teroki kisa ahhur wotmon tme perogeter ac Xtruhture 34 tme lepasotoan ac fan(teetm, rof, sjuii, knl ian` fane crk`gents) ac k neankte on k sgkii pot (=<-6?-C63;) knl tme lepasotoan ac crk`gents ac passofiy k mugkn tofok on k pastmaie(=<-6?-C;3).;6? \os pastmaie wks nat ksso`nel ks k struhturki eiegent on kny actme struhtures on tme unot, knl tme fane gkteroki gust mkve feen lepasotel kcterregavki ac tme past. Fatm lepasotoans kre iahktel kian` k rau`miy ekst-west ionekhrass tme hentre ac tme struhture, tme neankte hk. 6.5g crag tme entrknhe knltme tofok hk. 6.5g crag tme fkhj wkii. Ot smauil fe natel tmkt tmese fane lepasotskisa ahhur wotmon sox atmer struhtures knl ot os nat jnawn wmohm, oc kny, ac tmkre reiktel ta tme lepasotoans.

Fesoles tmese, tmere kre severki ikrè cektures knl gkny sgkiier anes wmohmahhur wotmon tme perogeter ac Xtruhture 3. K hiusteron` ac unksso`nel ikrè pastmaies tawkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture gky yet prave ta fe pkrt ac k hentrkihan ùrktoan, kitmau`m tmos os nat nehesskroiy tme hkse knl kny han ùrktoikhjs tme reùikroty seen on tme rest ac tme struhture. Neotmer os tmere kn olhknlolkte car k hentrki past. \e lense hiusteron` ac unksso`nel cektures on tme

west os tmau`mt gast prafkfiy ta feian` ta atmer struhtures, knl k`kon, ks onXtruhtures 6, 8 knl <, tmere kppekrs ta fe kn egpty krek femonl tme struhture.Averikps. Xtruhtures ;0, 66, 63, 60, 6=, 8;, 8?, <6, <0, knl <=. Xtruhture ;< ostaa hiase ta fe hantegparkneaus.Xmkrel cektures. Cove cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 0 os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 86 pastmaies, knl k han ùrktoanac eo`mt pastmaies cargon` kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan. \e staar krek

os hk. <2g¶. \e cektures kt tme entrknhe knl stknjon` tme entrknhe kre laufielup. \os struhture os 0.8g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween externkipasts ac 3<hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason` pkors ac onternki pasts5.2?g knl 6.26g fetween tme pkors. Ot mks k nkrraw entrknhe on tme west gkrjelfy tme ikrèst cektures on tme exteroar. None cektures were exhkvktel crag tmostruhture.

\e cektures ac tme entrknhe knl tmase on tme onternki han ùrktoan kre tmeleepest knl wolest, kitmau`m tme entrknhe cektures kre set kt k smarter lostknhe(53hg) kpkrt tmkn tme kverkè spkhon` fetween tme externki pasts (3<hg). \eseentrknhe pasts knl tme twa kldkhent pasts an fatm soles ac tme entrknhe kppekrta mkve feen curtmer egpmksozel fy tme kllotoan ac sehanl pasts next ta tmeg

;6? Rers. hagg. Lr Lkriene Pestan.



;06

sa tmkt tme entrknhe han ùrktoan hansosts ac sox pkors ac pasts. \ree ac tmesepkors were set on ontersehton` pastmaies. Xogoikrotoes on tme iis ac tmese cektures(see feiaw) onlohkte tmkt tmeor kfknlangent prahesses were tme skge, knl ot ostmau`mt tmkt tmey were hantegparkneaus rktmer tmkn repikhegents. \os wauilmkve mkl tme eeht egpmksoson` tme entrknhe fy laufion` tme nugfer ac pasts,ks kn kiternktove ta uson` guhm ikrèr pasts ks os tme hkse car atmer struhtures.

Kii ac tme exhkvktel cektures were vertohki knl rknèl crag 0 ta 82hg onlokgeter knl = ta =2hg on leptm. \e struhture os aroentel wotm tme entrknheckhon` west-nartmwest, dust ks Xtruhture 6. \e lostrofutoan ac leptms knl lokg-eters ac tme cektures tmrau`maut tme struhture cargs k reùikr pkttern wotm knegpmksozel entrknhe stknjel fy sienler pasts. Rasts on tme externki horhie kt tmetap knl fattag ac tme struhture (o.e. nartm-nartmekst knl sautm-sautmwest) krekisa mekvoer set knl kio`nel an tme onternki pastmaies. Kjon ta Xtruhtures ; knl3, tme crant pkor ac onternki pasts os sio`mtiy gare woleiy spkhel (fy <2hg) tmkn

tmase kt tme fkhj. \ese cektures kio`n an tme entrknhe. \e onternki pasts kre setan kverkè =<hg kwky crag tme autsole wkii.On tme externki horhie, aver ane tmorl ac tme ekstern partoan ac tme perogeter

mks ikrè `kps. \ere kre aniy caur cektures kian` tmos strethm ac tme wkii. Naatmer nekrfy cektures hkn fe onharparktel onta tme rehanstruhtoan, knl tme ex-hkvktars lol nat reharl kny lepressoans on tme felrahj wmohm go`mt khhaunt cartmese ikhunke, ks os tme hkse car Xtruhture 6. Kitmau`m we ahhksoankiiy gossel cek-tures on tme eil (acten lue ta sknl knl lust haiiehton` on tme hrevohes fetweenloppon` piknes), tmos os nat feioevel ta fe tme hkse mere, wmere guitopie cektureskppekr ta fe kfsent crag kn atmerwose very reùikr struhture wmohm wks hmehjelon tme eil car hansostenhy. \os gky fe k gare gonogki ar extrege versoan ac

<6

ge t r e s

2

Coùre =?. Xtruhture 0.



;08V E H

Xtruhtures ; ta 3 wmerefy tme pasts kian` tme fkhj wkii kre on kny hkse tme sio`mest ac tme struhture. \e pasts kt tme rekr ac tme struhture gky mkve feen lu`tmrau`m tme tapsaoi kiane.Cekture coiis. Xox ac tme ikrèst exhkvktel cektures hantkonel sgkii kgaunts achmkrhaki4 iess tmkn ;` ekhm on twa onternki pasts knl ;3` sprekl aver caur en-

trknhe pasts. \e presenhe ac suhm sgkii kgaunts ac hmkrhaki on tme cekture iionlohktes tmkt tme struhture wks nat furnt lawn.\e caur pasts, cargon` twa pkors, kt tme entrknhe were exhkvktel taètmer ks

tmere wks na lostonhtoan on tme iis ac tme ontersehton` cektures. \eor iis wekigast olentohki. \e skge ii hmkrkhterostohs, aniy wotm iess pattery, kre smkrelfy tme twa onternki pasts exhkvktel (=5-<2-C;82 knl =<-<?-C632). \ese soxcektures hantkonel 0-6<` ac fane gkteroki, 63-;82` ac pattery, 0?-;86` ac gk-rone smeii knl <-;6` ac hrkf hikws. \e cektures kisa hantkonel gare tmkn ; ta9?j` ac felrahj, prafkfiy ks pkhjon` gkteroki.

\e tmree sgkiier cektures exhkvktel on tme sautmwest perogeter hantkonelane ar twa `rkgs ac ar`knoh gkteroki knl `rkveiiy iis.

Xpehoki conls.Nane. Kfknlangent. Rasts were eotmer regavel ar iect ta raton sotu. \e struhture wksnat furnt lawn.

Lkton`. K Hmohaol smerl wks caunl on ane ac tme entrknhe pastmaies. Kssahoktel cektures. Aniy none unksso`nel cektures ahhur wotmon tme perogeterac Xtruhture 0, knl tmese la nat seeg ta percarg kny loshernofie pkrtotoanon` arstruhturki cunhtoan. \e hiusteron` ac cektures kt tme entrknhe ac tme struhture osgast iojeiy reiktel ta atmer struhtures ks tmos os kn krek ac lense cektures an tmeelè ac tme unot.Averikps. Xtruhtures ;2, ;6, 8?, <2, knl 56.Xmkrel cektures. Nane.

Xtruhture = (Hancolenhe Hikss4 ;)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture = os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac k ron` ac 63 pastmaies. Na suotkfie cektures onsoletme reùikr perogeter horhie hauil fe caunl tmkt su`èstel kn onternki han ù-rktoan. \e staar krek os hk. 8;g¶. \os struhture os 3.5g on lokgeter wotm knkverkè spkn fetween externki pasts ac 00hg. Cektures rknè crag = ta 62hgon lokgeter, knl ;2 ta <2hg on leptm. Na cektures were exhkvktel crag tmosstruhture.

Leeper pastmaies kre onterspersel wotm smkiiawer anes tmrau`maut tme struhture, wotm k `kp on tme ekstern sehtoan. Onotokiiy, ot wks tmau`mt tmkt kjoXtruhture 3, pkors ac mekvoer-set raac-supparts were onharparktel wotmon tme progeter ac Xtruhture =. Mawever, kitmau`m mekvoer pasts la ahhur on tme nartmsautm, ekst knl west, tmese la nat carg pkors wmohm kre ks reùikr ks tmase oatmer struhtures.

\e `kp on tme ekstern wkii sehtoan os on hantrkst wotm tme atmerwose rktmhagpiete perogeter. Na pastmaies ar nkturki felrahj lepressoans hauil fe olen-to el on tmos krek. \os `kp os stknjel fy twa ac tme leepest-set pastmaies on tmeperogeter.

Cekture coiis. Na exhkvktel cektures.

Xpehoki conls. Nane.



;0<

Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.Lkton`. \os struhture hkn aniy fe pikhel fy praxy wotmon k reiktove unot hmra-

naia`y fksel an tme krteckht lensoty (see Hmkpter 3). Kssahoktel cektures. \ere kre k cew sgkii cektures fatm on knl kraunl Xtruhture=, kitmau`m ot os nat tmau`mt tmey kre reiktel.Averikps. Xtruhtures <, ;;, ;8, ;<, <;, <<, knl 52. Xtruhture 5; os taa hiase tafe hantegparkneaus.

Xmkrel cektures. Nane.

Xtruhture ? (Hancolenhe Hikss4 ;)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture ? os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 65 pastmaies, knl k han ùrktoan ac

eo`mt pastmaies cargon` kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan. \e staar krek os hk.<=g¶. \os struhture os 0.=g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween externkipasts ac 5<hg (exhiulon` k ikrè `kp kt tme fkhj ac tme struhture), knl kn kver-kè spkn fetween appason` pkors ac onternki pasts ac 3.2=g knl 6.3<g fetweentme pkors. Ot mks kn entrknhe on tme west gkrjel fy k pkor ac frakl knl leep-setpastmaies. Cove cektures were exhkvktel crag tmos struhture.

\e lostrofutoan ac leptms ac tme cektures tmrau`maut tme struhture cargs kvery reùikr pkttern on wmohm cektures on tme western mkic ac tme externki ron`, on-hiulon` tme entrknhe pastmaies logonosm on leptm knl woltm tawkrls tme fkhj actme struhture. Lespote tme hagpieteness ac tme western mkic, tmere os k hanspohu-aus kfsenhe ac perogeter pastmaies on tme ekstern mkic ac tme struhture, sekwkrls.

Na lepressoans on tme felrahj were lahugentel on tmos krek (kitmau`m tmey werelahugentel on tme krek dust west ac tme pradehtel fkhj ac tme struhture), wmohm

<

ge t re s

62

Coùre ?2. Xtruhture =.



;05V E H

on ènerki os levaol ac cektures. K`kon, ane go`mt pasot k hanstruhtoan wmohm mna neel ac wkii ar raac supparts kt tme fkhj, ar tmey were sa smkiiaw tmkt tmeywere welèl onta tme tmon haveron` ac saoi an tap ac tme felrahj.

\e eo`mt pastmaies ac tme onternki hanstruhtoan rknè crag 58 ta 0<hg onleptm, wotm tme exheptoan ac kn unexhkvktel pastmaie kt tme fkhj wmohm wks a65hg leep wmen prafel.

Ks weii ks hancargon` ta tme pkttern ac struhtures wotm k mekvoer-set wesern mkic, tme leptms knl lokgeters ac tme cektures kisa ashoiikte fetween woleknl leep knl sienler knl smkiiaw, ks os very hiekr on Xtruhture ;. \e twa en-trknhe pastmaies kre 32hg leep, stknjel fy smkiiaw pastmaies (;; knl 65hg),knl tmerekcter fy twa leeper anes (8? knl <<hg), knl sufsequentiy fy sgkiiercektures, kt wmohm paont `kps kppekr on tme perogeter ac tme horhie knl pastmlogensoans fehage gare vkrokfie. \e struhture os aroentel west-nartmwest knlfekrs gkny resegfiknhes ta Xtruhture 6, on tergs ac aroentktoan, lostrofutoan ac

onternki pasts knl tme nkrrawness ac tme spkhe fetween tme autsole wkii knl tmeonternki hanstruhtoan (58hg). Cektures rknè crag = ta 0<hg on leptm, knl 0 ta<0hg on lokgeter.

Ac tme ve exhkvktel pastmaies, twa on tme externki horhie were lahugentelks siknton`. Mawever, seeon` ks tmese knìes were natel ks sio`mt, knl tme pastswere nat aroentel tawkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture, tme evolenhe su`èsts tmktcektures were ènerkiiy vertohkiiy set onta tme `raunl.Cekture coiis. Kii tme exhkvktel pastmaies ac Xtruhture ? mkl sgkii kgaunts achmkrhaki on tmeor iis. \e twa entrknhe pasts (=5-52-C;2= knl C;2?) ks weii kstme exhkvktel onternki pastmaie hantkonel hk. 6j` ac felrahj gkteroki, prafkfiypkhjon` gkteroki ks weii ks reiktoveiy ikrè prapartoans ac sgkii ar`knoh gkte-

roki suhm ks gkrone smeiis (52-;=?`: onhiulon` hmotans, iogpets, nerotes, trotan

Coùre ?;. Xtruhture ?.

<

ge t re s

62



;03

Rurpurk sp. knl crk`gents acHottkroug pohk ), hrkf hikws (=-6<`) knl fane (;=-82`). \e iis kisa hantkonel 5;-652` ac pattery, onhiulon` leharktel poehes,knl k `rollie crk`gent ac ;;0` on ane ac tme pastmaies ac tme entrknhe. \e twapastmaies exhkvktel on tme perogeter mkve sogoikr ii hantents, aniy on sgkiiervaiuges, fatm hantkonon` kraunl 822` ac `rkvei knl neìoòfie ar`knoh knl pat-tery regkons.Xpehoki conls. \ere wks k geloug-sozel `rollie crk`gent (;;0`) on ane ac tmeentrknhe pastmaies. Kfknlangent. \os struhture wks nat furnt lawn awon` ta tme sgkii qukntotyac hmkrhaki on tme iis. Ot os nat passofie ta letergone wmetmer tmos struhture mkltme pasts regavel, ar wmetmer tmey were iect ta raton sotu.Lkton`. Hmohaol. Kssahoktel cektures. \ere kre aniy ;6 unksso`nel cektures onsole Xtruhture ?,k cew ac wmohm gky represent repkors ta tme struhture. \ere kre mkrliy kny cek-tures ahhurron` autsole tme oggelokte perogeter ac tme struhture knl nane kt kii

kt tme fkhj.Averikps. Xtruhtures ;, ;3, 62, 8<, knl 8?.Xmkrel cektures. Cove cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures, onhiulon` ane actme cektures crag tme hentrki han ùrktoan.

Xtruhture ;2 (Hancolenhe Hikss4 ;)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture ;2 os k han ùrktoan ac eo`mtleep-set knl wole pastmaies on k reùikr han ùrktoan ac appasel pkors. \estruhture os olentohki ta tme onternki hanstruhtoans ac tme atmer horhuikr fuoil-on`s, fut ikhjs kn auter perogeter wkii. \e lokgeter os hk. 3g wotm tme gekn

spkn fetween appason` pasts kt 5.?8g knl 6.<6g fetween kldkhent pkors. Ot oshagpkrkfie on soze ac onternki struhture ta Xtruhtures 6, 5 knl ?. Xeven ac tmeeo`mt cektures were exhkvktel.

\e exhkvktel pastmaies kre kii 0<-?;hg leep, wotm tme aniy unexhkvktelpastmaie ac tme eo`mt-past han ùrktoan feon` lahugentel fy prafon` kt <;hg.@oven tme ckht tmkt tme exhkvktel leptms smaw regkrjkfie hansostenhy, tmreepasts feon` exkhtiy ?;hg leep knl twa atmers =; hg leep, ot os iojeiy tmkt anexhkvktoan tmos cekture wauil prave leeper. \e prafel leptm ac ane ac tme exhk-vktel pastmaies (=<-5?-C3?) wks kisa guhm leeper an exhkvktoan. \e leptms ac(exhkvktel) appason` pkors loerel fy gkxogkiiy ;0hg.;82 Kii exhkvktel cektureskre vertohki.

K nugfer ac unksso`nel knl iaase pastmaies shktter tme krek kraunl Xtruhture;2, fut òven tme reùikroty ac tme eo`mt pasts, knl tme orreùikr knl ontergottentspkhon` ac tmese sgkiier pastmaies, pius ikhj ac kny hanheovkfie leeper entrknhepasts ar pktterns kjon ta kny ac tme atmer horhuikr struhtures loshussel, ot ostmau`mt gare hrelofie ta redeht kn auter perogeter. \os eo`mt-past hansteiiktoanstknls kiane ks k wkii-iess struhture. Pks tmos permkps kn un nosmel fuoilon`1 Arlol ot sogpiy mkve k loerent cunhtoan1 \e iktter onterpretktoan os precerrel lueta k nugfer ac sogoikr struhtures on tme unot.Cekture coiis. \ere os hansostenhy fetween kii tme exhkvktel iis ac tmese cektureswmohm rknè fetween hk. 52 ta ?2I on vaiuge. Kii hantkon sgkii ar`knoh gktteronhiulon` ;=-58` ac knogki fane (onhiulon` tme upper dkw ac knOsiafalan sp.),

;82 mese leptms smauil fe equovkient oc tmey suppart tme skge marozantki fekg.



;00V E H

=2-822` ac gkrone smeii, 3-63` ac hrkf hikws, ;.5-5j` ac stane gkteroki, onhiul-on` ikrèr poehes car pkhjon` gkteroki, knl neìoòfie (2-;2`) kgaunts ac hmkr-haki, onharparktel onta tme ii rktmer tmkn su`èstove ac furnon` ac tme struhtureCektures kisa hantkonel ;22-822` ac pattery, sage leharktel poehes (Hmohaol)knl `rollie poehes.Xpehoki conls. K la`‟s taatm wotm k percarktel raat, passofiy car suspensoan, wksrehaverel crag mkicwky lawn ii ; ac tme nartmerngast pastmaies ac tme west-ern pkor (=5-<2-C;65). K cew atmer hknone teetm were rehaverel crag tme unotane iess tmkn 8g sautm ac Xtruhture ;2 crag ikyer ;. Knatmer, crag kn onternkipastmaie ac Xtruhture 6, knl gast strojonìy knatmer wotm eikfarkte Hmohaol onhosoan wks rehaverel crag k pastmaie on tme nartmekstern pkrt ac tme unot, craXtruhture 6?.

Kfknlangent. \os struhture wks nat furnt lawn. Rasts were eotmer iect ta rat

on sotu, ar were regavel knl tme cektures fkhj- iiel.Lkton`. \e struhture os on k reiktoveiy hiekn krek ac tme unot, knl tme cektureshantkonel Hmohaol leharktel pattery. Kssahoktel cektures. \ere kre k very cew sgkii cektures wmohm ahhur wotmon knlkraunl Xtruhture ;2. K sgkii pastmaie dust nartmwest ac tme hentre gky fe on-harparktel, fut os precerkfiy iect aut ac tme onterpretktoan. \os woii fe loshusselon Hmkpter 3.Averikps. Xtruhtures 0, ;6, knl 56.Xmkrel cektures.Nane.

Coùre ?6. Xtruhture ;2.

<6

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2



;0=

Xtruhture ;; (Hancolenhe Hikss4 ;)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture ;; os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac k sio`mtiy eiioptohki auter ron` ac 53 pastmaies, knlkn onternki raac-fekron` han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pasts. \e staar krek os hk. 52g¶.\os struhture os =.5g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween tme externki

pasts ac 53hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason` pkors ac onternki pastsac 5.35g knl 6.5;g fetween tme pkors. Ot mks kn entrknhe on tme west-nartm-west gkrjel fy tme ikrèst pastmaies on tme perogeter. Cektures rknè crag 0 ta8;hg on lokgeter, knl < ta 0<hg on leptm. Xox cektures were exhkvktel crag tmosstruhture.

\e externki horhie os hagpiete knl very reùikriy spkhel, wotm tme exhep-toan ac k sgkii `kp on tme nartmwest. \e woltm crag crant ta fkhj, os k getresmarter tmkn tmkt crag sole ta sole wmohm khhaunts car ots sio`mtiy eiioptohki smkpeks hagpkrel ta gare perceht horhies ioje Xtruhtures ; knl 6. \e lostrofutoan acpastmaie leptms knl lokgeters khrass tme perogeter hancargs very weii ta tmepkttern seen on atmer reùikr horhuikr struhtures on tme unot, wotm tme entrknhepasts feon` tme ikrèst on tme perogeter, stknjel fy leeper pastmaies an eotmersole ac tme entrknhe kt tme crant ac tme struhture kian` kfaut <2% ac tme perog-eter. \e rest ac tme pastmaies on tme perogeter kre sgkiier knl smkiiawer. On k cewkreks pastmaies mkve feen laufiel ar ahhur very hiase ta ekhm atmer. \os gkyrepresent repkors.

Cove pastmaies on tme exteroar horhie were siknton`. \os onhiules cektures cragtme nartm, sautm knl ekst. Kii were aroentel tawkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture.\e pasts were tmus pikhel onta tme `raunl kt kn knìe. \e aniy vertohki past-maie on tme exteroar wks tme exhkvktel entrknhe pastmaie.

Coùre ?8. Xtruhture ;;.

2 <6

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;0?V E H

\e onternki past han ùrktoan os very reùikriy spkhel, wotm kn kverkè ac?2hg fetween onternki knl perogeter pasts. \e leptms, mawever, kre vkrokfieknl rknè crag ;; ta 0<hg on leptm. \e nartmekst pastmaie pkor os espehokiiysmkiiaw (;; knl ;=hg leep). Mawever, spktoki sogoikrotoes ta Xtruhture 6 knltme onlohktoan crag atmer struhtures on tme unot ac tme ogpartknhe tmkt reùikoty pikys on hanstruhtoan su`èsts tmkt tmese kre onleel tme onternki pastmaieGareaver, ks nane ac tmese cektures were exhkvktel, tme passofoioty regkons tmstany iis preventel khhurkte leptm prafon`. Onleel, tme onternki struhture oshansolerel very sehure.

\e staarpikn ac Xtruhture ;; harrespanls exkhtiy wotm kn krek krto hokiiystkttenel felrahj. \os os onlohktel on tme pikn lrkwon` fy saiol iones. \e pekjsac tme felrahj mkl feen hiekriy iappel a wotmon tmos krek.Cekture coiis.\ere were neìoòfie regkons (2-8` fane gkteroki, 2-=` pattery,2-62` gkrone smeii, 2-;` hrkf hikws knl 6-=68` ac `rkvei) on tme cektures exhk-vktel, onhiulon` tme ikrèr entrknhe cekture (hk. 52I). Na hmkrhaki wks enhaun-terel on kny ac tme iis, exhept car ;` on tme entrknhe cekture.

Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. \e pasts were prafkfiy iect ta raton sotu ar regavel.Lkton`. Unjnawn.

Kssahoktel cektures. K nugfer ac sgkii pastmaies ahhurron` onsole knl autsoletme perogeter ac Xtruhture ;; gky represent repkors ac tme wkii. Atmerwose tmerkre very cew atmer cektures spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm tmos struhture.Averikps. Xtruhtures <, =, ;8, ;<, <;, <3, 52, knl 56. Xtruhture ;6 os taa hiaseta fe hantegparkneaus.Xmkrel cektures. Nane.

Xtruhture ;6 (Hancolenhe Hikss4 6)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. \os os k sgkii struhture hansoston` ac khorhuikr krrknègent ac 68 sienler (;2 ta 62hg) knl smkiiaw (= ta 6<hg) past-maies. \e horhie cargel os onhagpiete, espehokiiy on tme sautmwest knl ekst. \elokgeter ac tme horhie os 3g, knl ot mks k staarpikn ac 63g¶. \ere os na onlohk-toan ac k hentrki ar onternki struhture. \ree cektures were exhkvktel crag tmoskrrknègent.

\os horhuikr han ùrktoan fekrs sogoikrotoes ta Xtruhture =, wmohm kisa hansosts ac dust k perogeter horhie. Mawever, tmere os iess onlohktoan tmkt ot wksontenlel ta fe k hiasel perogeter horhie ks tme cektures carg tmree kio`ngents ac

gare ar iess equki ien`tm knl nugfer ac cektures (twa strethmes ac eo`mt pastmaiesknl ane strethm ac seven), wotm `kps on fetween aver ;.5g. \e gekn lostknhefetween tme cektures os =<hg, kitmau`m tmos lehrekses ta 36hg oc ane laes nathaunt tme `kps fetween tme tmree sepkrkte pkrts. \e cektures kre getrohkiiy knlspktokiiy hansostent wotm ekhm atmer knl nat ksso`nel ta kny atmer struhture.

Kii tmree exhkvktel cektures were vertohkiiy set onta tme felrahj.

Cekture coiis. \e exhkvktel cektures hantkonel neìoòfie regkons, on pkrt lueta tmeor sgkii vaiuge (≬ 8I). Kii hantkonel sgkii kgaunts ac `rkvei (≬00`) knlmkrliy kny ar`knoh regkons ar pattery (gkrone smeii ≬8`, hrkf hikws ≬;`, fane≬;`, pattery ≬3`).

Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Unjnawn fut nat furnt.



;=2

Lkton`. Na lok`nastoh gkteroki ar lktel skgpies, fut averikppon` wotm Xtruhtures0 knl ;2 ot os on quote k hiekn krek ac tme unot.

Kssahoktel cektures. Sery cew cektures kre spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm tmosstruhture.Averikps. Xtruhtures 0, ;2, <3, knl 56. Xtruhture ;; os taa hiase ta fehantegparkneaus.

Xmkrel cektures.Nane.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs.Xtruhture ;8 os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter, sio`mtiy eiioptohki, ron` ac <0 pastmaies knlk han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pastmaies cargon` kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan.\e staar krek os hk. <=g¶. \os struhture os =.6g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkèspkn fetween tme externki pasts ac 50hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason`pkors ac onternki pasts ac 5.00g knl 6.5;g fetween tme pkors. Ot mks k prafkfieentrknhe on tme west (see gare feiaw). Cektures rknè crag 0 ta <6hg on lokg-eter ta = ta ?8hg on leptm. Caur cektures were exhkvktel crag tmos struhture.

\e lostrofutoan ac leptms ac tme cektures khrass tme struhture os reùikr wotmk lovosoan fetween leeper set pasts on tme west, kt tme crant ac tme struhture, knlsmkiiawer pasts on tme ekst, kt tme fkhj ac tme struhture. Cektures on tme west,runnon` hk. <2% ac tme ien`tm ac tme perogeter, kre leeper-set knl woler tmkntmase pasts on tme rest ac tme perogeter, espehokiiy tme fkhj. \e hentrki pkor accektures on tmos western crant sehtoan kre nat pkrtohuikriy wole ar leep (63 knl

<2 6

ge t r e s

Coùre ?<. Xtruhture ;6.



;=;V E H

8?hg on leptm, ;< knl ;=hg on lokgeter),;8; fut kre tme gast iojeiy hknlolktescar tme entrknhe ks tmey kio`n an tme onternki struhture on k westeriy lorehtoknl kre hansostent wotm tme pktternon` on tme rest ac tme perogeter, cargon` knentrknhe ckàkle kt tme hentre ac tme leeper-set pastmaies. \e spkhon` fetweentmeg (3=hg) os kisa ikrèr tmkn tme gekn spkhon` ac tme rest ac tme pastmaies otme perogeter (50hg). Mawever, ot os passofie tmkt tme ikrè entrknhe cektures aXtruhture < (wmohm averikps Xtruhture ;8 knl smkres tme skge aroentktoan) gkmkve feen usel ta suppart ikrèr pasts car Xtruhture ;8 kisa. Xio`mtiy leeperpastmaies kisa ahhur on tme nartm knl sautm ac tme perogeter, kio`nel wotm tmhentrki han ùrktoan. K `kp kt tme fkhj ac tme perogeter kio`ns wotm tme entrknhknl onternki han ùrktoan. Ot os nat hiekr wmetmer tmos kfsenhe os kn khhess paar sogpiy tmkt tme fkhj wks nat on neel ac lu`-on suppart. \ere os kisa k sgkii`kp on tme nartm ac tme perogeter.

\e twa cektures exhkvktel on tme perogeter were vertohki, wmereks knatmer

sgkii ane on tme nartm wkii (nat exhkvktel, fut vosofiy siknton` on ievei ;) wkssiknton` tawkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture. Pmetmer tme perogeter pastmaieswere gknuckhturel kt k siknt os tmerecare onhanhiusove. wa exhkvktel onternkcektures were vertohki.

\e onternki han ùrktoan ac eo`mt ikrè pastmaies os reùikriy spkhel wotmleptms rknòn` crag <0 ta ?8hg. Leptm oncargktoan os nat kvkoikfie car tmecrant pkor (hrassmkthmel on Co`. ?5), fut kt iekst tme sautmern ane os leeper tmk<6hg (tmos os tme leptm ac tme sgkiier, kldkhent cekture).

;8; me sautmerngast entrknhe cekture, =<-8?-C;<8, kppekrs ks k sgkii hreshent an tme pikn lrkw-on`. Mawever, tmos gkrjs tme galocohktoan ac tme felrahj kt tme tap ac tme cekture ks seen on ieve;, knl tme khtuki cekture os k horhuikr pastmaie, ontersehton` tme kldkhent cekture.

Coùre ?5. Xtruhture ;8.

2

ge t r e s

6 <



;=6

Cekture coiis. \e iis ac tme caur cektures exhkvktel hagprosel sogoikr sgkiiqukntotoes ac ar`knoh knl pattery regkons hansostent wotm tmeor respehtove vai-uges. \os hagprosel ;.5 ta 8j` ac felrahj gkteroki on tme twa onternki pasts(ac wmohm tme fkhj pastmaie os hk. <2I, tme crant unjnawn), 6;-5<` ac gkronesmeii, ;-0` hrkf hikws, 2-3` fane gkteroki, 2-<` hmkrhaki knl <-52` ac pattery.\e pastmaie exhkvktel on tme sautmwest perogeter horhie hantkonel kii tmese hkt-eàroes, exhept hmkrhaki, on neìoòfie qukntotoes.Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. \os struhture wks nat furnt lawn. Rasts were eotmer iect ta raton sotu, ar were regavel knl tme cektures fkhj- iiel.Lkton`. Unjnawn, fut see Hmkpter 3 car ots pasotoan wotmon tme Ei Hkfa reik-tove hmranaia`y. Kssahoktel cektures. K nugfer ac sgkiier cektures kre spktokiiy kssahoktel wotmtmos struhture, gkoniy onsole tme perogeter. Mawever, ot os nat passofie ta kssaho-kte tmeg lorehtiy wotm Xtruhture ;8 ks tmere kre guitopie averikppon` struhtures

on tmos krek.Averikps. Xtruhtures <, =, ;;, ;<, <;, <<, 52, knl 5;.Xmkrel cektures. Xox cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures, onhiulon` twacrag tme hentrki han ùrktoan.

Xtruhture ;< (Hancolenhe Hikss4 6)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture ;< os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 32 pastmaies knl k han ùrktoanac eo`mt pastmaies cargon` kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan. \e perogeterwkii kt tme fkhj mks unleràne repikhegent kt sage stkè on tme struhture‟s mos-

tary, menhe tme mo`m nugfer ac externki cektures. \e staar krek os hk. 5<g¶. \osstruhture os =.8g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween externki pasts ac3<hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason` pkors ac onternki pasts ac 3.2?gknl 6.=8g fetween tme pkors. Ot mks kn entrknhe on tme west gkrjel fy leep-setpastmaies. Xox cektures were exhkvktel crag tmos struhture.

\e getroh logensoans ac tme cektures khrass tme struhture smkre tme skgepkttern ks gkny ac tme atmer horhuikr struhtures on tme unot4 mekvy-set pasts kttme crant knl k io`mter hanstruhtoan kt tme fkhj. \e spkhon` fetween tme past-maies os reùikr. @kps kre natohekfie on tme nartm ac tme perogeter knl on wolerspkhon` fetween pastmaies kt tme fkhj. Kfaut <2% ac tme perogeter on tme ekstmks feen repikhel, kppekron` on tme pikn ks k laufion` ac tme fkhj wkii. Ot osnat hiekr wmohm, tme onner ar tme auter, hkge rst. Ontereston` on tmos respeht ostme repetotoan ac tme `kp on tme nartm wkii knl tme woler spkhon` kt tme fkhj, k6.5g `kp frajen ekhm toge fy tme kllotoan ac k pastmaie. \os nat aniy faisterstme onterpretktoan tmkt tmos strethm ac cektures represents loerent pmkses ac tmeskge struhture, fut kisa tmkt tme `kps seen on tme nartm knl fkhj ac sage struh-tures gky onleel represent kllotoanki khhess paonts. Ikrèr pastmaies stknj tmeentrknhe pasts, wotm tmase kldkhent ta tme entrknhe an eotmer sole feon` ikrèr onlokgeter tmkn tme atmers. \e rest ac tme pastmaies on tme perogeter kre sio`mter.\e twa perogeter pastmaies stknjon` tme pkor ac fkhj pasts kre leeper tmkn tmeorneo`mfaurs, on fatm pmkses ac (re-) fuoilon`.

\e entrknhe pastmaies on tme west kre tme leepest knl sage ac tme woleston tme perogeter. \e nartmerngast os k laufie pastmaie wmere tme cektures on-

terseht. \e westerngast ac tmese mks tme skge leptm ks ots kldkhent entrknhe



;=<

pastmaie mks very gonogki regkons (6` gkrone smeii, 9822` stane gkteroki), so`-no hkntiy iess tmkn kn kldkhent externki cekture (=<-8?-C;?8, hk. 0I) wmohm mkl9;5` ac ar`knoh gkteroki knl pattery next ta =22` felrahj gkteroki. Loerentoki

iis gky aer hiues ta kfknlangent (see feiaw).Xpehoki conls. Nane

Kfknlangent. \os struhture wks nat furnt lawn. Rasts were prafkfiy re-gavel knl tme cektures fkhj- iiel.Lkton`. Unjnawn, fut see Hmkpter 3 car ots pasotoan wotmon tme Ei Hkfa reik-tove hmranaia`y. Kssahoktel cektures. K nugfer ac sgkiier cektures kre spktokiiy kssahoktel wotmtmos struhture, onsole knl autsole tme perogeter. Mawever, ot os nat passofie takssahokte tmeg lorehtiy wotm Xtruhture ;< ks tmere kre guitopie averikppon` struh-tures on tmos krek.Averikps. Xtruhtures <, 5, =, ;;, ;8, <;, <<, 52, knl 5;.

Xmkrel cektures. Xox cektures crag tme perogeter kre smkrel wotm atmerstruhtures.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture ;5 os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture, wotm extensove re-fuoilon`, hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 8;pastmaies knl k han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pastmaies cargon` kn onner raac-fekr-on` hanstruhtoan. \e loerent pmkses kre smawn fy lovolon` tme struhture onta;5k knl ;5f. Coùre ?0, Xtruhture ;5k, smaws tme fksoh pikn ac Xtruhture ;5,knl Coùre ?= onhiules kn kllotoanki 83 cektures (Xtruhture ;5f). Xtruhture ;5(k knl f) os guhm sgkiier tmkn tme atmer horhuikr fuoilon`s on tme unot, wotm k

staar krek ac hk. ;?g¶ knl k lokgeter ac 5g. \e kverkè spkn fetween exter-nki pasts os 52hg, fetween appason` pkors ac onternki pasts 8.6;g knl ;.55gfetween tme pkors. Cektures rknè crag 0 ta 8;hg on lokgeter knl ? ta ;;<hgon leptm. Xtruhture ;5 mks wmkt os passofiy kn entrknhe on tme west gkrjel fyk pkor ac leep-set pastmaies, fut tmos os onhanhiusove. Kn kllotoanki 83 cekturesonterpretel ks guitopie pmkses ac repkor knl re-fuoilon` ta fatm tme exteroar knlonteroar kre smawn on Coùre ?=, Xtruhture ;5f. \ese kllotoanki cektures la natcarg k sepkrkte struhture an tmeor awn, fut represent pmkses ac tme skge fuoil-on`. \orty-ane cektures were exhkvktel crag Xtruhture ;5k knl f.

Averfuoilon` ac tmos sgkii horhuikr struhture ahhurrel on tmos spat kt iekstanhe knl passofiy gare toges. \e pikns onlohkte repektel repkoron` ac vkroauspartoans ac ane fksoh struhture tmrau`maut ots iocetoge, wotm repikhegent ac fatmonternki knl perogeter eiegents. \os expiknktoan os precerrel aver ane ac suh-hessove fuoilon` ac tme skge type on tme skge spat. \os os lue ta tme ckht tmktaniy ane sktosckhtary loshrete struhture hkn fe puiiel crag tme externki horhie(s).Mawever, exoston` pastmaies gky mkve feen usel guitopie toges.

Aroentktoan os unhiekr. K nartmwesteriy pkoron` (=<-8?-C8? knl C<0) fekrssogoikrotoes ta atmer entrknhes, fut laes nat kio`n an kny patentoki onternki struh-ture. \os iekls ta k precerenhe car kn entrknhe lue west cargel fy twa pastmaies(=<-8?-C8;6 knl C8;5), fatm 86hg leep knl set sio`mtiy fkhj crag tme rest actme perogeter sa tmkt tme entrknhe os sunjen. \os pkoron` os kisa sio`mtiy woler(50hg) tmkn tme gekn lostknhe fetween tme externki pastmaies (52hg).



;=5V E H

<6

ge t r e s

2

<6

ge t r e s

2

Co`ure ?0. Xtruhture ;5k.

Co`ure ?=. Xtruhture ;5f.



;=3

On ènerki, tme lostrofutoan ac leptms knl lokgeters ac cektures khrass tmestruhture kre `rekter on tme west, kt tme crant. Mawever, severki ac tme cekturesmere kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures knl gky mkve fehage ikrèr lue ta re-galeiion`. Mekvoer set cektures kre kisa seen on tme sautmekst ac tme struhture.Cektures kt tme fkhj (ekst), nartm knl sautmwest kre sienlerer. \e averkii og-pressoan, mawever, os ane ac k reùikr horhuikr struhture guhm ioje tme atmers ontme unot.

Xeven exhkvktel pastmaies crag tme perogeter knl crag kii pmkses ac fuoilon`were set kt kn knìe on tme felrahj sa tmkt tme upro`mts wauil fe ieknon` tawkrlstme hentre ac tme struhture. Xeventeen were, mawever, vertohki on tme felrahj. Aneac tme cektures crag tme onternki han ùrktoan wks kisa sio`mtiy knìel sautmekst,sagetmon` nat seen eisewmere on tme onternki han ùrktoans ac tme unot.

\e onternki eo`mt-past setton` os reùikr on spkhon` knl lokgeter ac ots cek-tures wotm tme exheptoan ac tme sgkii cekture cargon` tme gast nartmern cektureac tme fkhj pkor (=<-8?-C;06). \os pastmaie os aniy ;<hg on lokgeter knl;5hg on leptm.;86 \ere os na kiternktove ikrè cekture nekrfy. Ks we hkn see cragatmer struhtures on tme unot, pastmaies wotm tme skge cunhtoan ènerkiiy smkre tmeskge prapertoes, knl tmus tmos sgkii cekture os kn knagkiy. \os os espehokiiy tmehkse òven tmkt ve atmer onternki pasts kre sage ac tme leepest on tme sote (08,<=, ?0, ;;2, knl ;;<hg). \e sautmeriy pkor, mawever, kre sogoikriy kisa quotesmkiiaw (65 knl 8;hg), kitmau`m hansolerkfiy woler tmkn C;06. Nevertmeiess,tmese tmree cektures were nat exhkvktel, wmereks tme atmer leeper cektures ac tmeonternki setton` were exhkvktel. Gareaver, tme sgkii cekture os on tme faunlkrykrek fetween unots exhkvktel on suhhessove yekrs, knl hansequentiy gky mkvefeen averiaajel. \e struhturki iaòh lospikyel fy tme atmer struhtures on tmeunot su`èsts tmkt tme ikhj ac k suotkfie cekture mere gky fe ta la wotm exhkvk-tar averso`mt. \e passofoioty kiwkys regkons, mawever, tmkt tmos os kn knagkiausstruhture.

Cekture coiis. Caur ikrè cektures (hk. 62-35I), exhkvktel crag tme onteroar acXtruhture ;5, mkl regkrjkfiy spkrse regkons on tmeor iis. \os hagprosel gon-ogki ar`knoh (2-8` fane, 2-<` hrkf hikws, ;-8` hmkrhaki knl ;-6;;` ac gk-rone smeii) knl pattery (2-;5`) regkons ks weii ks 98j` ac felrahj gkteroki.\os pkttern os repektel on tme gonogki regkons crag tme externki cektures ex-hkvktel wmohm hantkonel 9;2` ac ar`knoh gkteroki, 2-68` ac pattery knl 9;jàc stane gkteroki. \e ikrèst exteroar cekture, patentokiiy servon` knatmer pur-pase on knatmer struhture (ks yet unrehanstruhtel) kisa hantkonel k sgkii `rolliecrk`gent.Xpehoki conls. Na spehoki nls were enhaunterel on tme cektures ac tmos struhture.Mawever, twa poehes ac tme skge stane feit were caunl wotmon tme perogeter acXtruhture ;5 on ikyer ;. \os woii fe loshussel on Hmkpter 3. Kfknlangent. \e egptoness ac tme iis ac tme cektures gorrars tmkt ac tmespkrseness ac tme ikyer ; gkteroki. \e pasts were eotmer regavel ar iect ta raton sotu.

Lkton`. Unjnawn, fut see hmkpter 3 car ots pasotoan wotmon tme Ei Hkfa reiktovehmranaia`y.

;86 On pronhopie, k gkon supparton` cekture ac tmese sgkii logensoans os na prafieg. Kgan`tme present-lky roa, gkdar supparton` pasts ac ckr ikrèr struhtures kre crequentiy wotmontmos soze rknè. Paal stren`tm, nat vaiuge gktters (D. I. D. K. Gkns, pers. hagg knl Gknscartmhagon`).



;=0V E H

Kssahoktel cektures. K nugfer ac sgkiier cektures kre kssahoktel wotm tme onsoleac Xtruhture ;5, kitmau`m tmese kre gare iojeiy pkrt ac kio`ngents wmohm onterseht tme pikn. \ere kre very cew cektures autsole tme struhture.Averikps. Xtruhtures 5, 3, ;0, 8;, <8, <<, <0, <=, knl 5;.Xmkrel cektures. en cektures crag tme perogeter kre smkrel wotm atmerstruhtures.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture ;3 os k past raw hansoston` ac<; pastmaie cektures runnon` nartm-sautm knl extenlon` 58g kian` tme wmaieac tme ekstern exhkvktel pkrt ac tme unot. \os kio`ngent os pkrkiiei ta tme hakstknl passofiy hantonues feyanl tme unot faunlkroes on tme nartm knl sautm. Ot ostme gast eksteriy struhture on tme unot knl runs sio`mtiy nartm-nartmekst on tmsautm wmere ot enters tme unot, knl hurves curtmer autwkrls, ta tme ekst, on k wofaw tawkrls tme nartm ac tme unot, fecare hurvon` fkhj on k`kon knl caiiawon`tme ione ac tme hio tap knl exoton` tme unot. en cektures were exhkvktel cratme past raw.

Kii cektures ckii wotmon sogoikr reiktoveiy smkiiaw leptm knl lokgeter rknè3 ta 65hg khrass knl 5 ta <<hg on leptm, wotm k gekn leptm ac 6;hg. Ac tmeten cektures exhkvktel, mkic were set kt k sio`mt knìe on wmohm tme gkdar aroetoan wks sautm4 eotmer sautmwest ar sautmekst. \e knìe wks acten very sio`mOn tmree ac tme caur hkses wmere kldkhent cektures were exhkvktel, ane ac tme cektures wks vertohki, tme atmer set kt kn knìe. Kii cektures exhkvktel tergonkton raunlel fattags, wotm k haupie feon` natel ks pkrtohuikriy reùikr.

\e gekn spkhon` fetween tme cektures os ;86hg. Mawever, tmos lostknhe oslehreksel (ta kfaut ane getre) oc ane agots `kps wmohm haonhole wotm lepres-soans on tme felrahj knl knatmer ikrè spkn wmere tmere kppekrs ta fe k frekj

on tme kio`ngent.\ere laesn‟t kppekr ta fe k stroht pkttern on tme lostrofutoan ac leptms ac tmecektures kian` tme kio`ngent. Xmkiiawer knl leeper pastmaies kre ontersperselwotm ekhm atmer caiiawon` k pkttern ac twa ta caur smkiiawer pastmaies, caiiawfy ane ta twa leeper pastmaies. Fut tme rknè ac vkroktoan on tme leptms os reik-toveiy sgkii knl tmos os nat tmau`mt ta fe so`no hknt.

K frekj kppekrs kcter tme rst 65 cektures on tme sautm ac tme unot wmolovoles tme nartmern partoan ac tme kio`ngent crag tme sautmern partoan. \erehanstruhtoan kssuges tmkt tme twa partoans kre hantegparkneaus knl tmkttmey were pkrt ac tme skge struhture. Mawever, tmos gky nat fe tme hkse knl ontme extrege nartm ac tme kio`ngent tmere os sage hmaohe ks ta wmohm cektu

feian` ta ot. Fatm partoans, mawever, caiiaw tme skge ione, runnon` kian` tmehio elè. Gareaver, tme ekst ac tme unot, nekrest tme sek knl levaol ac tapsaoi,laes on pikhes mkve kn uneven gohra-tapa`rkpmy, eralel fy expasure, wmohm onpikhes hancaunlel tme lostonhtoan fetween nkturki pahjets knl kntmrapaènohcektures.Cekture coiis. \e cektures, awon` ta tmeor reiktoveiy sgkii vaiuges, la nat han-tkon guhm ar`knoh ar huiturki gkteroki (2-6` fane, 2-=` pattery, 2-62` gkronesmeii, 2-8` hrkf hikws, 2-;` hmkrhaki, ;-622` felrahj). wa ac tme ikrèst cek-tures, on tme nartm ac tme kio`ngent, hantkonel tme iekst kgaunt ac gkteroki.\ese cektures kisa ahhurrel hiasest ta tme elè ac tme hio knl tmerecare kre gastexpasel.

Xpehoki conls. Nane.



;==

Kfknlangent. Unjnawn, fut nat furnt.Lkton`. Unjnawn, fut see hmkpter 3 car ots pasotoan wotmon k reiktovehmranaia`y.

Averikps. Xtruhtures 6, ?, 8?, knl 56.

Xmkrel cektures. Ane cekture os smkrel wotm knatmer struhture.

Xtruhture ;0 (Hancolenhe Hikss4 ;)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture ;0 os kn kio`ngent hansostonàc 63 pastmaie cektures extenlon` ;2.8g on k sio`mtiy hurvel cargktoan runnon`nartm-nartmwest kt tme tap ac tme unot knl strko`mtenon` ta k gare sautmeriylorehtoan wmere ot exots tme unot kt tme fattag. \os past raw passofiy hantonuesfeyanl tme unot faunlkroes on tme nartm knl sautm. Kii fut ane cekture wks ex-hkvktel crag tmos past raw.

Ac tme 65 cektures exhkvktel, aver mkic (n7;3) were gknuckhturel kt kn kn-ìe. On tme gkdaroty ac hkses pastmaies were aroentel sa tmkt tme pasts wauil mkvefeen aroentel sautmwest.

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Coùre ??. Xtruhture ;3.



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\e gekn spkhon` ac tme pastmaies os <?hg: rau`miy twohe ks hiase ks car tmepast raw ac Xtruhture ;3. Cektures kre rktmer sgkii knl hansostent wotmon k nkr-rawer soze rknè tmkn car Xtruhture ;34 Lokgeters rknè crag = ta 62hg, knlleptms crag ;2 ta 80hg. \ere os na atmer natohekfie pkttern wotmon tme lostro-futoan ac pastmaie logensoans. On tmree pikhes kian` tme past raw, cektures krelaufiel ar trefiel, passofiy representon` repikhegent, ar repkor.

On ènerki tmos wks k hiaseiy set pkioskle struhture wotm pasts siknton` ta tsautmwest, caiiawon` k sio`mt hurve. \e hurve onlohktes tmkt we smauil nat ex-hiule tme passofoioty tmkt tme kio`ngent cargs pkrt ac tme ekstern wkii ac k horhikr ar avki struhture. Mawever, tmos wauil gkje ot ikrèr tmkn kny ac tme atmerstruhtures exhkvktel on tme unot, knl na onternki pasts hkn fe sehureiy ksso`nelta ots west.Cekture coiis. Ks car Xtruhture ;3, tme sgkii vaiuge ac tmese cektures kisa harre-iktes ta neìoòfie regkons. \ere wks iess tmkn 3` ac ar`knoh gkteroki knl ;;` acpattery on kii pastmaies exhkvktel, knl iess tmkn 2.5j` ac felrahj gkteroki.Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Nat furnt, pasts iect ta raton sotu ar regavel knl fkhj- iiel.Lkton`. Unjnawn, fut see hmkpter 3 car ots pasotoan wotmon tme Ei Hkfa reiktovehmranaia`y.

Averikps . Xtruhtures 3, ;5, 6=, 8;, <8, <0, knl <=. Xtruhture 5; os taa hiase tafe hantegparkneaus.Xmkrel cektures. Ane cekture os smkrel wotm knatmer struhture.

Coùre ;22. Xtruhture ;0.

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pasts ac ?=hg, kitmau`m tme gkny ikpses on tme perogeter horhie onlohkte tmkt tmosgky mkve feen sgkiier on fuoit rekioty. \e kverkè spkn fetween appason` pkorsac onternki pasts os <.5?g knl ;.?g fetween tme pkors. Ot mks kn entrknhe on tmewest gkrjel fy tme ikrèst cektures on tme exteroar. Cove cektures were exhkvktelcrag tmos struhture.

\e cektures ac tme entrknhe knl tme onner hanstruhtoan kio`n knl kre tmeleepest knl wolest ac tme struhture (6; ta 53hg leep knl ;= ta 60hg wole), wotmtme passofie exheptoan ac ane ac tme cektures ac tme sautmern pkor ac onternki pastscar wmohm tme leptm os unjnawn. Mawever, tmere os na reksan ta suspeht tmkt tmeiktter cekture os nat ac equovkient leptm ta tme atmers òven tmkt ot os equkiiy woleknl on tme ’ro`mt‗ pikhe on tme struhture. \e twa west-ckhon` entrknhe cektureskre <6 knl <5hg on leptm knl 05hg kpkrt, knl stknjel fy leeper pastmaies aneotmer sole. \e sautmerngast entrknhe cekture (=5-52-C;2<) ontersehts knatmer,leeper (36hg) cekture ta ots sautmekst wmohm wks exhkvktel sepkrkteiy. \e ikttercekture mks nat feen onharparktel onta tme rehanstruhtoan ac Xtruhture 62.

Averkii, cektures rknè crag = ta 60hg on lokgeter knl ? ta 53hg on leptmknl tme lostrofutoan ac leptms khrass tme struhture crag crant ta fkhj os sogoikrta tmase ac atmer struhtures wmerefy cektures on tme western, crant mkic kre leepertmkn tme cektures on tme rest ac tme perogeter, espehokiiy tmase tawkrls tme fkhj.On tme nartm knl sautmekst ac tme perogeter, tme spkhon` ac tme pastmaies os natks reùikr ks tmkt kt tme crant ac tme struhture. \ere kre na cektures on tme krekwmohm hkn fe usel ta sktoscy tmese `kps, knl k`kon ane gust hanhiule tmkt eotmertmere were na wkii cektures mere ar tmkt tme struhture lol nat requore suppartcrag caunlktoans on tme felrahj. On tmos respeht ot os usecui ta nate tmkt twa cek-tures kt tme fkhj ac tme struhture were natel ks feon` quote mkrl ta lostonùosmon tme felrahj knl ane wks lahugentel ks passofiy feon` k nkturki lepressoan,usel ks k pastmaie. On lesj-fksel rehanstruhtoan, tmos ’passofiy nkturki‗ cekture

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Coùre ;28. Xtruhture 62.



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ts very weii onta Xtruhture 62, ienlon` extrk hrelofoioty ta tme ckht tmkt sageac tme smkiiawest cektures kt tme rekr ac struhtures gky mkve feen gossel on tm

eil, ar gky mkve feen onlostonùosmkfie crag nkturki pots knl shrkpes on tmefelrahj.

Fatm ac tme cektures exhkvktel crag tme perogeter horhie were vertohkiMawever, ks tmese were tme sgkiiest cektures kt tme fkhj ac tme struhture, tmlaes nat nehesskroiy gekn tmkt tme rest ac tme perogeter wks vertohki. \e geknlostknhe fetween tme perogeter knl tme raac supparts os =;hg.Cekture coiis. \e twa entrknhe pastmaies (=5-52-C;2< knl C;0?) fatm hantkonreiktoveiy sufstkntoki kgaunts ac ar`knoh gkteroki knl sage pattery. Onterestonìyenau`m, òven ots sgkiier vaiuge (hk. ;5 knl 63I), C;2< hantkons gare tmknC;0?4 fane gkteroki ;;4;0`, hrkf hikws ;4=`, hmkrhaki 648` knl gkrone smeii584;23`, pattery ;04=5` (onhiulon` leharktel smerls on fatm cektures). Fatmcektures hantkon hk. 6.5j` ac felrahj gkteroki wotm tmkt ac C;2< feon` natel kshansoston` ac ikrèr rahjs. Kn expiknktoan car tme loerenhe on qukntoty ac tm

iis go`mt fe tmkt tme kldkhent cekture C;0? feianèl ta k ikter struhture, knlC;2< wks fkhj iiel (wotm ikrèr rahjs) knl wotm k gare rohm ar`knoh saoi.

\e aniy onternki cekture exhkvktel, ane ac tme fkhj onternki pasts (=5-52-C;83) wmohm hantkonel sogoikr hagpanents ks tme entrknhe pasts (3` fane, ;`hrkf hikws, ;` hmkrhaki, <2` gkrone smeii, knl 08` pattery, onhiulon` k `rolliecrk`gent). \e twa pastmaies exhkvktel crag tme perogeter kt tme fkhj ac tmestruhture hantkonel ≬;` ac ekhm gkteroki hkteàry.Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Rasts regavel knl fkhj iiel.Lkton`. Hmohaol. Kssahoktel cektures. K cew sgkii cektures onsole Xtruhture 62 kre nat nehesskroiy

tmau`mt ta fe reiktel. Sery cew cektures ahhur autsole ots perogeter, knl nanekt tme fkhj.Averikps . Xtruhtures ;, ?, 8<, 8?, <2, knl 56.Xmkrel cektures. Caur cektures, onhiulon` twa crag tme onternki hanstruhtoan,kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures.

Xtruhture 6; (Hancolenhe Hikss4 6)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs.Xtruhture 6; os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture. \e pikn os onhagpiete lue ta tme ckht tmkt tme western mkic actme struhture ckiis autsole exhkvktoan faunlkroes. \e regkonon` mkic hansosts

ac kn auter ron` ac 6< pastmaies knl k han ùrktoan ac caur pastmaies (knl kctm passofiy onlohkton` repasotoanon` on tme nartm) cargon` kn onner raac-fekon` hanstruhtoan. \e onterpaiktel staar krek ac tme hagpiete pikn os hk. <?g¶.\os struhture os =g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween externki pastsac 53hg. \e spkn fetween tme aniy revekiel appason` pkor ac onternki pastsos 5.50g knl fetween tme aniy kldkhent pkor os 8.6<g. \ere os na afvoaus en-trknhe on tme revekiel perogeter, knl ot os kssugel tmkt tme entrknhe wks on tmunexhkvktel western partoan ac tme struhture (see feiaw). Ane cekture crag tmosstruhture wks exhkvktel.

\e cektures on tme perogeter ac tme struhture smaw `rekt unocargoty on tergsac soze, kii ckiion` fetween 0 ta 68hg on lokgeter knl ? ta 6=hg on leptm. \esekre reùikriy spkhel knl reiktoveiy smkiiaw cektures, hanhagotknt wotm tmeor oterpretktoan ks cargon` tme fkhj partoan ac tme struhture.



;?<

\e cektures ac tme onner hanstruhtoan, rknòn` crag <6 ta 3;hg on leptm krekisa reùikriy spkhel knl patentokiiy kio`n an k west-nartmwest ckhon` entrknhe.\e gast nartmwesteriy ac tme onternki struhtures mks kn eian`ktel carg cragwmohm twa leptms were tkjen. Ot os kssugel tmkt tmos onhiules twa cektures, tmeleeper permkps k repasotoanon` ac tme smkiiawer ane.

Ks na cektures crag tme externki past horhie were exhkvktel, ot os nat jnawnwmetmer tmese cektures kre vertohki ar nat.Cekture coiis. \e aniy cekture exhkvktel wks kn onternki cekture crag tme sautm-west ac tme struhture. \os cekture hantkonel sage ar`knoh regkons (fane 5`, hrkfhikws <`, hmkrhaki 8`, knl gkrone smeii <=`) ks weii ks 02` ac pattery knl 9;.5jàc stane gkteroki. Ot hknnat fe hagpkrel wotm atmer iis crag tme struhture.Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Rasts regavel ar iect ta raton sotu.Lkton`. Rast lktes Xtruhture ; (see Hmkpter 3). Kssahoktel cektures.Sery cew unksso`nel cektures kre kssahoktel wotm eotmer tmeonsole ar autsole ac Xtruhture 6;.Averikps. Xtruhtures ;, 8<, 8=, knl <2. Xtruhture <? os taa hiase ta fehantegparkneaus.Xmkrel cektures. Ane cekture os smkrel wotm knatmer struhture.

Coùre ;2<. Xtruhture 6;.

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Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs.Xtruhture 66 os ane ac tme ikrèst struh-tures exhkvktel. K sgkii pkrt ac tme externki horhie ckiis autsole tme exhkvktoafaunlkroes on tme nartm knl sautm. Ots pikn os tmkt ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 86 pastmaies knl k han ùrktoan ac eo`mt

pastmaies cargon` kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan. Ciaar krek os hk. =6g¶.\os struhture os ;2.5g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween externki pastsac =6hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason` pkors ac onternki pasts ac 0.80gknl 8.53g fetween tme pkors. Ot mks kn entrknhe on tme nartmwest gkrjel fy tmeikrèst pastmaies on tme perogeter. Xoxteen cektures were exhkvktel.

\ere kre sage gkrjel loerenhes fetween Xtruhture 66 knl atmer horhu-ikr struhtures on tme unot. Corst ac kii tme entrknhe os aroentel nartmwest, ktguhm gare nartmeriy aroentktoan tmkn tmase struhtures ckhon` west nartmwestXehanliy, unioje tme atmer struhtures, fatm tme entrknhe pastmaies (=<-6?-C8<5knl C83<) were siknton` sa tmkt tmeor pasts wauil mkve feen knìel ta tme sautm-ekst, o.e. tawkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture. \ese kre fatm wole, stkt-fattagelcektures, ane wotm k ikrè poehe ac quern stane usel ks pkhjon` gkteroki k`konstme onsole sautm wkii. Ac tme ten cektures exhkvktel crag tme perogeter horhikii crag tme ekstern mkic, caur were hiekriy set onta tme felrahj kt kn knìe. Kiiexhkvktel onternki cektures were vertohki. Kitmau`m tme entrknhe pastmaies wsiknton` onta tme struhture, ot regkons unhiekr wmetmer tmos wks tme hkse cargkdaroty ac tme pastmaies ac tme perogeter.

\e onternki han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pastmaies os very reùikriy spkhel tmrau`m-aut tme struhture, knl kio`ns prehoseiy an tme nartmwest entrknhe. Leptms rknèfetween << knl =;hg. \e loerenhe on tme spkn fetween tme crant pkor (nartm)ac onternki pastmaies knl tme fkhj pkor (sautm) os kigast twa getres sa tmkt tme

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pkor stknjon` tme onsole ac tme entrknhe os guhm woler set tmkn tme pkor kt tmefkhj. \os os kn exk`èrktel repekt ac wmkt os seen on Xtruhture ; wmere tmos oskisa tme hkse. Cove ac tme onternki pastmaies (knl passofiy knatmer ane on tmenartmekst, fut tmos ckiis autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkry) kisa kio`n an k leepercekture on tme perogeter, ks os tme hkse wotm sage atmer struhtures on tme unot.\os os nat tme hkse car tme fkhj pkor ac pastmaies (sautm).

\ere kre k cew agossoans on tme perogeter horhie wmohm smaws `kps on tme ekstknl west fetween atmerwose reùikriy spkhel exteroar wkii cektures. \e peroge-ter otseic cargs k very reùikr horhie. \e io`mter setton` ac tme perogeter pastmaieshantrksts wotm tme mekvy-set onternki han ùrktoan.Cekture coiis. \e twa entrknhe cektures, fatm hk. ;22I on vaiuge, mkve iisvery hansostent wotm ekhm atmer on tergs ac ar`knoh, pattery knl stane hantent(fane 8-<`, hrkf hikws <`, gkrone smeii 60-83`, hmkrhaki ;-5`, pattery 8;-<8`,knl 3.5-0j` felrahj gkteroki). \os felrahj os onterpretel ks pkhjon` gkteroki(ks os tme quern crk`gent caunl prappel k`konst tme sole ac C8<5). \e tmreeatmer onternki exhkvktel pastmaies hantkon sogoikriy ikrè qukntotoes ac felrahjgkteroki (>6-;;j`) ks weii ks sage ar`knohs (;-8` fane, 2-8` hrkf hikws, 6-<<`gkrone smeii, ;-5` hmkrhaki). wa cektures hantkonel gonogki pattery (8-;<`),wotm k tmorl (=<-6?-C652) hantkonon` hansolerkfiy gare, o.e. ;?6`. Coiis ac tenexternki cektures hantkonel regkons hansostent wotm ekhm atmer knl tmeor respeh-tove vaiuges (`rkvei =2-;822`, ≬;-=` ar`knoh gkteroki, ≬;-;<` pattery). \eaniy exheptoan os k cekture crag tme sautmwest perogeter wmohm revekiel ?<` achmkrhaki luron` hieknon` ac ievei ; kiane. \os cekture wks nat cuiiy exhkvktel,fut òven tme ikrè kgaunt ac hmkrhaki on tme tap, prafkfiy hantkonel tme re-gkons ac k furnt past. On tmos respeht ot os knagkiaus wotm tme rest ac tme cektureson tme struhture wmohm hantkonel gonogki hmkrhaki. Nevertmeiess, ot os onhiulelon tme rehanstruhtoan fehkuse ac ots pikhe on tme perogeter wkii, knl fehkuse otsreiktoveiy ikrè soze onlohktes ot hauil mkve feen onharparktel onta gare tmkn anestruhture. Knatmer ikrè perogeter cekture ta tme iect ac tme entrknhe hantkoneltme spaut ac k Hmohaol vessei, kisa rehaverel luron` tme hieknon` ac tme tap actme cekture.Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Rasts regavel, ar iect ta raton sotu. Nat furnt.Lkton`. Hmohaol. Kssahoktel cektures. Ane, knl passofiy twa, sepkrkte lepasotoans ac mugknfane gkteroki ahhur wotmon tme perogeter ac Xtruhture 66. \ese kre tme lepaso-toan ac fanes ac k neankte on k sgkii pot (=<-6?- C63;) knl tme lepasotoan accrk`gents ac passofiy k mugkn tofok on k pastmaie (=<-6?- C;3). \ese kre tmeskge fane lepasots kisa spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm tme onsole ac sox atmer struh-tures. \e cektures on wmohm tmey ahhur kre nat struhturki eiegents ac kny olento-

el struhture.Atmerwose, tmos struhture ahhupoes k iahktoan lense on unksso`nel cektures.

Ot os nat hiekr wmohm, oc kny gky fe kssahoktel wotm tme struhture, kitmau`m otos uniojeiy tmkt kny ac tmeg mkl k struhturki cunhtoan ks 66 os tmau`mt ta fehagpiete.Averikps. Xtruhtures 3, 63, 60, 6=, 8;, 8?, <6, <0, knl <=.Xmkrel cektures. \ree cektures, onhiulon` ane ac tme onternki pastmaies, kresmkrel fy atmer struhtures.



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Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 68 os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 6? pastmaies, knl k han ùrktoanac eo`mt pastmaies cargon` kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan. \e struhture oshagpiete wotm tme exheptoan ac tme perogeter on tme extrege west wmohm ck

autsole exhkvktoan faunlkroes. \e staar krek os hk. <=g¶. \os struhture os =gon lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween externki pasts ac 0<hg, knl kn kverkèspkn fetween appason` pkors ac onternki pasts ac 5.20g knl 6.86g fetween tmepkors. On kii iojeiomaal tme entrknhe wks on tme west, fut tmos krek mks nat fexhkvktel. wa cektures were exhkvktel.

Cektures rknè crag;2 ta =0hg on leptm knl 0 ta 52hg on lokgeter. Uniojegkny atmer struhtures on tme unot, tme cektures kt tme fkhj kre nat tme sgkiieston tme perogeter. Onstekl, sio`mtiy ikrèr cektures kre eveniy spkhel kii kraunl tmperogeter, gorraron` ekhm atmer on tme nartm knl sautm, knl kio`non` wotm tmpastmaies ac tme onternki han ùrktoan. On tme nartmern mkic ac tme perogetmese ikrèr cektures kre onterspersel wotm twa ar tmree smkiiawer knl sienlerecektures. \ese sgkiier cektures kre gosson` on tme sautm knl kt tme fkhj, iekvon`tme ikrèr anes. Kppraxogkteiy caur getres ac tme perogeter on tme west kre aut-sole tme exhkvktoan faunlkry. @oven tmkt tmere kre na hrelofie entrknhe cektureon tme rest ac tme perogeter, knl tme onternki cektures wauil kio`n an k hanven-toanki west-ckhon` entrknhe, ot os kssugel tme entrknhe os mere.

\e saie externki exhkvktel cekture crag tmos struhture os crag tme fkhj. \oswks lu` kt kn knìe onta tme felrahj knl tme upro`mt wauil mkve ieknt west,tawkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture. Ane onternki cekture crag tme fkhj pkor wksexhkvktel knl wks vertohki.

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;?=

\e onternki han ùrktoan ac eo`mt leep knl frakl cektures cargs k veryreùikr iakl-fekron` han ùrktoan kjon ta atmer struhtures.Cekture coiis. \e cekture exhkvktel kt tme fkhj ac tme struhture (=5-36-C66), hk.;6I on vaiuge, hantkonel mkic k joia`rkgge ac felrahj gkteroki, ;2` ac gkronesmeii knl <` ac pattery. \e onternki cekture (=5-36-C?2) mkl <j` ac felrahj

gkteroki sprekl tmrau`m 80I, wotm gast on tme fattag on ii 6. \os cekture kisahantkonel 5?` ac pattery, onhiulon` twa leharktel smerls knl gonogki ar`knohgkteroki (6` hrkf hikws, 6` hmkrhaki, ;3` gkrone smeii).Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.Lkton`. Hmohaol.

Kssahoktel cektures. K reiktoveiy mo`m nugfer ac cektures ac kii soze hiksses krespktokiiy kssahoktel wotm Xtruhture 68. \os os kn krek lense on unksso`nel cek-tures, mawever, knl ot os nat hiekr wmohm, oc kny ac tmeg kre reiktel ta tmos struh-ture. Fksel an tme kppkrent ikhj ac nan-struhturki lu`-lawn eiegents on ar og-gelokteiy autsole atmer struhtures, ot os tmau`mt tmese cektures feian` ta atmer,unrehanstruhtel, struhtures.Averikps. Xtruhtures 8, 6<, 6?, 82, 86, knl 80.Xmkrel cektures. Xtruhture 68 smkres none cektures wotm atmer struhtures4 ve on-ternki pastmaies (wotm Xtruhture 6<) knl caur externki cektures.

Xtruhture 6< (Hancolenhe Hikss4 6)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 6< os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 8= pastmaies, knl k han ùrktoan aceo`mt pastmaies cargon` kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan. \e staar krek os hk.<8g¶. \os struhture os 0.5g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween externkipasts ac 38hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason` pkors ac onternki pasts ac5.63g knl 6.36g fetween tme pkors. \e entrknhe os gkrjel fy twa mekvy-setpastmaies on tme western perogeter. Eo`mt cektures were exhkvktel.

Xtruhture 6< smkres gast ac tme onner hanstruhtoan, exhept car tme nartmernpkor ac pastmaies knl ane ac tme fkhj pkor, wotm Xtruhture 68 wmohm ot averikpswotm gonogki spktoki lospikhegent fetween tme twa fuoilon` eposales.;88 \etwa struhtures kisa smkre tmree pastmaies crag tme perogeter horhie (nat tme en-trknhe), knl Xtruhture 68 mks k sio`mtiy ikrèr staar krek. \e reiktove sequenhe actme struhtures os nat jnawn (wmohm hkge rst, 6< ar 681), fut ot os iojeiy tmkt anesuhheelel tme atmer oggelokteiy tme rst wks lehaggossoanel.

Cektures rknè crag ? ta 53hg on lokgeter knl 0 ta =0hg on leptm. \elostrofutoan ac pastmaie leptms knl lokgeters smaws k reùikr pkttern khrass tmestruhture, crag crant ta fkhj, wmerefy tme pastmaies kt tme entrknhe knl tmasestknjon` tme entrknhe kre sage ac tme ikrèst on tme perogeter, knl tmase kt tmefkhj ac tme struhture kre tme gast sienler knl smkiiaw anes. \e nartmerngastentrknhe cekture os k laufie pastmaie (=5-56-C;? knl C62) wmohm gorrars tmesetton` ac k leep pastmaie next ta ots pkrtner ta tme sautm. \os entrknhe han-

ùrktoan (ks weii ks tmkt car Xtruhture 68 wmohm os gosson`) os exkhtiy an tmeexhkvktoan faunlkry, knl wauil fe hiekrer wotm curtmer exhkvktoan ta tme west.Leeper pastmaies on tme nartm, sautm knl kt tme fkhj kre onterspersel wotm smki-

;88 Ot os passofie tmkt Xtruhtures 68 knl 6< smkre exkhtiy tme skge onternki hancoùrktoan, fut tmepronhopie ac nat uson` tme skge cekture twohe on tme presenhe ac kn kiternktove gkjes tme iktterprecerkfie.



;??V E H

iawer anes kraunl tme perogeter. Ane pkrtohuikriy ikrè cekture on tme sautmekst(=5-5;-C6=6) gky mkve feen usel ta mause k past on tme exteroar horhie, fut otwks prafkfiy gkle car atmer purpases ks ot os extregeiy ikrè (53hg wole knl=6hg leep) knl fekrs sogoikrotoes ta twa atmer ikrè pastmaies on ots vohonoty (=36-C;22 knl =5-3;-C3?). Ot os nat jnawn wmetmer tmos pastmaie pre- ar past-lktes Xtruhture 6<.

Ac tme sox pastmaies exhkvktel on tme perogeter, tmree kre siknton`. \ese wauilmkve suppartel pasts ieknon` tawkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture. Onterestonìy,ks car Xtruhture 66, ane ac tme siknton` pastmaies os kn entrknhe cekture (=5-56C;0), ks weii ks tme cekture kldkhent ta ot ta tme sautm.Cekture coiis. \e exhkvktel entrknhe cekture knl onternki cekture mkl very sogo-ikr iis (tkjon` onta khhaunt tmeor vaiuges, hk. 80 knl <0I), fatm mkvon` sgkiikgaunts ac ar`knoh gkteroki (;-6` fane, ;3-;2=` smeii, ;-6` hrkf hikws, 2-6`hmkrhaki), sage pattery (5?-=2`), onhiulon` leharktel smerls knl <-5j` ac fel-rahj gkteroki. \e skge os true ac tme ikrèr cekture stknjon` tme exhkvktel en-trknhe cekture, wmohm kisa hantkonel 5<` ac pattery `rollie. \e atmer exteroarcektures, restehton` tmeor vaiuges, hantkonel very sgkii kgaunts ac gkteroki,wmereks tme very ikrè cekture (622I) on tme sautmekst ac tme perogeter woii loshussel on tme hantext ac Xtruhture 82 wmere ot serves ks kn onternki pastmatme ii ac wmohm gare iojeiy restehts khtovotoes kssahoktel wotm tmos struhturXpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Rast regavel ar iect ta raton sotu.

Lkton`. Ikte, passofiy haianoki, see Xtruhture 82.

2 6

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<

Coùre ;20. Xtruhture 6<.



622

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ge t r e s

6 <

Coùre ;2=. Xtruhture 65.

Kssahoktel cektures. K reiktoveiy mo`m nugfer ac cektures ac kii soze hiksses krespktokiiy kssahoktel wotm Xtruhture 6<. \os os kn krek lense on unksso`nel cek-tures, mawever, knl ot os nat hiekr wmohm, oc kny, ac tmeg kre reiktel ta tmos struh-ture. Fksel an tme kppkrent ikhj ac nan-struhturki lu`-lawn eiegents on ar og-gelokteiy autsole atmer struhtures, ot os tmau`mt tmese cektures feian` ta atmer,unrehanstruhtel struhtures.Averikps. Xtruhtures 8, 68, 6?, 82, 86, knl 80.Xmkrel cektures. weive cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures, onhiulon` veonternki cektures wotm Xtruhture 68.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 65 os k reùikr fut unoque hai-iehtoan ac eo`mt pasts on kn avki han ùrktoan an tme elè ac tme hio. \os struh-ture os hk. ;.5 fy 6.5g on lokgeter wotm kn onternki krek ac 8g¶ knl kn kverkèac =6hg fetween ekhm cekture. Cove cektures were exhkvktel.

Cektures rknè crag;= ta 63hg on lokgeter knl <0 ta =2hg on leptm, knlcrag hk. ;5 ta 82I on vaiuge knl sot on k reiktoveiy to`mt hiuster wotm cew cek-tures on tme vohonoty wmohm fekr k resegfiknhe ta tmeg ar hauil fe onterpretelks feianòn` ta tme skge struhture. Ac tme ve exhkvktel cektures, caur were setkt kn knìe on tme felrahj. \ese were kii sio`mtiy knìel ieknon` aut crag tmestruhture sa tme upro`mts wauil mkve spikyel kpkrt. \e exhkvktel iis kre kisaextregeiy hansostent wotm ekhm atmer (see feiaw) knl nat kt kii hansostent wotmkny atmer kldkhent exhkvktel cektures. \e hagfonktoan ac tmese hmkrkhterostohsgkjes k àal hkse car onterpreton` tmos ks k struhture, wmohm òven ots pasotoan



62;V E H

an tme elè ac tme hio gky mkve feen pasotoanel ta tkje klvkntkè ac tme wonlar tme so`mt iones. Xtruhture 65 os on kn krek wmere tmere wks na ikyer ; lue praxogoty ta tme elè ac tme hio.Cekture coiis. \e iis ac tme ve exhkvktel cektures kre sage ac tme rohmest ontergs ac ar`knoh knl pattery regkons on tme wmaie unot. \e gekn hantents

ac tme cektures were 80` fane, ;20` smeii, <` hrkf hikws, 6` ac hmkrhaki, ;?=`pattery, knl 8j` ac felrahj gkteroki wotm k to`mt rknè fetween tme onlovolukiùres. \ree ac tme cektures kisa hantkonel leharktel smerls. Ane ac tme cek-

tures, wotm kigast 5j` ac felrahj gkteroki on tme ii, hantkonel k ikrè stane,marozantkiiy pikhel, mkicwky lawn tme ii. \os onlohktes tmkt tme cektures wefkhj iiel kcter tme upro`mts were regavel.Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Cektures fkhj iiel kcter tme pasts were regavel.Lkton`. Hmohaol. Kssahoktel cektures. Xtruhture 65 os k reiktoveiy osaiktel han ùrktoan wotm nacektures ahhurron` wotmon ots sgkii perogeter, knl twa ikrèr cektures ahhurron`ta tme ekst. Ot os nat jnawn maw ar oc tmese reikte ta Xtruhture 65.Averikps. Nane.Xmkrel cektures.Nane.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 63 os tme pikn ac wmkt kppekrsta fe k reùikr past-fuoit struhture. \e pikn os onhagpiete lue ta tme ckht tmktgare tmkn mkic tme struhture ckiis autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes. \e regkon-on` mkic hansosts ac kn auter ron` ac ;8 pastmaies, knl k han ùrktoan ac tmreepastmaies cargon` kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan, tme letkois ac wmohm knat hertkon wotmaut gare expasel surckhe krek. \e onterpaiktel staar krek ac tmehagpiete pikn os hk. 50g¶. \os struhture os =.6g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkèspkn fetween tme externki pasts ac =<hg. \e lostknhe fetween tme aniy revekielkldkhent pkor on tme nartm os 8.6=g. Averkii, cektures rknè crag ? ta 86hg onlokgeter knl 0 ta 05hg on leptm. \ere os na afvoaus entrknhe on tme perogeter.

wa cektures were exhkvktel crag tmos struhture.\ere os nat enau`m evolenhe ta lrkw hanhiusoans kfaut tmos struhture.

Mawever, tme getroh knl spktoki prapertoes ac tme externki pastmaies kre hansosent wotm atmer gare hagpiete horhuikr struhtures on tme unot, feon` k sienler ?ta ;8hg wole, wotm gare hiase-set pastmaies on tme west (hansostent wotm k west

eriy entrknhe) knl gare wole-set on tme ekst. wa ac tme onternki pasts kre kisagetrohkiiy knl spktokiiy hansostent, wmereks tme tmorl ane on tme ekst os sagewsmkiiawer (63hg) knl kisa sio`mtiy knìel ta tme sautmwest. Ot os passofie tmkt anac tme ikrèr pastmaies sio`mtiy ta tme west wks usel onstekl, kitmau`m tmese mfeen ksso`nel ta atmer struhtures.Cekture coiis. \e twa cektures exhkvktel were crag tme onternki hanstruhtoanknl tme loerenhe on tmeor iis restehts tmeor loerent vaiuges (hk. 32I vs. hk0I), fatm hantkonon` ;` ac fane, hrkf hikws knl hmkrhaki, fut tme ikrèr cekturemkvon` ;2` (ks appasel ta nane) ac pattery knl 63` (ks appasel ta ;`) gkronesmeii. Fatm cektures hantkonel 9;j` ac felrahj gkteroki, kitmau`m tme sgkiier



626

vaiuge wks crag tme ikrèr cekture. \os gky fe expiohkfie fy tme ckht tmkt ;jàc tme lry-soevel ii crag tmos cekture (=<-6?-C;?8) wks tkjen ks k èapmysohkiskgpie.

Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.Lkton`. Unjnawn, fut see Hmkpter 3 car ots pasotoan wotmon tme Ei Hkfa reik-tove hmranaia`y. Kssahoktel cektures.Cew unksso`nel cektures kre kssahoktel wotm tmos struhture.\ree ikrèr cektures wotmon ots perogeter gky feian` ta atmer struhtures.Averikps. Xtruhtures 3, 66, 60, 8;, <6, knl <5.Xmkrel cektures. wa perogeter cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 60 os tme pikn ac k sio`mtiy or-reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 8= pastmaies knl knonternki raac-fekron` han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pasts. \e pikn os onhagpiete ontme sautm wmere ot extenls feyanl tme exhkvktel faunlkroes. \e staar krek oshk. 06g¶. \os struhture os ?.=g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween ex-ternki pasts ac =2hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason` pkors ac onternkipasts 0.26g knl 8.23g fetween tme pkors. Ot mks kn entrknhe on tme nartmwestgkrjel fy tme ikrèst pastmaies on tme perogeter. Cektures rknè crag 3 ta <3hgon lokgeter, knl = ta 38hg on leptm. wenty cektures were exhkvktel crag tmosstruhture.

Coùre ;2?. Xtruhture 63.

2 6 <

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628V E H

Xtruhture 60 mks k sagewmkt iawer reiokfoioty share tmkn tme atmer struhturlue ta tme onsehurotoes wmohm exost wotmon ots onner struhture on pkrtohuifekrs gkny sogoikrotoes ta Xtruhture 66 on tergs ac aroentktoan knl pasotoanon`wotmon tme unot. Mawever, tme onteroar struhture laes nat smkre tme reùikrotyatmer exkgpies. Nevertmeiess, k struhture ac tmos carg knl wotm tmese logensoanos leegel pikusofie, lespote unhertkonty on tme letkois.

\e perogeter horhie os k ron`, stktter kian` tme ekstern partoan, ac reùikriyspkhel pastmaies. @kps kppekr on tme perogeter an eotmer sole ac tme entrknhe tme nartmwest, cargel fy twa leep-set pastmaies (5= knl <5hg leep). Kfsenheskre present on tme west partoan kisa. Onhagpieteness on tmos krek gky patentokife lue ta tme loerent, iess hagpkht, hansostenhy ac tme felrahj mere, wmohmgky expikon tme ’iass‗ ac sgkiier cektures. Unioje atmer struhtures, tmere os nstrojon` lostonhtoan fetween tme ikrèr cektures kt tme crant ac tme struhture, kntme io`mter anes kt tme fkhj. \os os kisa tme hkse car Xtruhture 66, wmohm os hapkrkfie on gkny kspehts. On ènerki, smkiiaw knl leep cektures kre ontersperselwotm ekhm atmer, wotm leeper cektures reiktoveiy reùikriy spkhel tmrau`maut perogeter.

\e onternki han ùrktoan ac eo`mt cektures hansosts ac pastmaies ac vkrokfieleptms knl lokgeters, onhiulon` k sgkii ane (;0hg leep) on tme nartmekst wmohmos smkrel fy knatmer struhture. \os wks ksso`nel car reksans ac syggetry, feon`neelel ks k haunterpkrt ta ots appasote pastmaie kt tme rekr ac tme struhture. Otos nat seen ks k hanvonhon` aptoan, mawever, kitmau`m ot os kiwkys passofie ttmos pkrt ac tme struhture, feon` an tme elè ac tme unot faunlkry, gky mkvefeen garpmaiaòhkiiy loerent. Curtmer exhkvktoan go`mt resaive tmos. \e atmeronternki cektures rknè crag 6? ta <=hg on leptm, knl tmeor sagewmkt vkrokfie

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6 <

Coùre ;;2. Xtruhture 60.



62<

lokgeters knl orreùikr pikns kre kn onlohktoan ac tme loerent hansostenhy ac tmefelrahj on tmos krek ‘ o.e. ot laes nat hut sa hiekniy ks on atmer, gare eksteriy,pkrts ac tme unot.

\ree cektures crag tme perogeter were caunl ta fe set kt k siknt onta tmefelrahj. \ese were kii crag tme ekstern wkii knl siknt tawkrls tme hentre ac tmestruhture. Mawever, atmer cektures exhkvktel, onhiulon` tmase crag tme entrknhe,were vertohki.Cekture coiis.\ree exhkvktel onternki pastmaies knl tme exhkvktel entrknhepastmaie, rknòn` fetween ;2 ta 52I, kre hansostent on tergs ac vaiuges ac pat-tery knl ar`knoh gkteroki (<-60` pattery, 2-6` fane, ;-;6` gkrone smeii, 2-;`hrkf hikws). Mawever, tmere os vkrokfoioty on tme kgaunt ac hmkrhaki on tmese cek-tures, rknòn` crag neìoòfie (;`) ta so`no hknt (k skgpie ac unjnawn weo`mtwks tkjen car spehoes olento hktoan crag =<-6?-C6<?, >;2`). \e twa cektures(tme entrknhe cekture knl kn onternki pastmaie on tme west) wotm tme gast hmkr-haki were kisa tmase wotm so`no hkntiy gare felrahj gkteroki (903` ks appaselta <->0j`). \os os onterpretel ks pkhjon` gkteroki car tme past on fatm hkses, kshkn fe hiekriy seen on tme sehtoan lrkwon` ac =<-6?-C6<? (Co`. 06). On pkrtohuikr,tmos cekture os sogoikr ta tme twa cektures wotm furnt past regkons crag Xtruhture3, knl onleel C6<? ontersehts wotm k perogeter cekture ac Xtruhture 3. Hmkrhakicrag C6<? wks nat lktel ks ot wks tmau`mt ta fe hantegparkry wotm tme twaatmer furnt cektures on tme vohonoty. Mawever, seeon` ks tmese struhtures averikp,tmey hknnat fe exkhtiy hantegparkneaus. \e sgkiier cektures mkve sogoikr iihantents4 gonogki regkons (2-;` fane, 2-;2` pattery, ;-3` gkrone smeii, 2-;`hrkf hikws, 2-;` hmkrhaki, knl ;-<2 ` `rkvei), kisa wotm tme exheptoan ac k cekture(=<-6?-C;=5) on tme sautm ac tme perogeter, woler tmkn kldkhent cektures wmohmhantkonel 6j` ac furnt felrahj gkteroki knl mkl k very orreùikr fattag wotmso`ns ac ontensove mekton` knl 3` ac hmkrhaki on tme ii.

Xpehoki conls. K tufuikr fikhj knl wmote loarote fekl wotm k hentrki percarktoan,hk. 6hg ian`, wks exhkvktel crag onternki pastmaie =<-6?-C;0. Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.Lkton`. Unjnawn, fut see Hmkpter 3 car ots pasotoan wotmon tme Ei Hkfa reik-tove hmranaia`y. Kssahoktel cektures.Ane, knl passofiy twa, sepkrkte lepasotoans ac mugkn fanegkteroki ahhur wotmon tme perogeter ac Xtruhture 60. Ks gentoanel fecare, tmesekre tme lepasotoan ac fanes ac k neankte onta k sgkii pot (=<-6?- C63;) knl tmelepasotoan ac crk`gents ac passofiy k mugkn tofok onta k pastmaie (=<-6?- C;3).\ese kre tme skge fane lepasots kisa spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm tme onsole ac soxatmer struhtures. \e cektures on wmohm tmey ahhur kre nat struhturki eiegents ackny olento el struhture.

Atmerwose, tmos struhture ahhupoes k iahktoan lense on unksso`nel cektures. Otos nat hiekr wmohm, oc kny gky fe kssahoktel wotm tme struhture.Averikps. Xtruhtures 3, 66, 63, 6=, 8;, 8?, <6, <0, knl <=.Xmkrel cektures. \ree cektures, onhiulon` ane crag tme onternki han ùrktoan,kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures.

Xtruhture 6= (Hancolenhe Hikss4 ;)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 6=, kjon ta Xtruhture ;2, os khan ùrktoan ac eo`mt leep-set knl wole pastmaies on k reùikr han ùrktoanac appasel pkors. \e struhture os olentohki ta tme onternki hanstruhtoans ac tme



623

fe reiktel ta tme struhture, ks woii fe loshussel feiaw. \os krek an tme elè actme unot os ènerkiiy lense wotm unksso`nel cektures knl tmese kre nat nehesskroiyreiktel ta Xtruhture 6=.Averikps. Xtruhtures 3, ;0, 8=, 60, 8;, 8?, <6, knl <=.Xmkrel cektures. Nane.

Xtruhture 6? (Hancolenhe Hikss4 6)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs.Xtruhture 6? os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac <; pastmaies knl kn onternki raac-fekron` han ùrktoan ac sox pasts. \e western qukrter ac tme pikn ckiis autsoletme exhkvktoan faunlkroes wmohm khhaunts car tme cewer tmkn usuki nugfer aconternki pasts, knl prafkfiy kisa tme ikhj ac kn evolent entrknhe han ùrktoan.\e staar krek os hk. <5g¶. \os struhture os 0.3g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkèspkn fetween tme externki pasts ac 53hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason`pkors ac onternki pasts 5.6g knl 6.80g fetween tme pkors. Cektures rknè crag3 ta 85hg on lokgeter, knl 5 ta ;;<hg on leptm. wa cektures were exhkvktel,fatm crag tme onternki han ùrktoan.

\e vosofie partoan ac tme exteroar horhie on tme nartm, sautm knl ekst hansostsgkoniy ac smkiiaw knl sienler pastmaies. \ree ar caur ikrèr pastmaies on tmesautm knl sautmekst kre kn exheptoan ta tmos, feon` guhm ikrèr tmkn tme kldk-hent cektures knl ikrèr tmkn gast perogeter cektures on ènerki. On tme hkse actme twa ikrèst pastmaies on tme sautm, tmos hkn fe khhauntel car fy tme ckht tmkttmese cektures kre smkrel fy atmer struhtures, percargon` k suppartove cunhtoanon tmese struhtures. K reiktove hmranaia`y ac tme suhhessove struhtures os prapaselon tme caiiawon` hmkpter. \e atmer twa ikrè perogeter pastmaies gky fe kh-hauntel car fy atmer, ks yet unrehanstruhtel, struhtures on tmos krek ac quote k

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Coùre ;;6. Xtruhture 6?.



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mo`m cekture lensoty. Gareaver, k galern-lky cenhe on tmos krek gky mkve gkleuse ac knl enikrèl onloènaus pastmaies. \e laufion` ac sage pastmaies on tmenartm knl sautmekst gky onlohkte repkors ta tmos struhture. Na cektures mkve feeexhkvktel crag tme perogeter: tmerecare ot os unjnawn wmetmer tme pastmaiewere vertohki ar nat.

\e sox onternki pastmaies carg k reùikr setton` ac wmkt wauil mkve feenkn eo`mt-past raac-fekron` struhture. \e twa exhkvktel cektures were lu` ver-tohkiiy onta tme felrahj knl kre 3; knl 03hg leep. \e atmer cektures were ontmos rknè, exhept car tme sio`mtiy sgkiier sautmwest onternki pastmaie wmohm8<hg leep. Ots kldkhent pkor on tme sautmekst os ane ac k hiuster ac tmree ikrpastmaies, regkrjkfiy reùikr knl sogoikr on tmeor gknuckhture (=5-5;-C635,C633 knl C630), tme gast eksteriy ac wmohm os onharparktel onta tme onner han

ùrktoan ac Xtruhture 8 (tme tmorl mks nat feen ksso`nel) (Co`. ;58). \esepastmaies onterseht ekhm atmer kt tme tap, fut tmerekcter gkontkon very tmon (k hentogetres) wkiis fetween tmeg kii tme wky lawn tmeor hansolerkfie ien`tms.Xuhm ikrè knl weii gkle pastmaies, kii wotm sogoikr taaigkrjs smawon` verto-hki hmoseiion` an tmeor onsole wkiis, sa hiase ta ekhm atmer, su`èsts tmkt tmwere gkle wotm jnawielè ac tme presenhe ac ekhm atmer. \eor sogoikroty knlonharparktoan onta loerent struhtures patentokiiy onlohktes tmkt k suhhessoan sogoikr struhtures an tmos spat taaj pikhe eotmer wotmon k reiktoveiy smart togeekhm atmer, wotmon tme iocetoge ac k fuoilon` `raup, ar tmkt trklotoans were strknl weii gkontkonel. On tmos sense, pastmaies kre ioje nèrpronts. \os woii feloshussel curtmer on Hmkpter 3 on tergs acrenewki .Cekture coiis. \e twa pastmaies exhkvktel crag tme onternki han ùrktoan werecrag kn appason` pkor (hk. <2 knl 5<I on vaiuge), fatm hantkonon` reiktoveiyikrè kgaunts ac pattery, onhiulon` leharktel poehes (3;` on ane knl >82` on tmeatmer, fut tme weo`mt ac herkgoh hanhentrktoan mkicwky lawn tme cekture os nonhiulel, sa tmos wauil fe gare), ks weii ks ikrè poehes ac felrahj iawer lawnon tme iis (fatm hk. 3j`), knl gonogki ar`knoh regkons (;-;;` fane gkteroki,;<-<?` smeii gkteroki, ;-<` hrkf hikws, knl ;-6` ac hmkrhaki). Fatm cektures kisahantkonel poehes ac wmkt kppekrs ta fe k selogentkry oran-rohm gonerki wmokppekrs kisa crequentiy on tme ikyer ; gkteroki on tmos krek ac tme unot, next ta hakst. Kt rst tmese crk`gents were tkjen ta fe poehes ac harralel oran, fut ancurtmer onspehtoan tmey kppekr ta fe k gonerki ac sage sart. \eor so`no hknheos unjnawn.Xpehoki conls. K percarktel la`‟s taatm onhosel wotm Hmohaol gatocs wks rehav-erel crag ii ; ac tme nartmekstern onternki pastmaie (=<-56-C?<). \e taatmos percarktel on tme raat, knl mks kntmrapagarpmoh eye onhosoans an eotmer s(Co`. 65). Xtyiostohkiiy ot os olentohki ta tme hkhme ac 8222 la` knl seki teetm wonhosel leharktove gatocs caunl fy iahki hmoilren on tme ;?02s nekr k rahj aver-mkn` on tme vohonoty ac tme sote (Arte`k ;?0=k). \os nl os permkps kisa reikteta tme hanhentrktoan ac Hmohaol leharktel pattery caunl dust feiaw tme taatm,upan wmohm ot wks passofiy ikol wmen lepasotel. Kfknlangent. Rasts were regavel knl fkhj- iiel.Lkton`. On k reiktove sequenhe wotm Xtruhtures 8, 68, 6< knl 82. \os os loshusselon Hmkpter 3. Kssahoktel cektures. K reiktoveiy mo`m nugfer ac cektures ac kii soze hiksses krespktokiiy kssahoktel wotm Xtruhture 6?. \os os kn krek lense on unksso`nel cek-tures, mawever, knl ot os nat hiekr wmohm, oc kny, ac tmeg kre reiktel ta tmos str



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ture. Fksel an tme kppkrent ikhj ac nan-struhturki lu`-lawn eiegents on ar og-gelokteiy autsole atmer struhtures, ot os tmau`mt tmese cektures feian` ta atmer,unrehanstruhtel struhtures.Averikps. Xtruhtures 8, 68, 6<, 82, 86, 80, knl 83.Xmkrel cektures. Cove cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures, onhiulon` ane actme pastmaies ac tme onternki han ùrktoan.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs.Xtruhture 82 os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 8? pastmaies knl kn onternki raac-fekron` han ùrktoan ac seven pasts. \e nartmwestern qukrter ac tme pikn ckiisautsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes wmohm khhaunts car tme cewer tmkn usukinugfer ac onternki pasts. \e staar krek os hk. 32g¶. \os struhture os =.=g onlokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween tme externki pasts ac 0?hg, knl kn kver-kè spkn fetween appason` pkors ac onternki pasts ac 5.8;g knl 6.8<g fetweentme pkors. Cektures rknè crag 3 ta 53hg on lokgeter, knl ? ta =6hg on leptm. Kn entrknhe on tme west os gkrjel fy twa leep-set pasts. wa cektures were ex-hkvktel crag tmos struhture.

\e perogeter os k reùikr horhie ac pastmaies wotm woler knl leeper pastmaieson tme westeriy sehtoan, wotm iess reùikr spkhon` knl `kps on tme perogeter horhieon tme ekst ac tme struhture. wa leeper pastmaies on tme west kre prafkfiy tmeentrknhe pkor, wotm tme sautmerngast cekture ac tme pkor feon` k laufie pastmaie.\e perogeter oggelokteiy ta tme nartm os autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes,afshuron` tme rest ac tme entrknhe ckhkle. @oven tme perceht kio`ngent ac tmosputktove entrknhe an tme hentrki han ùrktoan, mawever, ot os iojeiy tmos wks tmeentrknhe, sio`mtiy sautm ac west. \e cektures kre kisa pkrt ac k mekvoer-set seh-toan ac tme perogeter, ks seen on tme crant ac atmer struhtures. Xio`mtiy leeper

pastmaies kisa ahhur on tme nartm ac tme perogeter. \e `kp kt tme fkhj ac tmeperogeter os sogoikr ta tmkt ac atmer struhtures. Mawever, tme ikhj ac pastmaieson tme sautmekst hknnat fe expikonel fy nkturki lepressoans ar k rau`m felrahjsurckhe (gkjon` sgkiier cektures lo huit ta olentocy), seeon` ks atmer sgkii pe-rogeter cektures crag struhtures on tme krek were rehaverel. On tme nartmekst, ekstknl sautm, partoans ac tme wkii mkve feen repkorel ar re-fuoit. On tme ekst, tmosmks tme eeht ac gkjon` tme struhture sio`mtiy fo`èr.

Ane ac tme externki pastmaies kt tme fkhj ac tme perogeter, pkrtokiiy exhkvktellue ta k hanhentrktoan ac ikrè fkse crk`gents ac k pattery vessei, wks caunl tafe siknton` west, tawkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture. Xeeon` ks tmos struhturefekrs sogoikrotoes ta atmer struhtures wotm siknton` pastmaies, ot wks prafkfiy tme

hkse tmkt tme perogeter wkii wks siknton`.\e onternki han ùrktoan ac seven pasts (tme eo`mtm ckiion` autsole tme exhk-vktel krek) os spktokiiy very reùikr wotm pastmaies ac sogoikr leptms cargon` tmenartm knl sautm appason` pkors. Mawever, tme fkhj pkors, kitmau`m ac sogoikriyikrè woltms (<= knl 53hg), kre very loerent on leptm, wotm tme sautmerngastpastmaie feon` =6hg knl ots nartmern pkrtner aniy ?hg leep. \os pastmaie wksnat exhkvktel knl ot gky permkps fe tmkt stanes preventel eehtove leptm-praf-on`. Ots exhkvktel haunterpkrt hantkonel on exhess ac ;2j` ac stane gkteroki,knatmer aver 6j`.Cekture coiis. \e twa onternki cektures exhkvktel kre ac very loerent vaiuges(hk. 60 ks appasel ta 622I), yet hantkon tme skge ii hkteàroes knl reiktove

qukntotoes. Fatm hantkon 63-<<` ac fane, =-;;8` ac gkrone smeii, ;-;3` ac hrkfhikws, ;-<` ac hmkrhaki, 3-=8` ac pattery, knl ks gentoanel kfave gare tmkn



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6->;2j` ac felrahj gkteroki on ane sonìe ii. On hagpkrosan ta atmer cekturestmere kre regkrjkfiy cew nls car suhm k ikrè cekture. On kllotoan, twa poehes a( tton`) ìkss ac vkrokfie tmohjness (8 ta <gg) were kisa rehaverel crag tme iiac tmos cekture, prafkfiy crk`gents ac k fattie nehj smawon` kn oroleshent smeenan tme surckhe knl apkque io`mt `reen/frawn on haiaur.;85

Xpehoki conls. Xee leshroptoan ac tme ìkss crk`gents kfave. On kllotoan, tme fkseac k vessei wks rehaverel crag ikyer ; fetween cektures =5-36-C?0 knl C?=. Kfknlangent. \e stany sonìe ii ac tme ikrè onternki cektures su`èsts tmktpasts were regavel knl tme cektures fkhj iiel.

Lkton`. Haianoki, lue ta ìkss on tme cekture ii. Kssahoktel cektures. K reiktoveiy mo`m nugfer ac cektures ac kii soze hiksses krespktokiiy kssahoktel wotm Xtruhture 82. \os os kn krek lense on unksso`nel cek-tures, mawever, knl ot os nat hiekr wmohm, oc kny, ac tmeg kre reiktel ta tmos strture. Fksel an tme kppkrent ikhj ac nan-struhturki lu`-lawn eiegents on ar og-gelokteiy autsole atmer struhtures, ot os tmau`mt tmese cektures feian` ta atmer,unrehanstruhtel struhtures.Averikps. Xtruhtures 8, 68, 6<, 6?, 86, 80, knl 83.Xmkrel cektures. wa cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures, onhiulon` aneac tme onternki pastmaies wmohm servel ks k perogeter pastmaie car knatmstruhture.

;85 mos gkteroki neels ta fe curtmer onvesto`ktel knl gare prehoseiy olentocoel.

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Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 8; os tme pikn ac k past-fuoitstruhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 65 pastmaies knl kn onternki raac-fekron`han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pasts. \e nartmern partoan ac tme perogeter ckiis autsoletme exhkvktoan faunlkroes. \e staar krek os hk. 53g¶. \os struhture os =.8g on

lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween externki pasts ac =<hg, knl kn kverkèspkn fetween appason` pkors ac onternki pasts ac 3.06g knl 8.26g fetween tmepkors. Kn entrknhe on tme west os gkrjel fy twa leep-set pastmaies. Cekturesrknè crag = ta <6hg on lokgeter knl ;2 ta ==hg on leptm. Eieven cektures wereexhkvktel crag tmos struhture.

Kitmau`m tmos os nat tme gast reùikr struhture on tme unot, tmere kre pienty acsogoikrotoes fetween atmer horhuikr struhtures knl tmos hagfonktoan ac k perog-eter horhie, onhiulon` entrknhe cektures knl k reùikr hentrki han ùrktoan. \esautmern pkrt ac tme perogeter horhie os hagpiete knl reùikriy spkhel. Mawever,`kps ahhur on tme ekst, nartmekst knl nartmwest. wa cektures on tme west, 50knl 3;hg leep, kre onterpretel ks tme entrknhe wotm, ta tme nartm, knatmer ikrèpastmaie cekture, knl ta tme sautm sgkii pastmaies hantonuon` tme perogeter wkii.Menhe, tmere os nat tme syggetry on tme entrknhe han ùrktoan seen on atmerstruhtures. Kn kiternktove perogeter han ùrktoan ckvaurs tmree sgkiier past-maies nartmwest ac entrknhe pastmaie =<-6?-C632 onstekl ac tme nartmern en-trknhe (=<-6?-C60?) cekture knl ots ikrè kldkhent cekture. Mawever, wotmautcurtmer exhkvktoan tme precerrel onterpretktoan os tme carger lue ta ots garereùikr staar pikn knl hanvonhon` entrknhe han ùrktoan.

\e onternki han ùrktoan os k reùikriy spkhel han ùrktoan ac eo`mt ikrèpasts. \ere os onhansostenhy on tme leptm ac sage ac tmese cektures, nkgeiysagewmkt smkiiaw cektures on tme nartmwest knl sautmekst. Ac tme nartmeksteriy

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Coùre ;;<. Xtruhture 8;.



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pastmaie tmere hkn fe na lauft ks tmos ane wks exhkvktel ta k leptm ac 60hg.\e sautmeksteriy pastmaie wks ;?hg wmen prafel. \e atmer onternki pastsrknè crag <8 ta ==hg on leptm.

Kii onternki knl externki pastmaies exhkvktel were vertohkiiy set onta tme fel-rahj, kpkrt crag k sgkii ane kt tme fkhj. Xox perogeter cektures were kii vertohki,mawever. Kitmau`m tme onternki han ùrktoan os quote reùikr, ot laes nat kio`n hagcartkfiy an tme entrknhe ks os tme hkse wotm tme gkdaroty ac tme horhuikr sttures on tme unot, tme sautmern crant onternki pastmaie feon` k getre gare lostkntcrag tme sautmerngast entrknhe past tmkn ots haunterpkrt wotm tme nartmern-gast entrknhe cekture. Nevertmeiess, tmere os on ènerki k àal t fetween fatmtme auter knl onner hanstruhtoan.Cekture coiis. Coii oncargktoan os kvkoikfie crag caur ac tme pastmaies ac tme onternki han ùrktoan, tmree ac wmohm kre hk. ?I knl tme ane on tme west hk. ;22Onterestonìy, tmos ikrèr cekture wks pkrtokiiy iiel wotm stanes knl harki. \eatmer cektures hantkonel ≬6;2` ac `rkvei. \ey kii hantkonel ;` ekhm ac hmkrhaki,fane knl hrkf hikws, 8-;;` ac gkrone smeii, knl ;-3` ac pattery. Coii oncargktoancrag tmree sgkiier pastmaies wks hansostent, wotm tme ikrèr perogeter cekture otme nartmekst (hk. 65I) hantkonon` 8?` ac pattery, gare tmkn tme atmers wmohmhantkonel ;`.Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Nat furnt, pasts regavel ar iect ta raton sotu.Lkton`. Unjnawn. Kssahoktel cektures. \e lepasotoan ac crk`gents ac k passofiy mugkn tofok ah-hur on k spktokiiy, fut nat struhturkiiy, kssahoktel pastmaie (=<-6?-C;3) wotmXtruhture 8;. \os os tme skge fane lepasot kisa kssahoktel wotm tme onsole ac soxatmer struhtures.

Atmerwose, tmere kre gkny cektures ac kii soze hiksses wmohm ahhur wotmokraunl Xtruhture 8; ks tmos krek an tme elè ac tme unot os lense wotm unksso`necektures.Averikps. Xtruhtures 3, ;5, ;0, 8=, 63, 60, 6=, 8?, <6, <8, 6<, <0, <=, knl 5;.Xmkrel cektures. Xeven cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures, onhiulon` twacrag tme onternki han ùrktoan.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 86 os k smart past raw aroent-el nartmekst-sautmwest, hansoston` ac ve cektures ac lehrekson` leptm (;< ta

62hg on lokgeter knl 6; ta <5hg on leptm). \e kio`ngent os ;.?g ian` knltme cektures kre eveniy spkhel kn kverkè <0hg kpkrt. Nane ac tme cektures wkexhkvktel.

Xeeon` ks kii cektures kre rktmer smkiiaw, tme haiaur halel-leptm rknès mkvfeen re nel ta fron` aut tme onhregentki leptm hmknès. On tmos hkse wmote 7 ta 65hg leep, `rey 7 63 ta <2hg leep, knl fikhj 7 <; ta <5hg leep.

\os struhture os kjon ta caur atmer sogoikr past raws on tme unot4 Xtruhtures;?, 88, 85 knl 83. Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.Lkton`. Unjnawn.

Averikps. Xtruhtures 8, 68, knl 82.Xmkrel cektures.Nane.



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Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 88 os k smart past raw aroentel

nartmwest-sautmekst, hansoston` ac caur cektures ac loerent leptms (;< ta 60hgon lokgeter knl 65 ta <0hg on leptm), wotm tme smkiiawest knl leepest pastmaieskt eotmer enl ac tme raw ks on Xtruhtures ;? knl 86. \e kio`ngent os ?2hg ian`knl tme cektures kre eveniy spkhel kn kverkè 82hg kpkrt. Nane ac tme cektureswks exhkvktel.

Xeeon` ks kii cektures kre rktmer smkiiaw, tme haiaur-halel leptm rknès mkvefeen re nel ta fron` aut tme onhregentki leptm hmknès. On tmos hkse wmote 7 ;ta 63hg leep, `rey 7 60 ta <2hg leep, knl fikhj 7 <; ta 52hg leep.

\os struhture os kjon ta caur atmer sogoikr past raws on tme unot4 Xtruhtures;?, 86, 85 knl 83. Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.

Lkton`. Unjnawn.Averikps. Xtruhture 8.Xmkrel cektures.Nane.

Xtruhture 8< (Hancolenhe Hikss4 6)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 8< os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac k sio`mtiy eiioptohki auter ron` ac 6? pastmaies knlk han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pastmaies cargon` kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan.\e staar krek os hk. 52g¶. \os struhture os =.<g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkèspkn fetween tme externki pasts ac ?5hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween appason`

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pkors ac tme onternki pasts ac 5.83g knl 6.8?g fetween tme pkors. Ot mks kn en-trknhe on tme west-nartmwest gkrjel fy leep-set pastmaies. \ree cektures wereexhkvktel crag tmos struhture.

\e perogeter horhie os hk. =2hg woler on k nartm-sautm lorehtoan tmkn cragcrant ta fkhj. K prafkfie entrknhe on tme west-nartmwest os cargel fy twa loc-cerentiy sozel pastmaies, tme nartmerngast ane feon` woler knl leeper tmknots sautmern haunterpkrt (8?hg wole knl 55hg leep vs. ;?hg wole knl 6;hgleep), yet nevertmeiess tmos pkoron` kio`ns very weii an tme onternki han ùrktoknl na atmer cektures sktoscy tme hroterok car kn entrknhe. Gareaver, tme struhtumere kfuts tme exhkvktoan faunlkry knl gky tmerecare fe sio`mtiy afshurel. \eperogeter os ènerkiiy reùikriy spkhel, fut `kps kre present on tme ekstern par-toan knl kisa on tme sautmwest, sautm ac tme entrknhe. \e laufion` ac pastmaieson tme nartm su`èsts sage gonogki repkor knl refuoilon`. \e twa pastmaiesexhkvktel crag tme perogeter were vertohki on tme felrahj, ane ac wmohm wk

leegel taa smkiiaw knl orreùikr ta fe k pastmaie knl wks hknheiiel ks k nktu-rki lepressoan. Ots pasotoan wotmon tme perogeter iel ta tme reonstktegent ac tmcekture.

\e onternki han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pastmaies os very reùikr on tergs ac spkh-on`. Ot smkres twa pastmaies wotm atmer struhtures (Xtruhtures ; knl 62), knlleptms kre vkrokfie wotm twa pastmaies feon` aniy ;? knl 68hg leep. Mawever,tmese cektures were unexhkvktel knl tme struhture cargs suhm k hansostent knlhanvonhon` wmaie tmkt tmos os nat seen ks k prafieg. Atmer onternki cekturerknè crag 8; ta 32hg on leptm wotm k àal harrespanlenhe fetween appason`pkors.


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6;<

Cekture coiis. wa kldkhent pastmaies exhkvktel on tme perogeter revekiel sogoikrkgaunts ac ar`knoh knl stane gkteroki (<-3` fane, ;5-86` gkrone smeii, ;` hmkr-haki, 8` hrkf hikws, ;?=-522` felrahj). Mawever, ane hantkonel <2` ac patteryonhiulon` k leharktel smerl. \e exhkvktel onternki pastmaie, kisa kn externkipastmaie crag Xtruhture ;, wks reiktoveiy rohm on ar`knoh knl herkgoh gkteroki46<` fane, <3` gkrone smeii, <` hmkrhaki, 3` hrkf hikws, ?<` pattery (onhiulon` kleharktel smerl), knl gare tmkn ;j` ac felrahj gkteroki.Xpehoki conls.Nane.

Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.Lkton`. Unjnawn. Kssahoktel cektures. K cew sgkii cektures ahhur onsole tmos struhture. Gknyac tmese kre tmau`mt ta feian` ta atmer struhtures. \ere kre very cew cektureskraunl tme exteroar knl mkrliy kny kt kii kt tme fkhj.Averikps. Xtruhtures ;, ?, 62, 6;, 8=, 8?, <2, <?, knl 56.Xmkrel cektures. Caur cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures, onhiulon` twaonternki pastmaies.

Xtruhtures 85 knl 83 (Hancolenhe Hikss4 8)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 85 os k smart past raw aroentelnartm-nartmwest ta sautm-sautmekst, hansoston` ac ve cektures ac very vkrokfieleptms (;5 ta 6=hg on lokgeter knl ; ta 36hg on leptm), wotm tme leepest past-maies kt eotmer enl ac tme raw. \e kio`ngent os 6.8g ian` knl tme cektures kreeveniy spkhel kn kverk`e 5=hg kpkrt. \ree ac tme cektures were exhkvktel, kiikre vertohki.

Co`ure ;;0. Xtruhture 8<.

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ge t r e s

6 <



6;5V E H

Xtruhture 83 runs pkrkiiei ta ot, kt k lostknhe ac ?2hg ta tme west. \os os kn-atmer sio`mtiy ianèr kio`ngent, 8.?g ian`, hansoston` ac sox cektures kn kverkèac 0?hg kpkrt. \e cektures kre 68 ta 82hg on lokgeter knl smkre k sogoikriy vkr-okfie rknè ac leptms4 fetween 66 knl 0;hg leep. K`kon tme kio`ngent tergo-nktes on twa ac tme leepest cektures. wa cektures were exhkvktel, fatm vertohki

\e passofoioty wks hansolerel tmkt tme cektures cargel ekst-west pkors rktmertmkn nartm-sautm kio`ngents, fut tme very loerent leptms fetween tme pkorsknl tmeor sogoikrotoes ta atmer kio`ngents nekrfy on tme unot (;?, 86, 88) ks weiks ogpressoans `konel on tme eil hkutoanel k`konst tmos onterpretktoan.

Mawever, tmey smkre sogoikrotoes on kllotoan ta tmeor praxogoty knl olentoharoentktoan4 twa cektures crag Xtruhture 83, an tme iect, knl ane crag Xtruhture85, an tme ro`mt, fare very sogoikr garpmaiaòhki hmkrkhterostohs an exhkvktotmey mkl k very le nel fattag elè, wotm k smkrp trknsotoan crag tme wkiista tme fattag ac tme pastmaie, gkrjel fy k `raave kraunl tme fattag.;83 \ekio`ngents gky represent tme re-fuoilon` ac tme skge sgkii struhture on loer-ent pmkses.

Ot os tme vkrokfoioty on tme leptms ac tme cektures ac tme kio`ngents wmotmeor gast strojon` ckhtar (k loerenhe ac <?hg fetween tme smkiiawest knl tmeleepest cektures on Xtruhture 83, knl ane ac 3;hg on Xtruhture 85). Upro`mtssupparton` marozantki fekgs smauil fe ac rau`miy tme skge leptm, sa hiekriy, kswotm tme atmer sogoikr kio`ngents (Xtruhtures ;?, 86 knl 88) tmese kre nat kio`ngents wmohm suppart upro`mts, kt iekst nat kian` tmeor wmaie ien`tms. Kn exkgpie ac tmos os Xtruhture 85, on wmohm tme gollie cekture (=5-56-C;<0) os aniy ;hleep! \os os nat kn errar ac leptm prafon`, ks tmos cekture wks exhkvktel knl

;83 mos k hmkrkhterostoh kisa smkrel fy ane ac tme onternki pastmaies on Xtruhture 82, wmohm ononìy enau`m kio`ns an Xtruhture 83, kitmau`m kt k lostknhe ac 8.8g.

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Coùre ;;=. Xtruhtures 85knl 83.



6;3

caunl ta fe k very smkiiaw, yet ungostkjkfiy kntmrapaènoh, ;5hg wole, knl hutlepressoan. Rermkps tme lehosoan wks gkle ta kfknlan tme gkjon` ac k pastmaiekcter ot mkl feen gkrjel aut on tme felrahj.

Luron` eilwarj, tme krek autsole ta tme west ac tme exhkvktoan faunlkrywks tmarau`miy hmehjel car tme presenhe ac gare cektures on tme skge aroentk-toan. \os wks passofie ks aniy k tmon haveron` ac sknl os present on tmos krek.Mawever, na cektures were caunl, knl tmos os leegel ta fe tme nartmern extentac tmese past raws.

Lue ta tme presenhe ac gare unksso`nel cektures on tmos krek ac tme unotac hagpkrkfie lokgeter, knl tme reiktove shkrhoty knl cunhtoanki unhertkonty actmese sarts ac struhtures, ot wks tegpton` ta extenl tme kio`ngents sautmwkrlsknl onharparkte kllotoanki cektures. Mawever, tmere os nat enau`m pasotove evo-lenhe ta dustocy tmos kt tmos paont on toge. \e ckht tmkt tmey kre hantegparkrycektures feianòn` ta tme skge struhture kisa hknnat fe ruiel aut. \e passofoiotytmkt tmey were kllotoanki eiegents ac mause Xtruhtures 6? knl 82 on tmos krek wkskisa hansolerel, fut hauil nat fe dusto el.Cekture coiis. Xtruhture 85 unlerstknlkfiy aniy revekiel nls crag tme twaleeper pastmaies kt eotmer enl ac tme kio`ngent, knl nat tme ;hg-leep cekture ontme gollie. \e ikrèst ane kt tme nartm enl (=5-56-C;86), hk. 82I on vaiuge,mkl reiktoveiy ikrè kgaunts ac pattery (=<`), ks weii ks k harki ruffon`/`ronl-on` taai, k stont stkje knl on kllotoan ta 56` ac gkrone smeii, k horhuikr losh hutcrag tme tmonner pkrt ac tme iop ac kXtragfus sp. \os losh wks rau`m kraunl tmeelès, ks oc k rau`m-aut car sagetmon`. Curtmergare, tme cekture hantkonel gono-gki ar`knoh regkons (6` fane, 6` hrkf hikws knl ;` hmkrhaki), knl kigast 5jàc felrahj gkteroki. \e cekture kt tme sautmern enl (=5-56-C;65) hantkonelsogoikr kgaunts ac felrahj gkteroki knl, kitmau`m nat guhm sgkiier on vaiuge(62I), hansolerkfiy iess pattery knl ar`knoh regkons (;` fane, 6` gkrone smeii,;0` pattery).

\e twa cektures crag Xtruhture 83, hk. ? knl ;<I, fatm hantkonel hk. ;jàc felrahj gkteroki, ;` fane, 5` gkrone smeii, ≬65` pattery, wotm tme ikrèr kisahantkonon` very neìoòfie hrkf hikws knl hmkrhaki regkons (;`).Xpehoki conls.Mkic gknuckhturel Xtragfus pikque, very sogoikr ta tmase cragRuntk Gkhka (Aisen 622<k), see kfave. Kfknlangent. Rasts regavel knl fkhj- iiel.Lkton`. Rassofiy hantegparkry wotm Xtruhture 82 (pastmaie gknuckhturelsogoikriy)1Averikps. Xtruhtures 6< knl 6?. Xtruhture 68 os taa hiase ta fehantegparkneaus.Xmkrel cektures. Nane.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 80 os k smart past raw aroentelekst-west, hansoston` ac sox cektures ac sogoikr leptms (<2 ta <?hg) knl lokgeters(;5 ta 62hg). \e kio`ngent os 3g ian` knl tme cektures kre eveniy spkhel knkverkè ;62hg kpkrt. Nane ac tme cektures were exhkvktel.

\e rst pastmaie on tme kio`ngent on tme west wks natel ks feon` orreùikr onpikn, wotm k strko`mt sole unioje tme raunl pikns ac tme gkdaroty ac tme pastmaies.\os kio`ngent kisa caiiaws tme skge aroentktoan knl os on tme vohonoty ac k han-

tegparkry cenhe, wmohm hantrais iovestahj gavegents. Ot os tmerecare passofie



6;0V E H

tmkt tmos past raw os rehent. Uncartunkteiy, nane ac tme cektures were exhkvktta èt k fetter ogpressoan ac tme loerenhes fetween pre-Haiugfokn onloènausknl hantegparkry ar suf-rehent pastmaies. Nevertmeiess, gare cektures on tmoskrek were gkrjel ks passofiy rehent an tme pikn lrkwon` lue ta tmeor knagkiauspikn kspehts.Cekture coiis.Nane kvkoikfie.Xpehoki conls.Nane.

Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.Lkton`. Unjnawn.Averikps. Xtruhtures 68, 6<, 6?, knl 82.Xmkrel cektures. Nane.

Xtruhture 8= (Hancolenhe Hikss4 8)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 8= os tme pikn ac wmkt kppekrsta fe k horhuikr past-fuoit struhture. \e pikn os onhagpiete lue ta tme ckht tmktmkic tme struhture ckiis autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes. \e regkonon` mkichansosts ac kn auter ron` ac ;; pastmaies, knl k han ùrktoan ac caur pastmaiescargon` kn onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan. Lue ta tme struhture‟s onhagpiete-ness, k gonogki rehanstruhtoan os precerrel. \e onterpaiktel staar krek ac tmehagpiete pikn os hk. 8;g¶. \os struhture os 3.5g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkèspkn fetween tme externki pasts ac ?<hg. \os spkhon` os reiktoveiy ikrè knl re-stehts tme orreùikr spkhon` ac tme perogeter pastmaies. \e spkn fetween tme aniyrevekiel appason` pkor ac onternki pasts os 5.2?g knl fetween tme aniy kldkhentpkor 6.63g. Cektures rknè crag = ta 60hg on lokgeter knl crag = ta 3=hg on

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Coùre ;;?. Xtruhture 80.



6;=

leptm. \ere os na afvoaus entrknhe on tme vosofie ekstern mkic ac tme perogeterknl òven tme stran` prehelent ac tme atmer horhuikr struhtures on tme unot, knltme aroentktoan ac tme hentrki han ùrktoan, tme entrknhe wks prafkfiy on tmewest-nartmwestern partoan ac tme perogeter. Na cektures were exhkvktel cragtmos struhture.

\e cektures ac tme perogeter mkic horhie kre kii rktmer smkiiaw (≬66hg leep),wotm sagewmkt orreùikr spkhon` fetween tmeg. Nevertmeiess, tmey gkontkon kreiktoveiy hanstknt gekn ac 3=hg fetween tmeg knl k haiiehtoan ac caur mekvoerset knl woler pastmaies cargon` tme onternki hanstruhtoan. \ese pastmaies rknècrag 8< ta 3=hg on leptm.

Lespote tme onhagpieteness ac tmos struhture, knl tme ahhksoanki `kps on tmeperogeter wkii, ots averkii reùikroty, sogoikroty ta tme atmer struhtures on tme unot,knl tme àal harrespanlenhe fetween tme onternki knl externki han ùrktoansgkje onterpretktoan ac tmos ks k horhuikr struhture pikusofie.Cekture coiis.Nane kvkoikfie.Xpehoki conls.Nane. Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.Lkton`. Unjnawn. Kssahoktel cektures.Sery cew unksso`nel cektures kre kssahoktel wotm eotmer tmeonsole ar autsole ac Xtruhture 8=.Averikps. Xtruhtures 6;, 8<, knl <2. Xtruhture ; os taa hiase ta fehantegparkneaus.

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g etres

Coùre ;62. Xtruhture 8=.



6;?V E H

Xmkrel cektures. Nane.

Xtruhture 8? (Hancolenhe Hikss4 8)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 8? os k past raw hansoston` ac 6<pastmaie cektures runnon` ekst-nartmekst ta west-sautmwest knl extenlon` <3g

tmrau`m tme wmaie ac tme unot, wotm tme ikst cekture stappon` 6.8g smart ac telè ac tme hio. \os kio`ngent passofiy hantonues feyanl tme unot faunlkroeson tme west. Cektures rknè crag 3 ta 6=hg on lokgeter knl crag 5 ta <2hg onleptm. Cove cektures were exhkvktel.

\e gkdaroty ac tme pastmaies (05%) kre 965hg leep, wotm tme leeper anesahhurron` on tme ekstern mkic ac tme kio`ngent. wa ac tme cektures were natel tfe set kt k siknt onta tme felrahj, ane ta tme sautmwest, tme atmer ekst. \e geknspkhon` fetween tme cektures os 6g, kitmau`m tmere kppekrs ta fe k pkttern acpkors ac cektures onterspersel fy sonìe cektures set curtmer kpkrt. \os mail trueon tme western twa-tmorls ac tme kio`ngent.

2 5 ; 2

g e t r e s

Coùre ;6;. Xtruhture 8?.



662

Ane knagkiaus cekture (=<-8?-C?0) on tme kio`ngent ahhurs kfaut k tmorlac tme wky kian` crag tme west knl os guhm woler tmkn ot os leep (6=hg wole,;?hg leep). \os os permkps k ikrèr pastmaie kfartel on tme ekriy stkès acgknuckhture.

@oven tme ckht tmkt tme aroentktoan ac tmos kio`ngent os tme skge ks tmkt actme hantegparkry cenhe (gkrjel car k pkrt fy tme afioque unot faunlkry ontme nartmwest, Co`. <0) wmohm hrasses tme unot ;8g ta tme nartm, knl laes natseeg ta tkje khhaunt ac kny ac tme pre-Haiugfokn struhtures on tme unot (uniojeXtruhture ;3 car exkgpie), ot gky fe tme hkse tmkt tmese cektures feian` ta suhmk suf-rehent cenhe.;80

Cekture coiis.\e exhkvktel cektures hantkonel neìoòfie regkons (≬;` fane,≬;` pattery, ≬;` hmkrhaki, ≬;` hrkf hikws, ≬62` gkrone smeii, knl ≬;68` fel-rahj gkteroki).Xpehoki conls.Nane. Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.

Lkton`. Vehent.Averikps. Xtruhtures ;, 3, ?, ;3, ;0, 68, 66, 60, 6=, 8;, 8<, <2, <6, <<, <0, <=,knl 56. Xtruhture 0 os taa hiase ta fe hantegparkneaus.Xmkrel cektures.Ane cekture os smkrel wotm knatmer struhture.

Xtruhture <2 (Hancolenhe Hikss4 8)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs.Xtruhture <2 os tme pikn ac k reùikr past-fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 62 pastmaies knl kn onternki raac-fekron` han ùrktoan ac caur pasts. Kfaut <2%, tme western mkic ac tme pikn,ckiis autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes wmohm khhaunts car tme cewer tmkn usuki

nugfer ac onternki pasts. Atmerwose, knl fksel an tme regkonon` evolenhe, tmosstruhture os expehtel ta mkve kn onternki han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pasts. \e staarkrek os hk. ;22g¶, wotm k lokgeter ac ;;.3g. Aniy ane set ac onternki appaselpasts os expasel knl tmese kre 0.=3g kpkrt, wotm kn kverkè ac 6.?g fetweentme twa pkors ac kldkhent pastmaies. \e kverkè `kp fetween pastmaies on tmeperogeter horhie os rktmer ikrè, ;.6g, wmohm restehts tme ckht tmkt tme spkhon` antme perogeter, espehokiiy on tme ekst, os wole (atmerwose tmos wauil fe gare ontme rknè ac ?2hg). Cektures rknè crag 3 ta 6?hg on lokgeter knl 0 ta 30hgon leptm. Na afvoaus entrknhe han ùrktoan os present on tme expasel partoanac tme pikn. Kn entrknhe os expehtel on tme nartmwestern perogeter fksel an tmeexkgpie set fy atmer sogoikr struhtures on tme unot, tme sgkii soze ac tme expaselperogeter cektures knl tme kio`ngent ac tme onner han ùrktoan. Ane cekturewks exhkvktel crag tmos struhture.

;80 K nate an tme cenhe4 wmen we fe`kn coeilwarj on 6225, tme cenhe wks nat tmere. Mawever, onsufsequent yekrs ot wks erehtel ta hantrai tme gavegents ac smeep knl àkts. Ot strethmel kii tmewky crag tme elè ac tme hiocc, fkhj onta tme voiikè. me iovestahj awner pkol ane ac tme genon tme voiikè ta gkje knl repkor tme cenhe, wmohm me lol severki toges luron` tme haurse ac tmeyekrs we were tmere, anhe gkjon` k `kte car us knl aur vemohies, knl knatmer toge k struhturewotm kllotoanki pasts ta meip us hikgfer crag ane sole ta tme atmer. me pasts rknèl crag ;2 ta62hg on lokgeter knl kre passofiy respansofie car sage ac tme pastmaies on tme unot, espehokiiyon tme nartmern pkrt ac tme unot wmere tme cenhe hurrentiy os. Pe gastiy lostonùosmel fetweentmese rehent pastmaies knl tme pre-Haiugfokn exkgpies an tme fksos ac reùikroty knl horhuikrotyon pikn voew (tme pre-Haiugfokn pastmaies kre gare reùikr knl raunl).



666

Averikps. Xtruhtures ;, 0, 62, 6;, 8<, 8=, 8?, <?, knl 56.

Xmkrel cektures.\ree cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures, onhiulon` aneonternki pastmaie.

Xtruhture <; (Hancolenhe Hikss4 <)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture <; os tme pikn ac k past-fuoitstruhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac ;0 pastmaies knl kn onternki raac-fekron`han ùrktoan ac caur pasts. Kfaut 52%, tme sautmern mkic ac tme pikn, ckiis aut-sole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes wmohm khhaunts car tme cewer tmkn usuki nugferac onternki pasts. Atmerwose, knl fksel an tme regkonon` evolenhe, tmos struh-ture gky mkve mkl kn onternki han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pasts. \e staar krek os hk.;<2g¶, tme ikrèst ane on tme unot, wotm k lokgeter ac ;8.5g. Aniy ane set aconternki appasel pasts os expasel knl tmese kre ;2.0g kpkrt, wotm kn kverkèac <.58g fetween tme kldkhent pkors.;8= \e kverkè `kp fetween tme pastmaieson tme perogeter horhie os rktmer ikrè, ;.;0g. Cektures rknè crag 3 ta 6<hg onlokgeter knl 3 ta 83hg on leptm. Na afvoaus entrknhe han ùrktoan os present

on tme expasel partoan ac tme pikn. Xeven cektures were exhkvktel crag tmosstruhture.Mkic tmos struhture ckiis autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes knl tme regkonon`

partoan ac tme externki perogeter mks kt iekst caur `kps on ot, on loerent pikhes. Pmen hagpkrel ta atmer struhtures tmos os nat sa unusuki, fut on tmos hkse ot osunotel wotm kn onsehure onternki han ùrktoan. \os khhaunts car tme iaw reio-kfoioty share ac tme struhture, wmohm os nanetmeiess leegel pikusofie.

Ks gentoanel, tme externki sego-horhie mks `kps on tme nartm, ekst knl west.Cektures kre wotmon tme soze rknès car atmer perogeter cektures, kitmau`m tmereos na hiekr pkttern on leptm vkroktoan khrass tme struhture. Kii exhkvktel cektureskre vertohki.

\e caur pastmaies ac tme putktove onternki han ùrktoan kre sagewmkt garespehuiktove knl were seiehtel fksel an spktoki reùikroty rktmer tmkn getroh han-solerktoans. \e aniy exhkvktel cekture os kisa tme leepest (86hg), tme atmertmree feon` smkiiawer (? ta 66hg). On tergs ac aroentktoan, tmere os k precerenhe,fksel an atmer exkgpies, car k westeriy ckhon` entrknhe, kitmau`m tmos hknnat feskol wotm sehuroty.

\e struhture os sio`mtiy knagkiaus lue ta ots ikrè soze hagpkrel ta atm-er struhtures on tme unot. Mawever, tmos neotmer stren`tmens nar wekjens tmerehanstruhtoan.Cekture coiis.Coii oncargktoan os kvkoikfie car ve exhkvktel cektures. Kii exheptane hantkonel very gonogki regkons (≬;` fane, ≬;` pattery, ≬;-5` gkrone smeii,

;` hrkf hikws). Mawever, k ikrèr externki cekture (=<-8?-C686) hantkonel ;=2àc pattery knl <2` ac gkrone smeii.Xpehoki conls.Nane. Kfknlangent. \e loerenhe on ii hantents knl rohmness ac regkons on ikyer ;ks appasel ta tme hieknness ac gast ac tme exhkvktel cektures paonts ta tme pastsmkvon` feen puiiel aut knl tme pastmaies fkhj iiel. \os gky mkve feen tme hksefehkuse k lense sweepon` ikyer wks natel an tap ac cekture =<-<?-C6=2, onhiul-on` ikrè poehes ac harki (prafkfiy k ruffon` taai) iyon` on k marozantki pasotoan

;8= me spkn ac kii kldkhent pkors wks tkjen onta khhaunt ks taa iottie ac tme pikn os expasel ta skywotm kny hertkonty wmkt aroentktoan tme struhture mks.



668V E H

k cew hentogetres kfave tme tap ac tme cekture. \e rest ac tme ii otseic wks hiek(3` ac ar`knoh regkons knl na pattery). Hansequentiy, tme pastmaie wks iielwotm hiekn gkteroki knl mausemail resolue `rklukiiy khhuguiktel on tmos krek.Lkton`. Unjnawn. Kssahoktel cektures. K nugfer ac sgkiier cektures kre shktterel khrass tme onsoleac tmos struhture, kitmau`m gkny prafkfiy feian` ta atmer struhtures.

Averikps. Xtruhtures <, 5, =, ;;, ;8, ;<, <3, 52, 5;, knl 56.Xmkrel cektures. Ane perogeter cekture os smkrel wotm knatmer struhture.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture <6 os tme pikn ac k past-fuoitstruhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 8< pastmaies knl kn onternki raac-fekron`

han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pasts. \e staar krek os hk. 5<g¶. \os struhture os =g onlokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween tme externki pasts ac 00hg, knl kn kver-kè spkn fetween appason` pkors ac onternki pasts 5.5<g knl 8.2?g fetweentme pkors. Cektures rknè crag 0 ta 88hg on lokgeter, knl 8 ta ?2hg on leptm.Exheptoankiiy, tmos struhture kppekrs ta mkve kn entrknhe on tme ekst, gkrjel fytwa ac tme leepest knl wolest pastmaies on tme exteroar. Xeventeen cektures werexhkvktel.

\e perogeter horhie cargs k reùikr horhie wotm kn entrknhe ckàkle hansostonàc pastmaies ac lehrekson` leptm knl lokgeter gavon` kwky crag tme entrknhepastmaies. @kps kppekr on tme perogeter on tme nartm, sautm knl west. On tmwest, cektures kre nat sa eveniy spkhel ks eisewmere. Xeven pastmaies exhkvktel

tme ekstern partoan ac tme perogeter kre siknton` tawkrls tme hentre ac tme struhture. \e twa entrknhe cektures were vertohkiiy set onta tme felrahj.

2 6

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<

Coùre ;68. Xtruhture <;.



66<

\e hentrki han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pasts laes nat carg sa guhm ac k reùikrhan ùrktoan ks atmer exkgpies. Nevertmeiess, leptms rknè crag 6= ta ?2hgleep, knl tme struhture kio`ns weii an tme entrknhe. \e tmree pastmaies exhk-vktel crag tme onternki struhture kre kii vertohki.Cekture coiis.Cekture iis ac fatm tme onternki knl externki cektures were prettyhansostent wotm respeht ta tmeor loerent vaiuges knl hantkonel gonogki re-gkons (fane ≬8`, gkrone smeii ≬8?`, hrkf hikws ≬8`, hmkrhaki ≬6`) knl sagefelrahj gkteroki (≬<j`). Aniy tme pattery vkroel natkfiy on qukntoty kgan`tme cektures, wotm sage hantkonon` nane kt kii, knl atmers hantkonon` galerktekgaunts (<-<;`). Exkgpies ac cektures wotm pattery kre fatm entrknhe cektures(6<-86`).Xpehoki conls.Nane. Kfknlangent. Nat furnt.Lkton`. Unjnawn. Kssahoktel cektures. Ane, knl passofiy twa, sepkrkte lepasotoans ac mugknfane gkteroki ahhur wotmon tme perogeter ac Xtruhture <6. \ese kre tme lepaso-toan ac fanes ac k neankte onta k sgkii pot (=<-6?-C63;) knl tme lepasotoan accrk`gents ac passofiy k mugkn tofok onta k pastmaie (=<-6?-C;3). \ese kre tmeskge fane lepasots kisa spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm tme onsole ac sox atmer struh-tures. \e cektures on wmohm tmey ahhur kre nat struhturki eiegents ac kny olento-

el struhture.Atmerwose, tmos krek os lense wotm unksso`nel cektures knl ot os nat passofie

ta sky wmohm gky fe reiktel.

Averikps. Xtruhtures 3, 66, 63, 60, 6=, 8;, 8?, <0, knl <=.

<

g etres

62

Coùre ;6<. Xtruhture <6.



665V E H

Xmkrel cektures.Caur cektures, onhiulon` ane onternki pastmaie, kre smkrel fyatmer struhtures.

Xtruhture <8 (Hancolenhe Hikss4 <)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture <8 os tme pikn ac k sgkii past-

fuoit struhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac 65 pastmaies knl k han ùrktoan aceo`mt pastmaies cargon` kn orreùikr onner raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan. Xtruhture<8, kjon ta ;3, os sgkiier tmkn tme atmer horhuikr fuoilon`s on tme unot, wotmstaar krek ac hk. 6<g¶ knl k lokgeter ac 5.0g. \e kverkè spkn fetween tmeexternki pasts os 0;hg, fetween tme appason` pkors ac onternki pasts 8.=6g knl;.0;g fetween tme pkors. Cektures rknè crag = ta 60hg on lokgeter knl 0 ta<?hg on leptm. \ere os na hiekr entrknhe on tme perogeter. en cektures wereexhkvktel.

\e externki perogeter cargs k rktmer orreùikr horhie on pikhes knl tmere kregkny `kps, espehokiiy on tme west knl nartmekst. \os wauil fe pkrtokiiy saivelfy re-uson` cektures ksso`nel ta atmer struhtures, fut k gonogki rehanstruhtoanos precerrel ks tmos struhture on ènerki os nat tme gast sehure. Nevertmeiess, tmextknt pkrts ac tme perogeter kre reiktoveiy eveniy spkhel knl tme soze ac tme cetures os wotmon wmkt os expehtel car perogeter hanstruhtoans (kitmau`m tmereane ikrèr cekture on tme nartm). \e `kp on tme perogeter on tme ekst harrespanlsta sogoikr `kps on tme fkhj ac atmer struhtures, knl tme onternki han ùrktoankio`ns an tmos, kitmau`m tmere os na pasotove loreht evolenhe car kn entrknhe h

ùrktoan on tme west. K`kon, mawever, oc atmer kirekly ksso`nel cektures weonharparktel tmos hauil fe gkle stranèr. Gast ac tme cektures exhkvktel cragtme perogeter were vertohkiiy set onta tme felrahj.

<6

ge t r e s

2

Coùre ;65. Xtruhture <8.



663

\e spktoki harrespanlenhe fetween tme perogeter knl tme iojeiy onternkihanstruhtoan os àal, kitmau`m averkii tme leptms knl lokgeters ac tme eo`mtonternki pasts kre vkrokfie (;8 ta <?hg on leptm, ;2 ta 68hg on lokgeter), knltmey la nat carg ks reùikr kn eo`mt-past han ùrktoan ks on sage ac tme atmerstruhtures.

Cekture coiis. \e cektures hantkonel vkrokfie knl gonogki regkons. \e aneonternki cekture car wmohm tmere os ii oncargktoan hantkonel 6` ac fane, ;` acpattery knl 0` ac gkrone smeii. Kii atmer cektures hantkonel 92.5j` ac felrahjgkteroki, ≬;` fane, ≬=` pattery, ≬6<` gkrone smeii knl ≬;` hrkf hikws knlhmkrhaki.Xpehoki conls. wa stane haiikr pkrts wmohm kre on Xtruhture ;5, kisa wotmon tmeperogeter, k`konst tme elè ac tme wkiis ac Xtruhture <8. Kfknlangent. Nat furnt.Lkton`. Unjnawn, fut on k sequenhe wotm Xtruhture ;5 knl ots refuoilon`. XeeHmkpter 3.

Kssahoktel cektures. K nugfer ac sgkiier cektures kre kssahoktel wotm tme onsoleac Xtruhture <8, kitmau`m tmese kre gare iojeiy pkrt ac kio`ngents wmohm onter-seht tme pikn. \ere kre very cew cektures autsole tme struhture.Averikps. Xtruhtures 5, ;5, ;0, 8;, <<, <0, <=, knl 5;.Xmkrel cektures. en cektures, onhiulon` caur crag tme onner hanstruhtoan, kresmkrel wotm atmer struhtures.

Xtruhture << (Hancolenhe Hikss4 <)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture << os tme pikn ac k past-fuoitstruhture hansoston` ac kn auter ron` ac ;= pastmaies knl kn onternki raac-fekron`han ùrktoan ac sox pasts. Kfaut 82%, tme nartmwestern perogeter, ckiis autsoletme exhkvktoan faunlkroes wmohm khhaunts car tme cewer tmkn usuki nugfer aconternki pasts. Atmerwose, knl fksel an tme regkonon` evolenhe, tmos struhtureos expehtel ta mkve kn onternki han ùrktoan ac eo`mt pasts. \e staar krek os hk.0<g¶. \os struhture os ;2g on lokgeter wotm kn kverkè spkn fetween tme exter-nki pasts ac ;;?hg, knl kn kverkè spkn fetween tme appason` pkors ac onternkipasts 0.?3g knl <.2=g fetween tme pkors. Cektures rknè crag ? ta 86hg onlokgeter, knl ;; ta 5<hg on leptm. \ere os na afvoaus entrknhe han ùrk-toan wmohm prafkfiy mks ta la wotm tme ckht tmkt tme western knl nartmwesternpkrts ac tme perogeter ckii autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes. None cektures wereexhkvktel.

\e perogeter horhie os reiktoveiy reùikriy spkhel, wotm `kps ahhurron` ontme ekst, hanhagotknt wotm atmer struhtures on wmohm tmos os tme hkse. \ere krena hanvonhon` entrknhe han ùrktoans on tme partoan ac tme expasel perogeter,ieklon` ane ta preloht tmkt kny entrknhe smauil fe caunl on tme western partoan.\e cektures on tme perogeter kre vertohki.

\e onternki struhture ac sox expasel pastmaies os set hiase ta tme perogeterwkii (gekn lostknhe 5=hg). \ese pastmaies carg k reùikr hentrki han ùrktoanwmohm wauil kio`n an k westeriy entrknhe. \ase pastmaies expasel kre 6= ta5<hg leep, wotm tme exheptoan ac ane cekture on tme nartm car wmohm tme leptmos unjnawn. Ane ac tme sautmern pkor ac onternki pastmaies os siknton` ta tmesautmwest. \os os unusuki car kn onternki pastmaie. Mawever, tme eian`ktel, avkismkpe ac tmos cekture su`èsts ot go`mt mkve feen usel on gare tmkn ane struhtureknl ots siknton` aroentktoan os ac orreievknhe mere.



660V E H

Cekture coiis. wa cektures exhkvktel crag tme onternki han ùrktoan hantkonel;` fane, ≬;` ac hrkf hikws knl hmkrhaki, ;-8?` ac pattery, knl 8-;0` ac gkronesmeii. \e perogeter cektures kii hantkonel 9;2` ac ar`knoh knl pattery gkterokiknl 9;j` ac felrahj gkteroki.Xpehoki conls.Nane. Kfknlangent. Nat furnt.

Lkton`. Unjnawn. Kssahoktel cektures. K reiktoveiy mo`m nugfer ac cektures ac kii soze hiksses mkvfeen caunl espehokiiy on tme nartmern krek onsole tmos struhture, kitmau`m tmeykigast hertkoniy reiktel ta atmer struhtures ckiion` autsole tme exhkvktel krek.Averikps. Xtruhtures <, 5, =, ;8, ;<, ;5, 8;, 8?, <;, <0, 52, <=, knl 5;. Xtruhture<8 os taa hiase ta fe hantegparkneaus.Xmkrel cektures. \ree cektures, onhiulon` ane crag tme onternki hanstruhtoan,kre smkrel fy atmer cektures.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture <5 os tme nartmern partoan acwmkt gky mkve feen k reùikr horhuikr struhture hansoston` ac k past-fuoit perogeter knl k raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan ac eo`mt pasts. \e gkdaroty ac tmos struhtureckiis autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes, iekvon` aniy none externki, knl twa onternki pastmaies expasel. Cektures rknè crag ? ta 60hg on lokgeter knl ;6 ta33hg on leptm. Caur cektures were exhkvktel.

2 6

ge t r e s

<

Coùre ;63. Xtruhture <<.



66=

\os struhture os an tme elè ac tme exhkvktoan unot knl oc tme rehanstruhtoanos khhurkte, aniy ;2% ac tme wmaie os revekiel. Nevertmeiess, tme hagfonktoan ack reùikr krh ac sgkiier cektures, hagfonel wotm twa ikrèr cektures, harrespanlsweii wotm atmer, gare hagpiete horhuikr struhtures seen on tme unot. Fatm putk-tove onternki cektures kre vertohki, knl ane ac tme externki pastmaies os siknton`,klgotteliy unusukiiy autwkrls crag tme struhture. \e onternki ikrè cekture ontme ekst (=<-8?-C8<0) os khtukiiy guitopie cektures hansoston` ac kn avki pot wotmhiekr taaigkrjs an ots onsole wkiis, extenlon` feyanl tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes.\os pot onharparktes twa leeper pastmaies wotmon ot. \os cekture mkl k very rohm

ii (see feiaw). Ks ane ac tme aniy nan-pastmaie cektures on tme exhkvktoan tmeii, espehokiiy tme pattery, gerots gare kttentoan.

Lespote onhagpieteness, tmos rehanstruhtoan os pikusofie, kitmau`m curtmer ex-hkvktoan os nehesskry ta letergone tme uitogkte vkioloty.Cekture coiis.Coii oncargktoan os kvkoikfie car ane cekture exhkvktel crag tme pe-rogeter wmohm hantkonel sage `rkvei (8?`) knl ;` ac gkrone smeii. \e guitopiecektures ac tme onternki pastmaie were exhkvktel taètmer on twa iis ks tmere wksna lostonhtoan fetween tmeg. \os wks k very rohm cekture on tergs ac pattery,022` ;8? , knl ar`knoh gkteroki (5` fane, ;6` hrkf hikws, 6` hmkrhaki, <<;` gk-rone smeii) ks weii ks nekriy ;6j` ac felrahj gkteroki.Xpehoki conls.Nane. Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.Lkton`. Hmohaol.Averikps. Xtruhtures 5 knl 63. Xtruhture 60 os taa hiase ta fehantegparkneaus.Xmkrel cektures.Nane.

;8? Knkiysos ac tmos pattery gky òve gare ac kn onlohktoan ac tme type ac lepasot on tmos cekture, o.e.wmetmer tmos os k sonìe-event hkhme ar k very lense krteckht trkp crag guitopie pmkses.

<6

ge t r e s

2

Coùre ;60. Xtruhture <5.



66?V E H


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. \os os k sgkii struhture hansoston` ac k hor-huikr krrknègent ac ;0 sienler (5 ta 62hg) knl smkiiaw (< ta 6<hg) pastmaies.\e horhie cargel os onhagpiete, wotm na sautmern partoan. \e lokgeter ac tmehorhie os 3.3g, knl ot mks k staarpikn ac 66g¶. \ere os na onlohktoan ac k hentrkiar onternki struhture. Ane cekture wks exhkvktel crag tmos krrknègent.

\os han ùrktoan ac pastmaies fekrs sogoikrotoes ta Xtruhtures = knl ;6. \eaniy exhkvktel cekture wks vertohki on tme felrahj.Cekture coiis. Cekture =<-<?-C6;; wks exhkvktel ks k sgkii kppenlkè ta k ikrèontersehton` cekture (C6;2), ksso`nel ta knatmer struhture. Ot hantkonel ;` hrkfhikws, ;` gkrone smeii knl 0;` ac `rkvei.

Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.Lkton`. Unjnawn. Kssahoktel cektures. Xeverki sgkii cektures ahhur wotmon tme perogeter ac tmosstruhture, espehokiiy ta tme sautm, kitmau`m tmeor patentoki reiktoansmop ta struhture os unhiekr.Averikps. Xtruhtures <, ;;, ;6, <;, knl 56. Xtruhture 6 os taa hiase ta fehantegparkneaus.Xmkrel cektures.Nane.

2 6

ge t r e s

<

Coùre ;6=. Xtruhture <3.



682

Xtruhtures <0 knl <= (Hancolenhe Hikss4 8)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhtures <0 knl <= represent k gonogkiknl k gkxogki onterpretktoan4 tme rst os k hurvon` past kio`ngent knl tme seh-anl k horhuikr struhture wotm onternki past han ùrktoan kjon ta tme atmer horhu-ikr struhtures on tme unot.

Xtruhture <0 hansosts ac k hurvel kio`ngent ac 68 pastmaies, strethmon` car kien`tm ac ;<.0g. Cektures rknè crag ? ta 8?hg on lokgeter knl 3 ta 8=hg onleptm. \e cektures kre krrknèl on leshenlon` leptm crag tme feònnon` ac tmekio`ngent on tme west ta tme enl on tme ekst wotm k gekn ac 30hg fetween tmecektures. None cektures were exhkvktel.

Xtruhture <= os kn eikfarktoan ac tmos kio`ngent, onterpretel ot ks kn eiiopto-hki struhture, ? fy 0.3g, wotm k raac-fekron` hanstruhtoan, tme nartmern pkrt acwmohm ckiis autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes. \e mekvy-set pastmaies on tmewest ac kio`ngent <0 knl tme segohorhuikr lospasotoan ac tme rest ac tme pastmaiesfekr resegfiknhe ta tme entrknhes knl perogeter krrknègents ac tme horhuikrstruhtures on tme unot, wmohm wks tme gatovktoan car rehanstruhton` k horhuikrstruhture an tmos spat. Gareaver, k han ùrktoan ac sox ikrèr pastmaies onsoletmos krrknègent hkn fe onterpretel ks kn onternki, raac-fekron` han ùrktoan.\e perogeter tmus hansosts ac 82 pastmaies, tme onteroar ac sox leeper pastmaies,wotm k spkn fetween appason` pasts ac 3.5;g knl fetween kldkhent pkors ac6.60g.

\e onsehurotoes on tmos pikn kre hkusel fy tme ckht tmkt4 (;) mkic tme onter-nki cektures (n78) kre kirekly ksso`nel ta loerent struhtures;<2, (6) tme ikrèpastmaies ac tme putktove entrknhe ckàkle on tme west kre sogpiy nat gorrarelfy harrespanlon` pastmaies ta tme nartm, knl (8) tmere kre `kps, caiiawon` reik-toveiy eveniy spkhel cektures, kian` kii ac tme nartmern partoan. @oven tme aro-entktoan ac tme eiioptohki smkpe ac tme struhture, ane wauil kisa expeht tme onnerhan ùrktoan knl tme entrknhe ta fe sio`mtiy gare aroentel ta tme nartmwest.Onterpretktoan os nat kolel fy tme ckht tmkt oc tmos were k horhuikr struhture, tmenartmern extregoty knl passofiy sage ac tme onternki hanstruhtoan wauil fe aut-sole tme exhkvktoan faunlkry.

\e entrknhe han ùrktoan hansosts ac twa ikrè pastmaies 0;hg kpkrt, tmenartmerngast ane feon` smkrel fy knatmer struhture. \e nartmerngast past-maie os guhm leeper tmkn ots haunterpkrt ta tme sautm (06hg48=hg), kitmau`mfatm cektures were pkrtokiiy iiel wotm stanes knl harki, onlohkton` tmkt tmeorvaiuges mkl feen kldustel. Ks gentoanel, tme rest ac tme entrknhe ckàkle ta tmenartm os gosson`, fut ta tme sautm tmree pastmaies ac lehrekson` leptm kre ikrèrtmkn tme rest ac tme pastmaies on tme perogeter. \us, wmere present, tme pkt-tern ac cektures khrass tme struhture os sogoikr ta tmkt ac atmer horhuikr struhtures

‘ mekvy kt tme crant knl io`mt kt tme fkhj. \e sox pastmaies onterpretel ks tmeraac-fekron` hanstruhtoan rknè crag 8= ta =2hg leep. Kii cektures crag fatm rehanstruhtoans kre vertohkiiy lu` onta tme felrahj.

Cekture coiis. Ks gentoanel, tme iis ac tme twa entrknhe pastmaies hantkonelsufstkntoki kgaunts ac harki knl felrahj (weo`mts nat reharlel). On kllotoanneìoòfie atmer pattery (; knl ;?`) knl ar`knoh regkons (;;-;3` gkrone smeii,;` fane knl hmkrhaki, ≬;` hrkf hikws) were enhaunterel. \e atmer exhkvktelonternki knl externki cektures sogoikriy hantkon neìoòfie ar`knoh regkons (≬;`hrkf hikws, fane knl hmkrhaki, ;-3;` gkrone smeii), fut vkrokfie knl galerktekgaunts ac pattery (;-;=;`), onhiulon` sage leharktel poehes. Kisa, gast ac

;<2 mos laes nat gekn tmkt tmey gky nat fe re-usel, fut tmos os nat k prkhtohe acten afservel on tmeunot.



68;V E H

2 6

ge t r e s

<

2 6

ge t r e s

<

Co`ure ;6?. Xtruhture <0.

Co`ure ;82. Xtruhture <=.



686

tme cektures hantkonel iess tmkn mkic k joia`rkgge ac felrahj gkteroki, wotm tmeexheptoan ac ane ac tme onternki cektures wmohm hantkonel ;2j`, knl tme twa en-trknhe cektures wmohm kisa hantkonel hansolerkfie kgaunts.Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Fksel an tme vkrokfie qukntotoes ac regkons on tme iis, tme pastswere passofiy regavel knl tme pastmaies fkhj- iiel.Lkton`. Unjnawn.

Kssahoktel cektures. \e lepasotoan ac crk`gents ac k passofiy mugkn tofokahhur on k spktokiiy, fut nat struhturkiiy kssahoktel pastmaie (=<-6?-C;3) wotmXtruhture <=. \os os tme skge fane lepasot kisa kssahoktel wotm tme onsole ac soxatmer struhtures.

Atmerwose, k mo`m nugfer ac cektures ac loerent soze hiksses kre reiktel taespehokiiy tme western mkic ac tmos struhture, kitmau`m ot os iahktel an tme elè actme exhkvktoan faunlkry wotmon k ènerkiiy lense cekture hiuster, menhe ots reik-toansmop ta tmese os unhiekr.

Averikps. Xtruhture <0 averikps wotm Xtruhtures 3, ;5, ;0, 66, 60, 8;, <6, <8,6<, <=, knl 5;. Xtruhture <= averikps wotm Xtruhtures 3, ;5, ;0, 66, 60, 6= 8;,8?, <6, <8, <<, <0, knl 5;.Xmkrel cektures.Cove cektures, onhiulon` tmree crag tme hentrki hanstruhtoan,kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures.

Xtruhture <? (Hancolenhe Hikss4 8)

Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs.Xtruhture <? hansosts ac tmree pkrkiiei pastkio`ngents, enteron` tme unot on tme nartmwest knl runnon` on k sautmeksteriylorehtoan tawkrls tme elè ac tme hio, stappon` dust smart ac sgkii avki Xtruhture

65. \e past raws gkontkon k reiktoveiy hanstknt lostknhe ac hk. ;.5g fetweentmeg. wa ac tme kio`ngents kre hk. ;;g ian`, knl tme tmorl ane extenls car;8g. Cektures rknè crag = ta 83hg on lokgeter knl < ta <5hg on leptm. \egekn lostknhe fetween tme pastmaies os hk. ;g. wa cektures, crag loerentraws, were exhkvktel.

\e cektures la nat klmere ta kny afvoausiy loshernofie pkttern on tergs acsuhhessoan on leptm ar lokgeter, wotm woler knl leeper cektures ontersperselwotm sgkiier, smkiiawer cektures. \e twa exhkvktel pastmaies were fatm setonta tme felrahj kt kn knìe4 fatm kre siknton` aroentel on k westeriy lorehtoan. Kitmau`m ènerkiiy reùikriy spkhel, sage `kps kppekr on tme kio`ngents, carexkgpie fetween tme ikst twa cektures ac tme sautmerngast kio`ngent. Mawever,tmos `kp kisa haonholes wotm k nkturki lepressoan on tme felrahj (seen on tme piknlrkwon` ks k saiol ione).

Espehokiiy on tme nartmwest harner ac tme unot, wmere tme cektures kre gastlense, tmere were guitopie hknlolktes car onhiusoan on tme kio`ngents. Onleeltmos os nat ane ac tme gast pikon knl unkgfoùaus struhtures on tergs ac tme spk-toki knl getroh reiktoansmops fetween tme cektures kiane. On ckht ot wks olento elon hagfonktoan wotm evolenhe crag tme krteckht ikyer kfave ot (see Hmkpter 3).\e kio`ngents seeg ta mkve khtel ks kn krteckht fiahj, wmohm nat aniy han rgstmeor hantegparkneoty wotm tme krhmkeaiaòhki lepasots on ikyer ;, fut suppartstme onterpretktoan tmkt tmese cektures carg hamerent struhtures wmohm feian` ta-ètmer. On atmer warls, Xtruhture <? cargel k ionekr fkrroer k`konst wmohm sweep-on` lepasots khhuguiktel aver toge.



688V E H

On ènerki, ot os nat hiekr wmkt tme reiktoan os fetween tmese tmree sogokio`ngents. \e ckht tmkt tmey smkre tme skge aroentktoan, run pkrkiiei kt knequki lostknhe crag ekhm atmer, kre ac sogoikr ien`tms (kifeot crag wmkt we hkloshern crag tme ekstern enls), siknt tme skge wky, kii onlohktes tmkt tmey cui iietme skge cunhtoan, eotmer hantegparkneausiy ar ks loerent pmkses ac tme skgestruhture.Cekture coiis. Ac tme twa exhkvktel cektures, ii oncargktoan os aniy kvkoikfiecrag ane (=5-5;-C<2), tme ikrèst cekture on tme kio`ngents sotuktel on tme ekst-ern enl ac tme sautmerngast raw. \e atmer exhkvktel cekture wks natel tahantkon Hmohaol pattery, knl tme ikrèr exhkvktel cekture hantkonel ;5` ac pat-tery ks weii ks k reiktoveiy ikrè ;;` ac fane, 83` gkrone smeii, 8` hrkf hikws, ;`hmkrhaki knl gare tmkn ;;j` ac felrahj gkteroki.Xpehoki conls. Kitmau`m nat on tme pastmaies tmegseives, tme kio`ngents kre ks-

sahoktel wotm na iess tmkn ve otegs acXtragfussp. pkrkpmernkiok, onhiulon`k smeii fekl, k jey penlknt (olaioiia tkfuikr ), twa penlknts wotm onhosel craìe` gatocs knl k smeii ckhe, ar ùkçzk , gkle ac tme spone ac kXtragfus . On kllo-toan, tme ikrèst troànaiotm ac tme exhkvktoan wks rehaverel crag tme felrahjlepressoan on tme sautmerngast kio`ngent. Haianoki gkteroki kisa khhuguiktelk`konst tmos sautmern farler. Ks gentoanel kfave, tmos lostrofutoan os prafkfiylue ta tme ckht tmkt tme struhture khtel ks kn krteckht fkrroer. \os os loshussel onHmkpter 3. Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.Lkton`. Ikte/haianoki.

Averikps. Xtruhtures 82, 8<, <2, knl 56.

2 6 <

ge t r e s

Coùre ;8;. Xtruhture <?.



685V E H

pattery, <0=` gkrone smeii, 6` hmkrhaki knl k muè 08` hrkf hikws), ots haunter-pkrt ta tme sautm mks gek`re regkons (6` fane, 5` pattery, ;5` gkrone smeii).Fatm cektures mkve hagpkrkfie kgaunts ac felrahj gkteroki (8-<j`).Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Lue ta tme vkrokfie regkons on tme iis, ot os passofie tmkt tmepasts were regavel knl fkhj- iiel.Lkton`. Unjnawn.

Kssahoktel cektures. Xeverki gkoniy sgkiier cektures ahhur wotmon tmos struhtureknl kisa fetween tme eo`mt ikrè pastmaies. Kitmau`m an tme wmaie, lue ta tmeoorreùikroty, ot os nat tmau`mt tmey kre pkrt ac tme struhture.Averikps. Xtruhtures <, 5, =, ;;, ;8, ;<, <;, <<, knl <5.Xmkrel cektures. wa cektures kre smkrel wotm atmer struhtures.


Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. \os os k struhture hansoston` ac k horhuikrkrrknègent ac 62 sienler (0 ta ;0hg) knl smkiiaw (3 ta 6=hg) pastmaies. \ehorhie cargel os onhagpiete, espehokiiy on tme sautm knl nartm. On tme nartm os pkrtokiiy hut fy tme exhkvktoan faunlkry. \e lokgeter ac tme horhie os =.<g,wotm kn onteroar spkhe ac 50g¶. \ere os na onlohktoan ac k hentrki ar onternkistruhture. en cektures were exhkvktel crag tmos krrknègent.

\os horhuikr han ùrktoan fekrs sogoikrotoes ta Xtruhtures = knl ;6, wmohmkisa hansost ac dust k perogeter horhie ar hurvel sehtoans ac k perogeter suhm on tme hkse ac Xtruhture ;6. \e gekn lostknhe fetween tme cektures os ??hg, ex-hiulon` tme `kps on tme nartm knl sautm. \e cektures kre getrohkiiy knl spktokiiyhansostent wotm ekhm atmer knl hknnat fe ksso`nel ta kny atmer struhture.

2

ge t r e s

6 <

Coùre ;88. Xtruhture 5;.



683

wa exhkvktel cektures were set onta tme felrahj kt k siknt.Cekture coiis. Ane ac tme sgkii cektures exhkvktel (=<-8?-C5?) hantkonel ;63àc pattery, tme rest hantkonel ≬;` ac pattery knl sogoikriy neìoòfie kgaunts acatmer regkons. Gast kisa hantkonel sage `rkvei (≬2.5j`).Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Lue ta tme vkrokfie iis, pasts were passofiy regavel knl tmepastmaies fkhj- iiel.

Lkton`. Unjnawn. Kssahoktel cektures. \e sgkiier cektures ahhurron` wotmon tme perogeterac Xtruhture 5; kppekr ta fe pkrt ac unreiktel kio`ngents rktmer tmkn tmosstruhture.Averikps. Nane.Xmkrel cektures.Nane.

Xtruhture 56 (Hancolenhe Hikss4 8)Xpktoki knl pmysohki hmkrkhterostohs. Xtruhture 56 os k past raw hansoston` ac6< pastmaie cektures runnon` nartm-sautm knl extenlon` <5g kian` tme wmaieac tme ekstern exhkvktel pkrt ac tme unot. \os kio`ngent os pkrkiiei ta tme hakstknl passofiy hantonues feyanl tme unot faunlkroes on tme sautm. On ckht ot hiaseiygorrars Xtruhture ;3 ta tme ekst, wmase hurvon` carg ot pkrkiieis car gast ac otsien`tm, enteron` tme unot on tme sautm, knl hurvon` curtmer autwkrls, ekst, tawkrlstme nartm ac tme unot, fecare stappon` dust smy ac tme hio tap. Ratentokiiy, mklatmer cektures feen ksso`nel, tme kio`ngent hauil hantonue ta gorrar Xtruhture;3 knl hurve westwkrls k`kon ta caiiaw tme ione ac tme hios. Potmaut gare evo-lenhe, mawever, k sogpier rehanstruhtoan os precerrel. Caur cektures were exhk-vktel crag tme past raw.

Ioje Xtruhture ;3, kii cektures ckii wotmon sogoikr reiktoveiy smkiiaw leptm knllokgeter rknès4 5 ta 68hg khrass knl 3 ta <;hg leep. Ac tme caur cektures ex-hkvktel, kii were set vertohkiiy onta tme felrahj.

\e gekn spkhon` fetween tme cektures os 6.;3g, wotm spkhon` on tme sautmhiaser tmkn tmkt on tme nartm. On tme sautm sage cektures kre laufiel, wmohm gkyrepresent re- ar aver-fuoilon`.

\ere laesn‟t kppekr ta fe k stroht pkttern on tme lostrofutoan ac leptms ac tmecektures kian` tme kio`ngent. Xmkiiawer knl leeper pastmaies kre ontersperselwotm ekhm atmer, oc knytmon` caiiawon` k pkttern ac k suhhessoan ac sogoikriy leeppkors (o.e. <; knl 60hg, ? knl 9;2hg, ? knl 0hg, 8< knl 66hg, ;3 knl ;6hg,

60 knl 65hg, 6; knl 66hg, eth.). Fut averkii tme rknè ac vkroktoan on tmeleptms os reiktoveiy sgkii.

Cekture coiis. \e exhkvktel cektures, ks expehtel òven tmeor sgkii vaiuges (hk.9;2I), hantkonel iottie regkons (;-;0` pattery, ≬6` fane, ;-0` gkrone smeii, ≬;`hrkf hikws, 92.5j` felrahj, knl na hmkrhaki).Xpehoki conls. Nane. Kfknlangent. Unjnawn.Lkton`. Unjnawn, fut see Hmkpter 3. Kssahoktel cektures.Nane.



680V E H

Averikps. Xtruhtures;, <, 5, 0, =, ?, ;2, ;;, ;6, ;3, ;=, 62, 8<, 8?, <2, <;, <3,knl <?.Xmkrel cektures.Nane.

5.6 Vegkonon` cektures

Ac tme 6;22 cektures on tme gkon unot, ;32? mkve feen ksso`nel ta struhtures.Vau`miy 622 cektures mkve feen ksso`nel gare tmkn anhe. \ese tkjen onta kh-haunt, tmos gekns tmkt sio`mtiy aver 02% ac tme cektures mkve feen ksso`nel struhtures.

\e gkdaroty ac tme unksso`nel cektures (Co`. ;85) kre iahktel kt tme faunlk-roes ac tme exhkvktel krek, knl tmus ot os ikhj ac averkii vosoan wmohm ogponterpretktoan on reiktoan ta atmer cektures. \e regkonler ac tme unksso`nelcektures kre an tme farlers ac tme exhkvktoan unot wmere ane hkn acten losher

tmkt tmeor gast iojeiy carg wauil fe k horhuikr cargktoan. Exkgpies kre tme vesgkii cektures kigast mkicwky kian` tme sautm farler ac tme unot wmohm ioje

2 5 ; 2

g e t r e s

Co`ure ;8<. Xtruhture 56.



68=

carg tme tap ac k perogeter ac k horhuikr struhture: ar tme hurve ac pastmaies antme gast western elè ac tme unot: ar tmase an tme nartmwestern elè feiaw tmeshkie-fkr: knl nkiiy tme patentoki horhuikr cargktoans wmohm hkn fe loshernelon tme ckr nartm ac tme unot. Car tme skje ac presenton` aniy hrelofie onterpretk-

toans, knl fksel an tme ckht tmkt tmere os hiekriy k hanhern wotm reùikroty on kiitme struhtures wmohm kre olento el ks reiokfie, tmese woii nat fe leshrofel curtmer.Xogoikriy, atmer patentoki kio`ngents hkn fe olento el, fut tmos wks nat lane kttmos stkè car tme skge reksan. Kiternktoveiy tmere kre sgkiier, passofiy pkorel arhiusterel cektures, iahktel autsole struhtures, wmase prehose han ùrktoan os natjnawn, knl tmese mkve feen loshussel ks ’kssahoktel cektures‗ unler tme struh-tures wotm wmohm tmey kre spktokiiy kssahoktel, rktmer tmkn on tmeor awn ro`mt.

5.< Xtruhture typaia`y

\e struhtures on tme Ei Hkfa gkon unot ckii onta eo`mt gkon types. Hkteàrosktoanfe`kn ks k prahess ac hktkiaùon` sogoikrotoes knl loerenhes on cunhtoanki knlkrhmotehturki hmkrkhterostohs knl aroentktoan luron` tme leshroptove pmkse ac re-

Coùre ;85. Rikn voew ac tmegkon unot wotm unksso`nel cektures mo`mio`mtel (f ikhj) ,knl ksso`nel cektures cklel(wmote). Aver 02% ac cektureskre ksso`nel ta struhtures.

2 5 ;2

getres



6<2

tohki entrknhe ckàkle wauil mkve cargel kn entrknhe parhm, dutton` aut ac tmeraac pra ie. \os wauil mkve cargel kn ksyggetrohki hrass-sehtoan wmerefytme crant ac tme mause wks guhm tkiier knl iactoer tmkn tme fkhj ac tme mause.Cunhtoankiiy, knl fehkuse ac tme gkdar aroentktoan ac ype ; struhtures, tmeiawer fkhjs ac tme mauses wauil mkve hmknneiiel sek wonls up knl aver tme raac,hrekton` k smeiterel krek autsole tme crant ac tme mause.

Xtruhtures ac ype ; onhrekse onhregentkiiy on staar krek aver toge, wotm tmeikrèst on kny ane sequenhe ac renewki (o.e. fetween Xtruhtures 62 knl 8<, 8knl 82, ;5 knl <) feon` kigast twohe ks fo` ks tme sgkiiest (see Hmkpter 3 carsequenhes ac renewki). Xgkiier Xtruhtures ;5 knl <8 (nat onhiulel on tme care-àon` soze hagpkrosans) kre hkteàrosel ks ype ; tmau`m tmey kre guhm sgkiier(;?-6<g¶) tmkn tme rest ac tme type, knl tmeor pikn letkois nat wmaiiy hiekr (aro-entktoan eth.). Nevertmeiess, tmere kre enau`m sogoikrotoes ta see tmese ks krhmoteh-turkiiy gare sogoikr ta ype ; tmkn ta kny atmer type, knl kisa nat ta ksso`n tmegks k sepkrkte type. Kitmau`m, ks woii fe loshussel ikter an (Xehtoan 3.6.5 knl 3.8),tmese sgkiier exkgpies gky mkve mkl k loerent cunhtoan.

5.<.6 \ype 6ype 6 struhtures (Co`. ;80), ac wmohm tmere kre seven knl ks exegpio el fy

Xtruhture 6, kre onterpretel ks mauses. K`kon, tmese kre very reùikr past-fuoitstruhtures wotm k perogeter horhie, ahhksoankiiy sio`mtiy eiioptohki, ac hiaseiy-setpastmaies (gekn 7 50hg kpkrt), knl kn onternki past han ùrktoan hansoston` aceo`mt mekvy-set pastmaies cargon` appason` pkors. \ese appason` pkors kio`n antme entrknhe, wmohm on tme gkdaroty ac hkses, apens ta tme west-nartmwest (o.e.kn aroentktoan loerent crag tmkt ac ype ;). Onternki pastmaies acten kisa kio`nan mekvoer-set pastmaies on tme perogeter horhie. Entrknhes kre reiktoveiy nkrraw,kverkòn` 3=hg, knl rknòn` fetween 53 knl 00hg.;<< \ere kre na onternki lo-vosoans on tme pikn.

\e pastmaies ac tme perogeter horhie kre vertohkiiy lu` onta tme felrahj,ogpiyon` k hane knl hyionler hanstruhtoan. Ac haurse, re`krliess ac tme verto-hki pastmaies, tme wkii upro`mts gky stoii mkve feen toel taètmer kt tme tap kscar struhtures on wmohm tme raac strethmes lawn ta tme `raunl, kisa cargon` tmewkiis, fut tmos os nat ks expiohot on tme unler`raunl krhmotehture ks car ype ;.Xtruhtures rknè crag 3 ta ;;g on lokgeter.

\e appason` pkors ac tme onternki struhture wauil mkve suppartel toe-fekgsknl cargel pkrt ac tme raac-suppart struhture. \e gekn lostknhe fetween tmeraac-supparts knl tme perogeter horhie os 08hg, nkrrawertmkn car ype ;.

Averkii, ype 6 struhtures kre hmkrkhterosel fy ikrè past-

maies kt tme crant, runnon` hk. <2% ac tme perogeter crageotmer sole ac tme entrknhe, lehrekson` ta sgkiier pastmaieskt tme fkhj, wmohm on sage struhtures loskppekr hagpieteiy,iekvon` kppkrent `kps kt tme fkhj ac tme struhture, wmohm krenevertmeiess nat nehesskroiy onterpretel ks kllotoanki khhesspaonts. \e entrknhe pkor ac pastmaies os espehokiiy ikrè, ac-ten ac hagpkrkfie soze ta tme raac-supparts onsole, knl èn-

;<< me nkrrawest ac tmese, tme entrknhe ac Xtruhture 0, kt 53hg wole, mkl upro`mts set on ot on tmecoeil ta see maw eksoiy gegfers ac tme coeil tekg hauil pkss tmrau`m ot. Nat k hanventoankiiywole laarwky on k Pestern sense, ot pasel na prafiegs ta wkij tmrau`m ot.

Coùre ;80. Xhmegktoh repre-sentktoan ac \ype 6 struhtures,onlohkton` entrknhe (krraw)knl pkors ac appason` past-maies (la el iones).



6<;V E H

erkiiy stknjel fy pastmaies ac kiternkton` soze, ks car ype ;, fut ikrèr tmkn tmeatmer perogeter cektures. \os cargs k syggetrohki knl ganugentkiozel en-trknhe ckàkle.

Averkii, pastmaie logensoans ac ype 6 struhtures kre gkrònkiiy sgkiiertmkn tmase car ype ; struhtures, lespote k sogoikr kverkè staar krek (<5g¶).Gekn cekture leptm os 82hg (5hg smkiiawer tmkn car ype ;) knl ;3hg wole(6hg nkrrawer tmkn car ype;). \e loerenhe on pastmaie lokgeter os gastiykhhauntel car fy tme ckht tmkt ype ; struhtures mkve woler entrknhe pastmaiestmkn ype 6 struhtures.

Xogoikriy, ks car ype ;, struhtures ac ype 6 wauil mkve feen iaw kt tme fkhjknl mo`m kt tme crant, knl tme entrknhe ckàkle wauil mkve cargel k parhm-iojestruhture, mo`mer tmkn tme rest ac tme perogeter wkii knl dutton` aut ac tme raa\os wauil mkve cargel kn ksyggetrohki hrass-sehtoan wmerefy tme crant ac tmemause wks guhm tkiier knl iactoer tmkn tme fkhj ac tme mause. K`kon, tmos waumkve hrektel k smeiterel krek autsole tme crant ac tme mause, knl hmknneiiel tmsek wonls aver tme tap ac tme mause.

5.<.8 \ype 8ype 8 struhtures (Co`. ;8=), ac wmohm tmere os aniy ane exkgpie on tme unot, k

onterpretel ks mauses. Onstekl ac k sepkrkte perogeter knl onternki han ùrktoan,ks car ypes ; knl 6, tme raac-supparts kre onharparktel onta tme perogeter hor-hie, kjon ta tme rehanstruhtoan ac tme mauses kt Rikyk Fiknhk 5, Ei Franhe, knVça Hahki-;, Ruerta Voha (Huret ;??6k: Aiover 6228: Voverk knl Valrçùez;??;) knl Avoela‟s leshroptoan (;=5;4 Hm.;:;38-;3<). \os wauil mkve hrektelk ikrè sonìe-heiiel struhture on wmohm staar spkhe wks gkxogosel fy gkjon` relunlknt tme sepkrkte onner ron` seen on ypes ; knl 6. Kt ;2g on lokgeter, tmos

struhture os kt tme upper enl ac tme shkie carsuhm unohkgerki hanstruhtoans.;<5

\e pastmaies ac tme perogeter horhiekre vertohkiiy lu` onta tme felrahj, ogpiy-on` k hane-knl-hyionler hanstruhtoan, tmeprafkfoioty ac wmohm os stranèr tmkn og-pioel car ype 6, fehkuse ot os uniojeiy tmkttme ikrè perogeter pasts wauil mkve feenfent onwkrls knl daonel kt tme tap. Onstekltmey wauil mkve cargel appason` pkors acvertohki pasts hkrryon` toe fekgs, wmohm onturn wauil mkve suppartel k hanohki raac.

ype 8 os tmus seen ta fe kn evaiutoan

ac mause ypes ; knl 6 on wmohm tme on-ner past horhie mks loskppekrel. \os typelol nat wmaiiy repikhe tme carger, wmohmjept feon` fuoit up ta haianoki toges, fut otlaes smaw tmkt tmere wks k rknè ac tehmno-hki saiutoans apen ta tme onloènaus fuoil-ers knl tmkt sagetoges ot wks precerkfieta hrekte lovosoans on onternki spkhe, knlsagetoges ot os nat. Mawever, tmere os na

;<5 K lokgeter ac ;2 ta ;6g os tme act-hotel iogot car Frotosm knl Orosm premostaroh raunlmausekrhmotehture, kcter wmohm kn onner past ron` os requorel ta suppart tme raac (Rape 622=).

Coùre ;8=. Xhmegktoh repre-sentktoan ac \ype 8 struhtures,onlohkton` entrknhe (krraw)

knl pkors ac appason` past-maies (la el iones).



6<6

Coùre ;<2. Xhmegktoh repre-sentktoan ac \ype 5. \ype 5 osonterpretel ks k smeiterel spe-hoki-khtovoty mut, wotm hiaselwkiis.

evolenhe ta su`èst tmkt tmos type ac struhturemkl k loerent cunhtoan tmkn tme mauses ki-rekly leshrofel.

Ks car ypes ; knl 6, k syggetrohki knlganugentkiozel entrknhe ckàkle os cargelfy kiternkton` sgkiier knl ikrèr pastmaiescknnon` aut crag twa gkssove entrknhe past-maies on tme west. Kitmau`m ot smauil fe nat-el tmkt tme past regkons on tmese pastmaieslol nat ii tme wmaie lokgeter ac tme past-maies. \e krrknègent ac leptms knl lokg-eters ac cektures tmrau`maut tme struhture osextregeiy reùikr knl syggetrohki.

Gekn cekture leptm knl woltm kre 8=hgknl 68hg respehtoveiy, kitmau`m tmos os fkselan tme ane exkgpie ac tmos type on tme unot.

5.<.< \ype <ype < struhtures (Co`. ;8?), ac wmohm tmere

kre twa exkgpies on tme unot, kre onterpretelks mauses. \ese kre horhuikr past-fuoit struhtures wotm k perogeter horhie ac verto-hkiiy set pastmaies knl kn onternki past han ùrktoan hansoston` ac eo`mt mekvy-set pastmaies. \e spkhon` ac tme onternki struhture, kitmau`m very reùikr on tmegast reiokfie exkgpie ac tmos type, kppekrs ta fe gare cahussel an tme crantknl fkhj ac tme struhture, rktmer tmkn feon` reùikriy spkhel kraunl tme horhu-ikr perogeter ks car ypes ; knl 6. ype < struhtures mkve k nartmwest-aroentelentrknhe. \e loerenhe on aroentktoan, spkhon` ac tme onternki hanstruhtoan knlikrèr staar krek kre tme gkon lostonùosmon` cektures ac tmos type, kitmau`m tmehiekr loerenhe on aroentktoan os tme aniy su hoent hroteroan. Xtruhtures kre hk.;2g on lokgeter.

Kitmau`m ane ac tme exkgpies ac tmos type os very reùikr averkii, tme piknckiis autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes on hertkon hrotohki pikhes, nkgeiy nekr tmeentrknhe. \os gekns tmkt ot os lo huit ta letergone wmetmer tmos type kisa mksk ganugentki entrknhe ckàkle hansoston` ac gare tmkn dust tme twa entrknhepasts.

\e gekn entrknhe woltm ac tmese struhtures os ==hg (?2 knl =5hg), wotm kgekn lostknhe fetween tme perogeter knl onner ron` ac ;;8hg. Rastmaie leptmskre an kverkè 82hg leep, tme skge ks car ype 6, knl tme gekn lokgeter os;0hg.

5.<.5 \ype 5ype 5 struhtures (Co`. ;<2), ac wmohm ve kre olento kfie on tme unot,

kre olento el ks smeiterel spehoki-khtovoty muts. \ey hansost ac horhu-ikr ar sego-horhuikr krrknègents ac hiase-set (gekn 7 00hg, exhiul-on` tme ikrèst `kps on tme perogeter) pastmaies wotm kt iekst ane arguitopie `kps on tme perogeter. Kitmau`m resegfion` tme perogeterhorhies ac mause struhture ypes ; knl 6, na onternki han ùrktoan osolento kfie. Rastmaies kre ènerkiiy ac equki soze knl kre an kverkèsgkiier knl smkiiawer tmkn car mauses, knl tme struhtures mkve nahansostent, olento kfie aroentktoan. ype 5 struhtures vkry on soze, futckii wotmon tme rknè ac 3 ta =g on lokgeter. Exhiulon` Xtruhture <0,

Coùre ;8?. Xhmegktoh repre-sentktoan ac \ype < struhtures,onlohkton` entrknhe (krraw)knl pkors ac appason` past-maies (la el iones).



6<8V E H

wmohm gky khtukiiy fe tme perogeter horhie ac k ype ; struhture, geknpastmaie lokgeters kre very sogoikr car kii ype 5 struhtures kt ;8hg:tmey kre an kverkè 6;hg on leptm.

Rresugkfiy, pasts were toel taètmer kt tme tap ta carg eotmer khanohki ar lagel (feemove) smeii: k sonìe-heiiel ar sego-apen struh-ture, wmohm wauil mkve karlel smkle knl pratehtoan crag tme wonlknl rkon car tme percargknhe ac hertkon tksjs ar khtovotoes, fut nat anewmohm neelel kny gkdar supparts ar upro`mts (car tme raac, suspen-soan, starkè, mkggahjs, eth.). Neotmer hauil tmos struhture fekr knyextrege iove iakls (o.e. ontergottent carhes suhm ks wonl: see R. Aiover;??046;0?). Haiugfus leshrofes hanstruhtoans ac waal knl pkigcranls (’ktkrkzknk ‗: Nkvkrrete ;?664=8, =3: Rroeta Sohoasa 622=) uselta smeiter hknaes. Kitmau`m tmos os prafkfiy nat tmeor purpase merenevertmeiess suhm fuoilon`s servel ks pratehtoan k`konst tme eiegents.

ype 5 struhtures kre nat onterpretel ks mauses, fut kre rktmer knhoiikry tamauses.

5.<.3 \ype 3 ype 3 struhtures (Co`. ;<;), ac wmohm tmree kre olento kfie on tme unot, k

raacel spehoki-khtovoty muts, ahtkànki on pikn. \ey gky mkve feen hanohkiiyraacel wotm apen wkiis, ar kiternktoveiy tme raac gky mkve strethmel kii tme wlawn ta tme `raunl. \ey hansost ac k reùikr krrknègent ac eo`mt mekvy-setpastmaies olentohki ta tme onternki han ùrktoans ac ypes ; knl 6, wmohm presugkfiy fare k ron` fekg ta suppart rkcters car k raac. K perogeter struhture,mawever, os kfsent. Xtruhtures rknè crag 3 ta =g on lokgeter.

Kitmau`m on twa ac tme tmree ype 3 struhtures ot os passofie ta ksso`n k sieler hentrki past, tmere os na pasotove reksan ta la tmos fksel an tmeor hanspohuaukfsenhe crag atmer types.

ype 3 struhtures vkry on soze, fut ckii wotmon tme rknè ac kldkhent knl appason` spkns ac onternki han ùrktoans car ypes ; knl 6. \e aroentktoan ac twaac tme tmree ype 3 struhtures os gare kjon ta tmkt car ype ; struhtures, maw-ever, knl tme tmorl ikrèr exkgpie gky mkve gare ac k Xtruhture 6 aroentktoan,kitmau`m ks tmese were passofiy apen an kii soles, aroentktoan gky nat mkve feenac sa guhm so`no hknhe ks car tme mauses.

\ese struhtures, oc apen-solel, wauil mkve gkle tmeg weii ventoiktel knlsmklel: oleki car hkrryon` aut tksjs wmohm legknlel àal io`mt knl fekronìakls crag tme pasts car suhm tmon`s ks tme suspensoan ac mkggahjs knl atmerotegs.;<3 ype 3 struhtures kre nat onterpretel ks mauses, fut kre rktmer knhoiikryta mauses.

5.<.0 \ype 0ype 0 struhtures (Co`. ;<6), ac wmohm tmere kre tweive on tme unot, kre pas

maie kio`ngents ac vkroaus ien`tms knl loerent cunhtoans. Xage kre onterpretelks cenhes, wonlfrekjs knl struhtures wmohm ar`knoze spkhe. Xmarter kio`ngentsprafkfiy externki ta mauses, represent lagestoh taais (lryon` rkhjs, presses, eth.).

wa exkgpies ac tmos type kre prafkfiy suf-rehent pmenagenk (80 knl 8?), knlk curtmer twa struhtures kre unolento kfie (85 knl 83) lue ta extrege vkrokfoiotyon kldkhent leptms. \os frakl type rknès crag ; ta 58g on ien`tm.

;<3 Gkràt Lçks uses k sogoikr hknapoel struhture car reston` on k mkggahj kt tme meo`mt ac tme mekac tme lky on Ei Hkfa voiikè.

Coùre ;<;. Xhmegktoh repre-sentktoan ac \ype 3. \ype 3 osonterpretel ks k raacel spehoki-khtovoty mut, prafkfiy wotm

apen wkiis.

Coùre ;<6. Xhmegktoh rep-resentktoans ac \ype 0 struh-tures. \me tap exkgpie os kwonlfrekj externki ta k mause.



6<<

5.<.= \ype =

\e unoque struhture representon` ype = (Co`. ;<8) hansosts ac eo`mt leep-setpastmaies cargon` k sgkii avki. \e pastmaies kre set kt kn knìe on tme felrahjsa tmkt tme pasts wauil mkve spikyel autwkrls. \e iahktoan ac tmos struhture antme extrege elè ac tme hio permkps aers hiues ks ta ots onterpretktoan wmohm

wauil eotmer mkve feen pasotoanel ta tkje klvkntkè ac tme sek wonls, ar ac tmepknarkgoh voew ac tme hakst knl aut ta sek. Ane go`mt envoskè k struhture uselks iaaj-aut, io`mtmause ar haggunohktoan tawer (kian` tme hakst knl ta sek trkc-

h), ar car knatmer purpase suhm ks lryon`.;<0 K struhture wotm k haggunohktovecunhtoan os tme precerrel onterpretktoan ks ots iahktoan sekwkrls ac k cenhe sepk-rkton` tme mauses crag tme elè ac tme hio permkps k tarhm ar re wks pikhel antap ac tmos struhture. Kitmau`m fy na gekns hanhiusove, tme iis ac tme cekturesac tmos struhture hantkonel an kverkè 6` ac hmkrhaki.

5.<.? Unksso`nel struhtures Cove struhtures hauil nat fe ksso`nel ta k type. Kitmau`m on tmese hkses hertkonhmkrkhterostohs (o.e. aroentktoan ac tme onternki han ùrktoan, knìe ac perogeterpastmaies, hagpieteness ac tme perogeter, knl hiaseness ac tme onternki knl tmeperogeter pastmaies) gky òve kn onlohktoan, nane kre su hoent ta leso`nkte ktype lue ta tme ckht tmkt4 (;) tme gkdaroty ac tme pikn ar tme gast lok`nastohpkrts (o.e. tme entrknhe) ckii autsole tme exhkvktoan faunlkroes, (6) kn onsu hoentnugfer ac cektures were exhkvktel, ar (8) tme reiokfoioty ac tme rehanstruhtoanos nat mo`m enau`m. \os os tme hkse car Xtruhtures 63, 8;, <;, <<, <5. K curtmercaur struhtures kre ksso`nel ta k type, fut kre nat ckhtarel onta tme careàon`type leshroptoans (Xtruhtures 5, 6;, 8=, <2), k`kon lue ta tme ckht tmkt tmey kretaa onhagpiete.

5.5 LoshussoanHmkpter 5 presentel tme rehanstruhtoan getmalaia`y car onterpreton` tme struh-tures on tme gkon unot ac Ei Hkfa. \e spktoki pktternon` ac cektures on hag-fonktoan wotm vosukiiy representel leptm knl lokgeter oncargktoan wks caunlta fe tme fest wky ac olentocyon` struhtures. Han lenhe hroterok wmohm `kve knonlohktoan ac maw hanvonhon` rehanstruhtoans were leegel ta fe were kppioelta every rehanstruhtoan car tme skje ac trknspkrenhy. Xtruhtures were leshrofelon tergs ac tme speho hs ac tmeor krhmkeaiaòhki pikns, fut kisa ks ckr ks passofieon tergs ac tmeor reki fuoit hmkrkhterostohs. Aver 52 lweiion`, spehoki khtovoty knlar`knoson` (o.e. cenhes) struhtures were knkiysel knl tme pehuiokrotoes ac tmeoriocehyhies knl kfknlangent leshrofel. \ese struhtures hauil fe frajen lawnonta eo`mt types tme essentoki knl rehurrent eiegents ac wmohm were lostoiiel onta`rkpmoh representktoans. Xuhm types khtel ks tegpiktes car olentocyon` iess kppkr-ent struhtures on tme unot, knl gky kisa prave usecui car hagpkrosan wotm atmersotes on tme cuture. Aniy k very cew struhtures hauil nat fe ksso`nel k type lueta tmeor pkrtoki stkte ar unhanvonhon` hmkrkhterostohs. \e gkdaroty ac struhtureswere onterpretel ks mauses, ac wmohm tmere kre caur types representel, kii sogoikron tmeor krhmotehturki qukiotoes.

;<0 Potm respeht ta k haggunohktove cunhtoan, Haiugfus, wmen skoion` kian` tme nartm hakst acMkoto knl eisewmere on Mospknoaik leshrofel tme iaajauts (’ktkikyks ‗) ta hrekte cores knl sgajeso`nkis wmohm me taaj ta car haggunohktoan ar wkrnon` (Haiugfus ;??24;<?, ;50, ;30).

Coùre ;<8. Vepresentktoan ac\ype = struhture.



6<5 M

Hmkpter 3

me mause tmkt Moùknkgë onmerotel4

rkdehtaroes ac sahoki ioce on Ei Hkfa

On tmos hmkpter, onstekl ac feon` tkjen ks sepkrkte entotoes ar types, tme struhtuwoii fe hansolerel taètmer wotm evolenhe crag tme krteckht ikyer on arler ta han-struht k lokhmranoh pohture ac lagestoh prkhtohe on tergs ac tme leveiapgent actme mause, yuhkyeque knl tme mostary ac ots onmkfotknts.

Pmkt egerès crag loshussoans ac tme lkton` knl hmranaia`y ac struhtureson tme gkon unot os k pohture ac regkrjkfie hantonuoty on wmohm tme leiofer

renewki ac mause struhtures iekls ta tme caunlktoan knl repraluhtoan ac onstotu-toans leshrofel ksMause rkdehtaroes . Ot os mypatmesosel tmkt tme mauses exhkvktelmere carg tme gkdaroty ac ane mause `raup, knl tmkt mauses wotmon k maus`raup leveiap pkrkiiei trkdehtaroes. An tme sote shkie, autsole tme mause `raup actme gkon unot, tme ikte-pmkse yuhkyeque os gkle up ac neo`mfauron` fut spktokiiysepkrkte mause `raups wotm pkrkiiei trkdehtaroes wmohm enlure car henturoes. \elagestoh ie`khoes, tme gkteroki evolenhe ac wmohm kre tme Mause rkdehtaroesonmerotel fy suhhessove ènerktoans ac onmkfotknts.

\e Mause rkdehtary os kn onstotutoan wmohm os leioferkteiy perpetuktel fysuhhessove ènerktoans car ian`-lurktoan knl crag wmohm olentoty knl huiturkivkiues kre lerovel knl ient tmrau`m gegfersmop. \os woii fe loshussel on tergsac renewki, rotukis knl kestmetohs ac tme mause, rmytmgs ac lkoiy knl ianèr-terprkhtohe knl pktterns ac hanvovokioty wmohm pragate huiturki vkiues knl casttme praper hanlotoans car suhhesscui sahoki ioce.

3.; Lkton` knl hmranaia`y ac fuoit struhtures

On tmos sehtoan tme hmranaia`y knl pmkson` ac tme struhtures on tme gkon uwoii fe loshussel. Exhiusoveiy Hmohaol gkteroki huiture kssahoktel wotm ;<H lktwmohm stkrt on tme ?tm hentury, knl enl on tme ekriy ;3tm hentury so`nkiiel fy tmepresenhe ac Eurapekn ogparts, ks weii ks kfsaiute lktes crag twa struhtures,pravole stkrton` paonts car warjon` aut k hmranaia`y ac events on tme gkon unot. K gare letkoiel trkdehtary woii fe sjethmel feiaw, fut tme frakl pohture, fksel

an tme rehanstruhtel mkfotktoan sequenhe, lktel struhtures knl tme krteckht los-trofutoan (Xehtoan 3.5) onlohktes k ionekr krrknègent ac struhtures on tme gkonunot, on kio`ngent wotm tme hakst, tmkt gavel curtmer oniknl crag tme hio elèaver toge, wotm k hantonuoty ac fuoilon` khtovotoes on tme extrege nartm ac tunot up ta haianoki toges.

Kt rst ìknhe, hiusterel hanhentrktoans ac superogpasel struhtures seeg taonlohkte oterktove fuoilon` prkhtohes tmrau`m toge an tme skge spat (Co`. ;<<)\os os pkrtohuikriy kppkrent car tme twa nartmerngast hiusters, fut ta reveki tmelynkgohs ac tmos pkiogpsest atmer vkrokfies mkve ta fe tkjen onta khhaunt suhm aroentktoan, loerenhe on krhmotehturki styies knl loerenhe on cunhtoan.

Pks aniy ane (mause) struhture on exostenhe kt kny ane toge, ar were guitopie

(mause) struhtures on hiase, hantegparkneaus mkfotktoan wotm ekhm atmer1 \os k so`no hknt questoan car onterpretktoans ac tme hagpasotoan ac lagestoh `raups



6<3

knl haggunoty sahoki ioce. On tryon` ta resaive tmese questoans sage suppaso-toans kre gkle re`krlon` tme rehanstruhtoan ac tme hmranaia`y ac tme struhtures.Corstiy, ot os kssugel tmkt loerent aroentktoans kt hiase praxogoty kre kn onlohk-toan ac nan-hantegparkneoty.;<= Xehanliy, struhtures wmohm loer on soze, styie

;<= Oc tmese struhtures were curtmer kpkrt, ar kt loccerent lostknhes crag tme hakst, ar on loccerent paso-toans on reiktoan ta k cahus ac aroentktoan (e.`. an loccerent soles ac k pikzk), tmen struhtures wotmk loccerent aroentktoan go`mt weii fe hantegparkneaus wotm ekhm atmer. Loccerent aroentktoansac kldkhent struhtures, mawever, gky fe tkjen ks k stran` gkrjer ac nan-hantegparkneoty, kstmey recieht k hmknè on tme lagonknt aroentktoan ac settiegent on respanse ta k hmknè ac cahus.On tme hkse ac tme struhtures loshussel kfave (nkgeiy ypes ;, 6 knl <), atmer so`nocohknt loccer-enhes on tergs ac krhmotehturki styie kisa suppart tmos onterpretktoan. Loccerenhes on krhmotehturkistyie kiane la nat nehesskroiy recieht hmranaiaòhki loccerenhes, knl tmey smauil nat fe tkjen ksk gkrjer ac hmranaiaòhki so`nocohknhe. Gareaver, gkny struhtures ac loccerent cunhtoans knlgarpmaia`y hkn exost soguitkneausiy.

Coùre ;<<. Autione ac kiistruhtures on tme gkon unot.Nugfers recer ta struhturenugfers. Ciaar pikns ex-trkpaiktel autsole tme unotfaunlkroes.

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6<0 M

knl cunhtoan gky weii fe hantegparkneaus wotm ekhm atmer. \orliy, ot hkn fepastuiktel tmkt hantegparkneaus struhtures prafkfiy lol nat apen lorehtiy antatme fkhj ac atmer struhtures. Ikstiy, tme krteckht lostrofutoan os seen ks representktove ac tme khtovotoes on tme ikst pmkse ac mkfotktoan.

\e presenhe ac twa ian` past kio`ngents (Xtruhtures ;3 knl 56) runnon`tmrau`m tme unot kian` tme hio elè crag nartm ta sautm os very oncargktoveon tergs ac tme hmranaiaòhki sequenhon` knl hantegparkneoty ac tme struh-tures. \ese kio`ngents, prafkfiy wonl frekjs smeiteron` tme struhtures cragtme fueton` ac tme onhessknt sek wonl ar cenhes ta stap hmoilren tappion` onttme sek,;<? frkhjet nat onlovoluki struhtures, fut guitopie struhtures tme ien`tmac tme unot, knl car kn unle nel lostknhe ta tme sautm. \os hanhiusoveiy on-lohktes tmkt tmere wks k raw, kt iekst 52g ian`, ac hantegparkneaus struhtureskian` tme hio tap. \os pohture ac guitopie hantegparkneaus struhtures os cur-tmer han rgel knl reiktoansmopsfetween tme struhtures nuknhel fy tme presenheac k smart kio`ngent, tmrohe repektel, runnon` nartmwest-sautmekst fetween tmenartmerngast hiuster knl tme ane lorehtiy feiaw ot (Xtruhture <?). \e ckht tmkttmos kio`ngent wks tmrohe knl tme nartm-sautm kio`ngent twohe re-fuoit knl repasotoanel onlohktes tme reiktoansmop fetween tme hiusters wks renewel wmen tstruhtures were re-fuoit.

Kitmau`m onterreiktoan ac struhtures gky fe hanhreteiy prapasel on sagehkses, on atmer hkses patentoki reiktoansmops fetween struhtures kre gare lefktkfie knl ksso`nel an tme fksos ac tme expehtktoan tmkt settiegents onharparkteloverse struhtures soguitkneausiy. Ot os ogpartknt ta khjnawielè tmkt wmoie tmeexhkvktel krek os reiktoveiy ikrè (;282g¶), ot os unlaufteliy sgkii on tergs acoggelokte iovon` spkhe (e.`. tme reki lostknhe fetween k warj mut knl tme mausear k lryon` rkhj), knl tmerecare gkny struhtures reiktel ta tmase onsole tme ex-hkvktoan faunlkry, prafkfiy ckii autsole tme exhkvktel krek. On tmos sense, tmaniy reki faunlkroes we hkn fe sure ac kre tme hio elè on tme ekst knl tme tap

ac tme unot on tme nartm. Nevertmeiess, knl lue ta tme ikhj ac exhkvktel maushagpunls on tme Hkroffekn, ot os acten tegpton` ta reikte nan-ontersehton` (knltmerecare passofiy hantegparkneaus) struhtures ta ekhm atmer gare tmkn gkykhtukiiy mkve feen tme hkse. Mawever, kt tmos ievei ac letkoi, tme prapasel reitoansmops fetween struhtures kre sogpiy onlohktoans ac wmkt gky mkve feen pasofie. \erecare, tme repetotoan ac k spehoki-khtovoty struhture on sio`mtiy loereiahktoans os kn expehtel gorraron` ac tme skge oterktoan on tme mause struhture Pmetmer k pkrtohuikr mause struhture feian`s ta k pkrtohuikr khtovoty struhtur(knl nat ane dust autsole tme unot, ar 62g curtmer sautm) os k gaat, etmna-`rkpmoh paont.

RmksesCove pmkses kre olento el on tme struhtures ac tme gkon unot. \ese pmkses krac unequki ien`tms knl la nat nehesskroiy represent hantonuaus mkfotktoan.Mawever, tmey la le ne ionjel sequenhes ac fuoilon` knl mkfotktoan. Rmkses hknhantkon averikppon` sequenhes ac struhtures wmohm gky curtmer fe lovolel ontsuf-pmkses. \e trknsotoans fetween tme pmkses kre gkrjel fy hmknès on aroen-tktoan (huiturkiiy so`no hknt) ar iahktoan (hmranaiaòhkiiy so`no hknt). \erecartme trknsotoans fetween tme pmkses la nat kiwkys represent huiturkiiy so`no hkfrekjs, fut gky represent k seroes ac khtovotoes wmohm hkn fe pikhel wotmon k ier sequenhe. Onleel, acten ot os hiekr tmkt tmere os hantonuoty fetween pmkses.

;<? Vktmer tmkn lecensove stahjkles wmohm wauil prafkfiy hansost ac leeper, ar kt iekst gare hiaseiy-set pastmaies.



6<=

K sequenhe ac pmkses cragk ta e os prapasel on wmohm pmksesf , h knl l kreon k reiktoveiy sehure hmranaiaòhki sequenhe. Rmksesk knl espehokiiye , mawever,kre iekst sehure on tergs ac pikhegent on tmos sequenhe. \eor pasotoanon` kt tmefeònnon` knl enl ac tme sequenhe ac pmkses woii fe loshussel feiaw.

Ks gentoanel kfave, settiegent gky nat mkve feen hantonuaus. Ane hauilenvoskè peroaloh resolentoki gafoioty on wmohm settiegent on tme gkon unot wkspunhtuktel wotm eposales ac kfsenhe. Mausemails gky mkve gavel fetween loc-cerent mause iahktoans (wotmon ar autsole tme sote), ta return k`kon ta tme cargeriahktoan kcter k speho el toge. Xuhm pktterns ac resolentoki gafoioty wauil per-got Rmksesk knl e ta t onta tme ontergottent kfsenhes ahhurron` fy punhtuktelsettiegent on Rmksesf , h knl l , rktmer tmkn kt tme feònnon` knl enl ac tmewmaie sequenhe. Gareaver, sage ac tme gare pkrtoki ar onsehure struhtures natonhiulel on tme ensuon` loshussoan ac tme pmkses gky kisa mkve feen onmkfotelon tmese ontergottent kfsenhes.

\ere kre severki krùgents wmohm spekj k`konst tmos galei ac punhtuktelsettiegent mawever. Corstiy, refuoilon` kigast kiwkys recers ta k prevoaus struh-ture sa tmkt k mause on k hiuster os fuoit an tap ac ar next ta ots prelehessar. Kfsenhe car ane ènerktoan ar iess on wmohm carger mause regkons were stoiivosofie knl tme iahktoan regegferel go`mt fe k passofoioty. Mawever, tme veryhiase klmerenhe ta iahktoan knl styie ac sufsequent struhtures ckvaurs hantonuotyrktmer tmkn (even tegparkry) kfknlangent.

Gareaver, mauses on Rmksesk knl e kre ac k loerent aroentktoan knl type tatmase on Rmksesf , h ar l . \os pmysohki rekio`ngent ogpioes k sahoki ar huiturkihantext car hmknè, ieklon` ta tme settiegent ks k wmaie unleràon` sage prah-ess ac rekio`ngent. \os os nat iojeiy ta mkve mkppenel ekhm toge k new mausewks fuoit. Ot laes nat seeg iojeiy car exkgpie tmkt k ype 6 mause wks suhheelelfy k ype ; mause, knl tmerekcter k ype 6 k`kon on onterhkiktel suhhessoan. Potmaut kfsaiute lkton`, tmese hantonènt shenkroas kre mkrl ta test. Car tme skje

ac presenton` tme sogpiest lecensofie shenkroa, knl fehkuse tme evolenhe ckvaursot, ot os kssugel tmkt tme loerent pmkses were hantonuaus, wotm na so`no hkntfrekjs.

Xox mause struhtures (8;, <2, <;, <<, <5, knl <0/<=) were nat onharparktelonta tme rehanstruhtoan ac tme sequenhe seeon` ks tmese were eotmer pkrtoki ar on-sehure, knl kisa tmree smart kio`ngents wmohm hauil nat fe han lentiy pmksel(Xtruhtures;?, 86, 88). Hmaohes kre expikonel ks trknspkrentiy ks passofie.

3.;.; Rmkse k

Cove struhtures represent fuoilon` knl mkfotktoan khtovotoes on Rmksek (Co`. ;<5).\ese kre Xtruhtures 6, 0, ?, ;;, knl ;8. Xtruhture 5 gky kisa feian` ta tmos

pmkse knl tme krùgents car knl k`konst kre leshrofel feiaw. Kii struhtures ksso`nel ta Rmksek , exhept on tme hkse ac ane struhture wotm un-hiekr aroentktoan, kre aroentel west-nartmwest, mkve vertohki wkiis knl resegfieekhm atmer ta k `rekt le`ree on tergs ac krhmotehturki styie (o.e. tmey kii feian` ta

ype 6). Nane ac tme struhtures kre leegel ta fe hantegparkneaus wotm ekhmatmer, fut caiiaw ekhm atmer on sequenhe. \e suppasotoan tmkt aniy ane struhturewks on exostenhe kt kny ane toge os fksel an tme reksanon` tmkt mauses prafkfiylol nat apen anta tme fkhjs ac atmer struhtures, nar were tmey fuoit taa hiase taatmer struhtures.



6<? M

Gareaver, crag tme paont ac voew tmkt k new mause go`mt nat fe fuoit wotmots entrknhe aroentel an tme fkhj ac kn kfknlanel struhture (wmere ruffosmkhhuguiktes), ot os su`èstel tmkt tme stkrt ac tme sequenhe os an tme hio el`knl gaves westwkrls (oniknl) aver toge (k trenl kisa wotnessel on sufsequent

pmkses).\e pasotoanon` ac tmos Rmksek kt tme stkrt ac tme wmaie sequenhe os lefkt-kfie. Krùgents on ckvaur ac tmos kre tmkt unioje tme atmer struhtures, nane actme ype 6 struhtures seeg ta fekr kny reiktoan ta tme nartm-sautm cenhe raw(s),fut kppekr ta caiiaw kn unreiktel yet hamerent trkdehtary ac tmeor awn. Xeeon`ks fuoilon` trkdehtaroes on sufsequent pmkses kre reiktel ta tmese cenhes knl hantonue up ta haianoki toges, knl tme settiegent wks gare tmkn iojeiy kfknlanelon tme lehkle kcter hantkht, ot seegs reksankfie ta pikhe Rmksek kt tme stkrt actme mkfotktoan sequenhe on tme unot.

Ot os tegpton` ta kisa ksso`n Xtruhture 5 ta tmos pmkse (Co`. ;<3). \e mkicwmohm os expasel su`èsts tmos gky fe k ype 6 struhture, knl ots iahktoan tstme pkttern ac lospikhegent smawn on tme refuoilon` ac atmer struhtures on tmopmkse. Evolenhe crag krteckht lostrofutoan, mawever, onlohktes tmkt tme iahkto

Coùre ;<5. Rmksek struhtures.

2 5 ;2

getres



652

ac Xtruhture 5 os ane ac tme kreks ac iktest mkfotktoan on tme unot, ks ot os tmehieknest. \os os kt alls wotm tme krùgents presentel kfave car tme pikhegentac Rmksek kt tme stkrt ac tme mkfotktoan sequenhe. Aniy exhkvktoan ac gare acXtruhture 5 ar rehavery ac lktekfie gkteroki crag tmos struhture wauil resaivetmos questoan, knl tmerecare kt tmos stkè kn onterpretktoan os precerrel wmohmlaes nat onharparkte Xtruhture 5 knl wmohm pikhes Rmksek kt tme stkrt ac tmesequenhe.

On k sehanl vkroktoan ac Rmksek , caur kllotoanki struhtures kre kllel (Co`.;<0: Xtruhtures =, ;6, <3, knl 5;). \ese kre gare stogsy smeiterel spehoki-khtov-oty muts ( ype 5), hansoston` ac auter perogeter wkiis, fut na onternki struhture. Ks stktel on tme struhture typaia`y, tmese struhtures kre nat leegel ta fe mauses,fut knhoiikry struhtures. \ere os na evolent ane-ta-ane reiktoansmop fetween tme

ve gkon struhtures knl tme caur warj muts on tme unot, kitmau`m ekhm mauseprafkfiy gkle use ac suhm (k) mut(s). \e reksan ta reikte tmeg ta tmos pmkse ostmkt spktokiiy tmey hanhentrkte on tme skge krek ks tme Rmksek mauses.

Coùre ;<3. Rmksek struhtureswotm tme kllotoan ac Xtruhture 5.

2 5 ;2

getres



65; M

\os pmkse os tentktoveiy lktel ta tme ?tm knl / ar ;2tm hentury KL. \os osfksel an onloreht evolenhe crag lktel gkrone smeii (@rN-6??86, KL 0<=-?=8,?5% prafkfoioty) knl tme presenhe ac exhiusoveiy Hmohaol gkteroki huiture on tmunot. Fatm poehes ac evolenhe, kitmau`m nat lorehtiy reiktel ta kny ac tme struhtures ac tmos pmkse, meip le ne tme stkrt ac mkfotktoan on tmos krek.

3.;.6 Rmkse f

Rmksef (Co`. ;<=) os representel fy twa struhtures4 k ype ; mause (Xtruhture 8)knl kn kssahoktel wonl-frekj struhture (Xtruhture ;=).

\e wonl-frekj hiaseiy (9 ; ta 9 6.5g kwky) mu`s tme hantaurs ac tme mause,wmohm wks extensoveiy re-fuoit, uson` tme skge entrknhe knl tme onternki kmkic tme perogeter pastmaies. \e wonlfrekj struhture car kn onlovoluki mause osikter repikhel fy k gare extensove struhture smoeilon` guitopie mauses on tme nexpmkse (see feiaw, Rmkseh ).

Co`ure ;<0. Rmksek struhtureswotm tme kllotoan ac smeiterelspehoki-khtovoty muts.

2 5 ;2

getres



656

3.;.8 Rmkse h

Rmkseh (Co`. ;<?) sees kn expknsoan kian` tme elè ac tme hio, on wmohm sev-enteen kllotoanki struhtures;52 were fuoit femonl tme ianèst cenhe on tme unot,Xtruhture ;3, fuoit eotmer ta smeiter tme expknlon` voiikè crag tme sek wonls,

ar ta prevent peapie tappion` a tme tap ac tme hio. Kitmau`m ot os nat passofieta nkrrkte tme prehose sequenhe ac events, kt iekst tmree lostonht suf-pmkses hknfe lostonùosmel on Rmkseh wmohm kre nevertmeiess seen ks reiktel events on anepmkse fehkuse tme struhtures kre renewkis ac ekhm atmer knl feian` ta tme skgetypes.

K passofie sequenhe os leshrofel ks caiiaws4 Pmoist Xtruhture 8 wks stoii on-mkfotel (gkyfe on ots 6nl pmkse ac re-fuoilon`), Xtruhture 62 wks erehtel aver 5gkwky ta tme sautm. Xufsequentiy, fatm Xtruhtures 8 knl 62 were twohe renewelwotm sage ikterki gavegent oniknl, hantonuon` tme ie`khy ac tme ype ; struh-tures an tmese twa spats (Xtruhtures 68, 6<, ;, knl 8<). \e ckht tmkt tmese twa

;52 Xtruhtures ;, 8, <, ;2, ;6, ;<, ;5, ;3, 62, 68, 6<, 63, 6=, 8<, <6, <3, knl <?. Ot gky kisa fetme hkse tmkt tme eno`gktoh kio`ngents 85 knl 83 feian` ta Rmkseh kisa, lue ta tmeor seegon`reiktoansmop wotm Xtruhtures 68 knl 6<.

Coùre ;<=. Rmkse f struhtures.

2 5 ;2

getres



658 M

sequenhes were hantegparkneaus os onlohktel nat aniy fy tme wonlfrekj/cenhe(Xtruhture ;3) wmohm frkhjets fatm sets ac struhtures, fut fy tme erehtoan ac tmresuhhessove past kio`ngents ac unjnawn cunhtoan ar so`no hknhe wmohm nevertmiess so`nkiiel k reiktoansmop fetween tmeg.

Xox kllotoanki ype ; mause struhtures kisa exostel luron` tme kcaregentoanelsequenhes, ks weii ks caur knhoiikry struhtures. Ot os prapasel tmkt Xtruhtures (on tme gollie ac tme unot) knl <6 (on tme west), ac wmohm tme iktter unusukiapens ta tme ekst ta ckhe ot, gky mkve feen hantegparkneaus wotm ekhm atmer knkisa wotm tme ekriy sequenhe struhtures ta tme nartm (o.e. Xtruhtures 8 knl 62\e ahtkànki hknapoel Xtruhture ;2 gky kisa mkve feianèl ta tmos stkè. Oc tme

ype 5 smeiterel spehoki-khtovoty muts kisa feian` ta tmos pmkse (knl nat Rmksk ks su`èstel kfave), tmen Xtruhture ;6 gky kisa mkve feen on use fecare ar kcterXtruhture ;2 on tmos pmkse.;5;

;5; Kitmau`m nat repikhon` ekhm atmer seeon` ks tmese kre hiekriy loccerent sarts ac struhture (sestruhture typaia`y).

Coùre ;<?. Rmkseh struhtures.

2 5 ;2

getres



655 M

3.;.5 Rmkse e

\ree struhtures, Xtruhtures ;0, 66, knl 60, kre ksso`nel ta Rmksee (Co`. ;5;).\ese kre k mause struhture ac ype <, knl k renewki ac tme skge (Xtruhtures 66knl 60) knl kn onhionon` wonlfrekj kssahoktel wotm tmese struhtures (Xtruhture

;0). Lue ta tme hmkn`e on aroentktoan ta k nartmwesteriy entrknhe, tmey gerotpikhon` on k loerent pmkse. \e very tmon krteckht lensoty on tmos krek ac tmunot, tmau`mt ta fe reiktel ta tmese struhtures lue ta tme ckht tmkt tme sweepon`lostrofutoan respehts tmeor faunlkroes, pikhes tmos pmkse kt tme iktter enl ac tmsequenhe. Mawever, seeon` ks tme haianoki gkteroki kssahoktel wotm tme Rmkl struhtures os tmau`mt ta gkrj tme iktest pmkse, knl kisa tme enl ac mkfotktoan onEi Hkfa, tmos os prafiegktoh. Ot gky weii fe tmkt tme struhtures on Rmksee khtu-kiiy reikte ta tme rst pmkse ac mkfotktoan on tme unot knl kre aroentel nartmwest fehkuse tmos os tme lorehtoan ac tme ekrioer, Astoanaol mkfotktoan (Co`. Gareaver, ks wks regkrjel ekrioer, tme west ac tme unot mkl k gonaroty ac ekrioerpre-Hmohaol herkgohs. \e reiktove hmranaia`y ac pmksee os tmerecare tme iekstsehure ac kii ve pmkses. Mawever, tme lo huitoes kssahoktel wotm tmos pmksegkteiy mkve gonogki ogpkht an tme averkii onterpretktoan ks we smkii see feiaw

Co`ure ;52. Rmksel struhtures.

;25

getres

2



653

3.;.3 Loshussoan ac pmkses

\e struhtures on tme gkon unot kppekr ta represent hantonuoty on mkfotktoancrag tme ?tm/;2 tm ta tme ekriy-;3tm hentury. Pmkt stkrtel ks k suhhessoan ac sonìemauses, passofiy, fut nat nehesskroiy on osaiktoan crag atmers, leveiapel onta k`raup ac guitopie hantegparkneaus mauses krrknèl on k ionekr pkttern, pkrkiieita tme hio elè.

Ks hkn fe seen crag tme kfave leshroptoans ac tme vkroaus pmkses, lespote syn-hmranoh unhertkontoes, k hiekr pohture egerès ac lokhmranoh hantonuoty, wmerefystruhtures kre repikhel fy atmer struhtures ac tme skge type. \os stkrts on Rmksek , wmerefy ve (knl passofiy sox) mause struhtures ac tme skge type suhheel ekhmatmer on kldkhent ar averikppon` piats. \e next tmree Rmkses (f , h , knl l ) seegare oterktoan ac fuoilon` prkhtohes wmerefy tme skge type ac mause os renewelon tme skge iahktoan k`kon knl k`kon aver k ianèr peroal ac toge. Lorehtoankiotyac mause gaves knl reoterktoan ac past kio`ngents onlohkte renewki ahhurel ontknleg wotm neo`mfauron` mauses. On tme hiekrest hkse, struhtures on twa hius-ters on tme nartm ac tme unot ahhur ten toges sa tmkt fksohkiiy tme skge mause osrefuoit ar gonogkiiy lospikhel ve toges ekhm an eotmer sole ac k seroes ac past

Coùre ;5;. Rmksee struhtures.

2 5 ;2

getres



650 M

kio`ngents. \os mkppens on atmer iahktoans on tme unot suhm ks wotm tme sgkXtruhtures ;5 knl <8 refuoit aver Rmksesh knl l , ar tme renewki ac struhture ;<wotm Xtruhture <, knl tme renewki ac Xtruhture 66 wotm 60 (arvohe versk ) on Rmksee . Xuhm refuoilon` nat aniy ahhurs car mause struhtures4 spehoki-khtovoty strutures kisa unlerà tme skge repikhegent, ks la cenhes.

3.6 Ianèvoty ac tme estkte4 Mause \rkdehtaroes on klokhmranoh perspehtove

On tmos sehtoan, tme lurkfie onstotutoans recerrel ta ks Mause rkdehtaroes woileshrofel. Exkgonon` tme struhtures ks Mause rkdehtaroes crees us crag praf-iegs ac reiktove hmranaia`y (o.e. wmohm struhture hkge rst, sehanl knl sa an),knl onstekl mo`mio`mts ane ac tme gast so`no hknt kspehts ac tme lktk pktternon\e wky tme mause struhtures repraluhe tmegseives k`kon on olento kfie hiusters.Guitopie mause struhtures kre refuoit k`kon knl k`kon wmohm aver toge leveiapks onstotutoans ac hansolerkfie gkteroki knl tmus sahoki ianèvoty. \e lokhmranohhantonuoty, seen on tme leveiapgent ac reiktel sequenhes ac mauses repraluhelfy suhhessove mausemails espehokiiy on Rmksesk ta l, iekls ta tme renewki ac wmktos on eeht tmeskge mause . Pmkt egerès os k ian`-iovel entoty wmohm os garelurkfie tmkn ots onmkfotknts: on eeht, ot os tme gkteroki gknocestktoan ac tme petuktoan ac kn estkte. \e krhmotehture ac tme estkte, onhiulon` tme mause, reiktestruhtures knl reiktoansmop wotm atmer mauses os peroalohkiiy repraluhel ks k hashoaus khtoan ac renewki fy ots onmkfotknts. ’Venewki‗ os usel mere ta leshrotme peroaloh knl piknnel caunlktoan ac k new struhture ks k new onhkrnktoan actme mause. Venewki os lostonht crag refuoilon` ar repikhegent ks ot egpmksosekn kènt-iel lehosoan fksel an huiturki knl sahoki nargs, rktmer tmkn kn khtoanfarn ac cunhtoanki nehessoty (gkontenknhe). @oven tmkt mause sequenhes gave tknleg on severki hkses, tme renewki ac mauses kppekrs ta gorrar ekhm atmer. Ot

su`èstel tmkt renewki wks k haarlonktel prahess, on wmohm nat dust ane mausefut kisa ots neo`mfaurs were reiahktel knl reonhkrnktel on piknnel sequenheswotm ekhm atmer.

\e entotoes wmohm egerè knl kre perpetuktel tmrau`m tme henturoes hknfe usecuiiy recerrel ta ksMause rkdehtaroes . On Ei Hkfa we hiekriy see tme le-veiapgent ac severki Mause rkdehtaroes, sage gare lurkfie tmkn atmers knlsage wotm hiekr reiktoansmops fetween tmeg (Co`. ;56). kfie < onlohktes wmohmause struhtures (nat onhiulon` knhoiikry fuoilon`s) feian` ta tme sox Mause

rkdehtaroes olento el, knl kisa òves k ènerkiosel onlohktoan ac tme pmkses wmohm tme onlovoluki struhtures ahhur.

Mause rkdehtaroes woii fe leshrofel crag nartm ta sautm, rktmer tmkn onhmranaiaòhki arler ks wks tme hkse on tme ikst sehtoan an pmkson`. Gare letkoihmkrkhterostohs, onhiulon` tme nkture ac tme reiktoansmops fetween tme Ma

rkdehtaroes knl tmeor sogoikroty ta atmer mauses khrass tme sote woii fe loshuon ikter sehtoans. Gareaver, tme Mause rkdehtaroes loshussel on tmos sehtoan k

\kfie <. Xtruhtures per Mause\rkdehtary (M\) knl kn onlo-hktoan ac tme pmkses ta wmohmtmey feian`. Nate tme tkfielovosoans kre nat stroht onlohk-toans ac hantegparkneausness.Car exkgpie, Xtruhture 8,wmohm wks refuoit, gky mkveexostel hantegparkneausiy

wotm Xtruhture 62 on tme next pmkse.

Rmkse k f h l e

M\ ; 8 68 6< 6? 82

M\ 6 62 ; 8< 6; 8=

M\ 8 6 0 ? ;; ;8

M\ < ;< <

M\ 5 ;5 <8

M\ 3 66 60



65=

tmase wmohm smaw evolenhe ac tmeor leioferkte renewon`. \os onhiules gast(=<%) fut nat kii mause struhtures. Kn afvoaus agossoan os Xtruhture 3, wmohmaverikps wotm Mause rkdehtary 3, fut os ac knatmer type knl pmkse.

\e struhtures exhkvktel on tme gkon unot woii fe pikhel on tme hantext ac tmewmaie ikte-pmkse sote ikter on tmos hmkpter (Xehtoan 3.3), mawever, car naw ot suc-

hes ta stkte tmkt tme struhtures on tme gkon unot represent tme gkdaroty ac anemkfotktoanki hiuster, recerrel ta ks k ’mause `raup‗. Kitmau`m tmere kre hiekriystruhtures wmohm ckii autsole tme faunlkry ac tme exhkvktel krek, tme surraunl-on` krek mks k iawer krteckht knl cekture lensoty. Evolenhe presentel ikter an su`-èsts tmkt mause `raups cunhtoanel ks mausemails.

3.6.; Mause \rkdehtary ;

Mause rkdehtary ; hansosts ac ve superogpasel ype ; struhtures on tme nartmac tme unot wmohm rknè crag 80 ta 32g¶ (Co`. ;56). Nane ac tme struhtures oslorehtiy lktel, fut tme ikrèst struhture ac tme hiuster (Xtruhture 82) fare twapoehes ac ìkss on ane ac ots onternki pastmaies, knl tmerecare hkn fe kssugel ta

mkve feen kfknlanel sagetoge on tme rst lehkles ac Eurapekn hantkht. Pehauil pikhe tmos kcter KL ;52< (dust kcter tme wkrs ac Mo`ùey), ar permkps k cewyekrs ikter. \e soze ac tme struhtures onhrekses aver toge sa tmkt tme sgkiiest,Xtruhture 8, wks tme rst on tme sequenhe knl tme ikrèst, Xtruhture 82, tme ikst.\e sogoikrotoes wotm tme atmer ype ; struhtures crag Mause rkdehtary 6 ta tmesautm, ane ac wmohm os lktel ta tme ekriy-;6tm hentury, knl tme ckht tmkt tmeseMause rkdehtaroes seeg ta mkve leveiapel on pkrkiiei cksmoan lue ta tme tmroherepektel past kio`ngent fetween tmeg onlohktes tmkt tmos Mause rkdehtary gkymkve enlurel car up ta 522 yekrs (see leshroptoan ac Mause rkdehtary 6, feiaw,car tme aroòns ac tmese mauses). Xeverki atmer otegs ac Eurapekn ogpart wereenhaunterel on tme iahktoan ac tmos Mause rkdehtary, kitmau`m on ènerki, mkrliykny atmer gkteroki wks rehaverel crag tmos krek lue ta surckhe erasoan.

3.6.6 Mause \rkdehtary 6 Mause rkdehtary 6 hansosts ac ve superogpasel ype ; struhtures wmohm rknècrag 8; ta 52g¶ (Co`. ;56). Unioje car Mause rkdehtary ; tmere os na ionekronhrekse on soze tmrau`m toge. Mere, tme iktest mause, Xtruhture 8=, os kisa tmesgkiiest on tme sequenhe. Xtruhture ; lktel fetween KL ;262 knl ;;=2 (?5%prafkfoioty), os ane ac tme ekriy mauses on tme sequenhe, fut òven ots iahktoanpassofiy nat tme rst. Menhe, tme passofoioty tmkt Mause rkdehtary 6 mkl ots aro-òns on tme ekriy ;;tm hentury. Mause rkdehtary 6 os spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm tmegkdaroty ac tme haianoki gkteroki (see ikter Xehtoan 3.5.0.<) wmohm haiiehts kraunltme fkhj ac tme iktest struhture on tme sequenhe (Xtruhture 8=) knl wks preventelcrag spreklon` ta tme nartm fy tme kio`ngent fetween Mause rkdehtaroes ; knl6. Mause rkdehtary 6 os kisa spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm sage ac tme gast eikfarkteexkgpies ac Hmohaol gkteroki huiture rehaverel on Ei Hkfa, onhiulon` tme ikrèsttroànaiotm knl tme ùkçzk , caunl hiase ta ekhm atmer on k sgkii nkturki lepres-soan on tme felrahj dust on crant ac tme cenhe knl autsole tme perogeters ac tmemause struhtures (Co`s. ;36 knl ;35).

\ere os kn kssugel hiase knl hantegparkry reiktoansmop fetween Mauserkdehtaroes ; knl 6, wmohm gky mkve feen renewel on synhmranaus hyhies wotm

ekhm atmer. \e nkture ac tme kio`ngents fetween tmeg, kitmau`m expresson` tmosreiktoansmop, os kgfoùaus.



65? M

3.6.8 Mause \rkdehtary 8

Mause rkdehtary 8 hansosts ac ve ènerkiiy nan-averikppon` ype 6 mauses otme sautmekst ac tme unot (Co`. ;56). Xtruhtures kre hiaser on soze, fetween <8 k52g¶, tmkn tme prevoaus Mause rkdehtaroes. \ere wks k precerenhe on Mause

rkdehtary 8 ta gave ta k new spat, ; ta <g kwky, wmen tme mause wks renewel,unioje car tme prevoaus trkdehtaroes on wmohm tmere wks k precerenhe ta fuoigare ar iess tme skge spat ekhm toge sa tmkt caunlktoans smaw hansolerkfieaverikp.

3.6.< Mause \rkdehtary < Mause rkdehtary < hansosts ac twa averikppon` ype ; Xtruhtures, 5< knl =;g¶on staar krek (Co`. ;56). \e ikrèr Xtruhture < os k renewki ac tme sgkiier Xtruhture;<. Mause rkdehtary < wks prafkfiy hantegparkneaus wotm ane ar gare ac tmegknocestktoans ac Mause rkdehtaroes ; knl 6.

Coùre ;56. Mause struhturessmklel khharlon` ta tme soxMause \rkdehtaroes.

;2

getres

52

;

6

8

<3

5



632

3.6.5 Mause \rkdehtary 5

Mause rkdehtary 5 hansosts ac kt iekst twa knl passofiy gare renewkis ac ype ;struhtures (Co`. ;56). Pmetmer tme struhtures ac Mause rkdehtary 5 were khtukiiylweiion` struhtures os questoankfie lue ta tmeor pkrtohuikriy sgkii soze on hag-pkrosan ta atmer ype ; mause struhtures, ;58 knl tmeor ikhj ac strojon` entrknhe

cektures sa haggan ta tme atmer mauses. Mause rkdehtary 5 struhtures mkveleep-set ar mollen (o.e. lo huit ta olentocy crag tme pikns) entrknhes. Xtruhturesgkjon` up Mause rkdehtary 5 kre ;? knl 6<g¶, wmereks atmer ype ; struhturesenhagpkss fetween 82 knl 32g¶ on staar krek. \e sgkii loerenhe on staar sozefetween tme renewkis ac tmos struhture onlohkte tmkt ot wks nat sogpiy k yaun`mause (car k sgkii mausemail), fut purpasecuiiy regkonel sgkii tmrau`maut otsmostary. On suggkry, tmese kre ian`-iovel, sgkii struhtures wotm passofiy af-shurel entrknhe wkys. Gareaver, tmeor unoque kssahoktoan wotm hertkon haggu-noty vkiukfies kisa sets tmeg kpkrt. Ot os prapasel tmese struhtures mkl k lostonhtcunhtoan kshegç mauses (Xehtoan 3.8).

3.6.3 Mause \rkdehtary 3 Mause rkdehtary 3 hansosts ac twa renewkis ac ype < mauses (Co`. ;56). Ot ospassofie tmkt gare exkgpies ac tmos type ahhur on tme krek, fut ks tmese kre ikrèmauses (06-=6g¶) on k nkrraw krek ac tme unot very lense wotm pastmaie cektures,aniy twa kre sehure. Mause rkdehtary 3 os ane ac tme iekst weii unlerstaal ontergs ac hmranaia`y knl tme hantext ac tme mauses wotm respeht ta tme atmers ontme unot (Xehtoan 3.;.5).

3.8 \me leveiapgent ac estktes knl tmeor onterkhtoan

Ot wks prapasel kfave tmkt Mause rkdehtary ; gky mkve feen on exostenhe car

522 yekrs. \e skge os kisa prapasel car Mause rkdehtary 6. Mause rkdehtaroes< knl 5 kisa enlurel tmrau`maut guitopie pmkses, knl Mause rkdehtaroes 8knl 3 kre ac unjnawn lurktoan, fut refuoilon` su`èsts guitopie ènerktoans.\os ogpioes tmkt unioje tme gkxogug cteen yekrs ioce expehtknhy ac vernkhu-ikr krhmotehture on Kgkzanok (Mu`m-Danes ;?0?: R. Aiover ;??04;36;: Xhmonjei;??6), ekhm mause on Ei Hkfa egfaloel hansolerkfie hantonuoty, knl tmeareto-hkiiy gky mkve enlurel car severki lehkles ta knytmon` up ta k hentury. \os osfksel an k lecensofie estogkte tmkt oc ekhm mause on k trkdehtary were onmkfotelcar kn equki kgaunt ac toge, knl tme ianèst Mause rkdehtaroes (; knl 6) ekhmhansost ac ve mauses knl spknnel k peroal ac 522 yekrs (fksel an H;< lktescrag ane ac tme ekrioest struhtures knl tme presenhe ac Eurapekn gkteroki on kpastmaie ac ane ac tme iktest), tmen tmos wauil ogpiy tmkt ekhm struhture hauilmkve feen on use car kfaut ;22 yekrs. Ac haurse tmos os k hrule hkihuiktoan taunlershare tme ianèvoty ac tme struhtures, knl gky nat resteht tme reki teg-parkiotoes ac caunlktoan ar kfknlangent. Nevertmeiess, ot mo`mio`mts tmkt tmeiocespkn ac k mause os nat lepenlent an tme waal-ioce ac k past. Ot os lepenlentan huiturki hmaohes. Ot os quote passofie tmkt new togfers repikhel ail pasts ontme skge maies on tme saiol felrahj. Vepikhegent ac struhturki eiegents ta pra-ian` tme ioce ac tme mause mks feen lahugentel car Ias Fuhmoiianes (Renler`kstet ki. 6226). \ese toge spkns onlohkte tmkt wmen ot hages ta Hkroffekn mausesetmna`rkpmoh pradehtoans crag Kgkzanok gky nat kiwkys fe kppraprokte. \os os

;58 Xgkii soze on otseic os nat prafiegktoh: ot sogpiy mks ogpiohktoans car tme nugfer ac onmkfotknts.me sgkii struhtures (hk. 5g lokgeter) crag GH-3, car exkgpie, kre percehtiy khheptkfie ks

lweiion`s.



63; M

nat dust lue ta tme lroer, hakstki hanlotoans ac gkny Hkroffekn setton`s wmohmonhrekse iocetoges ac struhtures fut kisa fehkuse ac huiturki loerenhes wmohm ta tme leveiapgent ac ikrè knl hantonuaus settiegents on tme Hkroffekn. EiHkfa knl Ias Fuhmoiianes la nat pravole tme aniy exkgpie ac ian`-iovel pre-Haiugfokn mauses. Xtruhtures crag tme utu knl @ailen Vahj sotes kre estogkt-el ta mkve ikstel ;2-52 yekrs (Vo`mter 6226k4883: Xhmonjei ;??6). _et evolenhecrag tme Ei Hkfa Mause rkdehtaroes os permkps tme gast hagpeiion` evolenheta lkte tmkt pre-Haiugfokn Hkroffekn krhmotehture knl sahoki onstotutoans weregare lurkfie tmkn an tme gkoniknl.

On tme trkdehtaroes kfave, we hkn see tme leioferkte perpetuktoan ac guitopiestktes. Evolenhe suhm ks tme kio`ngents fetween mauses, krhmotehturki sogoiktoes knl hantegparkneoty su`èsts hertkoniy twa, oc nat caur ac tmese estktes ha-exostel (Mause rkdehtaroes ;, 6, < knl 5). Pe see car exkgpie tme leveiapgentac pkrkiiei estktes aver toge: stkrton` wotm Xtruhture 8 (Rmksef) wmohm ikter an os daonel fy tme neo`mfauron` Xtruhture 68, severki getres ta tme sautm. Xufsequentrenewkis ac fatm tmese mauses an tmeor loerent fut neo`mfauron` spats gaveon pkrkiiei cksmoan, sa tmkt tmeor sufsequent reonhkrnktoans gorrar ekhm atm\ese mauses, tmrau`maut tmeor hansolerkfie mostary kre lovolel fy tmree sepkrkterefuoilon`s ac tme skge past kio`ngent (Xtruhture <?). \os fkrroer os very onter-eston`. \e lesore car provkhy ar tme pkrtotoanon` ac spkhe on Kgkzanok os rkreiexpressel on pmysohki faunlkroes,;5< sa ots onterpretktoan ks evolenhe car kn kn-tkànostoh reiktoansmop fetween tme twa neo`mfaurs os uniojeiy. \e kio`ngentskre ;; ta ;8g ian` knl nat pkrtohuikriy reùikr. \ey gky represent lagestohtaais. Fut wmktever tmeor cunhtoan tmey onlohkte tmese mauses were ontogktionjel tmrau`maut tmeor 522 yekr ha-mostaroes.

Mause rkdehtary 5 mks k unoque kssahoktoan wotmhegç krteckhts: twa stanehaiikr pkrts mkve feen caunl kian` tmeor onsole wkiis (Co`. ;35). Gareaver, tmesekre sgkiier struhtures wotm passofiy afshurel entrknhes. Rknï gentoans tmkthegç

olais resolel on tme skge mauses ks peapie, fut tmkt atmers were khhaggalktelon mauses erehtel espehokiiy car tmeg. \kt Mause rkdehtary 5 wks tme resolenheachegç s, ar tme repasotary ac re`kiok smauil fe hansolerel. Oc tmos wks sa, tmentme questoan regkons maw wks tmoshegç mause reiktel ta atmer Mause rkdehtaroeson tme mause `raup ar ta tme wmaie yuhkyeque 1 Pks tmere kn k ioktoan fetweenk pkrtohuikr Mause rkdehtary knl tmoshegç mause1 Ar wks tmos k haggunkistareraag car tme mause `raup‟s skhrk1 Kitmau`m spehuiktove, ot os prapasel tmMause rkdehtary 5 gky mkve feen k ioktel ta ane ar gare ac tme exoston` Mause

rkdehtaroes ;, 6 ar < wmohm kt sage paont on tmeor sequenhes khhruel knl gkontkonel khegç mause. Evolenhe crag tme survey (presentel on Xehtoan 3.3) curtmerstren`tmens tmos prapaski ks ot su`èsts tmkt tme mauses on tme gkon unot cagast ac ane loshrete mause `raup rktmer tmkn dust ane pkrt ac k ikrè nuhiektelmkfotktoan krek. \e ckht tmkt tme haggunoty wks lovolel onta spktokiiy sepk-rktel mause `raups ogpioes hiase reiktoansmops fetween mauses on k `raup knlk iojeiomaal tmkt re`kiok wks khhessel fy ar cunhtoanel wotmon tme wmaie ma`raup.

On tme next sehtoan tme lynkgohs ac renewki woii fe loshussel on tergs ac tmiocehyhie ac tme Mause rkdehtaroes.

;5< mos feon` ènerkiiy expressel hanheptukiiy ar tmrau`m kvaolknhe knl faly iknùkè. On tmehkse ac hantkht-peroal Mospknoaik, Iks Hksks regkrjs wotm onhreluioty tmkt wmen tme Xpknokkrrovel kt k voiikè, tme onmkfotknts put k cew tmon stohjs on crant ac tmeor mause laars ‘ ks oc wks k so`nocohknt fkrroer (Iks Hksks ;=054 Fj 6. Hm. ??48;)! Hiekriy wmkt wks feon` expressewks k recuski ac maspotkioty, nat tme hanstruhtoan ac k fkrrohkle.



636

3.8.; \rkdehtaroes ac renewki4 \me ioce hyhie ac tme Mause \rkdehtary

\e iocehyhie ac tme Mause rkdehtary os leshrofel on tergs ac tme caunlktoan knlkfknlangent ac onlovoluki struhtures wotmon tme fo`èr hyhius. Onlovoluki struh-tures kre stkès wotmon k ianèr nkrrktove, knl ks suhm wmenever ’new‗ mauseskre fuoit ot os kiwkys on recerenhe ta carefekrs, knl wmen ’ail‗ mauses kre kfkn-

lanel, tmey kre reonhkrnktel on sufsequent struhtures. Hanshoaus knl leioferktehmaohes were gkle peroalohkiiy ta renew tme mause. \os mks ogpiohktoans car tmeonloènaus hanheptukiosktoan ac lagestoh tegparkioty, hasgaia`y, car tme hrek-toan ac pikhe knl car tme trknsgossoan ac sahoki knl huiturki vkiues. rkdehtaroesac renewki hkn fe leshrofel on tergs ac khmkîne apïrktaore ta eiuholkte tme vkro-aus stkès ac hanstruhtoan/renewki, iovon`, kfknlangent, hiason`, knl k`kon,renewki.

3.8.;.; Hanstruhtoan/Venewki

Ks seen on tme ikst sehtoan, mauses ac tme skge type were fuoit aver ekhm atm-er k`kon knl k`kon. Mause leso`n regkonel tme skge, knl mause sozes lol nat

hmknè so`no hkntiy fetween struhture renewkis (so`no hknhe mere os hkihuiktelon tergs ac onmkfotknt nugfers, see Xehtoan 3.=). Menhe tme fuoilers hauil mkveusel tme skge pastmaies. Onstekl tme onmkfotknts ckvaurel stkrton` crag shrkthm,reiahkton`, fy ks iottie ks 52hg ta k cew getres. Xa recuski ta re-use mks ta fe ex-pikonel fy atmer tmkn cunhtoanki gekns. Ks gentoanel, tmos prkhtohe os recerrelta ksrenewki . Venewki os loerent crag refuoilon` ar repkor, ks ot resuits on gkj-on` k new caunlktoan aut ac huiturki (nat cunhtoanki) nehessoty. Venewki wksnat kn kht ac gkontenknhe: ot wks kn kht ac reonhkrnktoan, knl hkn fe seen ks tmegkterokiozktoan ac estkte prapk`ktoan. \os os naw leshrofel on gare letkoi4

Ac tme 56 struhtures, aver <2% (n76;) la nat smkre cektures wotm kny atmerstruhture. \os iekves 8; struhtures wmohmla re-use cektures. \e re-use ac cek-

tures seegs ta mkve feen onholentki, rktmer tmkn k persostent strkte`y. On gasthkses, struhtures smkre very cew ac tmeor cektures wotm atmer struhtures (usukiiy ontme rknè ac ; ta 5 cektures).;55

Ane go`mt wanler wmy re-use lol nat ahhur gare acten. On pkrtohuikr ontme hkse ac tme ikrè cektures on tme felrahj, ot wauil mkve skvel hansolerkfieeart ta reuse pastmaies. Onstekl tme onmkfotknts ckvaurel stkrton` crag shrkthmta k hkrecuiiy hmasen pikn re`krliess ac exoston` pastmaies, rktmer tmkn lepkrton`crag tmos ta expiaot carger cektures. \os os evolenhel fy tme ahhurrenhe ac gknylaufie ar tropie ontersehton` cektures (rktmer tmkn re-use ac kn kldkhent cekture),wmohm on tme gkdaroty ac hkses reikte ta sepkrkte fuoilon` events, rktmer tmkn kshagpasote struhturki eiegents ac tme skge fuoilon` (car suppart pasts eth.). XeeCoùre ;58 car kn exkgpie ac tmos.

Kn afio`ktoan ta peroalohkiiy renew tme struhture laes nat gekn tmkt togferswere nat repikhel. Ot os quote passofie tmkt new pasts were put onta tme skgemaies wotmon tme iocetoge ac ane pkrtohuikr mause struhture. \e pergknenhe acpastmaies on tme felrahj gekn tmkt pasts hauil fe repikhel guitopie toges ontaail sahjets. \os gekns tmkt kitmau`m kt hertkon dunhtures on tme mostarohki haurseac tme Mause rkdehtary tme struhture wks renewel, tmere gky mkve feen guitopieeposales ac repikhegent on wmohm new pasts were put onta tme skge pastmaies. Kt

;55 On tergs ac rehanstruhtoan getmalaia`y, ot os acten evolent wmohm cektures hkn fe ksso`nel garetmkn anhe ks tmese kre pastmaies wotm nan-horhuikr, acten avki pikns, wmohm kre ikrèr tmkn ex-pehtel car tme pasotoan tmey ahhupy wotmon k pkrtohuikr struhture. On atmer warls, wmkt kppekrks ikrè perogeters cektures on ane struhture, hkn serve ks entrknhe ar onternki cektures ac knatmerstruhture (tmos car exkgpie os tme hkse wotm tme ikrè perogeter cektures on Xtruhture 6?).



638 M

tme sote ac Hkùknk, Ruerta Voha, tme letkoiel leshroptoans ac furnt pasts on twamause kreks on tme ekriy onvesto`ktoans fy Gksan reveki sage pastmaies wotm tregkons ac tmree knl caur furnt pasts on tmeg (;?<;46<0). Gksan suppases tmkttme cektures represent suhhessove mauses, ahhupyon` tme skge pikhe (ofol . 680,6<<). Fro`mt mypatmesozes tmkt tmos gky mkve feen tme hkse kt Knse â ik @au@ukleiaupe, wmere hertkon pastmaies on tme felrahj gky mkve feen usel k`konknl k`kon (Fro`mt 622845<).

Krhmkeaiaòhki evolenhe wmohm onlorehtiy supparts repikhegent ac togfers kEi Hkfa os tmkt tme gast haggan kfknlangent prkhtohe wks regavki ac pasts,sa hiekriy tme pikhegent ac k past ots sahjet wks nat seen ks k ckot khhagpio , futpatentokiiy ks ane stkè on k prahess ac guitopie repikhegent. Gareaver, ot wksnatel tmkt wmereks gkny pastmaies fare vosofie taaigkrjs, car atmers tmos wks

nat tme hkse. Ot gky fe tmkt wmere taaigkrjs were nat vosofie, ian`-terg useknl guitopie repikhegents ac pasts gky mkve warn tmese kwky. Mawever, tmosregkons unhertkon knl experogentki ksskys wauil smel io`mt an tmos prkhtoheReroaloh repikhegent gky à sage wky ta expikonon` maw ot os passofie tmkt onlovoluki mause struhtures ikstel up ta ;22 yekrs.

Hanverseiy, tmere gky kisa mkve feen nugeraus ahhksoans wmen ail pastswere put onta new pastmaies, o.e. wmen so`no hknt pasts, suhm ks tmase crag tmentrknhe ar onternki struhture ac tme mause were hurktel khrass severki mauses, fehagon` ’meoriaag-el‗ on tme prahess knl egfalyon` tme hantonuoty knlianèvoty ac tme Mause rkdehtary. \ese pasts were egfiegktoh ac tme Mause

rkdehtary on tmkt tmey gkrjel tme anàon` reiktoansmop fetween tme carger

mause struhture knl tme renewel, reonhkrnktel mause, tme next ane on tme se-quenhe. Xuhm hurktoan ac waalen mause eiegents os su`èstel kt Ias Fuhmoiianes

Coùre ;58. \me twa ikrèst pastmaies an tme ro`mt mknlsole suppartel raac-supparts car twa nan-hantegparkne-aus struhtures on k Mause\rkdehtary (Xtruhtures 8 knl6?). \meor praxogoty knl tme ckht tmey onterseht kt tme taponlohkte fuoilers were kwkreac tme presenhe ac kn exoston`,equkiiy ikrè (82hg lokgeter)knl cunhtoanki pastmaie on tmekrek, fut hmase ta gkje kn-atmer onstekl ac reuson` tmeexoston` ane.



63<

wmere k suote ac lktes on ane pkrtohuikr, weii-lktel mause struhture spkns 832yekrs wmohm tme kutmars onterpret ks evolenhe car hanservktoan knl re-use ac ekr-ioer togfer (Renler`kst et ki. 6226402).

Gareaver, tmere os evolenhe tmkt gkjon` pastmaies wks k so`no hknt khtovotyon knl ac otseic. \os os su`èstel fy tme extrege reùikroty knl hkre wotm wmohmpastmaies mkve feen gknuckhturel, knl kisa tme hkrecui syggetry ac tme loer-ent sozes ac tme vkroaus eiegents ac tme pikn (kn autstknlon` exkgpie os Xtruhture3). @enerkiiy spekjon`, vernkhuikr mause caunlktoans, even wmen mo`miy stknl-krlosel, lospiky orreùikrotoes. Losre`krlon` past-lepasotoanki prahesses wmohmhkn eeht krhmkeaiaòhki preservktoan, vkroktoan os acten lue ta suhm ckhtars kstme loerent hkpkfoiotoes ar faly logensoans (usel car geksuron` aut pkrts) actme fuoilers ar loerent logensoans ac hanstruhtoan gkterokis. Ogpercehtoans nattaierktel on steei knl hanhrete fuoilon`s hkn fe khhaggalktel fy tme stexofoiotyknl yoeilon` qukiotoes ac ar`knoh fuoilon` gkterokis. Pmy tmerecare kre tme caun-lktoans ac tme struhtures on Ei Hkfa exehutel wotm suhm shrupuiaus exkhtotule1 K`kon, tmos os nat sogpiy k cunhtoanki hanhern, fut paonts ta tme ogpartknhe actme prahesses ac gknuckhture knl renewki. Hanstruhtoan otseic wks k so`no hkntkhtovoty.

\e ruies knl nargs àvernon` mause renewki kre nat jnawn. Mawever, tmekrhmkeaia`y ac tme struhtures òves onso`mt onta gkny ac tme letkois ac tme prahess.\e averikppon` staar pikns onlohkte tmkt ail mauses were kfknlanel fecare newmauses were feùn, onstekl ac feon` onmkfotel untoi tme new struhture wks reklyks oc acten tme hkse on tme trapohki iawiknls. Gareaver, tme synhmranaus renewkiac guitopie mauses su`èsts tmkt tme mkppenon` wks k haarlonktel, guito-mausepmenagenan. \os su`èsts tmkt tme tegparkiotoes ac renewki la nat caiiaw mu-gkn foa`rkpmohki togeshkies suhm ks ènerktoans, ks mks feen su`èstel car mauseiocehyhies on atmer kreks ac tme waril (@errotsen 622;). Mause renewki wks praf-kfiy nat reiktel ta tme lektm ar fortm ac mausemail gegfers. Hagpkrkfie ha-

arlonktel prkhtohes ac mause kfknlangent knl rehanstruhtoan kt Hkmajok kreonterpretel ks geknon`cui ckgoioki knl haggunki khtovotoes (Rkujetkt knl Kit6225). Ot mks feen su`èstel tmkt hyhiohki, haarlonktel renewki gky mkve feenreiktel ta hyhies ac rotuki events knl letergonel fy tmese togeshkies (Reter @.Vae pers. hagg. 622?). Mawever, tmos regkons k gktter car cuture resekrhm.

3.8.;.6 Kfknlangent

Skroaus kfknlangent prkhtohes kre lahugentel car tme struhtures on tme unot.\ree struhtures were furnt lawn (Xtruhtures ;, <, 3). Atmer struhtures (n7;<)mkl tmeor pasts regavel knl tme pastmaies fkhj- iiel. Car k curtmer ;= struhturesot wks aniy passofie ta sky tmkt tmey mkl prafkfiynat feen furnt an kfknlan-

gent. \e pasts ac tmese struhtures gky mkve feen iect ta raton sotu, regavel knltme pastmaies iect apen, ar regavel knl tme pastmaies fkhj- iiel. \e regkonon`;0 struhtures mkve unjnawn kfknlangent sequenhes lue ta tme ckht tmkt natenau`m cektures mkve feen exhkvktel, ar nat enau`m ikrè cektures kre exhkvktelta lrkw hanhiusoans.

Xa car ;0 struhtures tmere os pasotove evolenhe ac k pkrtohuikr kfknlangentprkhtohe, onvaivon` eotmer furnon` ar regavki knl fkhj- iion` ac pastmaies. Cartme ;= hkses ac unhertkonty, tme aptoan tmkt tme pasts were iect ta raton sotu osnat seen ks iojeiy òven tme pkiogpsest ac fuoilon` khtovotoes wmohm geknt tmkt na



635 M

piat wauil mkve feen iect egpty car ian`, tme spkhe feon` usel car knatmer struh-ture. \os su`èsts tme praper wky ta iekve k struhture onvaivel losgkntiegentfy regavki ac mause pasts, knl exheptoankiiy lestruhtoan fy furnon`.;53

Evolenhe car tme regavki ac mause pasts gkjes tme prkhtohe ac rehyhion`, ksrecerrel ta kfave, gare iojeiy.

3.8.;.8 Hiason` rotukis

\ere os evolenhe car khts ac struhturel lepasotoan ahhurron` on pastmaies acstruhtures crag kii pmkses. en struhtures mkve otegs ac faloiy klarngent ar he-rkgohklarnas on tmeor cektures. Veksans ta feioeve tmkt tmese otegs were pkrt acleioferkte knl struhturel prkhtohes kre tmkt4 (;) tmeor lostrofutoan os han nel tatme pastmaies ac mause struhtures (on none aut ac ten hkses), (6) tmkt tmey ahhon speho h iahktoans wotmon tme mause4 eotmer entrknhe ar onternki pastmaion perogeter pastmaies kio`nel an tme onternki pastmaies, usukiiy on tme nartm asautm wkii, knl (8) tmey hansost ac speho h types ac krteckhts, nkgeiy fekls knpenlknts.;50

Xtruhture ; car exkgpie mks stane knl smeii fekls on tme crant knl fkhj past-maies ac tme onternki han ùrktoan, ks weii ks k stane fekl on kn entrknhe pastmaie, knl k herkgohklarna on k pastmaie on tme gollie ac tme nartmern perogeter(Co`. ;5<).;5=

Atmer struhtures mkve ane ar twa suhm nls reiktel ta tmeg.;5? \e aniy nan-mause struhture ta yoeil hagpkrkfie nls os Xtruhture ;2, k hknapoel khtovotymut, ane pastmaie ac wmohm hantkonel k la`‟s taatm, percarktel car suspensoantmrau`m tme raat.

\ree Hmohaolklarnas knl twa poehes ac Eurapekn fattie ìkss kre kisa han-solerel prafkfie leioferkte lepasotoans lue ta tme ckht tmkt tmey hancarg ta tmelepasotoanki iahktoans ac tme fekls, wmereks atmer krteckht types (suhm ks taaknl leharktel herkgohs ar `rollie poehes), la nat.

\e questoan wmohm kroses os kt wmkt stkè on tme iocehyhie ac tme mauselepasotoan ahhur4 kt caunlktoan ar kfknlangent1 Pere tmese lepasotoans on-tenlel ta ’lress‗ (o.e. òve huiture ta) tme mause kt tme stkrt ac ots ioce ks pkrt atme nehesskry hamart ac rotukis khhagpknyon` hanstruhtoan1 Ar were tmese kfklangent lepasots, iect on exhmknè car tme pasts regavel car tme hanstruhtoan ack new mause knl ta gkrj hiasure ac tme ail mause1

On tme hkse ac ve ac tme ten struhtures wotm evolenhe car pastmaie lepasotoot os tmau`mt tmkt tme pasts were regavel knl tme pastmaies fkhj- iiel an kfkn-langent. \e fekls, klarnas knl fattie ìkss crag tmese struhtures wauil tmenfe fest onterpretel ks kfknlangent lepasots. \os os espehokiiy hiekr wotm re`krlta Xtruhture 6? on wmohm k percarktel knl leharktel la`‟s taatm wks caunl mkic-

wky lawn tme pastmaie smkct, an tap ac k ikrè crk`gent ac herkgoh vessei. \epast wauil mkve ta mkve feen regavel fecare tmos oteg wks pikhel onsole. waatmer struhtures wotm teetm on tme pastmaies were kisa prafkfiy kfknlangent le-

;53 On tme hkse ac furnon`, tmos os seen ks pkrt ac k piknnel kfknlangent prkhtohe, rktmer tmkn kn khac gosklventure. Atmer passofie shenkroas go`mt fe furnon` ks tme resuit ac k rkol (Kroe Faagertpers. hagg.).

;50 Vktmer tmkn tme troànaiotms, smeii onikys, pikques knl stane haiikr crk`gents wmohm gkje up tmgkdaroty ac tme pkrkpmernkiok caunl on ikyer ;.

;5= K leshroptoan ac tme atmer conls knl tmeor iahktoans hkn fe caunl on tme leshroptoan ac onlovolustruhtures, see Hmkpter 5.6.

;5? On sage hkses tmos gky fe k reciehtoan ac tme nugfer ac pastmaies exhkvktel per struhture. Xtruhture; wks ontensoveiy onvesto`ktel, menhe tme reiktoveiy mo`m nugfer ac suhm conls. Xtruhture 6 wkigast hagpieteiy exhkvktel, knl revekiel ane fekl knl k la`‟s taatm on k pastmaie coii. Averkii,tme skgpie loshussel mere os feioevel ta fe representktove.



633

pasots, atmerwose tmese otegs wauil mkve feen crk`gentel fytme gavegent knl pressure ac tme upro`mt on tme sahjet. \oskisa àes car tme smeii fekls. An tme wmaie tmerecare, tmeprecerrel onterpretktoan os tmkt ac kfknlangent lepasots.

\os tmen fe`s tme questoan4 wmkt wks tme so`no hknheac leioferkte lepasotoan an kfknlangent1 \e hmkrkhterac tme lepasotoans woii fe loshussel kt `rekter ien`tm ontme sehtoan an mause kestmetohs (see 3.<.5), fut car naw otos ogpartknt ta kllress tmeor so`no hknhe on tergs ac tmeiocehyhie ac tme mause knl Mause rkdehtary. Ioterkture ankfknlangent lepasots ènerkiiy sees tmese ks khts ac hiasurear tergonktoan (see hantrofutoans on Fateier Gahj ;??=). Futhiasure smauil nat fe hansolerel on tergs ac ots nkioty, futrktmer ks k stkè on k iocehyhie wmohm kisa onharparktes refortm. \ereos k hanheptuki ionj fetween tme lektm ac ane struhture, knl cuturereènerktoan. \os cuture reènerktoan os tme renewki ac tme Mause

rkdehtary on sufsequent mause struhtures (@krfer et ki. ;??= onGesakgerohk, knl see Frùhj 6225 car kn exkgpie ac tmos on tme Frotosm Franze Kè). \e mause os knogkte knl vestel wotm persanmaal on tme sense tmkt ot kisaàes tmrau`m hyhies ac ioce, lektm knl refortm. Xuhm hyhiohki knl struhturon` pron-hopies ac iocehyhie stkès hannehtel ta lagestoh knl ganugentki krhmotehturekre kn khheptel cekture ac tme Gesakgerohkn warilvoew wmere ikyerel hkhmes onfuoilon`s kre onterpretel ks lelohktary ar tergonktoan rotukis acten kssahoktelwotm reestkfiosmgent ar caunlon` (Fateier Gahj ;??=: @krfer et ki. ;??=).Vepikhegent trkdehtaroes ac Hikssoh Gkyk fuoilon`s, on wmohm tme mause knlmugkn knhestars kre on k getkpmaroh reiktoansmop, kre onterpretel ks knogktonèvents on wmohm new fuoilon`s fehkge ensauiel, ioje k newiy fkptozel oncknt(Xhmeie knl Creolei ;??24<6=, hot. Fateier Gahj ;??=4;;). On tmos sequenhe ekhm

new fuoilon` fehages tme repikhegent ar sufstotute car tme knhestar, knl tmeganugents khhrue pawer on tme prahess (ofol .).\e kfknlangent lepasots on Ei Hkfa pastmaies ioterkiiy knl sygfaiohkiiy

hiase caunlktoans wmohm were on use car guitopie re-fuoilon`s ac tme skge mauseon tme skge pastmaies. Ot os tton` tmkt tme gast pragonent knl ogpartknt past-maies, tmase wmohm suppartel tme ikrèst knl passofiy hurktel pasts (’rotuki kt-trkhtars‗), kre tmase wmohm kre haggegarktel knl gkrjel wotm lepasotoans fyonmkfotknts. Ks we mkve seen, ot wks nat dust tme pasts wmohm were ogpartknt, futkisa tme pastmaies tmegseives.

3.8.;.< Onnavktoan (ikhj ac1) knl hantonuoty

On gkoniknl Xautm Kgerohk, khharlon` ta tme stknlkrl galei, tme pmysohkimause struhture rkreiy ikst ianèr tmkn ;5 yekrs. \os os lue ta guitopie reksansonhiulon` pests, lektm knl ssoan. \e reiahktoan knl refuoilon` ac k mausepravoles kn appartunoty ta kldust sahoki reiktoans (Mu`m-Danes ;?0?: R. Aiover;??04;36;: Xhmonjei ;??64;==-;=?). Kgan` e`kiotkrokn sahoetoes ac Kgkzanok,hyhiohki haggunoty ssoan ks k wky ac laon` tmos os haggan.

a tme hantrkry, on Ei Hkfa tmere os regkrjkfie hantonuoty on wmohm tmeMause rkdehtary regkonel tme skge, ar prkhtohkiiy tme skge car henturoes. \ereos hmknè on mause soze wotmon hertkon trkdehtaroes, fut na ane mause on kny trkdehtary os even twohe ks fo` ks kny atmer. Mause rkdehtaroes 8, 5 knl 3 smaw re-gkrjkfie unocargoty on mause soze, knl even car tmase trkdehtaroes on wmohm garevkroktoan os kppkrent (o.e. Mause rkdehtaroes ;, 6 knl <) tmos hkn mkrliy fe skolta fe so`no hknt on tergs ac onmkfotknt nugfers (see Xehtoan 3.=). Oc tmere wks

Coùre ;5<. Rikn ac Xtruhture; wotm tme pastmaies on wmoteonlohkton` tme iahktoan ac hias-on` lepasots.

<2 6

getres



630 M

kny kttegpt ta onnavkte, ar rekldust sahoki reiktoans, tmos os nat expressel on tmgkterokioty ac tme Mause rkdehtary, wmohm kppekrs ta fe k mo`miy hanservkonstotutoan. On tme hyhie ac renewki leshrofel kfave, tmere os k hanshoaus kttegnat ta praluhe kny rupture fetween pkst knl present. \e mause smauil han-tonue ks ot mkl kiwkys lane sonhe toge oggegaroki. \e spktoa-tegparki krenkac tme quatolokn wks sustkonel fy repraluhon` tme mause ks ot mkl kiwkys feen K sogoikr hanhern wotm repiohktoan mks k hasgaiaòhki expiknktoan kgan` tm _ejuknk ac Senezueik wmase mauses kre kn exkht hapy ac tme rst raunlmausefuoit fy tme huiture mera Ìttìwknklo (Poifert ;?=;4<5-<0).

Mawever, an tme synhmranoh ievei ac tme mause `raup on loerent pmkses tmos hansolerkfie leveiapgent4 mauses onhrekse on nugfer aver toge, feònnon` onRmksek wotm passofiy ane mause struhture knl leveiapon` wotm tme kppekrknheac guitopie fo`èr knl sgkiier struhtures on sufsequent pmkses. \os os espe-hokiiy tme hkse on Rmkseh , crag tme ;;tm ar ;6tm henturoes, luron` wmohm tmere oskn expiasoan ac new struhtures. On Rmksesh knl l tme sgkiierhegçmause, cenhestruhtures knl sgkii haggunohktoan piktcarg gkje tmeor kppekrknhe onlohkt-on` `rekter cunhtoanki loversoty knl leveiapgent wotmon tme mause `raup. Knlkirekly crag Rmksesf knl h , wmen ype ; struhtures rst kppekr, mause soze fe-hages gare vkrokfie crag 88 ta =;g¶, sa tmkt tme ikrèst mause on tmos pmksemks twohe ks gkny onmkfotknts ks tme sgkiiest mause (kitmau`m nat wotmon skge trkdehtary). \os vkroktoan hantonues on Rmksel wotm k mause soze rknè fe-tween 8; knl 00g¶, ogpiyon` k`kon tmkt tme ikrèst mause mks patentokiiy twoheks gkny onmkfotknts ks tme sgkiiest mause (see loshussoan ac mause lega`rkpmohs on Xehtoan 3.=). \erecare kitmau`m Mause rkdehtaroes kre stkfie onstotutoatmrau`m toge, tme mause `raup ks k wmaie leveiaps knl hmknès tmrau`m ekhmpmkse, espehokiiy crag hk. KL ;222.

3.8.6 Xuggkry ac renewki

On suggkry (Co`. ;55), k mause struhture wks ahhupoel untoi huiturki nargsonhugfent an tme onmkfotknts gkle ot nehesskry ta renew tme mause. Evolenhesu`èsts tmkt tmos wks k hyhiohki event unlertkjen daontiy fy guitopie mauses sguitkneausiy. \os hauil eotmer mkve feen an tme ievei ac tme mause `raup, arpatentokiiy tme wmaie yuhkyeque . Ane pkrtohuikr afservktoan crag Haiugfus‟lokry ac tme rst vaykè supparts tmos pmenagenan. An Lehegfer ;3tm tme kl-gorki vosots k settiegent an tme hakst ac Mospknoaik knl regkrjs tmkt tme voiik`kppekrel newiy estkfiosmel fehkuse kii tme mauses seegel new (’que pkrehçk serle nueva mehmk, parque talks iks hkhks erkn nuevks .‗ Hot., Rroeta Sohoasa 622=4;;=:Nkvkrrete ;?664;2<). Mere ot gky nat mkve feen tme hkse tmkt tme voiikè otsewks new, futrenewel .

On kny hkse, wmen tme toge wks ro`mt, tme mause piat wks ieveiiel knl hieknknl tme pasts ac tme carger mause were losgkntiel. Xo`no hknt pasts ac tmecarger struhture, tmase hansolerel ’rotuki kttrkhtars‗ (Cax ;??8), gast iojeiycrag tme entrknhe knl onternki supparts, were jept. Otegs ac persanki so`no -hknhe ta tme onmkfotknts were tmen lepasotel onta tme pastmaies knl iiel upwotm hiekn gkteroki. Kn entoreiy new caunlktoan, wotm sio`mt ikterki lospikgent, wks lu` on tme felrahj car tme new mause. \e hurktel pasts crag tme ailmause were pikhel on tme new raws ac pastmaies ks sygfais ac hantonuoty knlsuhhesscui repraluhtoan ac tme Mause rkdehtary. \e wmaie prahess ac renewkiwks hiekriy k so`no hknt harparkte khtovoty. \e mause wks nat gereiy k lweiion`struhture, ot egfaloel tme hanherns knl vkiues kssahoktel wotm huiturki trknsgos-

soan knl sahoki repraluhtoan ac tme wmaie haggunoty. \os os sagetmon` wmohmos kisa restehtel on tme kestmetohs ac tme mause, loshussel feiaw.



63=

3.< Mause kestmetohs knl ’tme fekuty ac tme everylky‗

Nktove peapies ac Kgkzanok pikhe k iat ac stress an ’tme fekuty ac tme everylky‗(Averon` knl Rksses 62224;6), tme arnkgentktoan knl eikfarktoan ac everylkyotegs ac gkteroki huiture knl tme gast haggan mausemail afdehts suhm ks han-tkoners, haajon` utensois knl taais suhm ks kxes (kn autstknlon` exkgpie ac tmosos _ehuknk fksjet wekvon`, @uss ;?=?). \os extenls ta every kspeht ac ioce suhmks faly arnkgentktoan knl pasture, speehm, mkrgany knl arler on tme lagestohspkhe knl sjoii on hrkct praluhtoan. Ac haurse tme wky tmos os gknocestel loersenargausiy. Nevertmeiess, tme hrektoan ac kn kuspohoaus, trknquoi knl mkrgano-aus envorangent on wmohm ta mkppoiy hanluht lkoiy ioce, ieklon` ta tme `rawtmknl prasperoty ac tme haggunoty on wmohm warj os piekson` knl hmoilren kreharrehtiy rkosel, os ionjel ta tme iknùkè ac kestmetohs knl tme prkhtohe ac feku-tocyon` femkvoaurs (Averon` knl Rksses 6222). Garkioty knl kestmetohs kre pra-

caunliy ionjel sa tmkt àal knl fekutocui kre onlovosofie hanhepts knl nehesskryta sahoki ioce (Averon` knl Rksses 6222 knl on tme skge vaiuge Feikunle 6222:Joll 6222). ’…ot os aniy fy khjnawielòn` kestmetohs on tme frakler sense ac otsgeknon`, wmere fekuty on lkoiy prkhtohe os unlerstaal ks kn expressoan ac garkiknl paiotohki vkiue, tmkt kntmrapaiaòsts hkn feòn ta perheove tme hmkrkhterostohsknl kehtove hanlotoans ac everylky sahoki ioce on Kgkzanok…‗ (Averon` knlRksses 62224;=).

Ks ckr ks mause kestmetohs kre hanhernel, vkiue os pikhel an tme soze, hieknio-ness knl arler ac tme mause. \ese kre so`ns ac haggunoty stren`tm knl hame-soan, knl ac k iekler‟s prestoè (see kisa Meigs ;?0? wotm respeht ta prehaianokiRknkgknoknfamças ). Krhmotehturki letkoi knl leharktoan os nat sa ogpartknt.

Xurckhe leharktoan car exkgpie os rkre on Kgkzanokn mauses knl mause exteroarskre acten unjegpt (Mu`m-Danes ;?0?46<=: R. Aiover ;??04;36;). \e ikyaut

Coùre ;55. Xuggkry acMause \rkdehtary. Crag fat-tag iect tme gkon stkès ontme hyhie ac mause renewki kreshmegktohkiiy representel4 lo`- òn` caunlktoans: hanstruh-toan: mkfotktoan: kfknlangentknl hurktoan ac pasts: hiason`:knl fkhj ta tme rst pasotoan,stkrton` knew.



63? M

knl ar`knosktoan ac spkhe, knl tme wky onlovolukis neàtokte spkhe os ogpartknmawever, wotm tme ikyaut ac tme mause knl/ar settiegent kn olekiozel representktoan ac tme mugkn knl nkturki waril knl egfalogents ac tme praper arler ac re-iktoans. Crants ac mauses kre pkrtohuikriy ogpartknt knl paonts ac entry knl exotkre jept hiekn, knl pasts, pktms knl laarwkys reheove rotuki trektgent (ofol .).

\kt tmos wks true ac sahoetoes on Mospknoaik os lahugentel on tme gkterokihuiture knl mostaroh saurhes. Acten hotel exkgpies kre kspehts ac ioce reiktel taeiote prkhtohes suhm ks tme hantrai knl starkè ac eikfarkteiy hrkctel waalenkrteckhts fy tmehkhohk Knkhkank, ar tme hagpasotoan knl jnawielè ackreotas fy hkhoques . \kt tmos sense ac tme kestmetoh iterel tmau`m kii kspehts ac ioceos kppkrent on tme mostarohkiiy knl krhmkeaiaòhkiiy lahugentel hiekn, arlerelknl weii-kppaontel mauses wotm tmeor pktternel wkiis ac waven, haiaurel fedu-has (vones), hattan lrkpes, otegs suspenlel crag tme fekgs, tme eikfarktenessac mausemail herkgoh vesseis knl tme gkteroki huiture ac tme mause on ènerk(Xehtoan 6.<.6). Ot os k`konst tmos huiturki fkhj`raunl tmkt tme hiekr preahhpktoan wotm mause kestmetohs knl fekutocyon` tme mause on Ei Hkfa smauil unlerstaal. \os hkn fe seen on mause lepasotoans, spktoki reùikroty knl krhmo-tehturki egfeiiosmgent.

3.<.; Entrknhes

\e crant os tme gast lagonknt cekture ac tme mause on Ei Hkfa. On ènerki en-trknhe ckhkles ac mause struhtures were ganugentkiozel knl gkrjel fy mekvoer-set knl woler upro`mts, wmohm on sage mause struhtures kre ks gkssove ks tmraac-supparts onsole. Entrknhe pastmaies kre onvkrokfiy stknjel fy gare suf-stkntoki cektures (on tergs ac leptm knl lokgeter) tmkn tme gkdaroty ac tme atmepastmaies on tme externki ron`, knl tmese ikrèr pasts run car hk. 82% ac tme perogeter. \os cargs kn auter wkii wmohm os ksyggetrohkiiy fkiknhel tawkrls tmewest, knl gkjes tme crant, ar tme ckhe ac tme fuoilon` tme gast ogpason` kspehtac tme struhture. Kii khtovotoes suhm ks tme krrovki knl lepkrture ac mausemgegfers knl ùests taaj pikhe tmrau`m tmos entrknhe, ks ot prafkfiy cargeltme aniy khhess paont on tme mauses. Gareaver, tme ganugentkioty ac entrknhespravolel smeiter crag tme sek wonl hrekton` k stoii krek autsole tme crant ac tmmause wmere peapie prafkfiy han`re`ktel knl warjel. Ot os nat jnawn wmetmertme entrknhe ckàkles ac tme mauses were kllotoankiiy leharktel. Mawever, oc knpkrt ac tme mause were leharktel, tmos wauil fe tme gast iojeiy spat. On tme rkrehkses ac mause leharktoan on Xautm Kgerohk, ot os usukiiy tme crant wmohm rehsuhm trektgent.;32 Unlersharon` tme ogpartknhe ac tme entrknhe cektures kre tmekfknlangent lepasotoans wmohm ahhur on tmese pastmaies, passofiy onlohktontmeor hmkrkhter ks ’rotuki kttrkhtars‗ knl tmase pkrts wmohm gky mkve feen r

hiel khrass guitopie struhtures.\e egfeiiosmgent ac entrknhe ckhkles laes nat gekn tmkt laarwkys tmeg-seives were fo`. An tme hantrkry, tmese kre reiktoveiy nkrraw apenon`s (an ahhksoan nkrrawer tmkn tme kverkè spkhon` fetween externki pasts) wmohm wauil nmkve kiiawel gare tmkn ane persan ta pkss tmrau`m kt kny toge. Ks weii ks fe-on` nkrraw, tme haianoki lahugents kisa onlohkte tmkt laarwkys were iaw. FatmMernknla Haiøn knl Gkrtor le Knìerok stkte tmkt laarwkys were mkrliy foènau`m ta iet tme onmkfotknts on knl tmkt ane wks afioèl ta luhj (MernknlaHaiøn knl Gkrtor le Knìerok hot. Rroeta Sohoasa 622=4;6?). Laar woltm on

;32 mos os tme hkse wotm tme crant enls ac Fkrksknk (Haiagfok) knl ujkna (Skupïs)gkiahks (Fateima Gkimkna ;??0: Luiy ;?0?: Mu`m-Danes ;?0?: Mu`m-Danes ;??5). Ahhksoankiiy onte-roar wkiis kre leharktel (Poifert ;?=;4 Co`.66).



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Ei Hkfa os an kverkè 06hg, knl sio`mtiy woler car ikrèr mause struhtures. Knestogkte ac laarwky meo`mts fksel an haianoki lahugents os ;.65g tkii (RroetaSohoasa 622=4;<5). \e sgkii laarwkys wotmon tme ikrè ckhes wauil mkve cur-tmer enmknhel tme ogpason` ckàkle.

3.<.6 Aroentktoan\ere os k hansostent aroentktoan on tme horhuikr struhtures. Entrknhes ckhe kwkycrag tme sek, fut wotmon tmos frakl cunhtoanki ruie tmere kre tmree gkdar aroen-tktoans. Mauses on tme skge pmkse smkre tme skge aroentktoan. Xa kii mauses onRmksek kre aroentel west-nartmwest, wmereks tmase on Rmksesf , h knl l kre aro-entel lue west, knl tmase on Rmksee nartmwest.

3.<.8 Veùikroty \ere os k `rekt hanhern car reùikroty on tme mause struhtures. \os os ane ac tmegkdar ckhtars wmohm meips olento hktoan. \os os gknocestel on k ènerki hanheptac hanstruhtoan crag fo` ta sgkii, crag crant ta fkhj gkterokiozel on k ganu-gentkiozel entrknhe wmohm logonosmes ta kn onhreksonìy io`mter hanstruhtoan ta-wkrls tme fkhj. On sage mause struhtures tmos aver-krhmon` hanhept onharparktesknatmer pkttern ac reùikr kiternktoan fetween ikrèr knl sgkiier pasts kian` tmewmaie perogeter. \ese sgkiier pktterns hakieshe wotmon tme ikrèr carg.

Onternki han ùrktoans ac tme horhuikr struhtures hansost ac eo`mt leep knlfrakl pastmaies. On ènerki, tmese kre tme ikrèst cektures on k struhture. \e eo`mtpasts carg pkors4 twa kt tme fkhj (ekst), crant (west), nartm knl sautm. Ekhm pkorhannehts ta ots appasote pkor, gast iojeiy fy gekns ac toe-fekgs daonon` tme pkorsac upro`mts4 tme nartmern wotm tme sautmern pkor knl tme crant wotm tme fkhj pkor.\e leso`n os fksohkiiy tme skge on Xtruhture 3 on wmohm tme perogeter onharpa-rktes tme raac-supparts.

\os leso`n resuits on k crant-fkhj lohmatagy wotmon kn kxoki ikyaut. \oscrant-fkhj lohmatagy hkn fe seen on gkny Kgkzanokn knl Aronahkn sahoe-toes, car onstknhe on _ehuknk knl ujkna mauses (Mu`m-Danes ;?0?: Mu`m-Danes;??5: Vovoíre ;??5), wmere tme haggunki knl hereganoki pkrt ac tme mause oskt tme crant, knl tme rekr ac tme mause os tme pikhe ac tme mekrtm, ontogkte sahoki-ozon` knl caal praluhtoan. \os os acten hagfonel wotm k sehanl ar`knozon`pronhopie ac spkhe, tmkt ac k hanhentroh arler (Mu`m-Danes ;?0?: Xhmonjei ;??6).\os hanhentroh arler, kitmau`m experoenhel kt hanstruhtoan on tme horhuikr staarpikns ac tme Ei Hkfa mauses, os kfsent on tme experoenhe ac tmeg ks iovon` spkhesks os loshussel feiaw.

3.<.< Horhuikr krùgents knl ksyggetry \e struhtures on Ei Hkfa, kitmau`m very reùikr knl horhuikr on pikn, kre ksyg-getrohki on sehtoan. On hantrkst ta wmkt os feioevel kfaut tme syggetrohki, han-hentroh prapertoes ac raunlmauses warilwole, struhtures on tme gkon unot praf-kfiy mkl siapon` raacs4 mo`m kt tme crant knl iaw kt tme fkhj.

\e struhtures on Ei Hkfa mkve na hentrki paie(s) pravolon` k suppart cunh-toan. \os laes nat nehesskroiy gekn k hentre paont wks nat gkrjel. Car exkgpie Pkyknk haggunoty mauses mkve sienler hentrki paies, sagetoges twa paies, anekttkhmel ta tme tap ac tme atmer, wotm na iakl-fekron` cunhtoan, ta kttkhm tmehereganoki knl leharktove raac losh (pers. hagg. Venza Luon). On suhm k wky,tme mause os hentrel fy wky ac knkxos gunlo tmrau`m ots pmysohki hentre. \e

presenhe knl sygfaiosg ac tmekxos gunloos ogpartknt on tme stknlkrl galei actrapohki Xautm Kgerohkn krhmotehture (Faagert 6222: Vae ;?=6: Xhmonjei ;??6:



60; M

Poifert ;?=;). \os mks feen prapasel car Xkiklaol mauses on tme Hkroffekn,knl kssugel car Ikte Herkgoh Kè mauses on tme @rekter Kntoiies (Dknsen knlLarst 6220: Xoeèi ;??6: Xtevens-Krraya 62234;82). Kitmau`m ks we mkve seen,hentrki pasts kre k rkre cekture ac tme cew pufiosmel mause pikns (Xehtoan ;.<.;.6\e passofoioty ac hentrki cektures wks nevertmeiess onvesto`ktel on Ei Hkfa. Actme 80 horhuikr struhtures on tme unot wotm tmeor gollie paonts onsole tme exvktoan faunlkry, ;3 mkve cektures wotmon 52hg ac tme hentre paont ac tme staapikn.;3; \ese cektures were, wotm ane exheptoan, iess tmkn 65hg leep. Mawever,seeon` ks on tme gkdaroty ac hkses tmese cektures krùkfiy kppekr ta fe pkrt aatmer, sepkrkte kio`ngents (ks yet unrehanstruhtel), rktmer tmkn feianòn` ta tmesurraunlon` horhuikr struhture, tmese struhtures kre nat ksso`nel hentrki cektures.Onleel, on tme gast reiokfie rehanstruhtoans on kreks ac tme unot wotm iawest ceture lensoty (o.e. Xtruhtures ; knl 6) hentrki cektures kre hanspohuaus on tmeokfsenhe. \erecare, tme struhtures on Ei Hkfa mkve na krhmkeaiaòhkiiy vosofiekhjnawielègent ac k hentre paont haggensurkte wotm tme pmysohki hentre actme staar pikn.

Ks os hanhiulel kfave, tmos supparts tme natoan tmkt k crant/fkhj lohmatagywotmon kn kxoki ikyaut, rktmer tmkn k hentre/peropmery arleron` ac spkhe hmkterozel tme mause struhtures. \os loers crag wmkt Vovoíre (;??54;?<) tergsk Rkn-Kgkzanoh pkttern ac ’hanhentroh lukiosg wmerefy tme hentre os appaselta tme peropmery, crant ta tme fkhj knl tme onsole ta tme autsole.‗ On turn tmesspktoki reiktoansmops kre reiktel ta nan-spktoki struhturkiost lostonhtoans wmme iosts ks gen 4 wagen, pufioh 4 provkte, skhrel 4 sehuikr knl essenhe 4 prahe(ofol .: Mu`m-Danes ;?0?: Vae ;?=64;83-;8?). Kitmau`m tme hanheptukiozktoanac spktoki lovosoans gky fe very loerent ta tme wky tmey kre pmysohkiiy le neknl tme lostonhtoans tmegseives hantextukiiy knl tegparkiiy sensotove, ar iog-otel ta tme oleki lagkon, rktmer tmkn prapasel ks roòl ruies (Mu`m-Danes ;?0?:Mu`m-Danes ;??5: Averon` knl Rksses els. 6222: knner ;??;), tmese pmysohki

hanhentroh pronhopies ac Kgeronlokn krhmotehture kre kfsent on tme mause strtures on Ei Hkfa. \ey were mawever present on tme staar pikns kt tme toge achanstruhtoan. \us, wmetmer k mause wks hanheovel ks horhuikr, ar ikhjon` horhuikroty wauil mkve feen lepenlent an tme stkè ac renewki. Hanstruhtoan/renewkiknl kfknlangent egpmksose horhuikroty, iovon` on tme pmysohki spkhe ac tme mawauil mkve egpmksosel tme crant4 fkhj lovosoans.

3.<.5 Lepasotoans4 Lresson` tme mause on hiason` rotukis

Ks gentoanel ekrioer, pastmaies ac mause struhtures were tme cahus ac lepasotoaac otegs ac faloiy klarngent,klarnas knl ahhksoankiiy atmer otegs. \os mksogpiohktoans car tme kestmetoh hanheptukiozktoan ac tme mause.

Aulmuos (622=) an tme ohana`rkpmy ac tme herkgohklarnas crag Ei Hkfa,mks su`èstel tmkt tmese herkgoh vessei kppenlkès - ekhm ane k unoque re-hagfonktoan ac k repertaore ac ohana`rkpmoh eiegents recerenhon` mugkn, knogkknl èagetroh ’hmkrkhters‗, gky mkve feen leioferkteiy letkhmel crag tme ves-sei (ks mks feen su`èstel car Ik Hkietk fy Merrerk Crotat ;?<3). On tmos respeht,herkgoh vesseis knl tmeor unoque olento ers, tmeklarnas , hkn fe seen ks unoquekrteckhts ohanoh ac mausemail olentotoes (see Iapopkra 6220 car k sogoikr loshsoan an herkgohs knl mauses on ergonki Hikssoh Manlurks). Herkgoh vesseisusel on tme starkè, prepkrktoan knl servon` ac caal knl lronj kre ontogkteiyfaunl up wotm tme olentoty ac tme mause knl tme lagestoh hyhie ac ots onmkfoknts. Gareaver, ekhm mausemail prafkfiy eotmer praluhel ots awn pattery, ar

;3; Xtruhtures <, 5, =, ;2, ;6, ;<, ;5, 62, 6=, 6?, 82, 8;, 8=, <8, <=, knl 5;.



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reheovel vesseis crag atmer mausemails on rehoprahki staws wmohm sustkonel sahokireiktoansmops (tmrau`m exhmknè wotmon ar autsole tme voiikè). Rraluhtoan, useknl loshkrl ac suhm mausemail hancehtoan os onte`rki ta mausemail repraluh-toan. Ot os tmerecare mo`miy kppraprokte tmkt suhm otegs were hansolerel tton`car lepasotoan, ks tmey wauil nat aniy onshrofe tme mause wotm tme olentoty ac otsonmkfotknts, fut recer ta tme quatolokn khtovotoes ac haggunki caal prepkrktoanknl smkron` wmohm ahhurrel on knl kraunl tme struhture.

Fekls knl penlknts were kisa seiehtel ta fe lepasotel onta jey pastmaieswotmon tme mause. Khharlon` ta tme hmranohieshofks , ar stane fekl nehjikhes,were ogpartknt persanki passessoans ac tme onloènaus onmkfotknts ac Mospknoaikkt hantkht (Rknï ;???). \os os unlersharel fy tme furoki reharl ac Mospknoaikon wmohm tmese otegs kre sagetoges present on atmerwose galest kssegfikès,ar carg pkrt ac hkhmes. Fekls knl penlknts, ks otegs ac faloiy klarngent, kregkrjers ac tme huiturel knl olentotoel faly. \e lepasotoan ac suhm otegs ontaso`no hknt iahktoans on tme mause onlohktes twa ogpartknt reiktoansmops4 tmktioje tme faly, tme mause smauil fe huiturkiiy knl persankiiy onshrofel (see Goiis622= an tme rotuki lresson` ac tme mause on tme Kgerohkn sautmwest), knl tmkttme olentotoes ac tme mausemail were toel up wotm tmkt ac tme mause. \os su`èstsk sahoety on wmohm onmkfotknts knl mause, knl faly knl mause kre reiktel knlrecerenhe ekhm atmer. Kitmau`m tme sygfaioh equktoan ac tme mause wotm tme falylaes nat nehesskroiy gekn tmkt hagpanents ac tme mause were recerrel ta fyknktagohki nkges, ot laes gkje ot prafkfie. Reapies ac tme upper ]onù car ex-kgpie recerenhe mause spkhe knktagohkiiy, tmus tme mause mks ekrron`s (waalenpe`s) wmohm poerhe tme ekrs (togfers) (Fateima Gkimkna ;??04;36?). Xogoikr taherkgohklarnas tmen, hertkon faloiy klarngents hkn fe seen ks unoque krtockhtsohanoh ac mausemail olentotoes.

3.<.3 Loshussoan

On suggkry, tme krhmkeaiaòhki evolenhe su`èsts tmkt k huiturki kestmetoh ac la-gestoh fekuty exostel on Ei Hkfa wmohm cahussel an tme struhture ac tme mause.\os wks olento el fy cahusson` kttentoan an vkroaus kspehts ac tme iocehyhie actme mause suhm ks tme haarlonktel, daont eart knl exkhton` exehutoan ac mausecaunlktoans, tme ganugentkioty ac tme mause ckàkle, lresson` ac tme kfknlanelmause ioje tme lresson` ac tme mugkn sahoki faly knl tme respansofoioty ta rep-iohkte ar renew tme suhhesscui mause car perpetuoty. On atmer warls, tme mause osk daont enterprose wmohm egerès crag tme haiiehtove haggunoty vkiues ac arler,fekuty knl hantonuoty. Kitmau`m k spehocoh galei ac mause ioce leveiapel on EiHkfa wmohm wks kfsaiuteiy Kntoiiekn, tmos pohture hkn fe enrohmel fy etmna-`rkpmoh hagpkrosans wmohm mo`mio`mt hertkon smkrel lospasotoans wmohm never-

tmeiess mkve k spehocohkiiy iahki knl mostarohki gknocestktoan. \kt tmos reiktoan-smop os kxoagktoh, o.e. tmkt tmere os kn equovkienhe fetween onloènaus lagestohkestmetohs knl garkioty (preshrofel sahoki nargs), hkn kisa fe ìogpsel crag tmemostaroh lahugents.

\e olekis ac mkrgany, pekhe knl mkpponess kre prehoseiy tme vortues kttestelta tme onloènaus peapie ac Mospknoaik fy Iks Hksks on tme Kpaia`ïtohk MostarokXuggkrok (Hmurkgpo Vkgçrez 622=). On tmos text, Iks Hksks sets aut ta pravetme feon` mugkn ac tme onloènaus papuiktoan, krùon` tmkt tmey passesseltme qukiotoes ta pursue k rktoanki paiotohki knl sahoki ioce on khharlknhe wotm kn Krostateiokn tegpikte. Ane ac tme gast ogpartknt eiegents ac tmos galei wks tmekfoioty ta iove on k stkte achovoi mkpponess , wmohm ogpioes tme hkpkhoty ta àvern

aneseic knl atmers, ta iove on pekhe knl vortue knl ta guitopiy. \os os ehmael onAveron`‟s stktegent kfaut Kgkzanokn sahokioty tmkt ot ’os gare kfaut tme ossues



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ac cehunloty tmkn tmase ac stktus, raie knl praperty‗, o.e. k mkppy voiikè os awmere àal/fekutocui peapie hkn fe hrektel knl gkny fkfoes kre farn (Averon`knl Rksses 62224;0).

Xa, kitmau`m ks Hmurkgpo Vkgçrez paonts aut, ane hkn lehanstruht tme ikshksokn vosoan ac tme perceht repufioh ac Mospknoaik ks kn kppiohktoan ac Krostaolekis, nevertmeiess onloènaus sahoety hiekriy onsporel Iks Hksks ta see tme hikhki knl oleki Hmrostokn vortues on Mospknoaik, ikhjon` on ikte geloevki Eurape

3.5 Lkoiy ioce knl tme tegparkiotoes ac tme lagestoh rekig onEi Hkfa

\e kestmetohs ac tme mause express lagestoh olekis. \e khtovotoes ac everylky iocmawever express k lagestoh rekioty. \e krteckht lostrofutoans crag tme gkon unotrepresent k spktoa-tegparki ikyer wmohm os tme resuit ac huguiktove prahesses kane-a khts. \ese krhmkeaiaòhki lepasots were leegel ta mkve àal krhmkea-iaòhki onte`roty knl kre onterpretel ks representon` sweepon` knl iovon` regkonsknl leioferkte lepasotoans. Ks gentoanel on Xehtoan <.6.< tme nl ikyer os ksmkiiaw mugoh ikyer, usukiiy ;2-62hg tmohj, wotm na loshernofie strkto`rkpmlostonhtoan. \e khhuguiktoans kre kii ane krhmkeaiaòhki event (wmohm laes nanehesskroiy ogpiy smart-terg lepasotoan).

3.5.; Herkgoh lostrofutoan\ere kre very hiekr lostonhtoans on tme herkgoh weo`mt lostrofutoans khrass tmunot. \e lostrofutoans kre onterpretel ks feon` krhmkeaiaòhkiiy so`no hknt (o.e.representktove ac pkst mugkn khtovotoes) exhept on tme nartm knl kian` tme elè tme hio wmere gkteroki wks nat rehaverel crag every squkre lue ta tme shkrhotyac regkons on tmos, tme gast expasel knl wektmerel pkrt ac tme pragantary.

On ènerki tmere kre iess tmkn 052` ac herkgohs per squkre on tme western mac tme unot, knl gare tmkn 052` knl ènerkiiy gare tmkn 6j` ac herkgohs persqukre on tme ekstern knl nartmekstern pkrts ac tme unot.

\e trknsotoan fetween tme iaw knl mo`m lensoty kreks kre `rkluki, sa tmkt kmkia ac mo`mer lensoty lepasots ckn aut crag k horhuikr hiekn krek an tme farlefetween sehtars 8? knl <? (Co`. ;53). \os os espehokiiy vosofie on tme ekst knlnartmekst wmere gare surckhe krek mks feen exhkvktel. Xehtars <2 knl 52, knl<? knl 5? kre tme kreks ac lensest lepasots wmere herkgoh weo`mts kre ènerkiiyfetween 052` ta aver 5j`. \os hkn fe seen on tme tmree ar caur kldkhent knlhantoùaus lkrjest kreks on tme gkp. \os rkpoliy lwonlies ta natmon` an tmeelè ac tme hio knl on tme nartm wmere tme erasoan os gast extensove. Potmotme lense krek, knatmer, gare orreùikriy smkpel, ’hiekner‗ krek hkn fe le nel on

Xehtar 52, knl k`kon ta tme nartm on Xehtar 5;.\e questoan os nat aniy wmkt khtovotoes kre restehtel on tmese loshkrl pkt-terns, fut kisa ta wmohm peroal laes tme gkteroki knl ots khhuguiktoan hantaurspertkon, on maw guhm letkoi hkn tme pktterns fe onterpretel, knl wmkt os tmlorehtoan ac tme gavegent1 K reksankfie kssugptoan wauil fe ta su`èst tmkttme lostrofutoan hantaurs reikte ta gkontenknhe khtovotoes on tme iktest pmksemkfotktoan, wotm tme hieknest kreks harreikton` wotm tme onsoles ac struhturestme lortoest kreks representon` tme recuse zanes crag tmese struhtures.

\e hagpasotoan ac tme gkteroki otseic gky fe tegparkiiy goxel. Gkterokireiktel ta ekrioer pmkses gky mkve gavel kraunl on tme skge krek, wotm iktergkteroki, car k ian` peroal ac toge. \erecare tme loerentoktel khhuguiktoans

ac herkgoh loshkrl ‘ evolenhe ac lkoiy mausemail khtovotoes knl hansugptoan ac



60<

mausemail àals ‘ hkn fe usel ta kssost on k reiktove hmranaia`y kt tme iktest enlac tme shkie, fut hkutoan smauil fe exerhosel on tergs ac reikton` kii gkteroki tatmos pmkse.

Kt tmos stkè ane hkn prapase tmkt struhtures on tme hieknest krek kre reiktelta tme iktest pmkses ac mkfotktoan. Mawever, unexhkvktel struhtures autsole tmeexhkvktoan faunlkry gky kisa fe tme saurhe ac sage ac tme lepasots, espehokiiy onXehtars <2 knl 52 wmohm kre kreks ac lense lepasots an exhkvktoan faunlkroes. Onènerki, ane hkn see tmkt tme lostrofutoans represent tme khtovotoes ac onmkfotkntswma swept tmeor ruffosm ta tme fkhj ac tme struhtures sa tmkt ot khhuguiktel antme elè ac tme hio.

Evolenhe wmohm harrafarktes tme mypatmesos tmkt tme lostrofutoan hantaurskre representktove ac tme iktest pmkse ac mkfotktoan os seen on tme lostrofutoan ackverkè smerl weo`mt khrass tme unot (Co`. ;50).;36

;36 Herkgoh weo`mt per squkre os lovolel fy tme nugfer ac crk`gents rehaverel, ovon` tme kverkèweo`mt per smerl.

Coùre ;53. Herkgoh weo`mtson caur hiksses crag io`mterta lkrjer (;-;52`, ;5;-052`,05;-6222`, 622;-3222`).Pmote onlohktes na kvkoikfie

lktk. Onset onlohktes sehtarnugfers recerrel ta on text.

2 5 ;2

getres

6? 8? <? 5? 3?

82 <2 52 32

5; 3;

5636

58



605 M

Khrass tme gkdaroty ac tme unot (35%) tme smerls kre sgkii knl trkgpiel(≬5`). Xio`mtiy ikrèr smerls (3-;2`) kre iahktel on tme skge tmree ar caur gkonkldkhent hanhentrktoans seen on tme herkgoh weo`mt lostrofutoan gkp. Xa, ikrèsmerls ahhur on tme kreks ac mo`mest herkgoh lensoty. \ese kre kreks ac iawest trkgpion`. \e ckht tmkt tme kverkè smerl soze os ikrèr on tme kreks ac gastherkgoh khhuguiktoan su`èsts tmkt tmese lepasots kre tme resuit ac tme iktespmkse gkontenknhe khtovotoes, o.e. tmey hantkon reiktoveiy ikrè poehes ac pawmohm mkve nat feen expasel ta hrusmon` knl curtmer frekjkè fy sufsequentmkfotktoan.

On kllotoan, knatmer ontereston` afservktoan hkn fe gkle hanhernon` tme ikr`-est smerls (>;;`), wmohm gkje up k very sgkii gonaroty (6%). Kitmau`m sageac tme ikrèst smerls unsurprosonìy ahhur on tme kreks ac mo`mest herkgoh lensloshussel kfave, tme gkdaroty kre iahktel on kreks ac gollie ta iaw lensoty he-rkgoh lostrofutoan, on tme sautmern mkic ac Xehtar 8? (see lkrjest squkres on Co;53). \os su`èsts tmkt spktokiiy hanhentrktel loshkrl kisa ahhurrel on atmerwosehiekn (o.e. khtovoty ar iovon`) kreks. \os permkps onlohktes tmkt lepasots on t

Coùre ;50. Kverkè smerlweo`mt on tmree hiksses cragio`mter ta lkrjer (;-5`, 3-;2`knl ;;-<<`).

2 5 ;2

getres



603

unot kre sa letkoiel ks ta fe kfie ta lostonùosm fetween expeloent tass zanes knlsystegktoh sweepon` khhuguiktoans. Gareaver, tme soze knl smkpe ac tme lepasotsonlohkte tme soze knl smkpe ac khtovoty kreks ar struhtures (Pknlsnoler ;??3).

3.5.6 @rollie lostrofutoan\e lostrofutoan ac `rollie crk`gents gorrars gare ar iess prehoseiy tmkt ac tmeènerki herkgoh lostrofutoan (Co`. ;5=). @rollies mkve kn kigast hagpiete haver-kè ac tme unot, wotm tme exheptoan ac kn krek ac hk. =Ð5g crag wmere na `rolliecrk`gents were rehaverel. On ènerki, tmos os tme krek ac iekst nls on tme unot.

Ot smauil fe natel tmkt tmere kre na ikrè loshrepknhoes on tme soze (kverkèsmerl weo`mt) ac `rollie crk`gents khrass tme unot. \e kreks ac lensest khhugu-iktoans tenl ta fe tme kreks wmere tme ikrèst smerls kre iahktel, fut on ènerki,lostrofutoan hantaurs onlohkte tmkt tme lensoty hiusteron` os nat k resuit ac los-hrete loshkrl iahktoans ac wmaie ar ikrèiy wmaie `rollies, fut tmkt `rollie crk`-gents kre goxel tmrau`m knl mkve khhuguiktel wotm tme rest ac tme lefros.

Coùre ;5=. @rollie weo`mtson tmree hiksses crag io`mterta lkrjer (;-52`, 5;-622`,62;-322`).

2 5 ;2

getres



600 M

3.5.8 Gkrone smeii lostrofutoan;38

\e lostrofutoan ac gkrone smeii, tme gkdaroty ac wmohm kre sgkii gkrone gai-iushs (Nerotk spp., hmotan, iogpet, wotm sage ikrèr smeiis acHottkroug pohk knlXtragfus spp.) os onterpretel ks ikrèiy tme resuit ac loshkrl ac caal resolue (Co`.;5?). On kllotoan ta tmeor gekt hantent, ikrèr gaiiushs, suhm ksXtragfus spp.knl Hottkroug pohk were usel car smeii rkw gkteroki. \os gky kisa fe tme hksewotm tme very cew fovkive regkons rehaverel, tme gkdarotyHalkjok arfohuikros ,wmohm were prafkfiy haiiehtel car taai use rktmer tmkn caal. Use-wekr trkhesvosofie ks k paiosm an ve ac tme ;0 fovkives exkgonel smawel tmkt tmey weprafkfiy usel car shrkpon` soioheaus piknts suhm ks hkikfksm, reels knl ioknk (lVuoter 622?). Curtmer knkiysos os neelel fecare sufsostenhe/taai lostonhtoans hkfe gkle on tme lktk mere, mawever.

;38 Lktk crag gkrone smeii kre gosson` crag 6225, representel fy tme wmote rehtknìe on =<-6?/8?.

Coùre ;5?. Gkrone smeiiweo`mts on caur hiksses cragio`mter ta lkrjer (;-52`, 5;-652`, 65;-052`, 05;-6282`).Nate4 lktk an gkrone smeiilensotoes kre gosson` crag tmekrek exhkvktel on 6225.

2 5 ;2

getres



60=

K`kon, tme gkrone smeii haverkè cargs k hantonuaus hkrpet, wotm kreks aclensoty knl shkrhoty wmohm gkthm tmkt ac tme herkgoh lostrofutoan. \e gkdar-oty ac tme unot (38%) mks iess tmkn 652` ac smeii per squkre, wmereks kreks on tmenartmekst knl sautmekst mkve hiusters ac aver 052`. K gare lense krek ac lepas-ots, nat sa pranaunhel on tme herkgohs, ahhurs on tme nartmwest, on Xehtar 82.Coùre ;3;. Lostrofutoan

ac pkrkpmernkiok, onhiulon`troànaiotms (troknìes): feklsknl atmer otegs ac faloiyklarngent (sgkii horhies): crk`gents ac stane haiikrs(ikrè avkis): sahoki vkiukfiessuhm ks tmeukçzk knl onikys car hegç stktues (stkrs).

Coùre ;32. K seiehtoan ac smeii pkrkpmernkiok crag tme gkonunot. Khtuki soze. OiiustrktarEroj vkn Lroei.

2 5 ;2

getres



60? M

3.5.< Faloiy klarngents, haggunoty re`kiok knl hegç otegs Coùre ;3; smaws k lostrofutoan gkp onlohkton` tme iahktoan ac otegs reharlelks ’pkrkpmernkiok‗ on tme eil. \ese onhiule otegs ac faloiy klarngent suhm ksfekls knl ekr piu`s ac smeii, stane ar fane, knl atmer sgkii afdehts, gkoniy acsmeii, wotm maies car suspensoan suhm ks penlknts, tkfuikr knl jeymaie-smkpepikques, knknoiia knl tonhjiers (Co`. ;32).

Kgan` tme otegs ac pkrkpmernkiok kre kisa gare patent partkfie krteckhtssuhm ks troànaiotms, stane haiikr crk`gents, lurkfie pkrts achegç stktukry knlk ùkçzk .

\e troànaiotms, sage crk`gentel, rknè crag gohra-troànaiotms wotm fksesac k cew hentogetres, ta ikrèr exkgpies (up ta ;6hg fkse ien`tm). \ese mkve

feen gkle crag iahki (sknlstane knl harki) knl exatoh (qukrtz knl atmer mkrlernan-iahki rahj types) gkterokis, sage unleharktel, atmers wotm onhosoans raunltme fkse paonts (Co`. ;06) knl tme ikrèst ane onhosel wotm cra` ie`s knl k ckhe(Co`. ;36).

wa crk`gents ac stane haiikr (Co`. ;38) gkle crag nan-iahki `reen-`rey o`-neaus rahj, lerovon` crag tme skge krteckht knl tton` taètmer, were rehaverelwotmon <g ac ekhm atmer crag wotmon tme faunlkroes ac tme struhtures ac Mau

rkdehtary 5. wa atmer poehes (65g ta tme sautm knl =g ta tme nartm) wererehaverel on atmer unots ar an tme surckhe. Hursary vosuki onspehtoan su`èsttmkt tmey taa kre crag tme skge gkteroki, oc nat tme skge krteckht ks tme rst twpoehes.;3< Oc kllel ta tme partoan (nat crag tme skge krteckht) rehaverel on ekrioeronvesto`ktoans (Arte`k ;?0=k) sage 52g ta tme nartm an tme hakst, tmos gkjes ktatki ac ve stane haiikr crk`gents crag tme sote.

Xmeii onikys lepohton` tme fkrel-teetm gatoc (marozantkiiy onhosel ione wvertohki hrass-mkthmon`) kre onterpretel ks pkrts achegç ohans, anhe mkvon` feenpkrt ac ikrèr, hagpasote, krteckhts onhiulon` waalen staais, hkrvel waal knlhattan ùrones, troànaiotms knlhamafkstknls. Onleel, ane ac tmese onikys (Co`.;3<) crag tme sautm ac tme unot wks k sgkii welè-smkpel oniky su`èston` onser-toan onta tme fekj ac kn arnotmagarpmoh poehe suhm ks (fut guhm sgkiier tmkntme forl-meklel Coùre crag Dkgkohk (wmohm os hurktel on tme Frotosm Guseu Knan. ;=28: Dayhe ;?20).

;3< mos mks nat feen harrafarktel.

Coùre ;36. \roànaiotm aciahki sknlstane wotm onhosel ckhe knl cra` ie`s. Xhkie 05%.Oiiustrktar Eroj vkn Lroei.

Coùre ;3<. Xmeii teetm oniky. Khtuki soze. Oiiustrktar Erojvkn Lroei.



6=2

Conkiiy, kXtragfus sp. ùkçzk , wotm cuiiy stesmel hmeejs knl nase, fkrel-teetmknl wole raunl eyes wks rehaverel (Co`. ;35).;35 \os mkl k sgaatmel fut or-reùikr unlersole knl na maies car suspensoan, su`èston` tmkt ot gky mkve feengauntel on sagetmon` ar sogpiy hkrroel. \e ùkçzk wks rehaverel twa getreskwky crag tme ikrèst troànaiotm, fatm kssahoktel wotm nkturki lepressoans on tme

;35 me styiostoh sogoikrotoes fetween tme Ei Hkfa ùkçzk knl twa klarna mekl iu`s an k vesseiac gknktee fane on tme Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna kre strojon` (Ferhmt et ki., els. ;??04Ri.;;6).

Coùre ;38. \wa poehes acstane haiikr wmohm t ta- ètmer. Vehaverel crag onsoleXtruhture ;5. Khtuki soze.Oiiustrktar Eroj vkn Lroei.



6=; M

felrahj. K curtmer ùkçzk wks haiiehtel ;22g ta tme sautm luron` tme surckhesurvey. \os ane wks ac hruler exehutoan knl wks gkle ac k frawn qukrtz-iojegkteroki. Gai (62204;82-;8;) afserves tmkt kii nls ac ùkçzkswotm hantextukioncargktoan on tme @rekter Kntoiies hage crag mkfotktoan kreks.

\e otegs leshrofel kfave kre gastiy hanhentrktel on kreks wotm tme mo`mest

lensotoes ac nls. \e sgkiier otegs on pkrtohuikr, suhm ks tme fekls knl faloiyklarngents, were swept knl khhuguiktel on tme skge wky ks tme herkgoh knlsmeii resolue, knl klmere ta tme hantaurs ac tmese khhretoans. \os os kisa tme hkswotm tme sgkii onikys knl gohra-troànaiotms.

Xage ac tme ikrèr otegs mawever, reveki k loshrepknt lostrofutoan. \ey werenat rehaverel on tme kreks ac lensest lepasots, fut crag tme hieknest kreks. \osos tme hkse wotm tme twa crk`gents ac stane haiikr (852 knl 605`) knl k troà-naiotm (;<<`, fkse ac =.6hg, Co`. ;36 knl ;38). \e ùkçzk knl tme ikrèsttroànaiotm (8<3`, Co`s.;36 knl ;35) were kssahoktel wotm nkturki maiiaws ontme felrahj wmohm gky mkve khtel ks krteckht trkps, ar gky mkve feen usel taleioferkteiy lepasot tme otegs. \os woii fe loshussel curtmer on reiktoan ta tme

mause struhtures.3.5.5 \aais \e hkteàry ’taais‗ on tmos lossertktoan os very frakl, knl onhiules cargki taais,taai crk`gents, sage wotm so`ns ac rehyhion`, oncargki krteckhts onterpretel kspassofie taais ar galo el cargs wmohm gky fe fy-praluhts ar lefros ac gknu-ckhture ar hrkcton`. K frakl le notoan os precerrel knl k letkoiel stuly wauilsmel gare io`mt an speho h cunhtoans knl khtovotoes.

\e gkdaroty ac krteckhts loshussel kre gkle ac stane knl harki, onhiulon`wmaie ar crk`gents ac `reen stane `raunl taais (gkoniy petkiaol kxes knl klzes),harki knl stane hrusmon` ar `ronlon` ogpiegents, knl k sgkii nugfer ac fane

knl smeii ogpiegents suhm ks fovkives wotm vosofiy galo el elès, knl vkroauspaonts knl galo el smeii knl stane gkteroki (Xtragfus spp. loshs, smeii tonhjiers,mkic ckfrohktel ar unolento kfie hanhm crk`gents, stkjel stane, eth.).

aai lostrofutoan caiiaws tmkt ac tme herkgoh knl smeii lepasots, onterpretelks sweepon` recuse crag gkontenknhe ac tme struhtures on tme mkfotktoan kre\ese kre usukiiy sgkii afdehts wmohm wauil mkve feen loshkrlel knl swept wotmtme rest ac tme pattery knl caal regkons.

Knatmer passofoioty os tmkt tme pktterns represent tme iahktoan acon sotuhrkct-on` knl praluhtoan khtovotoes òven tmkt sage taais knl galo el gkterokis ahhuron kreks ac iaw krteckht lensoty ar an tme elès ac tme krteckht sprekls. On pkrtohuikr, tme taais rehaverel crag tme ’hieknest‗ krek on tme unot onhiule k nugfer

Coùre ;35. Xmeii ukçzk . Khtuki soze. Oiiustrktar Erojvkn Lroei.



6=6

ac kigast hagpiete `reen stane kxe crk`gents. An tme wmaie tmau`m, tmese kr-teckhts kre tmau`mt ta ahhur autsole struhtures knl represent sehanlkry lospaskirktmer tmkn progkry lepasotoan representonòn sotu taai use (Co`. ;33).

3.5.3 Haianoki gkteroki ;33

\e kssegfikè ac Eurapekn gkteroki crag Ei Hkfa os reksankfiy ikrè wmenhagpkrel ta tmkt ac atmer extensoveiy resekrhmel onloènaus sotes on tme @rekter Kntoiies suhm ks En Fks Xkione, Mkoto, knl Ei Hmarra le Gkçtk, Hufk (;0 knl hk.822 poehes, respehtoveiy, Lek`kn 622<: Skihërhei Vadks ;??0: Vaferta SkihërheiVadks pers. hagg. 622?).

;33 O kg `rktecui ta Lr Jktmieen Lek`kn, Ciarolk Guseug ac Nkturki Mostary, car pravolon`tme onotoki olentocohktoan crag egkois knl pmatas ac tme Eurapekn gkteroki rehaverel luronèxhkvktoan.

Coùre ;33. Lostrofutoan acsmeii, stane, harki knl fanetaais on tme krteckht ikyer.

2 5 ;2

getres



6=8 M

\e haianoki gkteroki loshussel mere gkoniy hagproses Eurapekn ìkzel he-rkgohs. \ese, taètmer wotm severki ìkss fekls kre sehureiy onlohktove ac ekriyhantkht exhmknè. Atmer afdehts wmohm gky fe reiktel ta tme ikst pmkse ac tmonloènaus voiikè ac Ei Hkfa suhm ks fane crk`gents su`èston` tme presenhe acEurapekn knogkis (gkoniy po`s) knl atmer otegs ac ìkss knl getki mkve nat feenonhiulel on tme lostrofutoan gkp (Co`. ;30) fehkuse wotmaut spehokiost stulytmeor presenhe hknnat fe sehureiy kssahoktel wotm onloènaus khtovotoes on hantkht knl haianosktoan peroals, fut gky feian` ta ikter, suf-rehent peroals.;30 Ot smauil fe natel, mawever, tmkt tme gkterokinat onhiulel os gonogki. wapastmaies wmohm hantkonel ìkss knl getki on tmeor iis kre kisa loshussel mere

Aiove dkrs kre Xpknosm starkè vesseis, usel ks smoppon` hantkoners knl sehakroiy ks hanstruhtoan gkteroki, wmohm kre haggan khrass tme Xpknosm Kgerohhaianoes (Krluenà @krhçk 622=: Lek`kn 6226482-8<: @a`òn ;?324=-;;:

;30 Vesekrhm os anàon`, onhiulon` osatapoh knkiysos ta olentocy tme passofie iahki ar exatoh aroòntme regkons (Dksan Ikccaan, pers. hagg.). Ogpiohktoans ac tme presenhe ac ogpartel Eurapeknknogkis woii fe loshussel ikter.

Coùre ;30. Lostrofutoan achaianoki gkteroki on tme gkonunot, onhiulon` aiove dkr (fikhjsqukres): wmote ìkzel herkg-ohs (wmote stkrs): ìkss fekls(wmote lats): ìkss tkfie wkre(fikhj stkr).

2 5 ;2

getres



6=<

Ciarolk Guseug ac Nkturki Mostary mostarohki krhmkeaia`y lktkfkse). Aiove dkrsmkve feen rehaverel crag ekriy Xpknosm sotes on Mospknoaik suhm ks Hanhephoønle ik Se`k, Ruerta Veki knl Ik Oskfeik (Lek`kn 6226k: Lek`kn knl Hruxent6226k, 6226f), knl crag onloènaus sotes, onhiulon` sotes on tme Mo`ùey kreksuhm ks Rikyk le Fëvkra (Aisen ;?0=k) knl Rikyk Xkrlonerk, Osik le Gank (LëvoikLëvoik 6228).

\e aiove dkr crag Ei Hkfa os typohki ac tme ekriy styie, mknliel vkroety (Co`.;3=). Ot lktes fetween KL ;522 knl ;552. Gast poehes mkve k hmkrkhterostoh`reen iekl ìkze an tme onsole. Kppraxogkteiy =2 smerls were rehaverel crag EiHkfa, wotm gast squkres hantkonon` ane smerl, knl ane squkre hantkonon` vesmerls. \ese gastiy hagprosel faly smerls, fut kisa k pkrt ac k mknlie knl rogcrk`gents. Xmerls rknè crag ane ta severki hentogetres on soze, wotm ail frekjs,fut smaw na loshernofie galo hktoan ar wekr an tme elès.

\e sehanl gast hagganiy ahhurron` haianoki pattery type rehaverel onEi Hkfa os gkdaiohk wotm k wmote ìkze, passofiy Haiugfok Rikon. Rraluhel onXpkon crag KL ;<?2 ta;352, ot wks usel car fatm utoiotkrokn knl tkfiewkre. Kfaut twenty poehes ac tmos type were rehaverel crag Ei Hkfa, k`kon tme gkdar-oty rktmer sgkii faly knl rog smerls (crag k pikte ar fawi1), k cew severki hen-togetres khrass, knl gkny smawon` mkorione hrkhjs on tme smony `rey-wmote ìkze.\e frekjs kppekr ail wotm na so`no hknt galo hktoan ar wekr.

Cove ìkss fekls ar ìkss fekl crk`gents were rehaverel4 tmree ìkss fekls actme Nuevk Hkloz type, twa hagpiete, knl ane wotm k rehent frekj (Co`. ;3?:fattag). wa poehes ac k hafkit fiue ìkss fekl were kisa rehaverel wmohm gkyfeian` ta tme skge oteg. \e hagpiete Nuevk Hkloz fekls kre kppraxogkteiy8hg ian` knl kn oroleshent fiue/`reen/wmote on haiaur. \e fiue fekl crk`gentssmaw ckheton` an tme enls. Kii tme fekls mkve squkre hrass sehtoans knl raunlmaies.

K mknl fiawn poehe ac arnkgentki ìkss, seegonìy k rog poehe wotm rkosel

vertohki roffon` an tme wkiis, passofiy crag k lehknter, voki ar ioquol hantkonon`vessei, wks kisa rehaverel (Co`. ;3?: tap). \e ìkss os kn apkque oroleshent ponjhaiaur knl hansostent wotm eotmer Xpknosm ar Senetokn ne ìksswkre crag tmeekriy soxteentm hentury (Jktmieen Lek`kn pers. hagg. 622?).

\ese lok`nastoh knl olento kfie otegs ac ekriy Eurapekn gkteroki huitureahhur prelagonkteiy on tme gkon unot, tme aniy exheptoans feon` kn aiove dkrsmerl knl k wmote ìkzel smerl on ane ac tme 6Ð6g unots (=5-<;) kldkhent ta tmegkon unot, knl twa aiove dkr smerls 32g nartm ac tme gkon unot on ane ac tmegast nartmeriy 6Ð6g unots (=5-60). Xeeon` ks tme nartmern pkrt ac tme sote os tmegast unler-expiarel, tme extent ac tmos gkteroki ta tme nartm os unjnawn, fut otos regkrjkfie tmkt natmon` wks rehaverel on tme surveyel krek ta tme sautm, knltmkt tme Eurapekn ogparts mkve k very to`mtiy horhugshrofel lostrofutoan on tmeunot.

Coùre ;3=. Vog knl mknlie

crk`gents ac aiove dkr. Xhkie05%. Oiiustrktar Eroj vknLroei.



6=3

tkon xel hantaurs, ot kppekrs tmkt praluhtoan knl use ar hansugptoan knl los-hkrl were ahhurron` on tme skge, oggelokte krek. Iovon` khtovotoes hrektel sweptlefros wmohm khhretel kraunl onlovoluki ar hiusters ac onlovoluki struhtures.

Ot os prapasel tmkt tme lostrofutoans kre lorehtiy reiktel ta struhtures crag tmeikst pmkse ac mkfotktoan. \os mypatmesos os suppartel fy tme ckht tmkt tme kreksac iawest trkgpion` knl Eurapekn gkteroki kre ta fe caunl on tme mo`m lensotykreks, onlohkton` gare prehoseiy tme iahktoan ac tme iktest loshkrl khtovotoes on tmeunot. Loshrepknhoes on tme ènerki pkttern ac krteckht lostrofutoan hkn fe seenon tme iahktoan ac sage otegs ac pkrkpmernkiok suhm ks stane haiikr pkrts, troà-naiotms knl passofiy tme ùkçzk , ks weii ks ane krek ac loshrete khhuguiktoan acherkgohs. On Xehtoan 3.5.0.6 tmese woii fe loshussel on tergs ac tmeor reiktoan tapkrtohuikr struhtures.

Ikstiy, oc tme lagestoh krek wks tme progkry lospaski krek, wotm reùikr re-gavki ac fuij recuse ta atmer kreks, wmere were tmese iahktel1 Ane passofoiotyos tmkt tme gkteroki wks usel ks hagpast car martohuiturki piats, on tme mause`krlens ac tme yuhkyeque . \os wauil mkve suppiegentel tme paar jkrst saois,knl patentokiiy expikons tme kigast unfrajen tmon hkrpet ac herkgoh knl smeiilefros khrass tme entore sote (see Xehtoan 3.3). Knatmer aptoan os tmkt tme wkstewks sogpiy toppel onta tme sek. Xeverki joia`rkgs, onhiulon` aver 82 crk`gentsac paiosmel `reen stane taais knl kfaut 52 smerls ac pattery, were haiiehtel cragtme sekfel fy iahki smergen oggelokteiy feiaw tme Hkfa pragantary. \e ly-nkgoh hakstione knl rahjy sek staar geknt tmkt herkgohs espehokiiy were `raunllawn knl mkrl ta spat, fut tme mo`m nugfer ac taais haiiehtel on dust k cew,smart loves os regkrjkfie. \e nls were hanhentrktel kian` k strethm ac kfaut82g, stkrton` pkrkiiei wotm tme tap ac tme unot ( y kxos 755<2), knl enlon` mkic-wky lawn pkrkiiei ta tme unot ( y kxos 7 55;2). \e lovers repartel tmkt feyanltmos sgkii strethm tmere wks iottie gkteroki. Xogoikriy, tmey lol nat venture garetmkn hk. ;2g aut ta sek. Pmetmer tmos wks fehkuse tme garpmaia`y knl leptm

ac tme sekfel hmknès mere os unhiekr, fut on kny hkse ot òves tme ogpressoan ack hanhentrktel knl lense fknl ac nls on tme sek lorehtiy feiaw pkrt ac tme la-gestoh krek. \ese nls kre hansuggkte wotm recuse lugpon`.

3.5.0.; Hmranaia`y ac tme lepasots

Curtmer evolenhe an tme tegparkioty ac tme lepasots hages crag tme struhturestmegseives. \e ckht tmkt lepasots kre reiktel ta khtovotoes on tme iktest pmkse acmkfotktoan os farne aut fy tme unot pmkson` knl lostrofutoan lktk taètmer (Co`.;02). \e ikter pmkses ac mkfotktoan (h , l knl e) harreikte wotm tme hiekner kreksta tme west. \e lensest khhuguiktoans ac lepasots, espehokiiy on Rmksel , haiiehtkraunl tme exteroar ac tme struhtures. Coner lostonhtoans on tme lostrofutoan hkn

fe seen on Rmksesh knl l , wmere tme ian` cenhe Xtruhtures (;3 knl 56) kht ks kr-teckht trkps sa tmkt hiusters ac lepasots haiieht on pkrkiiei hanhentrktoans on crantac tmeg. \os onlohktes tmkt ot os nat aniy tme very iktest gkontenknhe khtovotoeswmohm hkn fe lostonùosmel, fut kisa ekrioer eposales ac loshkrl, oc tmey kre sek-wkrls ac sufsequent mkfotktoan. Ac haurse, nat kii tme lepasots on tme unot krereiktel ta struhtures on tme unot. Car exkgpie, tme lense khhuguiktoans ac gkte-roki on =5-<2 kre prafkfiy reiktel ta struhtures ta tme west, autsole tme unot.

Ks gentoanel on Xehtoan 3.;, Rmksesk knl e kre iekst sehure on tergs ac pikhe-gent on tme hmranaiaòhki sequenhe ac tme unot. On pkrtohuikr, Rmksee ‟s pasotoan-on` kt tme enl ac tme sequenhe ac pmkses os fksel an krteckht lostrofutoan rktmertmkn kfsaiute lkton`. Rmksek struhtures ahhupy kreks ac fatm io`mt knl mekvylepasots, knl wmereks khhuguiktoans seeg ta klmere ta tme hantaurs ac espehokiiyXtruhtures ;; knl ;8, passofiy tme iktest struhtures on tmos pmkse, tmese pktterns



6=0 M

hkn kisa fe reiktel ta ikter struhtures on tmos pkiogpsest iahktoan. Car reksans loshussel on Xehtoan 3.;, tmese struhtures feian` ta ane pmkse, knl ot wauil seeg

reksankfie fksel an tmeor ikhj ac reiktoan ta tme lepasots, ta pikhe tmeg kt tmestkrt ac tme sequenhe.\e twa mause struhtures knl cenhe crag Rmksee kre k iottie gare eno`gktoh.

\e Rmksee struhtures ahhupy k iaw lensoty krteckht krek, onlohkton` tmkt tmey krikte. Mawever, tmos sehtar mks ane ac tme mo`mest cekture lensotoes, knl kisa gkunksso`nel cektures wmohm hagpiohkte tme pohture. Unioje atmer struhtures, tmRmksee mauses kre aroentel wotm entrknhes ta tme nartmwest, sa tme fkhjs ac tmemauses kre tawkrls tme sautm. Lue ta tme hanstrkonts ac tme exhkvktel krek, tmkssahoktel recuse lepasots kre nat vosofie, kitmau`m tme hieknioness ac tme narwest harner knl tme lensoty ac regkons on tme extrege sautmwest harner ac tmeunot kisa onlohkte tmos. \eor tegparki reiktoansmop wotm tme yaun` Rmksel struh-

tures, kssahoktel wotm haianoki gkteroki, os tmus ontereston`. \ere os nat enau`mmkrl evolenhe ta prapase tmkt tme Rmksee mauses were haianoki peroal lweiion`s,

Coùre ;02. Xtruhtures per pmkse (k-e) smawn taètmerwotm herkgoh weo`mts lostrofu-

toan on caur weo`mt hiksses (seeCo`. ;53). Nate tmkt, wmerelepasots kre ontkht, ekrioerstruhtures kre kssahoktel wotmlenser lepasots, knl ikter wotmtmonner, onlohkton` khhuguik-toans reikte ta gkontenknhekhtovotoes on hmranaiaòhkiiyikter pmkses.



6==

knl k ckr ekrioer pasotoan kt tme stkrt ac tme sequenhe os equkiiy pikusofie. \epresentktoan ac fatm sets ac lktk (crag tme struhtures knl krteckht kssegfikè)wkrns k`konstaver -letergonktoan ac eotmer set an ots awn.

\e reiktoansmop fetween tme krteckht kssegfikè knl tme cektures hkn kisasmel io`mt an tme use ac spkhe on tme pkst. K ènerki afservktoan hkn fe gklekfaut hantonuoty on tmos respeht. \e kreks wotm tme iekst lepasots, o.e. tme hiekn-est kreks (=<-6?/8?/<?), kre tme kreks wotm tme mo`mest cekture lensoty (8.8/g¶),wmereks tme kreks wotm gast lepasots (=<-<?/5?, =5-52/32 knl =5-5;/3;) mkve khagpkrktoveiy iawer cekture lensoty (;.</g¶). \os su`èsts tmkt tmere wks stkfoi-oty on tme kreks usel car fuoilon` knl tme kreks usel car loshkrlon` recuse, evenan k sgkii shkie. Lespote averikp (ac haurse tmere kre sage cektures unler lensesweepon` khhuguiktoans) tmese kreks kre su hoentiy loerentoktel ta fe loston-ùosmkfie. \os afservktoan os so`no hknt car onterpretktoans ac lktk kt tme soteievei ikter an (3.3.3).

3.5.0.6 Mause \rkdehtaroes knl tmeor kssegfikès

Xa ckr we mkve seen maw tme krteckht lostrofutoan tegparkiiy reiktes ta tme ikt-est pmkses ac mkfotktoan on Ei Hkfa. Fut tme krteckht kssegfikè kisa reiktes tatme onlovoluki Mause rkdehtaroes. Lue ta tme renewki knl hantonuoty ac Mause

rkdehtaroes on tme skge ar nekrfy iahktoans, ot gky fe passofie ta kssess tmequkioty knl hmkrkhter ac tmese onstotutoans knl tme nkture knl stktus ac reiktoansfetween loerent Mause rkdehtaroes fy iaajon` kt tme krteckht kssegfikè ks otreiktes ta tme onlovoluki estkte.

Corstiy k nugfer ac otegs ac re`kiok suhm kshegç ohans, troànaiotms, knl stanehaiikr pkrts kre hiekriy kssahoktel wotm Mause rkdehtaroes (Co`. ;0;). \os os tmehkse car tme twa crk`gents ac k stane haiikr reiktel ta Mause rkdehtary 5 knl tme ùkçzk knl tme ikrèst troànaiotm, sknlwohmel fetween cenhe Xtruhture <? knlstruhtures ac Mause rkdehtary 6. Xgkiier troànaiotms, partkfie vkiukfies, kre kcrequent ahhurrenhe on tme gkon unot. Rknï repartel tmkt tmree-paontel staneson nartmern Mospknoaik were feioevel ta hkuse hksskvk ta spraut (Rkne ;???4 Hm.xox). Pmetmer kii troànaiotms were reiktel ta veètktove prapk`ktoan, knl wmktatmer speho h cunhtoans ar so`no hknhe suhm otegs mkl os nat jnawn. On kii tentroànaiotms were rehaverel crag tme gkon unot, ac wmohm severki kre crk`gentel. Kii ac tmese kre spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm mause struhtures: eotmer oggelokteiyonsole tmeor wkiis, ar dust autsole. \os gky fe lue ta tme ckht tmkt gkny actmeg kre sgkii otegs swept ta tme elès ac mauses tmrau`m khts ac gkontenknhe.Mawever, severki gky fe on progkry, rktmer tmkn sehanlkry pasotoan. \os mkskirekly feen gentoanel car tme troànaiotm kssahoktel wotm Mause rkdehtary 6,fut os kisa prafkfiy tme hkse car k geloug-sozel troànaiotm rehaverel kldkhent

ta ane ac tme onternki raac supparts femonl tme entrknhe ac Xtruhture <, Mauserkdehtary < (Co`. ;06) knl twa sgkii stane troànaiotms caunl stknjon` tme en-trknhe ac Xtruhture 6, dust femonl tme crant pkor ac onternki raac supparts. \ekrhmotehturki eikfarktoan knl crequent lepasots ac persanki otegs onta tme past-maies ac tme entrknhe ac mauses mks kirekly feen gentoanel, knl tmerecare suhmotegs kre unsurproson` on tmos hantext. Gast ac tme atmer Rmksek struhtures ac tmeskge type (0, ;; knl ;8) kre kisa spktokiiy kssahoktel wotm troànaiotms autsoletmeor perogeter wkiis, kitmau`m tmese kre ekriy struhtures on tme sequenhe knl tmepkiogpsest sotuktoan gkjes ot unwose ta pasot k rg harreiktoan fetween ype 6mauses knl gohra-troànaiotms. Kitmau`m tmese otegs kre hertkoniy haggan ontme lagestoh lagkon knl on loreht kssahoktoan wotm mause struhtures.



6=? M

wa teetm onikys carhegç ohans crag tme sweepon` lepasots hknnat fe reiktelta pkrtohuikr mauses, fut tmey la onlohkte tmkt eotmer tme gknuckhture, ar/knhurktoan knl venerktoan ac tmese vkiukfies ahhurrel on tme lagestoh krek, kssahoktel wotm mauses.

\e gkdaroty ac tme kfavegentoanel re`kiok knl sahokiiy vkiukfie otegs kreonterpretel ks ontentoanki lepasots, knl gast iojeiy kfknlangent lepasots. \osos fehkuse tmey la nat caiiaw tme pkttern ac tme atmer swept regkons, knl wereeotmer furoel on pkrtohuikr iahktoans, ar were rehaverel on kreks ac gonogki atmregkons (o.e. stane haiikr pkrts). \e iahktoan ac tmese otegs su`èsts tmkt tmktmauses were tme iahus ac venerktoan, rotuki ar hansuitktoan prkhtohes, knl tmhertkon mauses were gare hiaseiy reiktel ta hertkon types ac vkiukfie tmkn atmers. Pmereks gohra-troànaiotms kre kssahoktel woleiy wotm Mause rkdehtaroes8 knl <, stane haiikr regkons kre iogotel ta Mause rkdehtary 5 (Co`. ;0;). \elostrofutoan ac onikys carhegç ohans os unhiekr on tmos respeht ks tmey kre sgkii,eksoiy lospikhel, knl nat pkrtohuikriy haggan. Nevertmeiess, tme smeii ùkçzk mksk stran` kssahoktoan wotm Mause rkdehtary 6, kifeot autsole tme struhture.

Coùre ;0;. Mause \rkdehtaroesaverikon wotm mugkn regkonsknl nktove sahoki vkiukfies,onhiulon` troànaiotms (tro-knìes): pkrts ac stane haiikrs(fikhj horhies): knl hegç knl pkrts ac hegç ohans (wmotestkrs).

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;

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3 5



6?2

3.5.0.8 Mugkn regkons

Pmetmer tme tmree lepasotoans ac mugkn regkons (neankte on sgkii pot, ian`-fane on pastmaie knl kluit onmugktoan `rkve) on tme unot kre reiktel ta kny actme mause struhtures os unjnawn (Co`. ;0;). On tme gkp sage ac tme regkons kre

kssahoktel wotm Mause rkdehtary 3, kitmau`m tmos pohture os onhagpiete seeon` ksgkny atmer struhtures ahhupy tme skge iahktoan. Ks gentoanel on tme leshrop-toan ac tme onlovoluki struhtures tmese hkn fe spktokiiy reiktel ta tme onsoles acsox loerent mauses, fut nat sehureiy toel ta kny ac tmeg. Nevertmeiess, tme kf-senhe ac mugkn regkons on kny ac tme atmer mauses on tme unot os hanspohuaus. Kitmau`m atmer iahktoans were presugkfiy systegktohkiiy usel car tme lospaski actme lekl (hkves, hegetery krek1), tme presenhe ac kt iekst sage regkons onlohktestmkt on hertkon horhugstknhes tme lagestoh krek wks kppraprokte car lepasotoan,fut tmkt tmos wks nat k reùikr ahhurrenhe car tme kny ac tme Mause rkdehtaroeson tmos krek ac tme yuhkyeque . Furokis on tme gollen knl an tme elè ac tme exhk-vktel mause krek gky su`èst ontergent mere, autsole struhtures, kitmau`m gareresekrhm os neelel ta han rg tmos. Furoki on mauses wks kn exheptoan rktmer tmkntme ruie.

3.5.0.< Eurapekn ogparts

Mause rkdehtary 6 os hiaseiy kssahoktel wotm tme gkdaroty ac tme haianoki gkte-roki (Co`. ;08). \e gkteroki hiusters kt tme fkhj ac tme iktest mause struhtureson tmos Mause rkdehtary (Mauses 6; knl 8=), wotm tme squkres hantkonon` tmelensest hanhentrktoans ac aiove dkr ckiion` autsole tme fkhj wkii ac Xtruhture8=. \e cenhe struhture fetween Mause rkdehtaroes ; knl 6 khts ks k fkrroer cartme gkteroki, knhmaron` ot ta Mause rkdehtary 6. Ot os kisa tme hkse tmkt Mause

rkdehtary 6 os kssahoktel wotm twa ac tme gast eikfarkte krteckhts rehaverel: tme ùkçzk knl ikrèst troànaiotm. Ot os lo huit ta sky wmetmer tmese krteckhts wereexhiusoveiy lagonktel fy tmos Mause rkdehtary kiane seeon` ks surckhe lepasotswere eralel kwky on tme nartm ac tme unot. Mawever ane ac tme struhtures acMause rkdehtary ; mkl fattie ìkss on tme pastmaie, knl sage cektures an tmenartm sole ac tme cenhe kre kisa kssahoktel wotm po` regkons. Mawever, tme ha-ah-hurrenhe ac eikfarkte Hmohaol pkrkpmernkiok knl Eurapekn ogparts wotm tme ikst,knl sgkiiest mause on tmos trkdehtary, Xtruhture 8= (8;g¶) os su`èstove. @oventme ckht tmkt tmere os k ènerki trenl ta k sio`mt onhrekse on soze ac mauses tmrau`m-aut tme leveiapgent ac k trkdehtary, ot gky nat fe haonholentki tmkt tme sgkiiestmause haonholes wotm tme erk ac Eurapekn haianosktoan, k toge wmen onloènaussahoety wks unler hansolerkfie stress knl tme haggunotoes ac tme ekstern reòanwere feon` frajen up, knl relostrofutel ta àil rohm kreks. Ks ikte ks ;5;< carexkgpie, Gayk Rans nates tmkt haggunotoes were relostrofutel knl gavel ta

Coùre ;06. \roànaiotm caunlkldkhent ta onternki pastmaie cekture ac Xtruhture <. Khtukisoze. Oiiustrktar Eroj vknLroei.



6?; M

Mo`ùey (;??6). K stkrj pohture os revekiel on tme ;5;< hensus on wmohm mkrlikny hmoilren were reharlel kgan` tme regkonon` nktove papuiktoan, knl nane ktkii on tme twa ikrè Kgeronlokn haggunotoes on Mo`ùey. \os oiiustrktes tme ex-treges ac sahoki knl lega`rkpmoh haiikpse on tme krek. Xtruhture 8=, wmohm os ktme sgkiiest ac tme lweiion` struhtures ac tme 8; exhkvktel on tme sote, gky fe tm`rkpmoh onloènaus rekioty femonl tme Xpknosm furekuhrktoh reharls. \e ùkçzk knl troànaiotm gky fe onterpretel ks le knt stktegents ac onloènaus huiture,ar onhreksel kppekis tahegç resaurhes car suhhess on fkttie ar pratehtoan.

3.3 \me yuhkyeque (survey resuits)

Ot os su`èstel tmkt tme struhtures knl krteckht lostrofutoans on tme gkon unot represent gast ac ane mause `raup. Fut os tmos tme hkse, knl maw laes tmos hagpkre

ta tme pohture on tme rest ac tme sote1 Ane hkn envoskè severki loerent shenkr(;) k lospersel settiegent pkttern ac guitopie hantegparkneaus mause `raups,

Coùre ;08. Eurapekn ogpartsknl Mause \rkdehtary 6. \melensoty ac tme haianoki gkterokios smawn crag io`mt ta lkrj,wmere fikhj represents tmree ta ve poehes. \me struhture aut-iones smaw Mause \rkdehtary 6struhtures. \me cenhe struhturefetween Mause \rkdehtaroes ;knl 6 os kisa smawn.

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6?6

(6) k ikrè nuhiektel settiegent pkttern ac hantoùaus mauses (tme tawns recerrelta fy Iks Hksks), (8) ane ar gare mause `raups gkjon` resolentoki gaves avertoge wotmon tme sote, knl (<) kny ac tme kfave on hagfonktoan wotm k hentrkicahus suhm ks k pikzk. Potmaut su hoent hmranaiaòhki hantrai ar lktk an ontrk-sote gafoioty, tme tmorl aptoan hauil khhaunt car tme skge pktterns ks praluhelfy tme carger twa. Vesuits crag tme surckhe survey `kve pkrtohuikriy hiekr resuitswmohm meipel ta resaive tmese questoans.

Herkgoh knl gkrone smeii lostrofutoans kre leegel ta smaw gast lktk onte`-roty knl fe gast hiekriy knl lorehtiy representktove ac pre-Haiugfokn khtovotoes.Fane, harki knl stane kre nat curtmer loshussel mere. \e resuits kre representelon lostrofutoan gkps on wmohm weo`mt lostrofutoans ac gkrone smeii knl herkgohskre piattel taètmer wotm weo`mt lostrofutoans ac tme skge gkteroki on tme gkonunot. \e lostrofutoan ac `rollie smerls os kisa piattel. \e weo`mts crag tmegkon unot mkve feen lovolel fy k ckhtar ac ten ta khhaunt car tme qukntotktoveloshrepknhy fetween tme exhkvktel knl tme surckhe rehaverel gkteroki. \os kldustgent os k rau`m knl rekly saiutoan fksel an tme kssugptoan tmkt tme vaiugeac tme exhkvktel gkteroki os rau`miy carty toges gare tmkn tmkt ac tme surveyelgkteroki (fekron` on gonl ikyer ; wks an kverkè ;2-62hg tmohj knl tmkt tmegkon unot wks exhkvktel on ;Ð;g squkres, wmereks tme survey unots kre 6Ð6g).\os seegs k reksankfie kssugptoan, knl tme resuits kre hansostent (o.e. tme per-hentkè frekjlawns sogoikr fetween tme twa) knl pravole k fksos car hagpkro-

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Coùre ;0<. Herkgoh lostrofu-toan khrass tme sautmern pkrtac tme sote. Herkgoh weo`mts crag io`mt ta lkrj ;-52`, 5;-622`, 62;-;222`.



6?8 M

san.;3= \us we èt kn ogpressoan ac maw representktove tme exhkvktel krek os ac kikrè pkrt ac tme ikte-pmkse haggunoty. a hagpiete tme pohture, we olekiiy neelta jnaw tme extent ac tme Hmohaol ahhupktoan on tme nartmern partoan ac tme sowotm pastmaie lktes crag tme ;8tm hentury. Onlohktoans su`èst tmkt ot wks nat ksextensove ks on tme sautm, knl on kny hkse tmos gust fe iect car cuture resekrhmos kssugel tmkt tme krek surveyel represents gast ac tme Hmohaol mkfotktoan.

Otegs ac pkrkpmernkiok mkve kisa feen piattel ks kitmau`m rkre autsole tmgkon unot, tmey pravole ogpartknt qukiotktove lktk. Otegs ac haianoki gkterokihuiture kre hanspohuausiy kfsent crag tme rest ac tme sautmern pkrt ac tme sote, kiekst an tme surckhe, feon` iogotel ta tme gkon unot knl ta tme nartm ks loshusselon Xehtoan 3.5.3.;3?

3.3.; Herkgoh lostrofutoanCaur (onhiulon` tme gkon unot) orreùikriy smkpel, fut loshrete hanhentrktoans acherkgohs, 62-<2g wole knl ;2-62g ian`, hkn fe seen strun` aut on ionekr cksm-oan kian` tme elè ac tme hio, rau`miy ;2-62g kpkrt (Co`. ;0<). Mere herkgoh

lensoty os `rekter tmkn 622`. \e lensotoes lehrekse hanhentrohkiiy kraunl tmesehanhentrktoans, wotm k sgkiier fknl ac spattel hanhentrktoans ahhurron` on kpkrkiiei ione =2-?2g oniknl knl knatmer ikrè hanhentrktoan ahhurron` hk. ;82goniknl crag tme hakst. Even on tme kreks ac iawest lensoty (;-52`), herkgohs werepresent on kii haiiehtoan unots. Xa we see k hkrpet ac surckhe herkgoh gkterowotm lostonht knl loshrete hanhentrktoans ahhurron` kt reùikr ontervkis kian` tmhakst, knl k curtmer mo`m lensoty krek an tme nartm-western stknj ac tme gaunltme exkht extents ac wmohm kre nat jnawn lue ta tme survey faunlkroes.;02

3.3.6 @rollie lostrofutoan K sagewmkt gare stkrjiy khhentel pohture, on jeepon` wotm tme pkttern crag tme

herkgoh lostrofutoan seen kfave, egerès crag tme lostrofutoan ac k pkrtohuikrtype ac pattery, `rollie crk`gents, khrass tme sote (Co`. ;05).;0; On kllotoan tatme (unkldustel) kgaunts ac `rollie poehes exhkvktel crag tme gkon unot, twasurckhe hanhentrktoans ac `rollie poehes ahhur kian` tme elè ac tme hio, knltwa hanhentrktoans oniknl on tme west knl sautmwest. K`kon tme prehose han ùrktoan ac tme westeriy hanhentrktoan os unjnawn lue ta tme survey faunlkry.\ese hanhentrktoans kre 52-32g kpkrt knl ahhur taètmer on tme kreks ac mo`mest(nan-`rollie) herkgoh lensotoes.

\e `rollie hanhentrktoans an tme gaunl were pkrtohuikriy hanspohuaus lur-on` survey ks tme felrahj wks kt tme surckhe on gkny pikhes. \e spkrse regkonsac kny jonl on tmos krek, kiternkton` wotm hiekr loshrete hanhentrktoans ac esp

hokiiy `rollie poehes `kve tme ogpressoan ac hiekriy le nel khtovoty ar loshkrkreks.

;3= me fest getmal wauil mkve feen ta mkve hkrroel aut tme surckhe survey kt tme feònnon` ac tmecoeilwarj, onhiulon` tme exhkvktel krek. Iaòstohkiiy tmos wks nat passofie, mawever, knl tmus tmrau`m kldustgents kre seen ks kppraprokte.

;3? Ot smauil fe natel tmkt k cew smerls ac haianoki herkgohs were rehaverel crag tme surckhe og-gelokteiy on tme krek ac tme gkon unot, wmohm onlohktes tmkt mkl tmey feen present eisewmeresurckhe haiiehtoan wauil mkve reòsterel tmeg.

;02 Kitmau`m stoii reiktoveiy lense on tme west knl sautm, surckhe krteckht vosofoioty lraps acc vsmkrpiy k iottie feyanl tmese kreks sa tmkt ot hkn fe s tktel wotm reiktove hancolenhe tmkt tme surextents kre tme sote extents on tme sautm.

;0; @rollie nugfers rktmer tmkn weo`mts kre usel fehkuse tme `rollie wks nat sepkrkteiy weo`mel onkii hkses car tme surckhe haiiehtel gkteroki. @rollie weo`mts car tme gkon unot kiane kre loshusson Xehtoan 3.5.6.



6?<

3.3.8 Gkrone smeii lostrofutoan

\e gkrone smeii lostrofutoan os ikrèiy sogoikr ta tmkt ac tme pattery, tmau`msio`mtiy iess nekt (Co`. ;03). Hanhentrktoans ahhur on tme skge iahktoans kian`tme elè ac tme hio knl on tme ckr west. Fut wmereks tmere os quote k hiekr los-tonhtoan fetween tme hanhentrktoans ac herkgohs wmohm lehrekse on kn oniknl lo-rehtoan, tmos os nat sa hiekr on tme gkrone smeii lostrofutoan wmohm os lostrofuteliess loshreteiy khrass tme sote. Nevertmeiess, tme gkrone smeii, ioje tme herkgohs,kisa cargs k gare ar iess unfrajen hkrpet ac lepasots khrass tme sote, exhept ontme sautmwest pkrt ac tme survey krek wmere spkrse ta na gkrone regkons wererehaverel.

3.3.< Rkrkpmernkiok lostrofutoanSery cew otegs ac pkrkpmernkiok were rehaverel luron` tme surckhe survey (Co`.;00). Hertkon afdehts suhm ks k harki gohra-troànaiotm, k poehe ac stane haiikrknl k stane ùkçzk gkle ac re-hrystkiiozel iahki frawn iogestane wotm onhoselckhe knl tekr gatoc were rehaverel, mawever, ks weii ks sage sgkii fekls knlatmer faloiy klarngents, ktteston` ta tme tmarau`mness ac tme survey persan-nei. Gast otegs ac pkrkpmernkiok were rehaverel crag exhkvktel unots, knl tmegkteroki crag tmese unots os kisa smawn on tme kfave ùre. Ontereston` on tmosrespeht kre twa poehes ac k sknlstanehegç wmohm t taètmer cargon` k pmkiius-

2 62

getres

<2

Coùre ;05. Lostrofutoan actme nugfer ac `rollie smerlskhrass tme sote. Nugfers cragio`mt ta lkrj4 ;-8, <-0, =-66 crk`gents. Nate tmkt tme `rol-lie nugfers on tme gkon unotmkve nat feen harrehtel wotmrespeht ta tme surckhe haiiehtelgkteroki. Xaiol ione gkrjs tmeextents ac tme surveyel krek.



6?5 M

cargel afdeht, hk. ;5hg ian`, ;55`, wotm k tuiop-smkpel tap wotm vertohki onho-soan knl k ckhe gatoc onhosel an tme fkse enl. \os wks exhkvktel crag 6Ð6gunot =<-;0.

On ènerki, gast otegs ac pkrkpmernkiok ahhur kian` tme hakst, caiiawon` tmskge trkoi ac hanhentrktoans seen on tme atmer hkteàroes ac gkteroki huitureAc pkrtohuikr onterest os k passofie caurtm poehe ac stane haiikr on tme sautmegast extents ac tme surveyel krek. \os neels ta fe stuloel curtmer, fut an froeconspehtoan ot kppekrs ta fe k crk`gent stane haiikr gkle ac k `reenosm, hakrse-`rkonel stane, knl sogoikr ta tmase caunl on tme gkon unot knl on =5-<; ta tmenartm. \ere os k passofoioty tmkt nat dust tme twa spehogens crag tme gkon unot,fut kii caur poehes kre crag tme skge krteckht, kitmau`m tmos neels harrafarktoantmrau`m curtmer resekrhm.

3.3.5 Loshussoan ac lostrofutoans

Kitmau`m tme letkois ac tme lostrofutoans kre sio`mtiy loerent, taètmer tmey cak pohture ac loshrete, fut hiaseiy spkhel cahuses ac loshkrl wotm k rknè ac gkteroki huiture hkteàroes, ahhurron` on ve ar sox loshrete hanhentrktoans khrass tsote. \ese smauil fe onterpretel on tme skge wky, ks tme sweepon` khhuguiktoansac systegktoh gkontenknhe on lagestoh kreks. \ese kreks mkve k gastiy ionekrhakstki lostrofutoan, fut knatmer gkdar hanhentrktoan ac lepasots hkn fe seen on-

iknl ta tme west, wotm sgkiier hanhentrktoans on spkhes on fetween. Xeeon` ks tm

2 62

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<2

Coùre ;03. Gkrone smeii los-trofutoan khrass tme sautmern pkrt ac tme sote. Peo`mts cragio`mt ta lkrj4 ;-62`, 6;-52`,5;-;222`



6?3

survey rkn tme cuii extent ac tme sote on tme sautm, tmos os kn khhurkte pohture actme spktoki lynkgohs ac loshkrl khrass tme sautmern partoan ac tme sote (wotm tmeexheptoan ac tme rktmer kfrupt hut-a on kn krek ac lense lepasots on tme west).

\e sautmerngast khhuguiktoan ac lepasots kppekrs ta fe ks ikrè ks ar even

ikrèr tmkn tmkt on tme gkon unot, kitmau`m tmos kssuges tmkt tme reiktove weo`mt-on` ac tme exhkvktel versus survey gkteroki os equovkient. Nevertmeiess, even oc

2 62

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<2

Coùre ;00. Lostrofutoanac faloiy klarngents knlfekls (wmote lats), stane hai-ikr crk`gents (fikhj avkis),troànaiotms (troknìes), knl

hegç krteckhts (stkrs) crag tmesurveyel krek, 6Ð6g unots knlgkon unot.



6?0 M

ane hknnat very prehoseiy hagpkre sozes, ot os hiekr tmkt tme mause hiusters on gkon unot kre gorrarel on sogoikr hiusters khrass tme sote, kian` tme elè ac tmehio, knl hk. ;22g oniknl. \e presenhe ac lagestoh pattery, caal regkons (gk-rone smeii), taais reiktel wotm caal prepkrktoan (`rollies), knl k rknè ac faloiyklarngents, hegç otegs knl re`kiok ogpioes sogoikr huiturki knl quatolokn khtovo-toes ahhurron` khrass tme sote ks on tme gkon unot.

Ot os reksankfie ta kssuge tmkt ekhm ac tmese loshrete hiusters represents mause `raup ;2 ta 62g kpkrt, ks os tme hkse on tme gkon unot. Ekhm mause `raupos fksohkiiy laon` tme skge tmon`s ‘ o.e. percargon` tme skge quatolokn, paiotohkrotuki knl ehanagoh cunhtoans, knl an rau`miy tme skge shkie. \e marozantkiiyextensove cargs (see car tme hiekrest exkgpie ac tmos tme tmree gkon hiusters ac rkgohs kian` tme hakst ac tme survey krek, Co`. ;0<) ogpiy tmkt mause repikhegenlynkgohs aperktel on sogoikr wkys on atmer mause hiusters ks ot lol on tme gkounot, o.e. tmkt tme mkfotktoan sequenhes caiiawel ian` trkdehtaroes on gare ar ietme skge iahktoan, gavon` oniknl aver toge. \os onterpretktoan os stren`tmenelfy iaajon` kt tme reiktoansmop fetween krteckht lostrofutoan knl cektures on tmnext sehtoan.

On tergs ac togeshkies knl wmohm peroal tme lostrofutoans represent: ot hkfe natel tmkt, ks loshussel on Xehtoan 3.5, loshkrl hantaurs kre kssahoktel wotmtme iktest pmkse ac tme Hmohaol mkfotktoan. \os os kisa prafkfiy tme hkse aver tikrèr surveyel krek, kitmau`m ot laes nat nehesskroiy gekn tmkt tmese hiusterwere hantegparkneaus, kitmau`m ks os krùel feiaw, tmere kre reksans ta tmonjtmkt tmey were.

3.3.3 Cektures knl kr teckht lostrofutoans khrass tme sote On 3.3.5 ot wks krùel tmkt loerentoki spkhon` ac tme cektures onlohktes guitpie mause `raups khrass tme ikte-pmkse sote. \os evolenhe os farne aut fy tmesogoikriy hiusterel pktternon` ac tme survey lepasots. Iaajon` kt tme reiktoansmopfetween presenhe knl kfsenhe ac cektures knl krteckht lostrofutoan taètmer, hkncurtmer eiuholkte tme woler mkfotktoan han ùrktoan, o.e. wmetmer tme lostrotoans crag tme survey kre onleel harreiktel wotm lagestoh cektures on exhkvktelunots, knl oc sa, maw (Co`. ;0=).

\ere os na oncargktoan an tme presenhe ar kfsenhe ac cektures crag unex-hkvktel kreks, fut tme lostrofutoan ac exhkvktel unots os extensove, knl hanse-quentiy pravoles k àal skgpie. \e presenhe ac pastmaie cektures, onlohktelfy tme wmote squkres on Coùre ;0=, os kssahoktel wotm egpty kreks west ac lenkhhuguiktoans. On atmer warls, pastmaies ahhur on kreks ac iaw surckhe krtecklensoty, usukiiy aroentel oniknl wotm respeht ta tme lepasots. \e horhies an tmehantrkry, onlohkte exhkvktel unots wotm na pastmaie cektures. On tme survey kr

tme kreks levaol ac cektures (horhies) kre tmase eotmer on tme golst ac lense lepaots, ar ekst ac tmeg. Xa neotmer unot on tme ckr west ac tme sote (0<-83 knl <6) mkny cektures, lespote feon` on kreks, ar an tme elè ac kreks wotm lense lepasots.\kt pastmaie cektures ahhur on kreks ac iaw krteckht lensoty, west ac krteckhthanhentrktoans, os k sogoikr lynkgoh ta tmkt on tme gkon unot, stren`tmenon` tmonterpretktoan ac tme surckhe lepasots ks sweepon` regkons reiktel ta lagestohstruhtures. Potmaut wknton` ta aver-letergone tme lktk, tme spktoki pktternonàc cektures knl lepasots gky òve kn onlohktoan ac tme aroentktoan ac mkfotktoatmkt even oniknl mause `raups were stoii aroentel wotm entrknhes ckhon` wesOc tmos were true, ane wauil expeht ta nl pastmaie cektures on tme krek ogge-lokteiy ta tme west ac tmos nl hanhentrktoan. \os go`mt kisa fe tme hkse car

0<-<6. Rikhon` k unot ve ar sox getres ta tme west gky kisa enhaunter pastmaiecektures. Na cektures were olento el on unots on tme extrege iogots ac tme sot



6?=

On suggkry tmen, krteckht lostrofutoan knl cekture lensoty, fatm on tme gkonunot knl khrass tme sautmern pkrt ac tme sote, olentocy guitopie loshrete hiustersac lagestoh struhtures, ar mause `raups.

3.0 \me mause wotmon tme yuhkyeque haggunoty setton`

\e ikte Ei Hkfa settiegent wks k ikrèiy hakstkiiy-aroentel haggunoty krrknèlkian` tme tap ac tme hio. Hiaseiy spkhel mause `raups were aroentel wotm tmeorentrknhes ckhon` kwky crag tme sek. Lagestoh lefros wks reùikriy swept cragtme crants ac mauses knl warj kreks, ta tme fkhj ac tme struhtures, knl iojeiy ontatme sek. \e hiekn kreks on crant ac tme mauses wauil mkve feen tme lkoiy han-`re`ktoan knl warj/rehrektoan kreks ac mausemails wmen peapie were on tme set-tiegent. Cenhe raws onlohkte tmkt guitopie mause `raups were hantegparkneausknl onterreiktel car tme lurktoan ac henturoes. \os cenhe ione laes nat stap kt tmefaunlkry ac tme unot, fut hantonues car kn unjnawn ien`tm. Rassofiy ot frkhj-etel guitopie mause `raups, kii tme wky lawn tme hakst ta tme enl ac tme settie-gent on tme sautm. Even oc tmos were nat tme hkse, onlohktoans tmkt tme vkroaus

mause `raups were hantegparkneaus hage crag rkloahkrfan lktes crag tme seh-anl krteckht hiuster/mause `raup ta tme sautm ac tme gkon unot (6Ð6 unot =<-8<,Co`. 8=) on wmohm twa lktes crag superogpasel ikyers lktel ta tme ;8tm knl ;<tm henturoes (@rN-82586, @rN-82588, Xehtoan <.6.=.8). \os onlohktes ianèvotyac ahhupktoan on tmos spat hantegparkneaus wotm tme gkon unot. Gareaver, tmelosperski ac caur poehes ac stane haiikr, patentokiiy crag tme skge krteckht, on los-tonht mause hiusters tme ien`tm ac tme ikte-pmkse sote, monts tmkt tmese kt iekst gkymkve feen reiktel ta hantegparkneaus mauses, permkps frajen up knl losperselkt tme skge toge, knl reiktel ta kn kfknlangent pmkse ikte on tme haggunoty‟sioce. K ionekr tmarau`mckre ionjs tme mause `raups kian` tme hakst, knl sepkrktestmeg crag atmer mause `raups kt k smart lostknhe ta tme atmer sole.

\e presenhe ac stane haiikr pkrts fe`s tme questoan ac wmetmer tmere os kcargki pikzk on Ei Hkfa ioje tme nekrfy Ktkdkloza ar Osik Gank sotes. Knl oc sawmere1 Krhmkeaiaòhkiiy we hauil nat han rg tme presenhe ac kny suhm cekture.\e hiekron` fetween tme mause `raups krrknèl kian` tme tap ac tme hio knltmase oniknl ta tme west os kn krek ac rau`miy 52Ð52g wmohm mks reiktoveiy iawlensoty lepasots. \e nls ac tme haiikr pkrts stknj tme hakstki sole ac tmos krek,onvoton` hagpkrosans wotm tme eieven haiikr poehes caunl an tme elès ac tmepikzk on Ktkdkloza (Seiaz Gk`òaia ;?03). Mawever, tmos hiekron` mks na reùikrsmkpe knl tmere os na onlohktoan ac ekrtm ar stane egfknjgents. Ot os gare iojeiyk pktmwky fetween tme mause `raups an tme hakst, knl tmase curtmer oniknl. \eleeper, sknloer lepasots on tme nartmern pkrt ac tme sote, wmohm gky mkve feengare eksoiy ieveiiel os k gare suotkfie krek car k pikzk. \e resuits crag tme èa-pmysohs woii smel gare io`mt tmos.

Rikzks kre hagpkrktoveiy rkre on Mospknoaik. \ere os kn kssugptoan on tmeioterkture tmkt tme presenhe ac stane haiikr pkrts onlohktes tme presenhe ac k pik-zk. Mawever, lktk crag Ruerta Voha, wmere tmere kre ckr gare pikzks tmkn onMospknoaik (rau`miy 84;, Poisan 62204;68) smaw tmkt tmos os nat nehesskroiy tmehkse4 tmree sotes on tme Gkunkfa Skiiey praluhel haiikr poehes fut tme vkiiey mksna lahugentel pikzks (Huret ;??6f). Aiover (622?) su`èsts osaiktel ckrgsteklswotmaut pikzks gky mkve feen praluhtoan sotes car haiikrs usel kt ikrèr herega-noki hentres wotm pikzks. \erecare haiikr pkrts kre nat sufstotuton` evolenhe carpikzks, knl on tme hkse ac Ei Hkfa we smauil nat nehesskroiy expeht ta nl ane.\os laes nat gekn tmkt tmere wks na hentrki `ktmeron` pikhe on tme yuhkyeque ,

dust tmkt tmos wks eotmer nat legkrhktel, knl mks nat yet feen iahktel.



822

tktoan pkttern on tme Hmohaol pmkse ac haggunoty ioce. On atmer warls, ian`trkdehtaroes ac mause-fuoilon` an tme skge spat ahhurrel on kii tme mause `raupskhrass tme sote, on k hagpkrkfie wky ta tme gkon unot. Ac haurse tmere wks kisamkfotktoan on tme nartm ac tme sote on tme ;6tm hentury, knl passofiy even on tme ckrnartm kt k ikter lkte ks evolenhel fy tme haianoki herkgohs, fut k`kon aniy curtmerresekrhm woii hikrocy tme extent ac tmos.

Crag tme kvkoikfie krhmkeaiaòhki lktk, ot kppekrs tmkt kii mause `raups wereac hagpkrkfie soze knl hkrryon` aut tme skge cunhtoans, fatm on tergs ac mause-mail praluhtoan knl hansugptoan, knl on tergs ac khhess ta re`kiok (o.e. tmestane haiikr). Ks we mkve seen crag tme gkon unot, tmere were hiase toes fetweenhantegparkry mauses wotmon k `raup knl suhm `raups gky mkve smkrel khhessta rotuki resaurhes suhm ks stane haiikrs. Ot gky fe prapasel tmkt mause `raupscunhtoanel ks mausemails. Ot os unhiekr tme extent ta wmohm onlovoluki mausescunhtoanel ks ehanagoh unots wotmon mause `raups. Crag sweepon` khhuguik-toans reikton` ta tme ikst pmkse ac settiegent, ot kppekrs tmkt kii mauses on k `raupknl khrass `raups were khtoveiy en`kèl on lagestoh khtovotoes ac praluhtoan knlhansugptoan. Mawever, aniy letkoiel qukiotktove knkiysos, rktmer tmkn spktokiknkiysos kiane woii smel gare io`mt an tmos. \e mausemail otseic wks lovolel ontaonlovoluki mauses wotm lostonht pmysohki knl getkpmysohki faunlkroes. \ese sa-hoki unots were gkle up ac peapie wma hansolerel tmegseives jon knl wma hauiltrkhe tme mostarohki trkdehtary ac tmeor pkrtohuikr mause knl knhestars, knl tmere-care knhestrki jon. \ese mauses were hustalokns ac ohanoh vkiukfies suhm ks atmertypes achegç otegs (nkgeiy perosmkfiehegçswotm smeii onikys, troànaiotms knl ùkçzks ). Ot os iojeiy tmkt k hertkon mause wotmon tme `raup wks hansolerel proarar tme aroònki mause ta wmohm atmers were reiktel.

3.= Mause knl haggunoty lega`rkpmy knl jonsmop

Kitmau`m on ènerki hagpiexoty ac krhmkeaiaòhki lktk os nat suotkfie ta esto-gkte sagetmon` ks synhmranoh ks papuiktoan nugfers, tmos os k nehesskry pkrtac mause knl settiegent rehanstruhtoan. \os os, rstiy, fehkuse tme uitogkte àkiac mausemail krhmkeaia`y os peapie, rktmer tmkn mause knl sote soze. \onjonòn tergs ac peapie ogpioes envoskòn` k sahoki `raup knl tme pkrtohuikr sahokihan ùrktoans wmohm peapiel tme krhmkeaiaòhki entotoes. Oc k mause mks feenexhkvktel, ot os ogpartknt ta jnaw maw gkny peapie iovel tmere, knl wma tmeywere, menhe tme cahus an jonsmop ks kn kiternktove wky ta la tmos. Kt k ikrèrshkie, loshussoans ac reòanki papuiktoan lynkgohs, haianozktoan, go`rktoan knlatmer tmeges feiavel ac Hkroffekn krhmkeaiaòsts reiy an khhurkte galeis knlcarguiks car papuiktoan estogktes kt tme sgkiier shkie. Estogktes kt mausemailknl sote ieveis woii kiwkys fe gare khhurkte tmkn tmase gkle kt tme reòanki arpapuiktoan ievei. Mawever, ta lkte tmere kre cew sotes wotm krhmkeaiaòhki lktk acsu hoent qukioty ta gkje suhm pradehtoans. \os os k prafieg fehkuse papuiktoanlensoty kt hantkht os k hantraversoki tapoh wotm shmaikrs lawnpikyon` tme garear iess unknogaus ;3tm hentury afservktoan tmkt tme papuiktoan ac Mospknoaikkiane wks on exhess ac k goiioan kt hantkht (Knlersan-Harlavk ;??24;<;-;53knl kfies < knl 5). Estogktes rknè crag tens ac tmausknls ta tens ac goiioans,wotm krhmkeaia`y hantrofuton` iottie ta tmese loshussoans, kitmau`m O suspeht tmemo`mer nugfers kre gare khhurkte.;06 \ere os, mawever, hansensus an tme rkpol

;06 Dulòn` crag tme surveys hkrroel aut on tme ekstern reòan fy tme Gusea (see Aisen onFaietçn)knl crag persanki afservktoan ac tme evolenhe car Herkgoh Kè khtovoty on hkves, an fekhmes,oniknl knl tme caat ac tme hioccs, crag tme Hkfa le Xkn Vkckei ta Runtk Gkhka knl prafkfiyfeyanl, tme iknlshkpe seegs ta mkve feen pretty cuii pre-;<?6.



82; M

reluhtoan ac tme papuiktoan ta kfaut 65,222 fy ;5;5, wotm k ikrè pkrt ac tmepapuiktoan gkle up ac tmase lospikhel crag eisewmere crag tme Hkroffekn knlgkoniknl, knl 6222 fy ;56? (Knlersan-Harlavk ;??2).

3.=.; Mause knl sote papuiktoan estogktes

Huret‟s (;??=) rehaggenlel carguiks car estogkton` mause knl sote papuiktoannugfers car tme Xautm Kgerohkn iawiknls knl Hkroffekn kre usel ta ènerkteestogktes car tme Ei Hkfa lktk. Mos kpprakhm os fksel an k nugfer ac kssugp-toans, tme gast ogpartknt feon` tmkt rapohki Iawiknl huitures kre tme festkvkoikfie knkiaòes ta tme pre-Haiugfokn Hkroffekn. \os wks kisa tme kpprakhmac Xhmonjei (;??6) wma warjel aut estogktes car @ailen Vahj an tme fksos acetmna`rkpmoh knkia`y. Huret‟s hkihuiktoans kre nat ckr a Xhmonjei‟s mo`mergkte ac 3g¶ per persan car tme @ailen Vahj mauses. Onleel, espehokiiy on tmehkse ac sgkii mauses, tme loerenhe on peapie nugfers ènerktel fy tme gknyloerent carguiks, sage gare ar iess ruie ac tmugf, kre sgkii (ane ar twa pea-pie), wmohm fe`s tme questoan wmkt khtuki reki loerenhe tmos gkjes on tergs

tme ogpioel mausemail hagpasotoan. Nevertmeiess, Huret‟s carguik os precerrelfehkuse ac mos hrotohki loshussoan ac tme kvkoikfie galeis knl use ac etmna`rkpmknkiaòes.

a estogkte tme nugfer ac peapie per lagestoh struhture, Huret rehaggenlsuson` k carguik aftkonel crag k ionekr re`ressoan knkiysos fksel an kn etmna-`rkpmoh lktk set ac nuhiekr knl guito-ckgoiy lweiion`s (;??=4Co`.;)4

Nugfer ac ahhupknts 7 2.52383 + staar krek (2.;3?<?). Kitmau`m tmere os k ionekr reiktoansmop fetween staar soze knl nugfers ac o

mkfotknts, tmos harreiktoan os stranèst on ikrè mauses, ar tmase wotm gkny onmotknts. Mausemails wotm ten onlovolukis ar cewer, ar lweiion`s iess tmkn ;22g¶(wmohm me tergs nuhiekr ckgoiy mauses, ks appasel ta haggunki ar guito-ckg-oiy lweiion`s) smaw k mo`m le`ree ac vkrokfoioty on papuiktoan nugfers. \os osfehkuse hmknès on papuiktoan nugfers ac sgkii mausemails woii nat nehesskroiykeht tme soze ac tme mause, fut woii nehesskroiy stranìy eeht tme staar krekpersan (o.e. tme kllotoan ac k sehanl persan on k mause mkives tme kvkoikfie staspkhe, fut prafkfiy wan‟t nehessotkte tme fuoilon` ac k ikrèr mause:ofol .4830).

Kn kllotoanki huiturki reksan, nat loshussel fy Huret, os tmkt lweiion`s carsgkiier sahoki entotoes (mausemail hagpasotoans wmohm gky ar gky nat fe tme’nuhiekr ckgoioes‗ hotel fy gast shmaikrs) gky fe gare oloasynhrktoh, àvernelgare fy tme stktus ac tme onmkfotknt `raup, knl iess fy tme ènerki pronhopie tmkvkroktoan os àvernel fy papuiktoan soze. On nktove Kgkzanok, car exkgpie, mauvkroktoan hkn exost wotmon k sonìe `raup lepenlon` an mausemail resaurheskfoioty ta guster haggunki ikfaur knl onlovoluki precerenhes. _aunèr pea-

pie fuoil gare galestiy, wmereks estkfiosmel smkgkns fuoil gare prestoòaus,ikrèr struhtures (R. Aiover ;??04 ;36;). \e onhiusoan ac k gare stkfie lktk set,o.e. tme ikrèr guito-ckgoiy mauses, tmus praluhes k gare warjkfie carguik, futruns tme rosj ac ekhon` tmos vkrokfoioty. \os os prafiegktoh car k Ikte Herkgo Kè Hkroffekn lktk set, wmohm hansosts gkoniy ac staar pikns feianòn` ta tmsgkiier hkteàry. \os os tme hkse car kii tme past-Xkiklaol mause pikns usel fyHuret, exhept Gkoskfei (;??=4 kfie 8), knl kisa car prkhtohkiiy tme wmaie ac tmHkroffekn krhmkeaiaòhki mause pikn repertaore, ks weii ks car tme soze rknèmostarohki mauses repartel fy Iks Hksks (Huret ;??6k4;36: Iks Hksks ;??6). \eskge àes car Ei Hkfa wmere kii exhept twa mause struhtures kre iess tmkn ;22g¶on staar krek.



826

Xogoikriy, kt tme sote ievei, tme reiktoansmop fetween sote soze knl papuiktoanos nat equkiiy stkfie car sotes ac kii sozes. \os iekls Huret ta gkje k lostonhtoanfetween sgkii sotes (≬?222g¶) knl ikrè sotes (>?222g¶). Ei Hkfa, kt 66,222g¶car tme ikte-pmkse settiegent, ckiis onta tme ikrèr, gare stkfie hkteàry, sa we lanat mkve k sogoikr hagpiohkton` ckhtar ks car mauses. Xote papuiktoan estogkteskre fksel an lktk crag martohuiturki `raups ( rapohki Carest huitures) wotm per-gknent, nuhiektel mkfotktoan. \e carguik usel os tme ia`krotmgoh carguik carikrèr sotes (ofol .4 Co`.?)4

Xettiegent papuiktoan 7 -650?.6 + 30;.5=*IA@(krek on g¶).

3.=.6 Ei Hkfa mause knl haggunoty estogktes

\e kverkè nugfer ac onmkfotknts per mause struhture on Ei Hkfa (fksel antme gekn ac tme 6< mause struhtures, exhiulon` tme sgkii ype ;hegç mauses) os?.3 onmkfotknts ( kfie 5). \os rknès fetween 5.= peapie car tme sgkiiest mauseknl ;0.5 car tme ikrèst. Oc ane gkjes tmos hkihuiktoan aniy car tme gast reiokfiemauses (han lenhe hiksses ; ar 6), tme gekn nugfer per mause os prkhtohkiiy tme

skge kt ?.6 onmkfotknts, wmereks tme rknè os to`mter sa tmkt tme iekst papuiktelmause mks 3.; onmkfotknts knl tme gast mks ;<.<. Ks loshussel, guitopie mauses were onmkfotel hantegparkneausiy. Ot os ks-

sugel tmkt tme exhkvktel krek ac tme gkon unot represents gast ac ane entorelagestoh `raup. \os `raup hansosts ac k gonogug ac tmree hantegparkneausmause struhtures (ks frkhjetel fy tme ian` nartm-sautm cenhe raws). Ot os iojeiytmkt tmere gky mkve feen gare, passofiy up ta ve hantegparkneaus, neo`m-fauron` mauses per `raup on tme iktest pmkses ac mkfotktoan. kjon` k gollieestogkte ac caur mauses per `raup, wotm kn kverkè papuiktoan ac ?.6 peapie permause, tmos gekns tmkt tmere gky mkve feen kppraxogkteiy 80 peapie per mause`raup.

@oven tme ve gare ar iess equovkientiy sozel mause `raups on tme ikte-pmksesote, knl kllotoankiiy severki sgkiier `raups knl passofiy kt iekst ane kllotoanki`raup ta tme nartm (;6tm hentury pastmaies on tme 6Ð< unot), we hkn sky tmkt tmerewere seven mause `raups ac caur mauses. Pe mkve gkle k hkse car tmese feon`hantegparkneaus wotm ekhm atmer tmrau`maut henturoes lurktoan. \os òves knestogkte ac k stkfie papuiktoan tmrau`maut Rmksesh knl l ac 65= onmkfotknts.

\e estogkte car settiegent papuiktoan os fksel an tme huguiktove estogktesper mause, per mause `raup, knl nkiiy per nugfer ac mause `raups on tme set-tiegent. On tme haurse ac tme krùgent, tme suppasotoans nehesskroiy gaunt up.\os hkn fe dusto el fy dulohoaus use ac tme krhmkeaiaòhki evolenhe (o.e. tmeonterreiktelness ac tme letkoiel oncargktoan per struhture knl mausemail `raupcrag tme gkon unot, wotm oncargktoan an tme logensoans, iahktoan knl lynkgohs

ac mause `raups khrass tme ikte settiegent crag tme sgkii unots knl surckhe hai-iehtoan), knl hagpkrosan wotm kiternktove wkys ac hkihuikton` sote papuiktoan.Ane suhm kiternktove wky os uson` Huret‟s carguik car estogkton` sote papuik-

toan ks stktel kfave. Car Ei Hkfa, fksel an kn krek ac 66,222g¶ ks k fest kp-praxogktoan ac tme Hmohaol pmkse voiikè, tme papuiktoan os 880 peapie.

Pmen hagpkrel ta tme papuiktoan hkihuiktel an tme fksos ac papuiktoan permause, we see tmkt tmos ùre os mo`mer fy 0?. Mawever, fatm ùres kre ac tmeskge arler ac gk`notule, o.e. tmere os na muè loshrepknhy fetween tme ùreswmerefy ane set ac hkihuiktoans praluhes k lospersel mkgiet ac k cew onlovolu-kis, knl tme atmer k lenseiy nuhiektel hoty! \e mause estogkte os prafkfiy fetter,fehkuse tmos tkjes onta khhaunt tme speho hs ac tme sote. \e settiegent estogkte

iis tmese `kps fy reiyon` an tme kppraprokteness ac tme etmna`rkpmoh galei. Achaurse tme onmkfotknts per mause estogkte os kisa fksel an etmna`rkpmoh pradeh-



828 M

toan. Nevertmeiess, tme ùres represent tme hiasest reksankfie onlohktoan ac reki papuiktoan on tme ikte pmkse. Pe hkn fe iess sure ac tmos ùre car tme ekriRmksek haggunoty, wmere mauses repikhe ekhm atmer tmrau`m toge, fut wotm naonlohktoan ac wmetmer tmey kisa `raupel taètmer ks os tme hkse on sufsequepmkses.

On suggkry tmen, mause struhtures lagohoiel fetween 3.6 knl ;<.< on-mkfotknts. \orty ta carty gen, wagen knl hmoilren, tme mausemail, iovel onmause `raups ac tmree ta ve mauses ekhm, gastiy kio`nel kian` tme elè ac tmehakst, fut wotm k haupie ac mause `raups iahktel gare oniknl. On tatki, tme ikte-pmkse haggunoty wotnessel k hanstknt 652 ta 852 peapie aver severki henturoesmkfotktoan.

3.=.8 Xahoki hagpasotoan ac mauses

Averon` knl Rksses leshrofe tme lagestoh lagkon ks ’tme mat knl kehtove spkheac persanki ckgoiy reiktoansmops hentrel kraunl tme everylky hkre knl respan-sofoioty ac hmoilren‗ (622248). Ot os on tmos ’mat knl kehtove spkhe‗ tmkt joos hrektel. Fut wmkt wks mausemail hagpasotoan1 Lol ot hansost ac jon (reki a

htove), knl oc sa, wma were hansolerel jon1 Maw go`mt ane hmkrkhteroze tme iktoansmops fetween peapie on tme skge mause `raup1 Knl wmkt wks tme reiktoasmop fetween loerent mause `raups on tme haggunoty1 Pmkt lol mauses la1Maw lol tmey hanstotute sahoety1

Xtruhture na. Krek Han lenhehikss

\ype Na. onmkfotknts

;5 ;? 6 ; (nat mause) 8.0

<8 6< < ; (nat mause) <.3

8= 8; 8 ; 5.=

62 88 6 ; 3.;

; 83 ; ; 3.38 80 ; ; 3.=

0 <2 ; 6 0.8

6 <8 ; 6 0.=

6< <8 6 ; 0.=

6? <5 6 ; =.;

? <= ; 6 =.3

68 <= 6 ; =.3

;8 <= 6 6 =.3

6; <? 6 ; =.=

;; 52 ; 6 ?

8< 52 6 ; ?

5 5; 8 6 ?.6

<= 58 6 ; ?.5

;< 5< 6 ; ?.0

<6 5< 8 ; ?.0

82 32 6 ; ;2.0

60 06 8 < ;6.0

3 00 ; 8 ;8.3

< =; ; ; ;<.6

66 =6 6 < ;<.<

<2 ;22 8 6 ;0.5

\kfie 5. Rapuiktoan estogktes per mause struhture fksel anHuret‟s (;??=) rehaggenlel carguik.



82<

\ere os na so`no hknt furoki papuiktoan on Ei Hkfa ta khhess tme lega`rkpm-oh hmkrkhterostohs ac tme haggunoty. \e mugkn regkons exhkvktel crag tmesote kre extregeiy cew knl neel ta fe stuloel on letkoi. Ac tme caur onmugktoan`rkves exhkvktel, ane os tme furoki ac k neankte, knatmer ane ac k yaun` kluitcegkie, knl tme atmer twa kluit onmugktoans. Ikhj ac loreht lkton` knl kigasthagpiete kfsenhe ac `rkve àals gekns tme regkons hknnat fe sehureiy reiktel tatme ikte pmkse, kitmau`m crag tmeor hantexts ot os presugel kii past-lkte tme ;2tm hentury. Ks gentoanel fecare, exhkvktoan ac aver 52 struhtures onlohktes tmktfuroki unler mause staars wks nat k systegktoh prkhtohe, knl kitmau`m kii furokiskre kssahoktel wotm pastmaies, tmey hknnat fe rgiy kssahoktel wotm kny struhtureon pkrtohuikr. \os aniy teiis us tmkt on tme Hmohaol haggunoty ot wks reiktoveiyunusuki tmkt gartukry rotukis enlel on lepasotoan on tme mkfotktoan krek, futtmkt wmen tmos wks tme hkse, onlovolukis ac loerent kès knl sexes qukio el carsuhm trektgent. \e presenhe ac onlovolukis ac loerent kès knl sexes, ks weiiks k cuii rknè ac lagestoh knl hereganoki gkteroki huiture knl pergknent mkfo-tktoan aver tme haurse ac henturoes, paonts ta tme ckht tmkt tmere wks k cuii knlhagpiete iovon` settiegent papuiktoan.

\kt Ikte Herkgoh Kè mausemails hansostel ac sgkii extenlel ckgoioes seegsk reksankfie kssugptoan fksel an mostaroh saurhes (Huret ;??6k). Ot os hiekr tmkttme Xpknokrls onterpretel tme onmkfotknts ac mauses ks reiktel ckgoioes, fut wmktjonl ac ckgoiy reiktoansmops tmese were knl maw tmey gknocestel tmegseiveson tergs ac resolenhe, suhhessoan knl leshent perpiexel tme ekriy hmranohiers dust ks guhm ks ot mks vexel shmaikrs ever sonhe (Huret ;??6k4;36, 6226, 6225:Huret 6223hantrk Jee`kn 6223: Meigs ;?=2: Jee`kn 6223hantrk Huret 6226:Jee`kn knl Gkhmikhmikn ;?=?: Iavïn ;?85: Vause ;?<=/;??6: Seiaz Gk`òaia;??8).

On Ei Hkfa ot mks feen smawn tmkt onlovoluki mauses krtohuiktel onta ikrèrmause `raups, ar mausemails. Ontogkte sahoki reiktoansmops, suhm ks tmase enèn-

lerel fy gegfersmop ac tme skge mause `raup were prafkfiy expressel tmrau`mtme iknùkè ac jonsmop. \e rehavery ac tme prehose tergs knl typaiaòhki han-ùrktoans os feyanl tme `rksp ac krhmkeaiaòsts. Ac `rekter onterest knl on -

noteiy rehaverkfie os wmkt tmese jonsmop `raupslol ks hiaseiy fanlel k notove`raups ac goxel kè knl sex. Ks mks feen loshussel fy gkny fecare (Feikunle6222: Meigs 6220: Dayhe knl @oiiespoe els. 6222), jonsmop os nat òven, ot oshrektel, knl ot os tme prahess knl lynkgohs ac ots hrektoan wmohm os ac kntmrapa-iaòhki onterest. Jonsmop os hrektel fy iovon` weii taètmer, knl ot os tmos prahesswmohm os ogpartknt ta leshrofe knl unlerstknl, knl tmos prahess wmohm hkn feleshrofel wotm rehaurse ta tme krhmkeaiaòhki evolenhe.

3.=.< \me logensoans knl gknocestktoans ac jonsmop on Ei Hkfa

\os hmkpter wks entotiel ’tme mause tmkt Moùknkgë onmerotel‗, wmohm recersta tme ckht tmkt ian`-iovel mauses were tme pmysohki gknocestktoans ac tme ian`-iovel ionekès wmohm onmkfotel, renewel knl perpetuktel tmeg. \e sahoki olen-toty ac onmkfotknts wks ionjel ta tme gegfersmop knl onmerotknhe ac k hertkonmause. Gegfersmop ac kn enluron` knl suhhesscui mause prafkfiy hancerrelsahoki stktus knl ieòtogkhy, k stktus reha`nosel on mekls ac mauses (hkhoques ) fytme Xpknosm on mostarohki toges.

Onlovoluki mauses were hagpasel ac kraunl none gen, wagen knl hmoilren,prafkfiy fatm jon knl k nes, wma recerrel ta ekhm atmer fy jon nkges. Hertkonmause gegfers, knl mere car nkrrktove‟s skje, tme gktrokrhm knl mer lku`mters,

hauil trkhe tmeor knhestars fkhj tmrau`m tme Mause rkdehtary wmohm wks k le-



825 M

non` kspeht ac tmeor knl tmeor mause olentoty. \e aroòns knl mostary ac tmhenturoes-enluon` mause wauil mkve feen onsoler jnawielè pkssel an fy tmeresolents ac tme mause, espehokiiy knl gare cargkiiy kt toges ac mause renewki.

An tme next ievei, ane kisa feianèl ta k ikrèr `raup, on wmohm onlovolukimauses cargel mausemails ac up ta tmree ta ve sogoikr mauses wmase gegferswere hiaseiy reiktel, prafkfiy smkron` tme skgehegçmause knl percargon` warjknl hrkct tksjs wotmon tme mause `raup. \us tme 82 ta <2 peapie ha-resolon`wotmon k mause `raup prafkfiy hansolerel otseic tme ikrèr ’ckgoiy‗ knl mausemail `raup. Xeverki atmer mause `raups crag wmohm tmey were spktokiiy sepkrkon tme settiegent prafkfiy mausel gare lostkntiy reiktel k nes wma were nev-ertmeiess gegfers ac tme skge yuhkyequehaggunoty. Pe jnaw crag tme hmra-naia`y ac tme exhkvktel lagestoh krek, on wmohm tme nugfer ac mauses onhrekscrag pmkse ta pmkse, tmkt tme repraluhtoan ac tmese jon `raups wks suhhesscuknl leveiapel aver toge, up ta tme hantkht peroal.

\ere kre tmus tmree ieveis ac settiegent gegfersmop4 yaur awn mause, tmemause `raup, knl tme yuhkyeque . \e iogots ac tmos stuly enl mere, fut kllotoankiieveis ac gegfersmop prafkfiy extenlel ta iahki haggunotoes kian` tme hakstknl oniknl on k iahki settiegent netwarj. Maw tmos gky kisa mkve extenlelkhrass tme Gank Rksskè knl curtmer wotmon Mospknoaik gust fe k sufdeht ac cture stuly (kirekly loshussel wotm respeht ta eiote huiture, Aiover 622?).

3.? Loshussoan

\os hmkpter kttegptel ta frektme ioce onta tme rehanstruhtoans presentel onHmkpter 5 fy presenton` tme struhtures on tme gkon unot on hmranaiaòhki suhhesoan, fatm on tergs ac tmeor synhmranoh reiktoansmops wotm ekhm atmer per pknl tmrau`m tmeor leveiapgent tmrau`m toge. Cove pmkses were olento el spknnon` tme ?tm ta ;3 tm henturoes. Ane ac tme gast regkrjkfie knl rehurrent pktterns

wmohm egerèl aver seven henturoes ac mkfotktoan wks tme repektel renewki mause struhtures cargon` ian`-iovel Mause rkdehtaroes. \ese Mause rkdehtaroeswere prapk`ktel fy tmeor onmkfotknts tmrau`m hyhies ac renewki, haggan ta kiimause struhtures, on wmohm hiason` rotukis, kfknlangent knl refuoilon` wereprafkfiy haarlonktel events. \e mause wks kn ogpartknt vemohie ac sahokiosk-toan ks hkn fe seen on tme kttentoan ta letkoi ac ots kestmetohs knl tme ionj fetweot knl tme faloes ac ots gegfers. Ane ac tme progkry saurhes ac kn onlovoluki‟slentoty knl stktus wks tme mause knl mostarohki Mause rkdehtary.

\e struhtures on tme gkon unot carg tme gkdaroty ac ane mause `raup, equov-kient ta k mausemail. \os mausemail wks ane hagpanent ac tme wmaie Hmohaolsettiegent wmohm hansostel ac ve ta seven gare ar iess equki knl hantegpa-rkneaus mause `raups. \ese neo`mfauron` mause `raups cargel tme ikte pmksehaggunoty, ar yuhkyeque , wmohm, sgkiier on ots feònnon`s, `rew, leveiapel knlpersostel car henturoes up ta tme rst lehkles kcter Eurapekn hantkht.



820M

Hmkpter 0

Mause rkdehtaroes, tme hanstotutoan

ac huiture, knl sahoki hagpiexoty onMo`ùey

0.; Xuggkry ac resuits

\e prehelon` hmkpters presentel resuits ac lossertktoan resekrhm crag tme IkteHerkgoh Kè settiegent sote ac Ei Hkfa, on tme Mo`ùey reòan, an tme ekst hakstac tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh. \e cahus ac tme eilwarj knl resekrhm questoanswks tme lahugentktoan knl onterpretktoan ac cektures crag tme mkfotktoan krek atme ikte-pmkse (past KL =22) sote, wotm tme kog ac rehanstruhton` lagestoh struhtures. \os wks ta `kon kn krhmkeaiaòhki perspehtove an tme onloènaus mauseknl mausemail lynkgohs.

Ac tme 6;22 cektures exhkvktel on ;282g¶ on tme gkon unot, ??% kre past-maies gkle car sonjon` waalen pasts onta. \os onterpretktoan wks gkle gkoniyan tme fksos ac tmeor onharparktoan ks struhturki eiegents wotmon fuoilon`s aatmer hanstruhtoans. \e gkdaroty ac pastmaies kre extregeiy reùikr on exehutoanknl spktoki pktternon`, knl tmeor preservktoan os exheiient, kiiawon` tme olentohktoan ac taai gkrjs knl tme rehanstruhtoan ac aver cty lagestoh struhtures.

\ese struhtures ckii onta eo`mt gkon types4 caur mause types, twa types acspehoki-khtovoty struhture - ane k haverel smeiter, tme atmer hknapoel wotm apwkiis -, k type wmohm onhiules kii past kio`ngents, onhiulon` wonlfrekjs kraunlstruhtures, ian` cenhes runnon` kian` tme elè ac tme hio, kio`ngents legkrhkt-on` ar sepkrkton` mauses, raws ac onhionel pasts, permkps khton` ks shreens, afroec kio`ngents permkps representon` rkhjs, stknls, mknòn` paies, ar atmer la-gestoh taais. Atmer kio`ngents were gare eno`gktoh knl evklel onterpretktoan.Conkiiy, k unoque sgkii struhture os onterpretel ks k haggunohktoan piktcarg ario`mtmause lue ta ots pasotoan an tme elè ac tme hio. On kii aver 02% ac cekturlahugentel on tme gkon unot were onharparktel onta rehanstruhtoans.

Getmalaiaòhkiiy tmos stuly smaws tme patentoki car mausemail krhmkeaia`wmere marozantkiiy extensove exhkvktoan wotm tme expiohot kog ac rehaverontiegent cektures knl toge-onvestgent on past-exhkvktoan knkiysos os passofie. \esote tkpmanagy ac Ei Hkfa wks suotel ta rehanstruht settiegent cektures, fut fyna gekns unoque on tme Kntoiies wmere gkny atmer sotes, espehokiiy on jkrst krelospiky tmese prapertoes.

\e gkdaroty ac struhtures, 8; aut ac 56, kre onterpretel ks mauses. wentysox ac tmese hauil fe ksso`nel k type crag; ta <, knl tme atmer ve were taapkrtoki, ar mkl han lenhe rkton`s wmohm were taa iaw ta ksso`n k type. Mausstruhtures kre tme cahus ac tme lossertktoan ks tmese kre onterpretel ks so`no hknl progkry onloènaus gkteroki knl sahoki unots. Mauses kre hansostentiy gareeikfarkte knl reùikr tmkn atmer struhtures. \ey kii smkre haggan cektures,kre ènerkiiy ikrèr tmkn atmer struhtures, mkve raacs knl hantonuaus, prafkfiy

hiasel wkiis, k reùikr aroentktoan, `rekt onternki syggetry knl ganugentkiozel



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entrknhe ckàkles. Mauses kre tme iahktoans ac haggegarktove khts knl hiason`rotukis knl mkve speho h iocehyhies ac renewki nat seen on atmer struhtures. Ks kr-hmotehturki unots, mauses smkre tme skge pronhopies ac hanstruhtoan. \ey kii krehorhuikr fuoilon`s wotm kn auter ron` ac hiaseiy-set (gekn 30hg), siog pastmaies,;6 ta ;<hg on lokgeter, knl ;5 ta 62hg leep. Vaac supparts carg kn onnerron`,;08 an kverkè =5hg kwky crag tme externki wkii, wmohm hansostel ac eo`mtikrè pasts. \ese pasts cargel pkors kio`nel kian` k crant-fkhj kxos, knl twapkors perpenlohuikr ta tmos. \ere os na hentre past on kny ac tme mauses. \osikhj ac k hanhentroh ikyaut os sagetmon` wmohm os unlersharel fy atmer kspehts actme krhmotehture, nkgeiy tme ckht tmkt mauses were mo`m kt tme crant, knl iaw kttme fkhj, wmohm kii su`èst tmkt tme onmkfotknts wauil nat mkve experoenhel knyjonl ac ’hentre‗, lespote tme horhuikr pikn. Mauses kre aroentel on k lagonkntwesteriy lorehtoan, wotm sio`mt aroentktoan hmknès fetween pmkses.

Mauses kre very reùikr fuoilon`s on wmohm tme fkiknhe knl prapartoans actme struhture wks hiekriy kshrofel k geknon`. Guitopie ieveis ac syggetry kre kp-pkrent on mause krhmotehture: suhm ks tme wky on wmohm tme pastmaie prapartoansgave ks k wkve lehrekson` on soze crag tme crant ta tme fkhj ac tme mause, knltme kio`ngent ac onternki raac-supparts an ikrèr pastmaies wotmon tme perogeterhorhie. \e hkre tkjen on tme prapartoans knl spkhon` ac tme caunlktoans smauilfe seen ks k restehtoan ac tme reki togfer krhmotehture, fut kisa ks evolenhe tmkttme prepkrktoan ac tme caunlktoan knl hanstruhtoan ac tme mause otseic wks k so`-no hknt kht.

\e mause pasts ac tme ckàkle wauil mkve feen ogpason`, permkps leharktel,knl cargel k mause crant wmohm rkn up ta ane tmorl ac tme wky kian` tme exteroarac tme mause. \e fest pikhe ta warj, smeiterel crag tme sek wonl, wks on tme ieeac tme ckàkle, ckhon` onta tme yuhkyeque . Lespote ots soze, tme ckàkle prafkfiy han-tkonel k sgkii laarwky tmrau`m wmohm aniy ane persan kt k toge hauil pkss, knlpermkps wmoist fawon` ane‟s mekl. Pkii pasts, ioje tme entrknhe, were hiaseiy-set

pasts kfaut ;2hg tmohj, knl fetween tmeg tmon hknes toel taètmer wotm vonesta hiase tme wkiis knl ta prateht k`konst tme wonl. \ere wks spkhe enau`m fe-tween tme mause wkii knl tme eo`mt ikrè pasts supparton` tme toe-fekgs ta wkijfetween tme wkii knl tme onternki raac-suppart ron`. Ks ane went tawkrls tmefkhj ac tme mause, tawkrls tme pkor ac onternki pasts on crant ac tme fkhj wkii,tme raac àt iawer (knl tme mause lkrjer).

Mauses kre onterpretel ks tme pronhopki iovon` struhtures knl cahus ac lages-toh ioce, tmrau`m wmohm onmkfotknts hikogel gegfersmop ac k sahoki `raup knlmostarohki pkst wmohm wks ane ac tmeor rst saurhes ac ’us‗ olentoty. Khtovotoessuhm ks ekton`, sieepon`,hegç venerktoan, rkoson` hmoilren, knl tme ar`knozktoanknl percargknhe ac warj tksjs were hkrroel aut on knl kraunl tme mause knlespehokiiy prafkfiy autsole tme crant wkii ac tme mause, on tme smeiter hrektel fytme ckàkle. \e mause wks tme iahus ac onsoler hanvovokioty knl olentoty, knl ank lkoiy fksos tme gkon gkteroki vemohie car tme trknsgossoan knl repraluhtoanac huiturki, sahoki knl garki vkiues tmrau`m tme arler knl equoiofroug onmer-ent on mause kestmetohs, tme sygfaioh equovkienhe fetween mause knl tme faloesac ots onmkfotknts, knl mause-reiktel prkhtohes, suhm ks lepasotoan. Ekhm mauseegfaloel tme olekis knl kestmetohs ac praper sahokfie iovon` on tme letkois ac otskrhmotehture knl iocehyhie.

Mause struhtures were onmkfotel fy k sahoki unot ac fetween 3 ta ;< onmkf-otknts. Ot wks tmrau`m gegfersmop ac tmos onstotutoan tmkt onmkfotknts lerovel,trknsgottel knl trknscargel olentoty knl huiturki knl sahoki vkiues. Ane ac tme

;08 Potm tme exheptoan ac mause ype 8 on wmohm raac-supparts kre onharparktel onta tme autsolewkii (Xehtoan 5.<.8).



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progkry wkys kn onlovoluki‟s sahoki stktus wks neàtoktel wks prafkfiy tmrau`mgegfersmop ac k mause, wmohm hancerrel hare garki, knhestrki knl mostarohkolentoty. Crag tme krhmkeaiaòhki regkons kssahoktel wotm tme mause struhturesos iojeiy tmkt onmkfotknts pkrtohopktel on k rknè ac mause-hentrel khtovotoes won ar on tme autsole-spkhe ac mauses. \os onhiulel tme prepkrktoan, hansugptoanknl starkè ac caal knl feverkès - wotnessel fy caal knl pattery regkons -,tme percargknhe ac praluhtove knl hrkct khtovotoes - wotnessel fy taai regkons-,knl tme khhaggalktoan knl venerktoan ac mause vkiukfies suhm kshegç ohansknl troànaiotms - wotnessel fy tme presenhe ac suhm pkrkpmernkiok autsole nagki recuse lostrofutoans knl reiktel ta mauses. \e ikhj ac kllotoanki cekturesonsole tme mause, atmer tmkn raac-supparts, onlohktes tmkt mauses mkl na xstruhtures ar lovosoans onsole. Gareaver, tmere os k hanspohuaus kfsenhe ac remekrtms knl haajon` cektures, kitmau`m wmetmer tmos os reiktel ta krhmkeaiaòvosofoioty ar pkst prkhtohes os unjnawn. Xuhm cektures kre haggan kt atmer soon tme @rekter Kntoiies, eotmer on mauses, ar on sepkrkte jothmen struhtures. \eos kisa k ènerki kfsenhe ac furoki knl mugkn regkons kssahoktel wotm tme mausane hkn stkte tmkt ot wks nat haggan prkhtohe ta pergknentiy lospase ac tmelekl on mauses (kitmau`m tmey gky mkve feen hurktel on nan-krhmkeaiaòhkiirehaverkfie wkys, o.e. suspenlel on fksjets crag tme mause fekgs).

\e repektel re-fuoilon` ac mause struhtures resuits on tme lokhmranoh levei-apgent ac k pmenagenan tergel tme ’Mause rkdehtary‗. \ere kre sox Mause

rkdehtaroes on tme gkon unot, cargel ac hiaseiy spkhel ar averikppon` mausepikns. Mause rkdehtaroes nl expressoan tmrau`m ian`-terg hyhies ac mause renewki on wmohm onlovoluki struhtures kre stkès on ianèr sequenhes ac refuoiloOnlovoluki struhtures ikstel guitopie ènerktoans, mawever, kt k hyhiohkiiy haarlonktel paont tme lehosoan wks tkjen ta kfknlan tmeg, nat fehkuse tmey wereon k stkte ac losrepkor, fut fehkuse ac k garki knl huiturki ogperktove. Rasts wereregavel crag tme ail mause, otegs feianòn` ta carger onmkfotknts sygfaios-

on` persanki knl mausemail olentotoes were lepasotel onta hkrlonki pastmaies,knl new caunlktoans lu`. \os wks repektel up ta ve toges car sage ac tmeianèr Mause rkdehtaroes wmohm ikstel up ta knl permkps ianèr tmkn 522 yekrMause rkdehtaroes smaw leioferkte hanhern wotm perpetukton` tme mause feyantme iocetoges ac ots onmkfotknts ar mausemails. \os os seen fy suhhessove èerktoans ac refuoilon` resuiton` on tme leveiapgent ac k ian`-iovel onstotutoan.Mauses kppekr ta mkve feen very stkfie onstotutoans, wmohm pragatel tmeor awrepraluhtoan on tme skge, repektel gauil wmoist kt tme skge toge enhaurkòn`tme `rawtm knl leveiapgent ac tme estkte tmrau`m tme kppekrknhe ac yaun`-er, reiktel Mause rkdehtaroes knl kllotoanki struhtures, sweiion` tme settiegenttmrau`m toge. Ot smauil fe gkle expiohot tmkt onlovoluki mause struhtures kr dust ane ’pkrtohuikr huiturki crk`gent‗ (Vafon 6226) ac tme Mause rkdehtary. Oos kssugel tmkt knhestrki, furoki knl fktmon` pikhes,hanuhas , hkves,henatks knlatmer kreks ’autsole tme mause‗ wmohm were ontronsoh hagpanents ac tme gkteknl oggkteroki huiturki iknlshkpe gky kisa mkve feen onhiulel on tme trknsèn-erktoanki estkte, kitmau`m àvernel fy loerent ruies ac gegfersmop ar suhhes-soan. Ot os patentokiiy k seroaus wekjness ta cetosmoze tme krhmotehturki regkt tme expense ac tme rest ac tme eiegents wmohm gkje up tme Mause rkdehtarNevertmeiess, ac kii tme eiegents ac tme lagestoh paiotohki iknlshkpe ot os kssugetmkt tme mause wks prafkfiy tme gkon cahus ac sahoki ioce knl ian` terg sahokrepraluhtoan.

Mauses were krrknèl on hiusters ac tmree ta ve neo`mfauron` mauses carg-on` k ’mause `raup‗. Mause `raups kre tme equovkient ac mausemails hansost-on` ac fetween 82 ta <2 onlovolukis smkron` ontogkte, prafkfiy ckgoioki fanls.



8;2

Ot os nat jnawn ta wmkt extent tme mausemail wks kn ehanagoh unot, mawev-er tme presenhe ac tme ian`-iovel stareraag kssahoktel wotm re`kiok onlohktestme mause `raup gky mkve cunhtoanel ks k rotuki unot. Ot os kssugel tmkt tmestruhtures exhkvktel on tme gkon unot carg tme gkdaroty ac ane mause `raup.Hantegparkneausness ac mauses on k mause `raup os onlohktel fy cenhes knl pastkio`ngents kraunl knl fetween praxogkte mauses, knl tme spktoki reiktoansmopsmauses mkl wotm ekhm atmer. Ot os kisa onlohktel fy tme pkrkiiei leveiapgent acMause rkdehtaroes su`èston` tmkt hyhies ac kfknlangent knl renewki were ha-arlonktel. Kppraxogkteiy ve, gare ar iess equkiiy-sozel mause `raups, spktokiiysepkrktel crag ekhm atmer kre seen khrass tme sote. \os os pasotel an evolenhecrag tme surckhe survey wmohm onlohkte kt iekst caur krteckht hanhentrktoans ontme sautmern pkrt ac tme sote on kllotoan ta tmkt on tme gkon unot. \ese hanhen-trktoans kre sogoikr on soze ta ekhm atmer knl kre onterpretel ks sweepon` regkonsioje tmase exhkvktel on tme gkon unot. Gareaver, tme iahktoan ac presenhe knl kf-senhe ac cektures crag tme sgkii unot exhkvktoans smaw k harrespanlenhe fetweensweepon` regkons knl pastmaies khrass tme sote, tme lynkgohs ac wmohm harre-spanl wotm wmkt os seen on tme gkon unot (nkgeiy sweepon` regkons khhuguiktean tme hakstki sole ac kreks ac pastmaie cektures). \os os onterpretel ks evolenhecar k settiegent wmohm hansostel ac guitopie mause `raups.

@oven tme sogoikroty ac tme krhmkeaiaòhki pktterns fetween tme gkon unot knltme surveyel krek knl sgkii exhkvktel unots, tme mause `raups khrass tme sote krekssugel ta fe ac equki ianèvoty wotm tmkt ac tme gkon unot. Nkgeiy, mkfotktoankhrass tme sote os estogktel crag hk. KL =52 untoi kcter Eurapekn hantkht knlhaianosktoan. Mause `raups kre kssugel ta fe hantegparkneaus knl neo`mfaur-on`, rktmer tmkn representon` nan-hantegparkneaus resolentoki gaves tmrau`mtoge. On atmer warls, tme wmaie settiegent ar yuhkyeque os hansolerel ta mkvefeen gkle up ac kt iekst ve (knl passofiy seven) equkiiy-sozel neo`mfauron`mause `raups (wotm atmer sgkiier kllotoanki `raups) wmohm taètmer cargel k

stkfie haggunoty car up ta 022 yekrs (KL =52 ta hk. ;52<). \os os hkihuiktelta gekn k haggunoty papuiktoan ac fetween 652 ta 852 peapie kt ots meo`mt.On tme ?tm knl ;2 tm henturoes tme papuiktoan gky mkve feen sgkiier, wotm tmelega`rkpmoh pekj crag tme ;;tm knl ;6 tm henturoes. Krùgents car tme hanteg-parkneoty ac mause `raups kre k`kon fksel an k nugfer ac iones ac evolenhe.Corstiy, hantegparkneaus rkloahkrfan lktes crag twa mause `raups, sehanliytme unfrajen sequenhes ac renewki on tme gkon unot sage ac wmohm enlure carup ta 522 yekrs wmohm onlohktes resolentoki gafoioty wks nat k haggan prkhtohe.\orliy, gkteroki huiture on tme sautmern pkrt ac tme sote os ikrèiy Hmohaol knlgare tentktoveiy, poehes ac tme skge stane haiikr were rehaverel crag ane ac tmeatmer mause `raups ta tme sautm, onlohkton` nat aniy hantegparkneoty, fut kisatme letkois ac k smkrel mostary.

Ane wky on wmohm mauses gky mkve loerentoktel tmegseives crag ekhm atmerfatm wotmon tme mause `raup knl khrass tme yuhkyeque os an tme fksos ac ianèv-oty ac tmeor respehtove trkdehtaroes. Ianèvoty knl stktus hkn fe krùel ta feunoverskiiy ionjel (Meigs ;??=: knl wotm respeht ta krhmotehture Rkujetkt knl Kit 6225). Rerpetukton` tme mause estkte wks k hiekr hanhern ac onmkfotknts acEi Hkfa. \os su`èsts tmkt tme mauses on rkdehtaroes ; knl 6 on pkrtohuikr, gkymkve feen ac mo`mer stktus tmkn atmers on tme gkon unot, wmohm were yaunèrknl ac smarter lurktoan. Pmkt tmos geknt on reki tergs os lo huit ta sky, carkitmau`m tmeor aroòns gky mkve feen kssertel ks proar, knl usel ks k vemohiecar tme ieòtogktoan ac ane‟s awn ionekè (caiiawon` k iaòh presentel on Huretknl Aiover ;??=), tmere os na strko`mtcarwkrl evolenhe tmkt tmos ahhurrel on EiHkfa. Car exkgpie, tmere kre na loshernofie loerenhes fetween mauses on pkt-



8;;M

terns ac praluhtoan, hansugptoan knl loshkrl on tme iktest-pmkse lepasots. \osos kisa tme hkse gare woleiy, khrass tme yuhkyeque , on wmohm tme loerent mause`raups kppekr ta mkve feen en`kèl on tme skge khtovotoes wotm na loerenhefetween tmeg. Aniy gare letkoiel knkiysos ac, car exkgpie, ckunki regkons arrkw gkterokis gky onlohkte wmetmer tmere were qukiotktove loerenhes on khta hertkon caalstus knl praluhts fetween mauses ar mause `raups. Gareaver,on tergs ac tmase krteckhts hansolerel mo`m-stktus, onloènaus vehtars ac stktukre nat yet hiekriy unlerstaal lue ta tme ckht tmkt tme krhmkeaiaòhki hantextac tmase krteckhts kre ènerkiiy nat jnawn (kitmau`m tmos os hmknòn`, see G6220: Aiover 622?). Krteckhts wmohm kre hansolerel rotukiiy patent knl tmerecarsahokiiy vkiukfie kre kssahoktel wotm mauses on Ei Hkfa, kitmau`m wmetmer maw tmos hancerrel stktus os apen ta guitopie onterpretktoans. On tergs ac spehovkiukfies ( ùkçzk knl ikrè tro`naiotm), knl exatoh otegs suhm ks tme Eurapeknogparts, ot os hiekr tmkt hertkon mauses, suhm ks tmase on Mause rkdehtary 6, mkve mkl gare khhess tmkn atmers.Hegç ohans, troòanaiotms knl ùkçzks kre re-iktel ta pkrtohuikr mauses ar Mause rkdehtaroes knl pkrt ac tme hancehtoan ac tmmause, wmereks stane haiikrs kre reiktel ta atmer struhtures, onterpretel kshegç mauses (ar re`kiok stareraags), wotmon mause `raups. Gareaver, stane haiikr pkrtswere rehaverel crag guitopie mause `raups, su`èston` tmkt na ane `raup mkl kganapaiy aver tmese resaurhes. \erecare kitmau`m mauses mkve kii tme on`relo-ents ta patentokiiy kht ks kènts ta pragate loerenhe, tme horhugstknhes unlerwmohm tmos go`mt mkve feen tme hkse kre nat hiekr, kitmau`m hauil fe expiarel onvesto`ktoan ac neo`mfauron` mause `raups, ar ac maw mauses cunhtoanel on tmekrioer, Astoanaol pmkse kt Ei Hkfa, ar atmer sotes.

\e legose ac tmese nktove onstotutoans on Ei Hkfa ahhurel wotmon kfaut 62yekrs ac haianosktoan on Mospknoaik. Gkteroki evolenhe car tme reheptoan kredehtoan ac Eurapekn huiture os seen on tme presenhe ac ogparts reikton` ta tm

rst vaykès ac expiarktoan, tme sufsequent onharparktoan ac tmese exatoh oteg

onta tme iocehyhie ac mauses, knl tme redehtoan ac ikter ogparts lespote tme ctme yuhkyeque wks onmkfotel tmrau`m sufsequent pmkses ac expiaotktoan knlhaianosktoan. Cuture knkiysos ac maw po` regkons reikte ta tme onloènaus setiegent gky pravole curtmer evolenhe ac seiehtove onharparktoan ac ogparteleiegents. Mo`ùey wks ane ac tme ikst reòans ta fe lorehtiy eehtel fy haianosk-toan. Mawever, onlohktoans tmkt tme stress knl ogpkht ac haianosktoan eventukikehtel tme haggunoty, ieklon` ta tme lwonlion` ac ots papuiktoan gky fe seenon tme ckht tmkt k`konst tme ènerki trenl ac `rawtm seen on tme mause `raupane ac tme ikst mause struhtures on tme settiegent, kssahoktel gast hiaseiy wotmEurapekn gkteroki, os kisa tme sgkiiest.

0.6 Ogpiohktoans ac k mause perspehtove car Ikte Herkgoh Kèhuiture knl sahoki hagpiexoty

Pmkt kre tme ogpiohktoans ac tmese resuits knl onterpretktoans gare woleiy carkn unlerstknlon` ac tme Ikte Herkgoh Kè ac tme @rekter Kntoiies1 Ane ac tmegast so`no hknt ogpiohktoans mks feen ta smaw maw tme mause os kn onstrugecar huiturki trknsgossoan knl sahoki repraluhtoan. \e exostenhe ac tme Mause

rkdehtary on Ei Hkfa, nat dust on ane onstknhe, fut ks k ènerki, haggunoty-wole lagestoh narg, hkn pravole k galei car tme sahoki prahesses knl lagestohpaiotohs fy wmohm strkto hktoan hauil patentokiiy egerè. Fy tme toge ac hantkhgkny @rekter Kntoiiekn sahoetoes, espehokiiy on Mospknoaik, were ar`knoselstrkto el sahoetoes wmere tme pasotoan ac ieklersmop wks onstotutoankiozel kn

merotel (Huret 6225: Huret knl Xtronèr els. 62;2: Vause ;??6: Seiaz Gk`òaia



8;6

;??8: Poisan 6220). Maw tmos hkge kfaut mks feen loshussel wotm recerenhe tasygfais ac pawer suhm kshegç ohans knl tme gknopuiktoan ac eiote ohana`rkpmy(Kie`rçk ;?=8: Huret ;??6f: Gashasa ;?0=, ;?=8: Aiover 622?: Vause ;??6:Xoeèi ;???, 622<, 6225). \os mks cahussel kttentoan kigast exhiusoveiy ank sgkii, krhmkeaiaòhkiiy unlahugentel, sehtoan ac sahoety (tmehkhohki hkste),wotm shmaikrs an k ’woil àase hmkse‗ car tmkt eiusove pkrkgaunt hmoec, knlkn kigast pkipkfie loskppaontgent wotm sotes wmohm lan‟t reveki tmeg (Jee`kn6220: Aiover 6228: Vo`mter 6226f: Seiaz Gk`òaia ;?08: Poisan 62204;85).;0< \os neìehts tme rest, o.e. tme gkdaroty ac sahoki ioce, knl lenoes tme wky on wmohmonloènaus sahoety, lagestoh paiotohs knl sahokioty aperktel an kn everylky fksosaver munlrels ac yekrs ‘ o.e. tmrau`m gegfersmop ac knl repraluhtoan ac tmemause. \rau`m tmos stuly ac tme settiegent cektures ac Ei Hkfa, tme mause, nattme hmoec, mks egerèl ks tmesahoki persank . Ot os nat jnawn wmen tme aroòn acMause rkdehtaroes on Ei Hkfa fe`kn, knl tmos os ane ac tme iogotktoans ac tme sotelktk. Rermkps Mause rkdehtaroes were kirekly leveiapel on tme ekrioer peroal acsettiegent crag tme enl ac tme 3tm hentury. Aniy curtmer resekrhm woii smel knyio`mt an tmos. Mawever, tme patentoki car cuture resekrhm ta see wmetmer knl mawtme leveiapgent ac sahoki hagpiexoty os ionjel ta tme leveiapgent ac tme mauseks kn onstotutoan wauil fe very enio`mtenon`. Gareaver, tme sote ac Ei Hkfa osprafkfiy nat unoque on mkvon` Mause rkdehtaroes. Atmer sotes on tme @rekter Kntoiies knl curtmer k eil kisa smaw trenls tawkrls mause perpetuktoan knl re-fuoilon` (e.`. Ias Fuhmoiianes, Hkùknk, knl Jeifey‟s Volè 6).

Ot os tmrau`m tme Mause rkdehtaroes tmkt tme onloènaus yuhkyeque ac Ei Hkfaleveiapel ks k pikhe. On tmos sense, tme lagestoh rekig hkn fe seen ks kn ogpar-tknt krenk ta perpetukte kn etmas ac settiel pikhe knl olentoty. Guhm mks feenwrotten kfaut tme smoct crag k reòanki ta k gare iahki cahus an olentoty on tmetrknsotoan fetween tme Ekriy knl Ikte Herkgoh Kès (Huret et ki. 622<: Huretknl Aiover ;??=: Macgkn knl Maaìknl 622<: Xoeèi 622<). \e mauses crag

Ei Hkfa kre k hanhrete (iogestane!) gkterokiozktoan ac tmos. \e hrektoan knllurktoan ac estkfiosmel mause onstotutoans wmohm perpetuktel tmegseives car ktiekst 522, knl passofiy gare tmkn 322 yekrs (tme iktter mkic ac Reroal OOO knlReroal OS (Vause ;??6)) knl wmohm were tme fuoilon` fiahjs knhmaron` k hag-gunoty car kraunl 022 yekrs onlohktes tmkt mause-fksel sahoety wks onmerentiystkfie on gkteroki expressoan, knl ane ac tme gkdar hanstotuents ac onloènaushuiture. \e knkiysos ac tme Mause rkdehtary os k loreht wky ac afservon` tmelynkgohs, prkhtohes knl tegparkiotoes ac hagpiex sahoety. Gareaver, tme stulyac lagestoh struhtures on Ei Hkfa aers k lostonht knl onsuikr Hkroffekn galeiac mause ioce.

;0< On gy aponoan ane ac tme warst hansequenhes ac tme sa-hkiiel ’tyrknny ac etmnamostary‗ (Huret6225: Jee`kn ;??;).



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@iasskry

@iasskry ac tergs usel on lossertktoan

Kreçta/kreyta Cargki lknhes knl san`s, hagpasel knl pkssel lawn fytme onloènaus eiote, recerrel ta on tme Xpknosm hmranohies.

Fktey Haurt, pikzk, ar hiekrel spkhe car tme prkhtohe ac fkii `kges. Krhmkeaiaòhkiiy suhm haurts rknè crag hiekrel spkhes onsettiegents ta ekrtm-fknjel (esp. on Mospknoaik) ar stane-ionel (esp. Ruerta Voha) cektures ks pkrt ac hereganoki hag-piexes. Fkteys kre recerrel ta on tme Xpknosm hmranohies.

Femçque kçna warl car smkgkn.

Famça Onloènaus raunlmause, recerrel ta on tme Xpknosmhmranohies.

Hkhohkzà Onloènaus terg recerron` ta tme reòanki paioty ar paiotohkièa`rkpmohki entoty ac k hkhoque/k (see feiaw) tme faunlk-roes ac wmohm were leshrofel fy tme Xpknosm hmranohiers, epehokiiy on Mospknoaik, fut tme nkture ac wmohm kre lefktelon hurrent shmaikrsmop.

Hkhoque/k Onloènaus terg recerron` ta tme mekl ac k mausemail,ar sageane on k pasotoan ac kutmaroty, ac wmohm guitopie`rkles were passofie. Acten ìassel on knìapmane ioterk-ture ks ’hmoec‗. Ekriy Xpknosm hmranohies repart fatm genknl wagen hkhoques/ks.

Hkney Mo`m-qukioty onloènaus, raunlmause, recerrel ta on tmeXpknosm hmranohies.

Hegç K qukioty ar patenhy acten ac knogkte feon`s ar knhestars,ar kny partkfie oteg passesson` tmos qukioty.

Henatk see gknkntoki.

Hmohaol K leshroptoan ac Ikte Herkgoh Kè gkteroki huiture pron-hopkiiy enhaunterel on Mospknoaik crag tme ?tm henturyknl reha`nosel fy ots eikfarkte herkgoh leharktoan onhiul-on` onhosel knl punhtkte leso`ns knl kntmrapa-/zaagar-pmoh galeiiel knl kppioquel klarnas car vessei mknlies.

roànaiotms (see feiaw), stane haiikrs (see feiaw), snoccon`tufes knl vagotove spktuiks kre kisa hmkrkhterostoh otegs acHmohaol gkteroki huiture.

Hamafk Vecers ta fatm k sufstknhe ( Knklenktmerk pere`ronk ) knl tmerotuki onèstoan ac tme sufstknhe, reparteliy fy smkgkns artme onloènaus eiote. me rotuki onvaivel k peroal ac ckston`,puròn` tme faly fy onluhel vagoton` knl onmkiktoan actme hamafk sufstknhe. Hamafk mks mkiiuhonaènoh eccehts.



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Krhmkeaiaòhki krteckhts kssahoktel wotm tmos rotuki kre snucc-on` tufes (car onmkiktoan), hamafk stknls (car presentktoan)knl swkiiawon` stohjs ar vagotove spktuiks (car puròn`).

Hanuha Mage-`krlen ar huitovktoan coeils. On tme Xpknosm hmranohieshanuha recers ta tme hagfonktoan ac mause knl `krlens.

Luma Iaw, usukiiy waalen, sekt ar staai, acten wotm kntmrapa-/zaagarpmoh hkrvel leharktoan, tme use ac wmohm lenatesrknj.

Ekriy Herkgoh Kè @enerki hmranaiaòhki recerenhe ta lenate tme peroal hav-erel fy tme corst martohuiturki expknsoan onta tme Hkroffeknosiknls fy Xkiklaol pattery praluhers severki henturoes FHta hk. KL 322. Xuhm sahoetoes kre typohkiiy hmkrkhterosel ksmkvon` kn e`kiotkrokn sahoki ar`knosktoan knl k gkoniknlaroentel hasgaia`y.

@rollie Usukiiy horhuikr, pattery fkjon` pikte, pikhel an k coreknl usel car haajon` hksskvk frekl knl atmer caal stuccs.Haggan on krhmkeaiaòhki kssegfikès. (Xpknosm. furïn)

@ukçzk Ckhe ar ’ckhe ac tme iovon` ’ (Gai 6220), on krhmkeaiaòhkiuskè, usukiiy leshrofon` sgkii, onhosel ckhes gkle ac smeii.

@ukykhën @ukokhug accohonkie ar io`nug-votke. K trapohki mkrlwaalusel car hrkct praluhtoan, hanstruhtoan knl cuei knl caunlon krhmkeaiaòhki hantexts.

@uëyo`k/Tkgok Tkgok spp. Kn unlagestohktel hyhkl wotm k `reen iekcy

hrawn knl k tmohj sufterrenekn steg, wmohm wmen prah-essel, on k gknner sogoikr ta gknoah, praluhes ciaur. Ottmroves on jkrst reòans knl mks feen caunl on prehaiug-fokn krhmkeaiaòhki kssegfikès knl recerrel ta ks k caalsaurhe on Xpknosm haianoki saurhes.

Jkrst Leshrofes tme tapa`rkpmy ac hkrfankte èaiaòhki cargk-toans lossaivel fy tme khtoan ac wkter. Jkrst iknlshkpes kremo`miy vkrokfie knl tmeor hmkrkhter lepenls an cargktoanprahesses, o.e. wmetmer tmey kre eralel fy rkonckii ar roversar k hagfonktoan ac fatm. Jkrst iknlshkpes kre hagganan tme iogestane osiknls ac tme Pest Onloes. Atmer weiijnawn jkrst iknlshkpes warilwole ahhur on Xautm Hmonkknl Xiavenok.

Ikte Herkgoh Kè On tme @rekter Kntoiies tmos recers ta tme peroal crag hk. KL322 ta tme toge ac Eurapekn hantkht on wmohm k seroes acgkteroki trknscargktoans, onhiulon` lega`rkpmoh `rawtm,k`rohuiturki ontensocohktoan knl hereganoki eikfarktoan ah-hurel. mos os ènerkiiy seen ks k peroal ac onhreksel hag-piexoty wotm respeht ta tme Ekriy Herkgoh Kè.

Gkiahk rklotoanki krhmotehturki carg on trapohki Xautm Kgerohkhansoston` ac k ikrè haggunki raunlmause, acten mauson`tme wmaie haggunoty.



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Gknkntoki Faly ac unler`raunl wkter on jkrst iknlshkpes, usukiiywotm k restrohtel entrknhe. (Xpknosm. Gknkntoki)

Gknoah Kisa yuhhk ar hksskvk4 Gknomat eshuientk . K stkpie caal hrapon trapohki reòans ac tme Kgerohks. me prahesson` ac otsstkrhmy tuferaus raat car tme praluhtoan ac ciaur os ikfaurontensove knl hagproses severki stkès onhiulon` peeion`,`rkton`, sakjon` ta extrkht tme paosanaus prussoh khol, knllryon`.

Geiikhaol K Ikte Herkgoh Kè krhmkeaiaòhki huiture lkton` cragtme ?tm ta ;3tm henturoes hmkrkhterosel pronhopkiiy fypattery wotm shrkthmel, rau`m surckhes wotm fksjetry og-pressoans knl rehtoionekr onhosoan. me gkon lostrofutoanac Geiikhaol herkgohs ahhurs on tme Hofka Skiiey ac tmeLagonohkn Vepufioh, nartmekst Mkoto, Dkgkohk knl Hufk.Geiikhaol gkteroki huiture mks feen reiktel ta tme mosaro-

hkiiy gentoanel Hoùkya knl Gkharox etmnoh `raups on tmeLagonohkn Vepufioh.

Gala le volk Ioterkiiy ’wky ac ioce‗. erg on Gkrxost Ikton KgerohknXahoki Krhmkeaia`y, qukiocoel wotm kn kldehtove suhm ks vikè ar hmoeciy, ta hikssocy tme sufsostenhe fkse, reiktoans acpraluhtoan knl ar`knosktoan ac ikfaur on kny sahoety.

Notkçna K gegfer ac kn eiote ckgoiy ar reiktove ac k hkhoque.

Astoanaol K Ikte Herkgoh Kè krhmkeaiaòhki huiture lkton` crag tmeikte 3tm/0tm hentury on Mospknoaik. Astoanaol herkgohskre hmkrkhterostohkiiy weii-corel, tmon-wkiiel, rel wotm pikofaloes knl zaa-/kntmrapagarpmoh kppiohktoan.

Xkiklaol Kn Ekriy Herkgoh Kè krhmkeaiaòhki huiture wotm lostonotove wmote-an-rel paiyhmrage herkgohs knl Xautm Kgerohkngkoniknl aroòns. Xkiklaol pattery-praluhers go`rktel ontatme Kntoiies on tme ikst cew henturoes FH. Xkiklaol expkn-soan gare ar iess mkits kt tme Gank Rksskè fetween RuertaVoha knl tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh knl tmus Xkiklaol he-rkgohs kre rkre on Mospknoaikn kssegfikès.

Xtane haiikr Kisa recerrel ta ks stane feit (Xpknosm. kra içtoha). Krhmkeaiaòhki terg car stane krteckhts smkpel ioje ikrèlau`mnuts ar yajes, acten wotm èagetroh/zaagarpmohleharktoan, knl onterpretel ks otegs ac re`kiok, tentktoveiykssahoktel wotm hereganoki kspehts ac tme fkii `kge.

kçna Krhmkeaiaòhki knl papuikr smartmknl usel ta lenate tmeprehaianoki knl mostarohki onloènaus papuiktoans ac eksternHufk, Mospknoaik, Ruerta Voha, tme Soròn Osiknls, Dkgkohk

me Fkmkgks, knl tme urjs knl Hkohas Osiknls crag hk. KL ;222 ta Eurapekn haianosktoan. me terg onharparktesguhm etmna-ionùostoh knl sahoa-paiotohki loversoty knl ospronhopkiiy kssahoktel wotm Hmohaol gkteroki huiture.



8;3

roànaiotm Krhmkeaiaòhki terg car orreùikr tmree-paontel krteckhts,tme ikrèr exkgpies acten feon` ac stane wotm kntmrapagar-pmoh leharktoan, tme sgkiier- gohra-troànaiotms - pikonerknl ac k vkroety ac mkrl gkterokis.

_uhkyeque kçna warl car nktove haggunoty/settiegent, cragMoeranygote Onterre`ktary ;5;0.



8;0V

Vecerenhes

Kie`rçk, V. E. ;?0=. Kpuntes en tarna k ik gotaia`çk le ias onloas kçnas le iks Kntoiiks Gkyares y sus arçènes surkgerohknas . Xknta Lagonà4 Hentrale Estuloas kvknzklas le Ruerta Voha y ei Hkrofe. Gusea lei MagfreLagonohkna.

“. ;?=8. Fkii haurts knl hereganoki pikzks on tme Pest Onloes . _kie Unoversoty pufiohktoans on kntmrapaia`y . New Mkven4 Lepkrtgent ac Kntmrapaia`y, _kie Unoversoty.

Kiikore, I. ;???. ’Krhmkeaia`y ac tme Hkroffekn reòan,‗ onme Hkgfrolèmostary ac tme nktove peapies ac tme Kgerohks , vai. Sai. 8. Xautm Kgerohk, pkrt;. Elotel fy C. Xkiagan knl X. F. Xhmwkrtz, pp. 33=-088. Hkgfrolè4Hkgfrolè Unoversoty Rress.

Kiiosan, R. G. Elotar. ;???.me krhmkeaia`y ac mausemail khtovotoes . Ianlan4

Vautielè.“. ;???. ’Hmkpter ;4 Ontraluhtoan,‗ onme krhmkeaia`y ac mausemail khtovotoes .

Elotel fy R. G. Kiiosan, pp. ;-;=. Ianlan4 Vautielè.

“. 6223. Gkppon` car ènler. Onterpreton` krteckht lostrofutoan onsole ;st-knl 6nl-hentury K.L. carts on Vagkn @ergkny. Krhmkeaiaòhki Lokiaùes ;84;-62.

Kiiswartm-Danes, R. Elotar. 622=.Rre-Haiugfokn Dkgkohk . Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y knl Etmnamostary . ushkiaask4 me Unoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.

Kges, J. G. 6223. ’ monjon` kfaut mausemail krhmkeaia`y an tme nartm-

west hakst,‗ onMausemail krhmkeaia`y an tme nartmwest hakst . Elotel fy E. K. Xafei, L. K. roeu @kmr, knl J. G. Kges, pp. ;3-83. Gohmo`kn4 Knn Krfar4 Onternktoanki Gana`rkpms on Rremostary.

Knlersan-Harlavk. ;??2. Mospknoaik knl Ruerta Voha4 Onlokn khhuiturktoanknl meteraèneoty, ;<?6-;552 RmL tmesos, _kie Unoversoty.

Knlôdkr Rersonki, H., D. @. @uerrera, M. Aisen Fa`kert, knl K. DogïnezIkgfertus. 622<. Krqueaia`çk le Gkhka.Faietçn lei Gusea lei MagfreLagonohkna 804;0;.

Knan. ;=28. Kppenlox. Kproi ;;, ;0??. Krhmkeaiaòk4 ar, gosheiikneaus trkhtsreikton` ta Kntoquoty. me Xahoety ac Kntoqukroes Ianlan ]OS463?, Ri.]ISO.

Krluenà @krhçk, L. K. 622=. ’Iks fatodks (aiove dkrs). Xu reutoiozkhoøn entres hanstruhhoanes haianokies mkfknerks.,‗ onSOO Han`resa OnternkhoankiRktroganoa Huiturki4 Hantexta y Hanservkhoøn. Hentra Nkhoanki leHanservkhoøn, Vestkurkhoøn y Guseaia`çk (HENHVEG).

Krnailussen, X. 622=. K iovon` iknlshkpe4 Franze Kè settiegent sotes on tmeLuthm rover krek (h. 6222-=22 FH). Ieolen4 Xolestane Rress.

Krrag, D. D. ;???. ’Ontraluhtary stuly, nates knl kppenloxes,‗ on Kn Khhauntac tme Kntoquotoes ac tme Onlokns , pp. xvoo-xxox knl <;-02. Lurmkg NH4Luje Unoversoty Rress.



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Ks vkn, K., I. Dkhafs, knl H. I. Macgkn. 622=. On sekrhm ac patentoki hikysaurhes usel car tme gknuckhture ac tme pre-Haiugfokn pattery ac EiHkfa, ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh.Ieolen Daurnki ac Rattery Xtuloes 6<455-0<.

Kshmer, V. ;?3;. Knkia`y on krhmkeaiaòhki onterpretktoan.Xautmwestern Daurnki ac Kntmrapaia`y ;048;0-865.

Ktoies, @., knl E. Arte`k. 622;. Un sotoa iikgkla Gknkntoki le ik Kietk.Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna 82488-5<.

Ktjonsan, I.-@. Elotar. 6223.me ekrioest onmkfotknts4 me lynkgohs ac tme Dkgkohkn kçna. Jon`stan4 Unoversoty ac tme Pest Onloes Rress.

Fehj, V. K. Elotar. 6220.me lurkfie Mause4 Mause sahoety galeis on krhmke-aia`y . Hkrfanlkie Krhmkeaiaòhki Onvesto`ktoans . Hkrfanlkie4 Henter car Krhmkeaiaòhki Onvesto`ktoans, Ahhksoanki Rkper na. 85, Xautmern OiionaosUnoversoty.

Feejer, H. L., @. P. Hanrkl, knl D. P. Caster. 6226. kçna use ac ciaalelhkverns on tme Ekst Nktoanki Rkrj reòan, Lagonohkn Vepufioh. Daurnki acHkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y 84;-63.

Feets, H. D., X. V. raeistrk, R. G. @raates, G.-D. Nkleku, J. vkn ler Far`, K.C. G. le Dan`, H. I. Macgkn, knl G. I. R. Maaìknl. 6223. Hiogkte knl6223. Hiogkte knlRre-Haiugfokn settiegent kt Knse â ik @aurle, @ukleiaupe, NartmeksternHkroffekn.@eakrhmeaia`y6;460;-6=2.

Feikunle, I. E. 6222. ’ me hanvovoki seic knl tme cekr ac knèr kgan`st tme Kora-Rko ac Kgkzanokn Reru,‗ onme kntmrapaia`y ac iave knl knèr4 mekestmetohs ac hanvovokioty on nktove Kgkzanok , pp. 62?-662. Elotel fy D.

Averon` knl K. Rksses. Ianlan knl New _arj4 Vautielè.Fençtez Vada, K. ;?=?.Ik Osik que se repote4 Ei Hkrofe y ik perspehtovk pasgal-

ernk . Ik Xeroe Vkgk . Mknaver, NM4 Elohoanes lei Narte.

Ferhmt, C., E. Fralsjy, D. K. Ckrger, knl L. kyiar. Elotars. ;??0.kçna4 Rre-Haiugfokn krt knl huiture crag tme Hkroffekn. New _arj4 Gankheiio Rress4Ei Gusea lei Fkrroa.

Fertrkn, R., L. Fannossent, L. Ogfert, R. Iazauet, N. Xerrknl, knl H.Xtauvenat. 622<. Rkiïahiogkt les Retotes Kntoiies lepuos <222 kns FR4i‟enreòstregent le ik ikùne le @rknl-Hkse â Xkont-Gkrton.HagptesVenlus @eashoenhes 8834;52;-;5;2.

Foncarl, I. V. ;?=;. Femkvoarki krhmkeaia`y knl tme ’Ragpeoo pregose‗. Daurnki ac Kntmrapaiaòhki Vesekrhm 804;?5-62=.

Fikhjwaal, E. 6223. ’Gkrrokè, gktrocahkioty, knl ’gosson`‗ gen,‗ onCegonost Kntmrapaia`y4 Rkst, Rresent, knl Cuture . Elotel fy R. K. @eiier knlG. J. Xtahjett. Rmoikleipmok, RK4 Unoversoty ac Rennsyivknok Rress.

Fikntan, V. E. ;??<.Mauses knl mausemails4 K hagpkrktove stuly . New _arj4Rienug Rress.



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Fiumlarn, L., knl X. L. Jkpikn. Elotars. ;??6. Kitas le Hmkvøn4 Gusea Krqueaiøòha Veòanki4 Hktëiaà hangegarktova S hentenkroa/[uonhentennohaggegarktove hktkia`4 ;<?6-;??6 . Ik Vagknk4 Cunlkhoøn HentraHuiturki Kitas le Hmkvøn.

Faiky, E. ;??0. me Lagonohkn Vepufioh4 K hauntry fetween rkoncarest knllesert4 Hantrofutoans ta tme ehaia`y ac k Hkroffekn osiknl. Peojersmeog4Gkr`rkc Serik`.

Fannossent, L., R. Fertrkn, L. @kiap, L. Ogfert, knl H. Xtauvenat. 6220.Hmranaiaòe les ahhupktoans prïhaiagfoennes le i‟îie le Xkont-Gkrton(Retotes Kntoiies) et reiktoans kveh ies pkiïaenvorannegents.Rraheelon`sac tme wenty-Corst Han`ress ac tme Onternktoanki Kssahoktoan car Hkroff Krhmkeaia`y ;462-82.

Faagert, K. 6222. ronolkl, afkà knl tme Iawer Aronaha onterkhtoanspmere4 Kn krhmkeaiaòhki/etmnamostarohki stuly. RmL tmesos, IeolenUnoversoty.

Fateier Gahj, X. ;??=. ’Hmkpter ane4 Rreiule,‗ onme sawon` knl tme lkwn-on`4 ergonktoan, lelohktoan knl trknscargktoan on tme krhmkeaiaòhki knletmna`rkpmoh reharl ac Gesakgerohk . Elotel fy X. Fateier Gahj, pp. 8-;=. Kifuquerque4 Unoversoty ac New Gexoha Rress.

Fateima Gkimkna, M. ;??0. ’Jkrof-Krukj- upo (Gkta @rassa),‗ onEnhyhiapelok ac vernkhuikr krhmotehture ac tme waril4 Huitures knl mkfots, vai.8, Enhyhiapelok ac Sernkhuikr Krhmotehture ac tme Paril . Elotel fy R. Aiover,pp. ;36?. Hkgfrolè4 Hkgfrolè Unoversoty Rress.

Faurloeu, R. ;?08. ’ me Ferfer mause,‗ onVuies knl Geknon`s . Elotel fy G.Lauìks, pp. ?=-;;2. Mkrganlswartm4 Renùon Faajs.

“. ;?00. Autione ac k tmeary ac prkhtohe . Hkgfrolè4 Hkgfrolè UnoversotyRress.

Fawon, H. ;?05. ’Hmkpter ;6. me èaia`y ac Mospknoaik,‗ onme ahekn fksonsknl gkròns4 me @uic ac Gexoha knl Hkroffekn, vai. 8. Elotel fy K. E.G. Nkorn knl C. @. Xtemio, pp. 52;-556. Fauiler, Haiarkla4 @eaiaòhkiXahoety ac Kgerohk.

Frewer, X. P., G. Vedgënej, G. K. M. Peff, knl R. S. K. Cone. 6228.Veiktoansmops ac pmytaèa`rkpmy knl loversoty ac trapohki tree spehoeswotm iogestane tapa`rkpmy on sautmern Feioze. Daurnki ac Foaèa`rkpmy

824;33?-;3==.Fro`mt, K. D. 6228. Xpktoki lynkgohs knl sahoki leveiapgent on tme Nartmern

Iesser Kntoiies - k poiat stuly fksel an settiegent struhture kt tme sote ac Knse â ik @aurle, @ukleiaupe. GK tmesos, Ieolen Unoversoty.

Franj Vkgsky, H. ;??5. Vkloahkrfan Hkiofrktoan knl Knkiysos acXtrkto`rkpmy4 me AxHki Rra`rkgVkloahkrfan804<65-<82

“. 6225. ’AxHki ’, versoan 8.;2 elotoan.

Frùhj, D. ;???. Mauses, iocehyhies knl lepasotoan an Gollie Franze Kèsettiegents on sautmern Enìknl.Rraheelon`s ac tme Rremostaroh Xahoety

354;<5-;33.



862

“. 6225. ’Magon` onstonhts4 @raunlel olentotoes knl lovoluki seives on tmeFrotosm Franze Kè,‗ onme Krhmkeaia`y ac Riurki knl Hmknòn` Olentotoes4feyanl olentocohktoan. Elotel fy E. H. Hkseiik knl H. Cawier. New _arj4Jiuwer Khklegoh/Rienug Rufiosmers.

Fuiien, V. R., knl K. J. Fuiien. ;?08. Xettiegent pkttern knl envorangenton Haiugfokn ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh.Faietçn lei Gusea lei MagfreLagonohkna 848;5-86<.

Hkilerøn, C. I. ;?08. Kpenlohe Ktmefeknenequen.Faietçn lei Gusea leiMagfre Lagonohkna 8402-06.

“. ;?05. ’Rreiogonkry repart an tme Onlokn hegetery ’Ei Ktkdkloza‗,Lagonohkn Vepufioh.‗Rraheelon`s ac tme 3tm Onternktoanki Han`ress cartme Xtuly ac Rre-Haiugfokn huitures ac tme Iesser Kntoiies, Raonte â Rotre,@ukleiaupe, ;?05 , pp. 6?5-828.

“. ;?03. Oncarge preiogonkr lei hegenteroa onlçènk le ’Ei Ktkdkloza‗,Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk/Rreiogonkry repart an tme Onlokn hegetery’Ei Ktkdkloza‗, Lagonohkn Vepufioh.Faietçn lei Gusea lei MagfreLagonohkna 0.

“. ;??3. ’Hkrkhterçstohks lei hegenteroa onlçènk le Runtk Hknk, VepôfiohkLagonohknk,‗ onRanenhoks lei Rroger Xegonkroa le Krqueaia`çk leiHkrofe . Elotel fy G. Seiaz Gk`òaia knl K. Hkfk Cuentes, pp. ;5-62. IkVagknk4 Gusea Krqueaiøòha Veòanki le Kitas le Hmkvøn.

Hknter, L. ;??;. ’Xahoki pkst knl sahoki present4 me krhmkeaiaòhki logen-soans ta envorangentki psyhmaia`y,‗ onXahoki spkhe4 Mugkn spktoki fe-mkvoaur on lweiion`s knl settiegents4 Rraheelon`s ac kn onterloshopionkryhancerenhe . Elotel fy A. @rýn, E. Enèistkl, knl O. Ionlfiag, pp. ;2-;3.Alense4 Alense Unoversoty Rress.

Hkrisan, I. K. 6220.Leshroptoans ac krhmkeaiaòhki cektures on KV-8= .Xautmekstern Krhmkeaiaòhki Vesekrhm, Onh.

Hkrsten, D., knl X. Mu`m-Danes. Elotars. ;??5. Kfaut tme mause4 Iïvo-Xtrkussknl feyanl . Hkgfrolè4 Hkgfrolè Unoversoty Rress.

“. ;??5. ’Ontraluhtoan4 Kfaut tme mause4 Iïvo-Xtrkuss knl feyanl,‗ on Kfauttme mause4 Iïvo-Xtrkuss knl feyanl . Elotel fy D. Hkrsten knl X. Mu`m- Danes, pp. ;-<3. Hkgfrolè4 Hkgfrolè Unoversoty Rress.

Hksks le iks Crky, F. ;??6. Kpaia`ïtohk Mostarok Xugkrok le iks Onloks . Gklrol4 Kioknzk.

“. ;=05k. Mostarok le iks Onloks . Sai. O. Gklrol4 Ogprentk le Goùei Onestk.

“. ;=05f. Mostarok le iks Onloks . Sai. OO. Gklrol4 Ogprentk le Goùei Onestk.

“. ;=05h. Mostarok le iks Onloks . Sai. OOO. Gklrol4 Ogprentk le Goùei Onestk.

“. ;=05l. Mostarok le iks Onloks . Sai. OS. Gklrol4 Ogprentk le Goùei Onestk.

Hkssë, V. ;?0<.Ias konas le ik Espkûaik . Xknta Lagonà4 Unoversolkl Kutønagk le Xknta Lagonà.

Hmk`nan, N. K. ;?00._knagkgó4 me coerhe peapie . New _arj4 Mait, Vonemkrtknl Ponstan.



86;V

Hmkniktte Fkoj, I. K. 6228. ’±Huëi cue ei lestona conki le iks pafikhoanes Krhkohks Kntoiiknks1‗ onHan`resa Onternkhoanki le Krqueaiaòk lei Hkrofe ]] . Elotel fy @. kvkrez Gkrok knl G. Krïvkia @krhçk, pp. 8;0-866.Xknta Lagonà4 Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna/Cunlkhoøn @krhçk Krïvkia.

Hmaquette, R. P., knl N. R. Dkges. ;?==. ’Ontraluhtoan,‗ onRkieajkrst . Elotelfy N. R. Dkges knl R. P. Hmaquette, pp. ;-6;. New _arj4 Xpronèr.

Hmurkgpo Vkgçrez, K. O. 6220. Hkozhogu4 Ei Hkhohkzà aroentki eshenkroale ik trostegente hïiefre Fkmçk le iks ciehmks y le iks cerahes @uerrks leMo`ùey.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha ;24;35-;06.

“. 622=. ’Mospknoaik4 Kn Krostateiokn vosoan tmkt fehkge true,‗ onXahoety car Kgerohkn Krhmkeaiaòsts . Sknhauver.

Hikkssen, H., knl V. K. Dayhe. Elotars. ;??0.Pagen on premostary4 Nartm Kgerohk knl Gesakgerohk . Rmoikleipmok4 Unoversoty ac Rennsyivknok Rress.

Haiugfus, H. ;??2. me daurnki . Sai. O.Nuavk Vkhhaitk Haiagfoknk . Vage4Ostotuta Raio`rkcoha e Tehhk leiia Xtkta.

Hanrkl, @. P., H. L. Feejer, H. Leshkntes, D. P. Caster, knl G. L.@ikshahj. 622=. Hagpasotoanki knkiysos ac herkgohs crag Ik Kietk,Lagonohkn Vepufioh4 Ogpiohktoans car sote cunhtoan knl ar`knosktoan. Daurnki ac Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y spehoki pufiohktoan na.6450-3=.

Hanrkl, @. P., D. P. Caster, knl H. L. Feejer. 622;. Ar`knoh krtockhts cragtme Gknkntoki le ik Kietk, Lagonohkn Vepufioh4 Rreiogonkry afservktoansknl onterpretktoans. Daurnki ac Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y 4;-62.

Hashuiiueik, D. K. ;?<3. Rremsotaroh huitures ac Hufk. Kgerohkn Kntoquoty ]oo4;2-;?.

Huret, I. K. ;??6k. Mause struhture knl huiturki hmknè on tme Hkroffekn4mree hkse stuloes crag Ruerta Voha.Ikton Kgerohkn Kntoquoty 84;32-;0<.

“. ;??6f. me leveiapgent ac hmoeclags on tme @rekter Kntoiies4 K reòankistuly ac tme vkiiey ac Gkunkfa, Ruerta Voha. RmL tmesos, Krozank XtkteUnoversoty.

“. ;??3. Oleaia`y, hmoeciy pawer, knl gkteroki huiture4 Kn exkgpie crag tme@rekter Kntoiies.Ikton Kgerohkn Kntoquoty 04;;<-;8;.

“. ;??=. New carguike car estogkton` premostaroh papuiktoans car IawiknlXautm Kgerohk knl tme Hkroffekn. Kntoquoty 06485?-805.

“. 6226. me Hmoec Os Lekl, Ian` Iove... Pma1 Leshent knl Xuhhessoanon tme Rratamostaroh Hmoeclags ac tme @rekter Kntoiies.Etmnamostary <?465?-6=2.

“. 6228. Ossues an tme loversoty knl egerènhe ac gollie-rknè sahoetoesac tme knhoent Hkroffekn4 K hrotoque. Daurnki ac Krhmkeaiaòhki Vesekrhm ;;4;-<6.

“. 6225. Hkroffekn pkiealega`rkpmy4 Rapuiktoan, huiture mostary, knl sahoa- paiotohki praheses on knhoent Ruerta Voha. ushkiaask4 me Unoversoty ac

Kikfkgk Rress.



866

“. 6223. Gosson` tme Raont knl kn Oiiugonkton` Exkgpie4 K Vespanse taJee`kn‟s Haggents.Etmnamostary 5848?8-8?=.

Huret, I. K., X. I. Lkwly, knl @. Ik Vask Harza. Elotars. 6225.Lokiaùes onHufkn krhmkeaia`y . ushkiaask4 me Unoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.

Huret, I. K., knl D. V. Aiover. ;??=. Gartukry prkhtohes, sahoki leveiapgent,knl oleaia`y on prehaiugfokn Ruerta Voha.Ikton Kgerohkn Kntoquoty ?46;0-68?.

Huret, I. K., knl I. G. Xtronèr. Elotars. 62;2.ofes4 Reapie, pawer,knl rotukikt tme henter ac tme hasgas . ushkiaask4 Unoversoty ac KikfkgkRress.

Huret, I. K., D. arres, knl G. Valrçùez. 622<. ’Raiotohki knl sahoki mostaryac Ekstern Ruerta Voha4 me Herkgoh Kè,‗ onIkte Herkgoh Kè sahoe-toes on tme ekstern Hkroffekn FKV Onternktoanki Xeroes ;608. Elotel fy K.Leipuehm knl H. I. Macgkn, pp. 5?-=3. Axcarl4 Krhmkeapress.

Lkhki Gaure, V., knl G. Vovera le ik Hkiie. ;?=<. Krqueaia`çk kfaroèn leHufk . Ik Mkfknk4 Elotaroki @ente Nuevk.

“. ;??3. Krt knl krhmkeaia`y ac pre-Haiugfokn Hufk . Rottsfur`m4 Unoversotyac Rottsfur`m Rress.

Lëvoik Lëvoik, A. 6228. Krqueaia`çk le ik Osik le ik Gank . Xkn Dukn4 Onstotutale Huiturk Ruertarroqueûk.

Le Faay, . ;?;5. Rattery crag hertkon hkves on ekstern Xknta Lagonà, PestOnloes. Kgerohkn Kntmrapaiaòst, New Xeroes ;043?-?0.

Lek`kn, J. ;?=?. ’ me sekrhm car Ik Nkvolkl on k hantkht peroal Krkwkjtawn an Mkoto‟s nartm hakst,‗ onCorst enhaunters4 Xpknosm expiarktoans on

tme Hkroffekn knl tme Unotel Xtktes, ;<?6-;502Elotel fy D. . Goiknohmknl X. Goifrktm, pp. <58-<5=. @konesvoiie4 Ciarolk Guseug ac NkturkiMostary.

Lek`kn, J. K. 6226k. Krtockhts ac tme Xpknosm haianoes ac Ciarolk knl tmeHkroffekn, ;522-;=224 vai ; Herkgohs, ìksswkre knl fekls . Sai. ;. Pksmon`tan L.H.4 Xgotmsanokn Onstotutoan Rress.

“. 622<. Vehansoleron` kona sahoki lynkgohs kcter Xpknosm hanquest4@enler knl hikss on huiture hantkht stuloes. Kgerohkn Kntoquoty 3?45?0-363.

Lek`kn, J. K., knl D. G. Hruxent. 6226k.Haiugfus‟s autpast kgan` tmekçnas4 Xpkon knl Kgerohk kt Ik Oskfeik, ;<?8-;<?= . New Mkven4 _kie

Unoversoty Rress.

“. 6226f. Krhmkeaia`y kt Ik Oskfeik4 Kgerohk‟s corst Eurapekn awn. NewMkven4 _kie Unoversoty Rress.

Leipuehm, K., knl H. I. Macgkn. Elotars. 622<.Ikte Herkgoh Kè sahoe-toes on tme ekstern Hkroffekn FKV Onternktoanki Xeroes ;608. Axcarl4 Krhmkeapress.

Leipuehm, K., H. I. Macgkn, knl G. I. R. Maaìknl. ;??0. Cauoiies sur iesote prïhaiagfoen le i‟Knse â ik @aurle (Xkont-Crknàaos, @ukleiaupe).

Daurnki le ik Xahoïtï les Kgïrohknostes =8460?-6=6.



868V

“. ;???. ’Knse â ik @aurle,‗ onFoikn shoentocoque le ik rïòan @ukleiaupe;??0 . Elotel fy K. Leipuehm, pp. 88-804 Lorehtoan Vïòankie les KcckoresHuitureiies @ukleiaupe4 ervohe Vïòankie le i‟Krhmïaiaòe.

Lafres, G.-K. 6222. ehmnaia`y knl sahoki kènhy4 Autionon` k prkhtohe crkge-warj car krhmkeaia`y . Axcarl4 Fikhjweii.

Lagçnùez, I. X., D. Cefies, knl K. Voves. ;??<. ’Iks hagunolkles kfarçènesle Hufk,‗ onIk Haianok4 Evaiuhoøn, sahoaehanøgohk y cargkhoøn nkhoanki .Elotel fy G. l. Hkrgen Fkrhok, @. @krhçk, knl E. arres-Huevks. IkMkfknk4 Elotark Raiçtohk.

Lagçnùez, I. X. 622;. Ik guder kfaroèn ki onohoa lei soìa ]SO en eiHkrofe.Faietçn lei @kfonete le Krqueaia`çk ;4==-?;.

Lrewett, R. I., knl G. Fenneii. 6222. ’Xettiegent krhmkeaia`y an FkrfklasOO4 me Rart Xt Hmkries (Meywaals) krhmkeaiaòhki reshue pradeht,‗ onRremostaroh settiegents on tme Hkroffekn. Coeilwarj on Fkrfklas, artaik kntme Hkygkn Osiknls . Elotel fy R. I. Lrewett, pp. 60-52. Xt Knn‟s @krrosan,Xt Gohmkei, Fkrfklas4 Krhmetype pufiohktoans car tme Fkrfklas Guseugknl Mostarohki sahoety.

Luon, V. ;??=. Krhmotehturki hanhepts on Hkroffekn krhmkeaia`y4 K pre-iogonkry krhmkeaiaòhki repart ac tme cektures kt Knse â ik @aurle,@ukleiaupe. me mause on pkst knl present on etmna-mostary, etmna`rkpmyknl etmna-krhmkeaia`y. Gksters tmesos, Ieolen Unoversoty.

Luiy, H. ;?0?. me mauses ac gknjonl . Ianlan4 mkges knl Mulsan.

Lùron`, F. X. 6220. ’ me krtohuiktoan ac mauses kt Neaiotmoh Àktkimóyùj,urjey,‗ on me lurkfie Mause4 Mause sahoety galeis on krhmkeaia`y ,

Hkrfanlkie Krhmkeaiaòhki Onvesto`ktoans . Elotel fy V. K. Fehj, pp. ;82-;58. Hkrfanlkie4 Henter car Krhmkeaiaòhki Onvesto`ktoans, AhhksoankiRkper na. 85, Xautmern Oiionaos Unoversoty.

Lùron`, F. X. 6223. Hanstruhton` haggunotoes4 Hiusterel neo`mfaurmaal set-tiegents ac tme Hentrki Knktaiokn Neaiotmoh hk. =522-5522 Hki. FH. RmLlossertktoan.

Ensar, F. E. 6222. Xahoki cargktoans, gala le volk, knl hancioht on krhmkeai-a`y. Kgerohkn Kntoquoty 354;5-<6.

Espensmkle, H. . ;?=0.Lktk rehavery exhkvktoans kt RA-6;, Herroiias VoverSkiiey, Ruerta Voha. U. X. Krgy Harps ac Enòneers, Dkhjsanvoiie Lostroht/@krraw knl Kssahoktes.

“. 6222. Vehanstruhton` mausemail vessei kssegfikès knl sote lurktoan kt knekriy Astoanaol sote crag sautm-hentrki Ruerta Voha. Daurnki ac Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y ;4;-66.

Cernënlez le Avoela y Skilïz, @. ;=5;.Mostarok @enerki y Nkturki le iksOnloks, Osiks y oerrk-Corge lei Gkr Ahïkna. Sai. ;. Gklrol4 Ik Veëi Khklegok le ik Mostarok.

“. ;?05. me hanquest knl settiegent ac tme osiknl ac Faroquen ar Ruerta Voha(trkns. Lkyganl urner). Kvan, Hannetohut4 me Hkvknlan Rress, Onh.



86<

Cewjes, D. P. ;=?;. An zeges crag Xknta Lagonà. Kgerohkn Kntmrapaiaòst <4;30-;03.

“. ;?20. me kfaroònes ac Rarta Voha knl neo`mfauron` osiknls . New _arj4 Damnsan Vepron` Harparktoan.

Ciknnery, J. S. Elotar. ;?03.me Ekriy Gesakgerohkn voiikè . New _arj4 Khklegoh Rress.

Ciknnery, J. S., knl D. Gkrhus. Elotars. 6225.Exhkvktoans kt Xkn Dasï Gaàte;4 me mausemail krhmkeaia`y 4 Knn Krfar.

Cajjens, M., knl V. Dknsen. 6226. 6222 dkkr fewanon`slynkgoej. Frans- enodzertodlfewanon` on met Gkks-Leger-Xhmeileèfoel . Ieolen4 Ckhuiteot lerIeolen4 Ckhuiteot ler Krhmeaiaòe.

Cax, D. D. ;??8. ’Hagpkrktove perspehtoves an Kustranesokn mauses4 kn ontra-luhtary essky,‗ onOnsole Kustranesokn mauses4 perspehtoves an lagestoh leso`ns car iovon` . Elotel fy D. D. Cax, pp. ;-6?. Hknferrk4 Kustrkiokn Nktoanki

Unoversoty.Crknj, E. C. ;??=. K rkloahkrfan lkte ac 8=2 »32 FR car k kona sote, Huevk

Ne`rk, Osik le Gank, Ruerta Voha. Daurnki ac Hkve knl Jkrst Xtuloes 324;2;-;26.

Crknj, E. C., D. G. Gyiraoe, D. P. raester, E. H. Kiexknler Dr., knl D. I.Hkrew. ;??=. Jkrst leveiapgent knl speieaènesos, Osik le Gank, RuertaVoha. Daurnki ac Hkve knl Jkrst Xtuloes 32408-=8.

@krfer, D. C., P. L. Lrover, I. K. Xuiiovkn, knl L. G. @ikssgkn. ;??=.’Fiaaly fawis knl frajen pats4 me ioce, lektm, knl refortm ac k Gkykmause,‗ onme sawon` knl tme lkwnon`4 ergonktoan, lelohktoan knl trknscargktoan on tme krhmkeaiaòhki knl etmna`rkpmoh reharl ac Gesakgerohk .Elotel fy X. Fateier Gahj, pp. ;65-;8<. Kifuqerque4 Unoversoty ac NewGexoha Rress.

@krhçk Krïvkia, G. K. 622;. ’Ei kyuna lei femoque y ei sogfaiosga lei es-queieta.‗Rraheelon`s ac tme ]O] Onternktoanki Han`ress car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y, Krufk, 622;, pp. 53-3?.

@era, D. G., knl G. P. Hanjey. Elotars. ;??;.Enènleron` krhmkeaia`y4Pagen knl premostary . Axcarl4 Fikhjweii.

@errotsen, C. K. 622;. Iahki olentotoes4 Iknlshkpe knl haggunoty on tme ikte

premostaroh Geuse-Leger-Xhmeilt reòan. RmL tmesos, Srode Unoversoteot Kgsterlkg.

“. 6220. ’Veiahkton` tme mause4 Xahoki trknscargktoans on ikte premostarohnartmern Eurape,‗ onme lurkfie mause4 Mause sahoety galeis on krhmke-aia`y . Elotel fy V. K. Fehj. Hkrfanlkie4 Henter car KrhmkeaiaòhkiOnvesto`ktoans, Ahhksoanki Rkper na. 85, Xautmern Oiionaos Unoversoty

@ollens, K. ;?0?.Hentrki prafiegs on sahoki tmeary4 Khtoan, struhture knl hantrk-lohtoan on sahoki knkiysos . Ianlan4 Gkhgoiikn.

@oihmrost, V. ;???.@enler knl krhmkeaia`y4 Hanteston` tme pkstIanlan4Vautielè.



865V

@oiiespoe, X. L. 6222k. ’Feyanl jonsmop4 Kn ontraluhtoan,‗ onFeyanl jonsmop4Xahoki knl gkteroki repraluhtoan on mause sahoetoes . Elotel fy V. K. Dayheknl X. L. @oiiespoe, pp. ;-62. Rmoikleipmok4 Unoversoty ac RennsyivknokRress.

“. 6222f. ’Iïvo-Xtrkuss4 Gkosan knl Xahoïtï â Gkosans,‗ onFeyanl jonsmop4Xahoki knl gkteroki repraluhtoan on mause sahoetoes . Elotel fy V. K. Dayheknl X. L. @oiiespoe, pp. 66-56. Rmoikleipmok4 Unoversoty ac RennsyivknoRress.

“. 6222h. ’Gkyk ’nestel mauses‗4 me rotuki hanstruhtoan ac pikhe,‗ onFeyanl jonsmop4 Xahoki knl gkteroki repraluhtoan on mause sahoetoes . Elotelfy V. K. Dayhe knl X. L. @oiiespoe, pp. ;85-;32. Rmoikleipmok4 Unoversotac Rennsyivknok Rress.

“. 6220. ’Pmen os k mause1,‗ onme lurkfie mause4 Mause sahoety galeis onkrhmkeaia`y . Elotel fy V. K. Fehj, pp. 65-52. Hkrfanlkie4 Henter car Krhmkeaiaòhki Onvesto`ktoans, Ahhksoanki Rkper na. 85, Xautmern Oiion

Unoversoty.“. 622=. ’Mostary on prkhtohe4 Votuki lepasotoan kt Ik Sentk Hagpiex K,‗

on Gegary warj4 Krhmkeaiaòes ac gkteroki prkhtohes . Elotel fy F. D. Goiisknl P. M. Pkijer, pp. ;2?-;83. Xkntk Ce4 Xhmaai car Klvknhel VesekrhmRress.

@iýrstkl, M. 6222. ’Creelag ac speehm os kiwkys creelag crag tme speehm acatmers, ar rktmer hantrai ac tmeor soienhe,‗ onRmoiasapmy knl krhmkeaiaò-hki prkhtohe. Rerspehtoves car tme 6;st hentury . Elotel fy H. Maitarc knl M.Jkrissan, pp. ;=5-626. @ótefar`4 Frohaieur Rress.

@a`òn, D. G. ;?32. ’Xpknosm aiove dkr4 Kn ontraluhtary stuly,‗ onRkpers onHkroffekn Kntmrapaia`y , vai. 36. Elotel fy O. F. Vause, pp. ;-80. NewMkven4 _kie Unoversoty Rufiohktoans on Kntmrapaia`y.

@aalwon, V. H., D. V. Aiover, L. L. Lkvos, D. Frawn, X. Xknlers, knl G.Xoggans. Elotars. 6228. Krhmkeaiaòhki survey knl evkiuktoan ac sotes ktNXPH Xkfknk Xehk4 Evkiuktoan ac premostaroh sote Vça Hahki-; Xote . Narcaij,SK4 Unotel Xtktes Lepkrtgent ac tme Nkvy, Ktikntoh Lovosoan, NkvkiCkhoiotoes Enòneeron` Haggknl.

@rknferry, D., knl @. X. Sesheious. 622<.Iknùkès ac tme pre-Haiugfokn Kntoiies . ushkiaask4 me Unoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.

@reàry, X. 6220.me levoi femonl tme gorrar4 @iafkiozktoan knl paiotohs on tmLagonohkn Vepufioh . Ferjeiey, Hkiocarnok4 Unoversoty ac Hkiocarnok Rress.

@roer, H. 6223. ’ egparkioty on Nartmwest hakst mausemails,‗ onMausemailkrhmkeaia`y an tme nartmwest hakst , Mausemail krhmkeaia`y an tme nartmwesthakst . Elotel fy E. K. Xafei, L. K. roeu @kmr, knl J. G. Kges, pp. ?0-;;?. Gohmo`kn4 Knn Krfar4 Onternktoanki Gana`rkpms on Rremostary.

@rýn, A. ;??;. ’K getmal car rehanstruhtoan ac sahoki struhture on premostarohsahoetoes knl exkgpies ac prkhtohki kppiohktoan,‗ onXahoki spkhe4 Mugknspktoki femkvoaur on lweiion`s knl settiegents4 Rraheelon`s ac kn onterlosh pionkry hancerenhe . Elotel fy A. @rýn, E. Enèistkl, knl O. Ionlfiag, pp.

;22-;;0. Alense4 Alense Unoversoty Rress.



863

@ukrhm Leigante, D. G. ;?08.Ei Kdukr Na-Herkgoha le ias kçnas le Hufk .Sai. 8.Xeroe Krqueaiøòhk . Ik Mkfknk4 Khklegok le Honehoks le Hufk4Ik Mkfknk4 Khklegok le Honehoks le Hufk4Onstotuta le Krqueaia`çk.

“. ;?0<. Enskya le rehanstruhhoøn etna-mostarohk le ias kçnas le HufkSai. <.Xeroe Krqueaiøòhk.Ik Mkfknk4 Khklegok le Honehoks le Hufk4 Onstotutale Krqueaia`çk.

“. ;??<. _kùkdky yuhkyeque urey . Maiùçn4 Elohoanes Maiùçn y Rufioho`rkc.

@uerrera, D. @. ;?=;. Las pikzks onlçènks y ei pafikla le Hatufknkgë, RkrqueNkhoanki lei Este.Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna;34;8-62.

@uss, L. G. ;?=?. a wekve knl son`4 Krt, sygfai, knl nkrrktove on tme Xautm Kgerohkn rkoncarest . Ferjeiey, Hkiocarnok4 Unoversoty ac Hkiocarnok Rress.

Mkrlon`, D. 6225. Vetmonjon` tme `rekt lovole4 Ian`-terg struhturki mostaryknl tme tegparkioty ac event.Narweòkn Krhmkeaiaòhki Vevoew 8=4==-;2;.

Mkylen, F., knl K. Hknnan. ;?=6. me harparkte `raup ks kn krhmkeaiaòhkiunot. Daurnki ac Kntmrapaiaòhki Krhmkeaia`y ;4;86-;5=.

Mkys-@oipon, J., knl L. X. Pmotiey. Elotars. ;??=.Vekler on ènler krhmkeai-a`y . Ianlan4 Vautielè.

Mehjenferèr, G. D. 6226. ’Vetmonjon` tme Krkwkjkn lokspark4 Moerkrhmy,reòankioty knl tme Kgkzanokn cargktove,‗ onHagpkrktove Krkwkjknmostaroes4 Vetmonjon` iknùkè ckgoiy knl huiture krek on Kgkzanok . Elotelfy D. L. Moii knl C. Xkntas-@rknera, pp. ??-;66. Urfknk knl Hmohkà4Unoversoty ac Oiionaos Rress.

“. 6225. me ehaia`y ac pawer4 Huiture, pikhe, knl persanmaal on tme Xautmern

Kgkzan, K.L. ;222-6222 . New _arj4 Vautielè.Mehjenferèr, G. D., knl D. F. Retersen. ;??5. ’Mugkn onterkhtoans knl

papuiktoan gavegent on tme Hkroffekn fkson. Hanhentroh horhuikr voiikèpktterns on tme Hkroffekn4 Hagpkrosans crag Kgkzanok.‗Rraheelon`s actme Xoxteentm Onternktoanki Han`ress car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y, Fksse- erre,@ukleiaupe, ;??5 , pp. 80?-8=?.

Meigs, G. P. ;?0?. Knhoent Rknkgk4 Hmoecs on sekrhm ac pawer . me exks Rkn Kgerohkn seroes . Kuston4 Unoversoty ac exks Rress.

“. ;?=2. Xuhhessoan ta mo`m accohe on Rre-Haiugfokn Horhug-Hkroffeknhmoeclags. Gkn ;540;=-08;.

“. ;??=. Khhess ta Aroòns4 Kccones, Knhestars, knl Krostahrkts . Kuston4Unoversoty ac exks Rress.

“. 6220. ’Mause Ioce,‗ onme lurkfie mause4 Mause sahoety galeis on kr-hmkeaia`y . Elotel fy V. K. Fehj, pp. <=0-52<. Hkrfanlkie4 Henter car Krhmkeaiaòhki Onvesto`ktoans, Ahhksoanki Rkper na. 85, Xautmern OiionaosUnoversoty.

Menlan, D. K. ;??3. Krhmkeaiaòhki kpprakhmes ta tme ar`knozktoan ac lages-toh ikfar4 Mausemail prkhtohe knl lagestoh reiktoans. Knnuki Vevoew ac Kntmrapaia`y 654<5-3;.



860V

“. 622<. ’Iovon` knl warjon` kt mage4 me sahoki krhmkeaia`y ac mausemailpraluhtoan knl sahoki reiktoans,‗ on K hagpknoan ta sahoki krhmkeaia`y .Elotel fy I. Gesjeii knl V. P. Rreuhei, pp. 606-6=3. Gkilen4 Fikhjweii.

“. 6220. ’Gegary, gkterokioty, knl prkhtohe4 Mause sahoetoes on sautm-ekstern Gesakgerohk,‗ onme lurkfie mause4 Mause sahoety galeis on kr-hmkeaia`y . Elotel fy V. K. Fehj. Hkrfanlkie4 Henter car KrhmkeaiaòhkiOnvesto`ktoans, Ahhksoanki Rkper na. 85, Xautmern Oiionaos Unoversoty.

Mernënlez le Ikrk, A., knl F. E. Valrçùez ëpknes. 622=. Hansolerkhoanesen tarna k unk pasofie estruhturk le vovoenlk en ei ksentkgoenta kfaroènEi Garroiia, Gktknzks, Hufk.Hagehmonànok vortuki4 Vevostk Eiehtrønohk le Krqueaia`çk ;46< -<6.

Merrerk Crotat, V., knl H. I. _augkns. ;?<3.Ik Hkietk4 Dayk krqueaiøòhk Kntoiiknk4 Expiarkhoøn y estuloa le un roha ykhogoenta onlçènk Lagonohk y hagpkrkhoøn le ias edegpikras han ias le Hufk y atras iu`kres4 hrknea`rkcçhrkneagetrçk y hrkneatroànagetrçk le ias restas mugknas leshufoertas . Ik

Mkfknk.Mo`mcoeil, K. V. ;??0. ’Xage Afservktoans an tme kona Iknùkè,‗ onme

Onloènaus Reapie ac tme Hkroffekn. Elotel fy X. G. Poisan, pp. ;5<-;3=.@konesvoiie4 Unoversoty ac Ciarolk Rress.

Moùerk-@unly, K., G. Frenner, L. K. Maleii, D. M. Hurtos, F. P. Ieylen,knl G. P. Foncarl. ;???. K ;2,822 ;<H yr reharl ac hiogkte knl veètk-toan hmknè crag Mkoto.[ukternkry Vesekrhm 564;5?-;02.

Maller, O. ;??2. me Lagestohktoan ac Eurape4 Xtruhture knl Hantonènhy onNeaiotmoh Xahoetoes . Axcarl4 Fikhjweii.

Macgkn, H. I. 6225. ’Hale faaj car herkgohs,‗ pp. ;8. Ieolen4 IeolenUnoversoty.

Macgkn, H. I., K. D. Fro`mt, P. C. Jee`kn, knl G. I. R. Maaìknl. 622=. Kttrkhtove oleks, lesorkfie àals4 exkgonon` tme Ikte Herkgoh Kè reik-toansmops fetween @rekter knl Iesser Kntoiiekn sahoetoes. Daurnki ac Osiknlknl Hakstki Krhmkeaia`y 84;0-8<.

Macgkn, H. I., knl G. I. R. Maaìknl, 622<. ’Xahoki lynkgohs knl hmknèon tme Nartmern Iesser Kntoiies,‗ onIkte Herkgoh Kè sahoetoes on tme eksternHkroffekn, FKV Onternktoanki Xeroes ;608. Elotel fy K. Leipuehm knl H.I. Macgkn, pp. <0-5=. Axcarl4 Krhmkeapress.

Macgkn, H. I., knl G. I. R. Maaìknl. Elotars. ;???. KrhmkeaiaòhkiOnvesto`ktoans an Xt. Gkrton (Iesser Kntoiies)4 me sotes ac Nargkn Estkte Knse les Ríres knl Mape Estkte wotm k hantrofutoan ta tme ”Ik Muehk praf-ieg‟.Sai. <. Krhmkeaiaòhki Xtuloes Ieolen Unoversoty . Ieolen4 Ckhuity ac Krhmkeaia`y, Ieolen Unoversoty.

Macgkn, H. I., G. I. R. Maaìknl, knl K. Leipuehm. 622;. Xpktoki ar-`knosktoan kt k raugkssaol settiegent, tme hkse ac Knse â ik @aurle,@ukleiaupe.Rraheelon`s ac tme ;?tm Han`ress ac tme Onternktoanki Kssahoktoan car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y 4;6<-;8;.



86=

Macgkn, H. I., G. I. R. Maaìknl, knl D. V. Aiover. 622<. K corst rehannkos-sknhe ac tme krhmkeaiaòhki sotes on tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh, ;8-20-622< ta 60-20-622< .

Macgkn, H. I., G. I. R. Maaìknl, D. V. Aiover, knl K. S. G. Xkgsan.6225. ’Krhmkeaiaòhki onvesto`ktoans kt Ei Hkfa, ekstern LagonohknVepufioh4 Rreiogonkry resuits ac tme 6225 hkgpko`n.‗ Ieolen4 Ckhuity ac Krhmkeaia`y.

“. 6223. Onvesto`khoanes krqueaiøòhks en Ei Hkfa, aroente le ik VepôfiohkLagonohknk4 Vesuitklas preiogonkres le ik hkgpkûk le 6225.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha ?4?5-;23.

Macgkn, H. I., G. I. R. Maaìknl, K. S. G. Xkgsan, knl D. V. Aiover.622=. Onvesto`khoanes krqueaiøòhks en Ei Hkfa, aroente le ik VepôfiohkLagonohknk4 Vesuitklas preiogonkres le iks hkgpkûks 6225 y 6223Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna <64820-8;3.

Macgkn, H. I., G. I. R. Maaìknl, knl K. I. vkn @odn. Elotars. 622=.Elotars. 622=.Hrasson` tme farlers4 New getmals knl tehmnoques on tme stuly ac krhmkeaiaò-hki gkterokis crag tme Hkroffekn. ushkiaask4 Unoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.

Macgkn, H. I., D. Uiiak Mun`, knl I. Dkhafs. 6220. Duntknla iks Roezks leiVagpehkfezks. Lënlaie sentola k ik Hranaiaòk Herëgohk lei Este le ikVepufiohk Lagonohknk.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha ;2.

Macgeester, X. 622=. Ckunk ac Mospknoaik. Ontraluhtoan wotm hkse stuly acknogki fane regkons crag Ei Hkfa, Lagonohkn Vepufioh. FK tmesos,Ieolen Unoversoty.

Maaìknl, G., knl V. Luon. 6226. ’Ikte Herkgoh Kè Furoki Rrkhtohes on tme

Iesser Kntoiies wotm recerenhe ta kn Etmna`rkpmoh hkse stuly kgan` tme Pkyknk ac Crenhm @uyknk.‗ 6226 FKV Xegonkr, Ieolen/Rkros, 6226 , pp.;-=.

Maaìknl, G. I. R. ;??5. Xettiegent struhture ac k kona sote an Xkfk,Netmeriknls Kntoiies.Rraheelon`s ac tme ;3tm Han`ress ac tme Onternktoanki Kssahoktoan car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y 64;<3-;55.

“. ;??3. On sekrhm ac tme nktove papuiktoan ac pre-Haiugfokn Xkfk (<22-;<52 K.L.). Rkrt twa. Xettiegents on tmeor nkturki knl sahoki envorangent.RmL lossertktoan, Ieolen Unoversoty.

“. ;???. ’Rkrt tmree4 Mape Estkte. Getmals knl strkteòes,‗ on KrhmkeaiaòhkiOnvesto`ktoans an Xt. Gkrton (Iesser Kntoiies)4 me sotes ac Nargkn Estkte, Knse les Ríres knl Mape Estkte wotm k hantrofutoan ta tme ”Ik Muehk prafieg‟.Sai. <, Krhmkeaiaòhki Xtuloes Ieolen Unoversoty . Elotel fy H. I. Macgknknl G. I. R. Maaìknl, pp. ;60-;<=. Ieolen4 Ckhuity ac Krhmkeaia`y,Ieolen Unoversoty.

Maaìknl, G. I. R., knl H. I. Macgkn. ;??8. Jeifey‟s Volè 6, K ;<tmHentury kçna Xettiegent an Xkfk, Netmeriknls Kntoiies. KnkiehtkRrkemostarohk Ieolensok 634;3<-;=;.

Maaìknl, G. I. R., H. I. Macgkn, knl K. S. G. Xkgsan. Elotars. cartmhag-on`.Mauses car tme iovon` knl tme lekl. Ar`knosktoan ac settiegent spkhe knllagestoh ioce on tme ikte herkgoh kè Hkroffekn. Gana`rkpm an Ei Hkfa.Gana`rkpm an Ei Hkfa.



86?V

Marst vkn ler, I. 622?. Ik poelrk verle. Feshmrodvenle knkiyse vkn stenen krte-ckhten uot Ei Hkfa, Lagonohkn Vepufioh. FK tmesos, Ieolen Unoversoty.

Mu`men, J. K., G. @. I. Fkoiioe, E. Fkrl, K. Fkyioss, D. P. Fehj, H. D. M.Fertrknl, R. @. Fikhjweii, H. E. Fuhj, @. X. Furr, J. F. Hutier, R. E.Lkgan, V. I. Elwkrls, V. @. Ckorfknjs, G. Croelrohm, . R. @uoilersan,F. Jrager, C. @. GhHargkh, X. P. Gknnon`, H. Franj Vkgsey, R. D. Veoger, V. P. Veoger, X. Veggeie, D. V. Xautman, G. Xtuover, X.

kikga, C. P. kyiar, D. vkn ler Riohmt, knl H. E. Peymengeyer. 622<.Gkrone2< Gkrone Vkloahkrfan Kè Hkiofrktoan, 63 - 2 jk FR.Vkloahkrfan <34;25?-;2=3.

Mu`m-Danes, X. ;??5. ’Onsole-aut knl fkhj-ta-crant4 me knlra`ynausmause on nartmwest Kgkzanok,‗ on Kfaut tme mause4 Iïvo-Xtrkuss knl feyanl . Elotel fy D. Hkrsten knl X. Mu`m-Danes, pp. 663-656. Hkgfrolè4Hkgfrolè Unoversoty Rress.

Mu`m-Danes, H. ;?0?.Crag tme Goij Vover4 Xpktoki knl tegparki prahesses on

Nartmwest Kgkzanok . Hkgfrolè Hkgfrolè Unoversoty Rress.Muige, R. ;?=3.Haianoki enhaunters4 Eurape knl tme Nktove Hkroffekn, ;<?6-

;0?0 . Ianlan4 Getmuen.

Muige, R., knl N. I. Pmotemekl. Elotars. ;??6.Poil Gkdesty4 Enhaunters wotmHkrofs crag Haiugfus ta tme present lky4 Kn kntmaia`y . Axcarl4 HikrenlanRress.

Dknsen, V., knl G. H. Larst. 6220. ’Xpktoki pktternon` knl struhtures actme guito-hagpanent Herkgoh Kè sote Xkn ;, Gknzknoiik, ronolkl.‗Rraheelon`s ac tme wenty-Corst Han`ress ac tme Onternktoanki KssahoktoaHkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y, ronolkl, 6220 , pp. 8;5-860, vai.;.

Dkrlones Gkhçks, D., knl D. Hkiverk Vasïs. ;???. Estruhturks le vovoenlks kfarçènes en Ias Fuhmoiianes.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha 84<<-56.

Damnsan, E. 622?. Ioce fetween tme hrkhjs4 Uses knl geknon`s ac k pkstMospknoaikn iknlshkpe kt Ei Hkfa. GRmoi tmesos, Ieolen Unoversoty.

“. cartmhagon`. Ioce fetween tme hrkhjs4 Uses knl geknon`s ac k konaiknlshkpe kt Ei Hkfa, tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh.Rraheelon`s ac tme wenty-

morl Han`ress ac tme Onternktoanki Kssahoktoan car Hkroffekn Krhmkeai.

Dayhe, V. K. 6222. ’Meoriaags knl mauses4 Gkterokioty knl sahoki gegary,‗ onFeyanl jonsmop4 Xahoki knl gkteroki repraluhtoan on mause sahoetoes . Elotelfy V. K. Dayhe knl X. L. @oiiespoe, pp. ;=?-6;6. Rmoikleipmok4 Unoversotac Rennsyivknok Rress.

Dayhe, V. K., knl X. L. @oiiespoe. Elotars. 6222.Feyanl jonsmop4 Xahokiknl gkteroki repraluhtoan on mause sahoetoes . Rmoikleipmok4 Unoversoty acRennsyivknok Rress.

Dayhe, . K. ;?20. Rremostaroh Kntoquotoes crag tme Kntoiies, on tme FrotosmGuseug. me Daurnki ac tme Vayki Kntmrapaiaòhki Onstotute ac @rekt Froknl Oreiknl 804<26-<;?.



882

Jkpikn, D. 622?. me exhkvktoan, knkiysos, knl hagpkrosan ac struhturki han-coùrktoans on tme cekture expasure trenhm-;6 krek kt sote RA-6?4 RmkseOOO lktk rehavery eccarts car tme Rartuùes Lkg knl paai pradeht, Ranhe,Ruerta Voha. GK tmesos, Ieolen Unoversoty.

Jee`kn, P. C. ;??;. ’Kn kntmrapaiaòhki evkiuktoan ac kçna jonsmop.‗Rraheelon`s ac tme morteentm Onternktoanki Han`ress car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y, Hurkhka, Netmeriknls Kntoiies, ;??;, pp. <80-<<5.

“. ;??6. me peapie wma loshaverel Haiugfus4 me premostary ac tme Fkmkgks .Vopiey R. Fuiien Xeroes . @konesvoiie4 Unoversoty Rress ac Ciarolk.

“. ;??5. ’Vehent hiogktoh knl sek ievei ciuhtuktoans on reiktoan ta PestOnlokn premostary.‗ ]SOtm Onternktoanki Han`ress car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y,Fksse erre, @ukleiaupe, ;??5 , pp. ?5-;2<.

“. ;??0. ’Na gkn Zar wagknW os kn osiknl4 Eiegents ac kona sahoki ar-`knozktoan,‗ onme Onloènaus Reapie ac tme Hkroffekn. Elotel fy X. G. Poisan, pp. ;;;-;;0. @konesvoiie4 Unoversoty ac Ciarolk Rress.

“. 6222. Pest Onlokn Krhmkeaia`y. 8. Herkgoh Kè. Daurnki ac KrhmkeaiaòhkiVesekrhm =4;85-;30.

“. 6223. Kii on tme ckgoiy4 Leshent knl suhhessoan on tme pratamostarohhmoeclags ac tme @rekter Kntoiies--K haggent an Huret.Etmnamostary 5848=8-8?6.

“. 6220. kona Onlokn gytm knl prkhtohe4 me krrovki ac tme strknèr jon` .Vopiey R. Fuiien Xeroes 4 Ciarolk Guseug ac Nkturki Mostary.

“. 622?. Hentrki pikzk furokis on Xkiklaol Ruerta Voha4 Kn kiternktove per-spehtove.Ikton Kgerohkn Kntoquoty 624805-8=5.

Jee`kn, P. C., X. G. Cotzpktrohj, J. Xuiiovkn Xekiey, G. D. IeCefvre, knl R. .Xoneiio. 622=. me raie ac sgkii osiknls on gkrone sufsostenhe strkteòes4Hkse stuloes crag tme Hkroffekn.Mugkn Ehaia`y 834385-35<.

Jee`kn, P. C., G. Gkhikhmikn, knl F. Fyrne. ;??=. ’Xahoki caunlktoans ackonahkhoques ,‗ onHmoeclags knl Hmoectkonhy on tme Kgerohks . Elotel fy E.

G. Velganl, pp. 6;0-6<<. @konesvoiie4 Unoversoty Rress ac Ciarolk.

Jee`kn, P. C., knl G. L. Gkhikhmikn. ;?=?. me evaiutoan ac kvunhuia-hki Hmoeclags4 K rehanstruhtoan ac kona jonsmop knl paiotohs. Kgerohkn Kntmrapaiaòst ?;43;8-382.

Jee`kn, P. C., knl V. Valrçùez Vkgas. 622<. Xon raleas.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha =4=-;8.

“. 6220. ’Krhmkoh aroòns ac tme hikssoh kona.‗Rraheelon`s ac tme wenty-Corst Han`ress ac tme Onternktoanki Kssahoktoan car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y,

ronolkl, 6220 , vai.;, pp. 6;;-6;0.

Jennely, I. G., X. R. Marn, knl J. M. Arvos. 6223. K <222-yekr reharl accore knl carest mostary crag Skiie le Fka, Harloiierk Hentrki, LagonohknVepufioh.Rkikeaèa`rkpmy, Rkikeahiogktaia`y, Rkikeaehaia`y 68;460?-6?2.



88;V

Joll, X. 6222. ’Jnawielè knl tme prkhtohe ac iave knl mkte kgan` tme Enxetac Rkrkùky,‗ onme kntmrapaia`y ac iave knl knèr4 me kestmetohs ac han-vovokioty on nktove Kgkzanok . Elotel fy D. Averon` knl K. Rksses, pp. ;;<-;86. Ianlan knl New _arj4 Vautielè.

Jnkpp, K. F., knl R. vkn Laggeien. 622=. Rkst Rrkhtohes4 VetmonjonÒnlovolukis knl Kènts on Krhmkeaia`y.Hkgfrolè Krhmkeaiaòhki Daurnki ;=4;5-8<.

Jroeèr, M. P. ;?82. me kfaroònes ac tme knhoent osiknl ac Mospknoaik . Pksmon`tan.

“. ;?8;. Kfaroònki Onlokn pattery ac tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh . Pksmon`tan4Xgotmsanokn Onstotute.

Ikne, H. X., X. R. Marn, H. O. Gark, knl J. M. Arvos. 622?. Ikte-Maiahenepkieaenvorangentki hmknè kt gol-eievktoan an tme Hkroffekn siape ac tmeHarloiierk Hentrki, Lagonohkn Vepufioh4 k guito-sote, guito-praxy knkiy-sos.[ukternkry Xhoenhe Vevoews 6=4668?-6632.

Iek, S. ;??5. ’ me mauses ac tme GĚfenàjre (Jkykpø) ac Hentrki Frkzoi ‘ knew laar ta tmeor sahoki ar`knosktoan,‗ on Kfaut tme mause4 Iïvo-Xtrkuss knlfeyanl . Elotel fy D. Hkrsten knl X. Mu`m-Danes, pp. 623-665. Hkgfrolè4Hkgfrolè Unoversoty Rress.

Iïvo-Xtrkuss, H. ;?38.Xtruhturki kntmrapaia`y . New _arj4 Fksoh Faajs.

“. ;?55/;?08. rostes trapoques . New _arj4 Renùon Faajs.

“. ;?=8. me wky ac tme gksjs . Ianlan4 Danktmkn Hkpe.

Iapopkra, D. 6220. ’Mause sahoetoes knl meterkrhmy on tme ergonki Hikssoh U

Skiiey, Manlurks,‗ onme lurkfie mause4 Mause sahoety galeis on krhmkeaia`y,Hkrfanlkie Krhmkeaiaòhki Onvesto`ktoans. Elotel fy V. K. Fehj, pp. 08-?3.Hkrfanlkie4 Henter car Krhmkeaiaòhki Onvesto`ktoans, Ahhksoanki Rkper 85, Xautmern Oiionaos Unoversoty.

Iavïn, X. ;?85.Aroòns ac tme konkn huiture, Pest Onloes , 6nl elotoan.@ótefur`4 Eiknler.

Iunkrlo, E., E. Gkòanhkilk, knl V. Gkzzkhkne. Elotars. ;??6.me loshaveryac tme New Paril on tme wroton`s ac Reter Gkrtyr ac Kn`moerk . Sai. OO4 NuavkVkhhaitk Haiugfoknk.

Gkûøn Krrelanla, G., C. Garfën Ikuher, knl K. Hkrtkènk Rartkiktçn. ;?0;.Nuevks onvesto`khoanes le kreks onloènks ki nareste le @ukykhknes y DukLaioa.Vevostk Lagonohknk le ik Krqueaia`çk y Kntrapaia`çk ;4=;-;;8.

Gkns, D. I. D. K. cartmhagon`. roa Gavegents, k gkteroki perspehtove. RmLlossertktoan, Ieolen Unoversoty.

Gkrsmkii, _. 6222. ’ rknscargktoans ac Nuu-hmkm-nuitm Mauses,‗ onFeyanlJonsmop4 Xahoki knl Gkteroki Vepraluhtoan on Mause Xahoetoes . Elotel fyV. K. Dayhe knl X. L. @oiiespoe, pp. 05-;26. Rmoikleipmok4 Unoversoty acRennsyivknok Rress.



886

“. 6223. ’Mauses knl lagestohktoan an tme nartmwest hakst,‗ onMausemailkrhmkeaia`y an tme nartmwest hakst . Elotel fy E. K. Xafei, L. K. roeu@kmr, knl J. G. Kges, pp. 80-53. Gohmo`kn4 Knn Krfar4 OnternktoankiGana`rkpms on Rremostary.

Gkrtor le Knìerok, R. ;?=?.Lïhklks lei Nueva Gunla. Xknta Lagonà,Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk . Xknta Lagonà4 Elotark Harropoa.

Gksan, D. K. ;?<;. ’K ikrè krhmkeaiaòhki sote kt Hkpë, Utukla, wotm nates anatmer Rarta Voha sotes vosotel on ;?;<-;?;5. (wotm kn kppenlox fy O. Vausean krtockhts).‗ onXhoentocoh Xurvey ac Rarta Voha knl tme Soròn Osiknls , vai.;=46, pp. 62?-6354 New _arj Khklegy ac Xhoenhes.

Gh@onnos, X. K. ;??0. Olea`rkpmoh Expressoan on tme RrehaiugfoknHkroffekn. Unoversoty ac exks. RmL lossertktoan, Unoversoty ac exks

Gelmurst , H. P. ;?03. me Feiievue Xote. Krhmkeaia`y Dkgkohk 848-;6.

“. ;?00. Feiievue (J;8) Rmkse OO. Krhmkeaia`y Dkgkohk 84;-?: ;6-;?.

Geiïnlez Gkçz, G. D. ;??3. Goto`khoøn Krqueaiøòhk lei ykhogoenta leFkrrkzks, Hkraionk (Ckse OOO ‘ Etkpk OOO). Oncarg conki que onharpark ias re-suitklas le iks tegparklks le exhkvkhoøn le ;??6 y ;??< (ckse OOO - Etkpks O,OO, y OOO). Hentra le Xervohoas Gôitopies le Fkrrkzks.

Gesjeii, I. 6225. ’Ontraluhtoan4 Afdeht aroentktoans,‗ on Krhmkeaiaòes ac gk-terokioty . Elotel fy I. Gesjeii, pp. ;-;0. Gkilen, GK4 Fikhjweii.

Goiier, L. 6225. ’Gkterokioty4 Kn ontraluhtoan,‗ on Gkterokioty. Elotel fy L.Goiier, pp. ;-52. Lurmkg knl Ianlan4 Luje Unoversoty Rress.

Goiis, F. D. 622=. ’Vegegferon` wmoie carètton`4 Lepasotoanki prkhtohes

knl sahoki gegary kt Hmkha,‗ on Gegary warj4 Krhmkeaiaòes ac gkteroki prkhtohes . Elotel fy F. D. Goiis knl P. M. Pkijer, pp. =;-;2=. Xkntk Ce4Xhmaai car Klvknhel Vesekrhm Rress.

Goiis, F. D., knl P. M. Pkijer. Elotars. 622=. Gegary warj4 Krhmkeaiaòes acgkteroki prkhtohes . Xkntk Ce4 Xhmaai car Klvknhel Vesekrhm Rress.

Gai, K. K. K. 6220.Hastiy òvon`, òvon` ùkçzks4 awkrls kn ar`knoh galei actme exhmknè ac sahoki vkiukfies on tme Ikte Herkgoh Kè Hkroffekn.Ieolen4Xolestane Rress. (GRmoi tmesos).

Gareork le Iogk, I. D. ;???.Ik sahoelkl hagunotkrok le Hufk . Ik Mkfknk4Elotaroki Cïiox Skreik.

Garsonj, D. 6223. (Ve-)Hanstruhton` hanstruhtoans4 [uatolokn ioce knl sahokiprkhtohe kt Knse â ik @aurle. GRmoi tmesos, Ieolen Unoversoty.

Gashasa, C. ;?0=. ’ rofuta y cargkhoøn le hikses en ik sahoelkl le ias kçnasle iks Kntoiiks.‗Xeventm Onternktoanki Han`ress car tme Xtuly ac tme Rre-Haiugfokn Huitures ac tme Iesser Kntoiies Unoversolkl Hentrki le Hkrkhks,;?0= , pp. 825-868.

“. ;?=8. me leveiapgent ac trofki sahoety on tme Hkroffekn. Knn Krfar,Gohmo`kn4 Unoversoty Gohracoigs Onternktoanki.

Gayk Rans, C. ;??6. me paiotohs ac carhel Onlokn ikfaur on Ik Espkûaik;<?8-;562. Kntoquoty 334;82-;8?.



888V

Gurlahj, @. R., knl H. Rravast. ;?08. Ckhtars on tme lovosoan ac ikfar fy sex4 K hrass-huiturki knkiysos.Etmnaia`y ;64628-665.

Gyiraoe, D. E., knl D. I. Hkrew. 6228. Jkrst Leveiapgent an HkrfankteOsiknls.Xpeieaènesos knl Evaiutoan ac Jkrst Kquocers ;4;-6;.

Gyiraoe, D. G., knl D. I. Hkrew. ;??5. ’Hmkpter 84 Jkrst leveiapgent anhkrfankte osiknls,‗ onUnhancargotoes knl Rarasoty on Hkrfankte Xtrktk4 Kgerohkn Kssahoktoan ac Retraieug @eaiaòsts Gegaor 38. Elotel fy L. K.Full, K. M. Xkiier, knl R. G. Mkrros, pp. 55-03.

Nksm, L. D. 622?. Mausemail krhmkeaia`y on tme Knles. Daurnki ac Krhmkeaiaòhki Vesekrhm ;04625-63;.

Nkvkrrete le, G. C. ;?66.Sokdes le Hrostøfki Haiøn. Sai. ;. Gklrol.

Netton`, V. G., V. V. Poij, knl E. D. Krnauil. Elotars. ;?=<.Mausemails4Hagpkrktove knl mostarohki stuloes ac tme lagestoh `raup. Ferjeiey4Unoversoty ac Hkiocarnok Rress.

Newsag, I. K. ;??5. Gkn`raves knl raat hraps4 me krhmkeafatknohkireharlcrag En Fks Xkione, Mkoto.Rraheelon`s ac tme ;3tm Han`ress actme Onternktoank Kssahoktoan car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y ;456-33.

Newsag, I. K., knl E. X. Pon`. 622<.An iknl knl sek4 Nktove Kgerohknuses ac foaiaòhki resaurhes on tme Pest Onloes . ushkiaask4 me Unoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.

Nohmais, @. ;???.Xelogentaia`y knl Xtrkto`rkpmy 4 Fikhjweii Xhoenhe.

Aiover, D. V. ;??0. ’ me kçna hasgas,‗ onme Onloènaus Reapie ac tmeHkroffekn. Elotel fy X. G. Poisan, pp. ;<2-;58. @konesvoiie4 Unoversoty

ac Ciarolk Rress.“. 6222. ’@ail sygfaiosg kgan` Hkroffekn hmoeclags. Ac cektmers, Àofks,

knl @uknçn pawer kgan` kona eiotes,‗ onRrehaiugfokn àil. ehmnaia`y,styie knl ohana`rkpmy . Elotel fy H. GhEwkn, pp. ;?3-6;?. Ianlan/Xon`kpare4 Frotosm Guseug Rress.

“. 6228. ’Kn Onterpretktove Knkiysos knl Loshussoan ac tme Vça Hahki-;Haggunoty ac Xkfknk Xehk, Ruerta Voha,‗ on Krhmkeaiaòhki Xurvey knlEvkiuktoan ac Xotes kt NXPH Xkfknk Xehk4 Evkiuktoan ac Rremostaroh XVça Hahki-; Xote , vai. OS (pkrts O-OO). Elotel fy V. H. @aalwon, D. V.Aiover, L. L. Lkvos, D. Frawn, X. Xknlers, knl G. Xoggans, pp. 880-<26.

Narcaij, SK4 Unotel Xtktes Lepkrtgent ac tme Nkvy, Ktikntoh Lovosoan,Nkvki Ckhoiotoes Enòneeron` Haggknl.

“. 6225. ’ me prata- kçna ganugentki hegçs ac Hkùknk4 K paiotohki-reio-òaus ”gknocesta‟,‗ on Knhoent Faronquen4 Krhmkeaia`y knl etmnamostary acnktove Ruerta Voha. Elotel fy R. E. Xoeèi, pp. 682-6=<. ushkiaask4 meUnoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.

“. 622=. ’Ei unoversa gkteroki y sporotuki le ias kçnas,‗ onEi Hkrofe pre-haiagfona4 Crky Vkgøn Rknï y ei unoversa kçna, pp. ;83-6264 GuseuFkrfoer-Gueiier knl Cunlkhoøn Hkoxk @kiohok.

“. 622?. Hkhoques knl hegç olais4 me wef spun fy kçna ruiers fetweenMospknoaik knl Ruerta Voha. ushkiaask4 me Unoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.



88<

Aiover, R. ;??0.Enhyhiapelok ac vernkhuikr krhmotehture ac tme waril4 Huituresknl mkfots . Sai. 8.Enhyhiapelok ac Sernkhuikr Krhmotehture ac tme Paril .Hkgfrolè4 Hkgfrolè Unoversoty Rress.

Aisen Fa`kert, M. 6222.Rraspehhoøn Krqueaiøòhk4 Estuloa le Ogpkhta Kgfoentki Rrayehta Hanhesoøn le Expiatkhoøn Gonerk Hkrgeia, Moùey,Rravonhok Ik Kitk`rkhok . Xehretkrok le Estkla le Geloa Kgfoente yVehursas Nkturkies.

“. 622;k. Klenlug Rraspehhoøn Krqueaiøòhk. Estuloa le Ogpkhta KgfoentkiRrayehta4 Hanhesoøn le Expiatkhoøn Gonerk Hkrgeia. Mo`ùey, RravonhokIk Kitk`rkhok. Hansarhoa Egpkhk-Veles, Xehretkrçk le Estkla le Geloa Kgfoente y Vehursas Nkturkies.

“. 622;f. ’Ik ieòsikhoøn Lagonohknk crente k ik lestruhhoøn y skquea leias sotoas krqueaiøòhas,‗ onHuiturks kfarçènes lei Hkrofe4 extas le iksexpasohoanes presentklks en ei Xegonkroa Veòanki le Huiturks Kfarçènes leiHkrofe4 Eventa hoentçcoha rekiozkla en ik houlkl le Xknta Lagonà, Vepôfiohk

Lagonohknk ias lçks ;6 y ;8 le navoegfre le ;??= , pp. =8-==. XkntaLagonà4 Elohoanes lei Fknha Hentrki le ik Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk.

“. 6226. Veshkte Krqueaiøòha4 Rrayehta urçstoha Ongafoiokroa Hkp Hknk, Duknoiia, Moùey, Ik Kitk`rkhok . Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna.

“. 622<k. Onvesto`khoanes krqueaiøòhks le Runtk Gkhka. Gusea lei MagfreLagonohkna.

“. 622<f. Rraspehhoøn y sanleas lei ykhogoenta ’Gkna Dukn‗.Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna 834;68-;53.

“. 622=. Nuevas ykhogoentas krqueaiøòhas en ik Rravonhok Xënhmez Vkgçrez.

Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna <646<5-63<.Aisen Fa`kert, M., C. Haste, knl H. kvkrez Gkrçk. 6220. Rraspehhoøn krque-

aiøòhk en ik Kutapostk Ei Harki. Joigetras lei 5= (onhiusove) ki 33 (exhiu-sove).Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna <;4;60-;36.

Arte`k, E. D. 6225.Hagpenloa @enerki Krqueaiøòha le Xknta Lagonà. Sai. ;.Xknta Lagonà4 Khklegok le Hoenhoks le ik Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk.

“. ;?0=k. Oncarge safre onvesto`khoanes krqueaiøòhks rekiozklks en ik reòaneste lei pkçs, zank hasterk lesle Gkhka k Runtk Espklk.Faietçn lei Gusealei Magfre Lagonohkna ;;400-;25.

“. ;?0=f. Roezk lei ges le dunoa le ;?0=.Faietçn lei Gusea lei MagfreLagonohkna ;;46=5.

Arte`k, E. D., knl @. Ktoies. 6228. Gknkntoki le ik Kietk y ik krqueaia`çk enei Rkrque Nkhoanki lei Este . Xknta Lagonà4 Khklegok le Hoenhoks le ikVepôfiohk Lagonohknk.

Arte`k, E. D., @. Ktoies, knl D. Uiiak Mun`. 6228. Krqueaia`çk en ik Oìesok le Gkhka. Sai. ]. Xknta Lagonà4 Khklegok le Hoenhoks le ik VepôfiohkLagonohknk / Cunlkhoøn Arte`k Kivkrez, Onh.

Arte`k, E. D., R. Lenos, knl M. Aisen Fa`kert. ;??2. Nuevas _khogoentas Krqueaiøòhas en Krraya Hkûk.Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna 68.



885V

Aulmuos, N. G. 622=. Ciuhtukton` olentotoes4 Kn ohana`rkpmoh stuly ac tmekçna klarnas ac tme sote Ei Hkfa, ekstern Lagonohkn Vepufioh. GK tme-GK tme-

sos, Ieolen Unoversoty.

Auweneei, K. 6220. Anlerzaej nkkr Hkrofoshme shmeipkrteckhten4 Nklrujap arnkgenten, werjtuoèn vkn shmeip ap Ei Hkfa. FK tmesos, IeolenFK tmesos, IeolenUnoversoty.

Averon`, D., knl K. Rksses. Elotars. 6222.me kntmrapaia`y ac iave knl knèr4me kestmetohs ac hanvovokioty on nktove Kgkzanok . Ianlan knl New _arj4

Vautielè.

“. 6222. ’Ontraluhtoan4 Hanvovokioty knl tme apenon` up ac Kgkzanokn kn-tmrapaia`y,‗ onme kntmrapaia`y ac iave knl knèr4 me kestmetohs ac han-vovokioty on nktove Kgkzanok . Elotel fy D. Averon` knl K. Rksses, pp. ;-82.Ianlan knl New _arj4 Vautielè.

Rk`ën Dogïnez, D., knl D. Aiover. 622=. ’Xtkrhm resolues an iotmoh krtockhts twa hantrkston` hantexts on nartmwestern Ruerta Voha4 Ias Guertas hkveknl Se`k ”Neia Skr`ks‟ Ckrgstekl,‗ onHrasson` tme farlers4 New getmalsknl tehmnoques on tme stuly ac krhmkeaiaòhki gkterokis crag tme Hkroffek.Elotel fy H. I. Macgkn, G. I. R. Maaìknl, knl K. I. vkn @odn.

ushkiaask4 Unoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.

Rknï, V. ;???. Kn Khhaunt ac tme Kntoquotoes ac tme Onlokns4 K new elotoan wkn ontraluhtary stuly, nates knl kppenloxes fy Dasï Dukn Krrag. Lurmkg,NH4 Luje Unoversoty Rress.

Rkrjer Rekrsan, G., knl H. Vohmkrls. Elotars. ;??<. Krhmotehture knl arler4 Kpprakhmes ta sahoki spkhe . Ianlan4 Vautielè.

Rkrjon, V. 622<. ’Leshent knl gkrrokè4 Ontraluhtoan,‗ onJonsmop knl ckg-oiy4 Kn kntmrapaiaòhki rekler , Fikhjweii kntmaiaòes on sahoki knl huiturkikntmrapaia`y . Elotel fy V. Rkrjon knl I. Xtane, pp. 6?-<6. Gkilen4Fikhjweii.

Rkrjon, V., knl I. Xtane. 622<. ’@enerki ontraluhtoan,‗ onJonsmop knl ckg-oiy4 Kn kntmrapaiaòhki rekler , Fikhjweii kntmaiaòes on sahoki knl hui-turki kntmrapaia`y . Elotel fy V. Rkrjon knl I. Xtane, pp. ;-68. Gkilen4Fikhjweii.

Rkujetkt, . V., knl X. G. Kit. 6225. Kènhy on k pastgail1 Rmysohkioty knltme krhmkeaia`y ac huiture-gkjon`. Daurnki ac Krhmkeaiaòhki Getmal knl

meary ;646;8-685.Renler`kst, L., E. @rkmkg, D. Hkiverk Vasïs, knl D. Dkrlones Gkhçks.

6226. me mauses on wmohm tmey lweit4 me exhkvktoan knl lkton` ackona waalen struhtures kt Ias Fuhmoiianes, Hufk. Daurnki ac Petiknl

Krhmkeaia`y 643;-05.

Renler`kst, L., E. @rkmkg, D. Hkiverk Vasïs, knl D. Dkrlones Gkhçks 6228.Hanstruhhoanes le gklerk en ei gkr. Ias Fuhmoiianes, Hufk.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha 046<-<6.



883

Retersen, D. F. ;??0. ’ kona, Osiknl Hkrof, knl premostaroh Kgeronloknehanagoes on tme Pest Onloes4 rapohki carest klkptktoans ta osiknl en-vorangents,‗ onme Onloènaus Reapie ac tme Hkroffekn. Elotel fy X. G. Poisan, pp. ;;=-;82. @konesvoiie4 Unoversoty ac Ciarolk Rress.

Raiotos, @. @., knl D. K. Rïrez @aiiën. 622<. ’Ikton Kgerohkn krhmkeaia`y4Crag haianokiosg ta ìafkiozktoan,‗ on K hagpknoan ta sahoki krhmkeaia`y .Elotel fy I. Gesjeii knl V. P. Rreuhei, pp. 858-808. Gkilen4 Fikhjweii.

Rape, V. E. 6220. ’Votuki knl tme raunlmause4 K hrotoque ac rehent oleks antme use ac lagestoh spkhe on ikter Frotosm premostary,‗ onme ekrioer Oran Kè on Frotkon knl tme nekr hantonent . Elotel fy H. Mksei`rave knl V.Rape, pp. 62<-66=. Axcarl4 Axfaw Faajs.

“. 622=. Vaunlmauses4 8,222 yekrs ac premostaroh leso`n.Hurrent Krhmkeaia`y 6664;<-6;.

Rartarreki, C. 622;. ’Ik vosoøn le ik guder onlçènk en ik hanquostk le XkntaLagonà,‗ onHuiturks kfarçènes lei Hkrofe4 extas le iks expasohoanes pre-sentklks en ei Xegonkroa Veòanki le Huiturks Kfarçènes lei Hkrofe4 Eventahoentçcoha rekiozkla en ik houlkl le Xknta Lagonà, Vepôfiohk Lagonohknkias lçks ;6 y ;8 le navoegfre le ;??= , pp. 68-86. Xknta Lagonà4Elohoanes lei Fknha Hentrki le ik Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk.

Rroeta Sohoasa, E. 622=. Ik krquotehturk onlçènk en Ik Espkûaik.HIÇA.Ør`kna le ik Khklegok Lagonohknk le ik Mostarok 004;;8-;52.

Vkoney, C. @. ;?<2.Rarta Vohkn krhmkeaia`y . Sai. ]SOOO, pkrt ;.XhoentocohXurvey ac Rarta Voha knl tme Soròn Osiknls . New _arj4 New _arj Khklegyac Xhoenhes.

Vkghmkrkn, X. 622<. Hkroffekn premostaroh lagestoh krhmotehture4 K stuly acspktoa-tegparki lynkgohs knl khhuiturktoan. Gksters tmesos, Ciarolk XtkteUnoversoty.

Vkgenacsjy, K. C., knl K. Xteccen. ;??=. ’Unots ks taais ac geksuregent,‗ onUnot ossues on krhmkeaia`y , Caunlktoans ac krhmkeaiaòhki Onquory . Elotel fy K. C. Vkgenacsjy knl K. Xteccen, pp. 8-;0. Xkit Ikje Hoty4 me Unoversotyac Utkm press.

Veoger, R. D., G. @. I. Fkoiioe, E. Fkrl, Fkyioss, K., D. P. Fehj, H. D. M.Fertrknl, R. @. Fikhjweii, Fuhj, F. H. E., @. X., J. F. Hutier, R. E.Lkgan, V. I. Elwkrls, V. @. Ckorfknjs, G. Croelrohm, . R. @uoilersan,

K. @. Ma``, J. K. Mu`men, F. Jrager, C. @. GhHargkh, X. P. Gknnon`,H. F. Vkgsey, V. P. Veoger, X. Veggeie, D. V. Xautman, G. Xtuover, X.kikga, C. P. kyiar, D. vkn ler Riohmt, knl H. E. Peymengeyer. 622<.

OntHki2< errestroki rkloahkrfan kè hkiofrktoan, 63 - 2 jk FR.Vkloahkrfan<34;26?-;25=.

Vohmkrls, H. ;??2. ’ me ikte Neaiotmoh mause on Arjney,‗ onme sahoki krhmke-aia`y ac mauses . Elotel fy V. Xkgsan, pp. ;;;-;6<. Elonfur`m4 Elonfur`mUnoversoty Rress.

“. ;??3. ’Ioce os nat tmkt sogpie4 Krhmotehture knl hasgaia`y on tme Fkionesemause,‗ onNeaiotmoh mauses on nartmwest Eurape knl feyanl , Neaiotmoh

Xtuloes @raup segonkr pkpers : ;. Axfaw gana`rkpm : 50 . Elotel fy .Lkrvoii knl D. magks, pp. ;0;-;=<. Axcarl4 Axfaw Faajs.



880V

Vo`mter, E. 6226k. ’Hmkpter tweive. Rast maie pktterns4 Xtruhtures, hmranaia`knl spktoki lostrofutoan kt tme utu sote,‗ onme utu krhmkeaiaòhki voi-ikè sote4 K guitoloshopionkry hkse stuly on mugkn klkptktoan. Elotel fy E.Vo`mter, pp. 6=<-8<;. Ianlan knl New _arj4 Vautielè.

“. 6226f. ’Hmkpter tmorteen. Xote knkiysos,‗ onme utu krhmkeaiaòhki voi-ikè sote4 K guitoloshopionkry hkse stuly on mugkn klkptktoan. Elotel fy E.Vo`mter, pp. 8<6-85<. Ianlan knl New _arj4 Vautielè.

“. Elotar. 6226. me utu krhmkeaiaòhki voiikè sote4 K guitoloshopionkry stuly on mugkn klkptktoan. Ianlan knl New _arj4 Vautielè.

Vçgaio, V. ;??3. ’Oncarge safre ik ckunk le iks ckses Runtk Hknk y Ei Fkrroa,‗onRanenhoks lei Rroger Xegonkroa le Krqueaia`çk lei Hkrofe . Elotel fyG. Seiaz Gk`òaia knl K. Hkfk Cuentes, pp. ;6-;<. Ik Vagknk4 Gusea Krqueaiøòha Veòanki le Kitas le Hmkvøn.

Vçgaio, V. A., knl D. Nklki. ;?=8.Ei marozante herkgostk tegprkna en XkntaLagonà y atrks Kntoiiks . Xknta Lagonà4 Elotark le ik Unoversolkl Kutønagk le Xknta Lagonà.

Voverk Cantën, D., knl D. V. Aiover. 6228. ’Ogkphtas y pktranes le ahupkhoønmostarohk Dçfkrk safre hagpanentes kçnas4 Ei sotoa ”Se`k le Neia Skr`ks‟(Utu-60), Fkrroa Hkùknk, Gunohopoa le Utukla, Ruerta Voha,‗ on ]]Han`res Onternkhoanki le Krqueaia`çk lei Hkrofe . Elotel fy @. kvkrezGkrok knl G. K. @krhçk Krïvkia. Xknta Lagonà4 Gusea lei MagfreLagonohkna/Cunlkhoøn @krhçk Krïvkia.

Voverk, I. P., D. J. Toggergkn, knl . G. Kole. 6222. Carest rehavery onkfknlanel k`rohuiturki iknls on k jkrst reòan ac tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh.Riknt Ehaia`y ;<=.

Voverk, S., knl X. K. Rïrez. ;??0. ’Estuloa preiogonkr le ik LostrofuhoønEspkhoki en ik Hagunolkl Kfarçèn le Iu Dukn ;.‗Rraheelon`s actme Xeventeentm Han`ress ac tme Onternktoanki Kssahoktoan car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y, ;??0 , pp. 633-6=;.

Voverk, S., knl G. Valrçùez. ;??;. ’ me Rikyk Fiknhk 5 sote4 K ikteRremostaroh Herkgoh sote on ekstern Ruerta Voha (K RreiogonkryVepart).‗Rraheelon`s ac tme morteentm Onternktoanki Han`ress car Hkroffe Krhmkeaia`y, Hurkhka, ;??;, pp. 5<;-55=.

Vovoíre, R. ;??5. ’Mauses, pikhes knl peapie4 Haggunoty knl hantonuoty on

@uoknk,‗ on Kfaut tme Mause4 Iïvo-Xtrkuss knl Feyanl . Elotel fy D. Hkrstenknl X. Mu`m-Danes, pp. ;=?-625. Hkgfrolè4 Hkgfrolè Unoversoty Rress.

“. 622<. ’ me Kgeronoloknozktoan ac leshent knl kcconoty,‗ onJonsmop knl ckgoiy4 Kn kntmrapaiaòhki rekler , Fikhjweii kntmaiaòes on sahoki knl huiturkikntmrapaia`y . Elotel fy V. Rkrjon knl I. Xtane, pp. ;2<-;2?. Gkilen4Fikhjweii.

“. Elotar. 6223. me @uyknk trkveis ac Vafert Xhmagfur`j ;=85-;=<<. SaiugeOO4 me faunlkry survey ;=<2-;=<< . Sai. ;0, seroes OOO. Ianlan4 meMkjiuyt Xahoety.

Vafon, H. 6226. Autsole ac mauses4 me prkhtohes ac everylky ioce kt HmknNöamai, Feioze. Daurnki ac Xahoki Krhmkeaia`y 646<5-63=.



88=

“. 6228. New lorehtoans on Hikssoh Gkyk mausemail krhmkeaia`y. Daurnki ac Krhmkeaiaòhki Vesekrhm ;;4820-853.

Vafonsan, I. X., E. V. Iunfer`, knl D. F. Pkijer. ;?=8. Krhmkeaiaòhki lktkrehavery kt Ei Franhe, Ruerta Voha4 Conki repart, Rmkse ;. U. X. Krgy Harpsac Enòneers, Dkhjsanvoiie Lostroht.

“. ;?=5. Krhmkeaiaòhki lktk rehavery kt Ei Franhe, Ruerta Voha4 Conki repart,Rmkse 6 . U. X. Krgy Harps ac Enòneers, Dkhjsanvoiie Lostroht.

Valnon`, H. F. 6220. ’Fuoilon` knl refuoilon` Hmerajee mauses knl tawn-mauses on sautmwestern Nartm Hkraionk,‗ onme lurkfie mause4 Mausesahoety galeis on krhmkeaia`y . Elotel fy V. K. Fehj. Hkrfanlkie4 Henter car Krhmkeaiaòhki Onvesto`ktoans, Ahhksoanki Rkper na. 85, Xautmern OiionaosUnoversoty.

Valrçùez Vkgas, V. 6220. Ruerta Vohkn prehaianoki mostary ethmel on stane.RmL lossertktoan, Unoversoty ac Ciarolk.

Valrçùez Vkgas, V., E. Fkfoianok, I. K. Huret, knl D. Uiiak Mun`. 622=.me pre-Krkwkj pattery marozan on tme Kntoiies4 K new kppraxogktoan.Ikton Kgerohkn Kntoquoty ;?4<0-38.

Valrçùez Xuërez, V., knl D. Rk`ën Dogïnez. 622=. ’ me furïn on prehaia-noki Hufkn krhmkeaia`y4 New oncargktoan re`krlon` tme use ac piknts knlherkgoh `rollies luron` tme Ikte Herkgoh Kè ac ekstern Hufk `ktmereltmrau`m stkrhm knkiysos,‗ onHrasson` tme farlers4 New getmals knl tehm-noques on tme stuly ac krhmkeaiaòhki gkterokis crag tme Hkroffekn. Elotelfy H. I. Macgkn, G. I. R. Maaìknl, knl K. I. vkn @odn, pp. ;5?-;3?.

ushkiaask4 Unoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.

Vae, R. @. ;?=6.me Hasgoh Tyàte4 Hasgaia`y on tme Kgkzan Fkson. NewFrunswohj, Vutèrs Unoversoty Rress.

“. ;??8. ’Eternki hagpknoans4 Kgeronlokn la`s crag oerrk Corgk ta tme Kntoiies.‗;5tm Onternktoanki Han`ress car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y, Xkn Dukn,Ruerta Voha, ;??8, pp. 35.

“. ;??5. ’Xtyie, sahoety, gytm knl struhture,‗ onXtyie, sahoety, knl persan4 Krhmkeaiaòhki knl etmnaiaòhki perspehtoves . Elotel fy H. Hkrr knl D. E.Geotzei, pp. 60-03. New _arj4 Rienug Rress.

“. ;??0. ’Dust wkston` kwky4 kçna smkgknosg knl hanhepts ac certoioty,‗ onkçna4 Rre-Haiugfokn Krt knl Huiture crag tme Hkroffekn. Elotel fy C.

Ferhmt, E. Fralsjy, D. K. Ckrger, knl L. kyiar, pp. ;6<-;50. New _arj.Vae, R. @., knl M. Artçz Gantëûez. 622?. ’Krhmkosg on Hmohkn Astoanaol

herkgohs4 Ik Krenk sote, Ruerta Voha,‗ onme Onternktoanki Kssahoktoan carHkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y ]]OOO Han`ress . Kntoùk knl Fkrfulk.

Vassenfer`, E. K. 6225. ’Fetween mausemails knl haggunotoes. Ikyers acsahoki ioce on tme ikter Franze Kè knl Ekriy Oran Kè ac Hentrki Otkiy‗onRkpers on Otkiokn krhmkeaia`y SO4 Haggunotoes knl settiegents crag tmeNeaiotmoh ta tme Ekriy Geloevki peroal , vai. ;<56-O. Elotel fy R. Kttegk knl K. Nodfaer, pp. =<-?;. @ranonèn4 FKV Onternktoanki Xeroes.

Vause, O. F. ;?8?.Rremostary on Mkoto4 K stuly on getmal . New Mkven4 _kieUnoversoty Rress.



88?V

“. ;?<=. ’Rkrt 8. me Pest Onloes4 kn Ontraluhtoan,‗ onMknlfaaj ac Xautm Kgerohkn Onlokns , vai. <. me Horhug-Hkroffekn rofes. Fuiieton ;<8.Elotel fy D. Xtewkrl, pp. <?5-<?3.

“. ;?<=. ’Rkrt 8. me Pest Onloes4 me Krkwkj,‗ onMknlfaaj ac Xautm Kgerohkn Onlokns , vai. <. me Horhug-Hkroffekn rofes. Fuiieton ;<8.Elotel fy D. Xtewkrl, pp. 520-58?.

“. ;?<=. ’Rkrt 8. me Pest Onloes4 me Hkrof,‗ onMknlfaaj ac Xautm Kgerohkn Onlokns , vai. <. me Horhug-Hkroffekn rofes. Fuiieton ;<8.Elotel fy D. Xtewkrl, pp. 5<0-535.

“. ;?<=. ’Rkrt 8. me Pest Onloes4 me Hofaney,‗ onMknlfaaj ac Xautm Kgerohkn Onlokns , vai. <. me Horhug-Hkroffekn rofes. Fuiieton ;<8,Fureku ac Kgerohkn Etmnaia`y, Xgotmsanokn Onstotutoan. Elotel fy D.Xtewkrl, pp. <?0-523. New _arj4 Haaper Xqukre Rufiosmers.

“. ;?5;. Kreks knl Reroals ac Huiture on tme @rekter Kntoiies.Xautmwestern Daurnki ac Kntmrapaia`y 046<=-635.

“. ;?56. Rarta Vohkn premostary4 Ontraluhtoan4 Exhkvktoans on tme west knlnartm. Sai. ]SOOO, pkrt 8.Xhoentocoh Xurvey ac Rarta Voha knl tme SorònOsiknls . New _arj4 New _arj Khklegy ac Xhoenhes.

“. ;?=6. Herkgoh knl reioòaus leveiapgents on tme @rekter Kntoiies. Daurnkiac New Paril Krhmkeaia`y 54<5-55.

“. ;??6. me konas4 Vose knl lehione ac tme peapie wma `reetel Haiugfus . NewMkven knl Ianlan4 _kie Unoversoty Rress.

Vause, O. F., knl V. E. Kie`rçk. ;??2. ’Exhkvktoans kt Gkrok le ik Hruz Hkveknl Mkhoenlk @rknle voiikè sote, Iaozk, Ruerta Voha,‗ on_kie UnoversotyRufiohktoans on Kntmrapaia`y , vai. =2. New Mkven4 Lepkrtgent ac Kntmrapaia`y knl tme Rekfaly Guseug, _kie Unoversoty.

Vuoter le, X. 622?. Xmeii gkteroki crag Ei Hkfa, Lagonohkn Vepufioh. FKtmesos, Ieolen Unoversoty.

Xk`kwe, . ;??3.@ea`rkcok, Rafikhoan e Mostarok en V.L. ki rkvïs le iasXoìas Zsoh.W . Sai. OO. Xknta Lagonà4 Rufiohkhoanes lei Onstotuta leSai. OO. Xknta Lagonà4 Rufiohkhoanes lei Onstotuta leOnvesto`khoanes Xahoaehanøgohks (ONOXE)/Unoversolkl Kutønagk leXknta Lagonà (UKXL).

Xkgsan, K. S. G. cartmhagon`. Mause rkdehtaroes on Ei Hkfa, Lagonohkn

Vepufioh4 me fuoilon` fiahjs ac Ikte Herkgoh Kè huiture.Rraheelon`sac tme wenty- morl Han`ress ac tme Onternktoanki Kssahoktoan car Hkrof Krhmkeaia`y .

Xkgsan, K. S. G., knl G. I. R. Maaìknl. 6220. Vesolenhok kçnk4 Mueiiks leksentkgoenta en Ei Hkfa, Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha ;24?8-;28.

Xkgsan, K. S. G., knl F. G. Pkiier. on press. Nat `rawion` fut sgoion`4 Newonterpretktoans ac tme fkrel-teetm gatoc on tme pre-Haiugfokn Hkroffekn.Hurrent Kntmrapaia`y . Dune 62;2.

Xknadk, G. ;??5. Veòanes èamostørohks y galas le volk4 cunlkgentas pkrkik mostarok kiternktove.Faietçn le Kntrapaia`çk Kgerohknk 8;4?8-?=



8<2

Xkntas-@rknera, C. 6222. ’ me Xosypmus synlrage, ar tme stru`ìe car han-vovokioty on Nktove Kgkzanok,‗ onme kntmrapaia`y ac iave knl knèr4 mekestmetohs ac hanvovokioty on nktove Kgkzanok . Elotel fy D. Averon` knl K.Rksses, pp. 63=-6=0. Ianlan knl New _arj4 Vautielè.

Xkuer, H. A. ;?33.me ekriy Xpknosm Gkon. Ferjeiey Unoversoty ac HkiocarnokRress.

Xhkttaion, G. H., I. O. Hartïs, G. C. Fuìokno, H. G. Hkia, I. R. Lagonàrenk, K. L. Ozetk, knl G. Ikzzkro. 622?. Fuoit iknlshkpes ac everylky ioce4 Kmause on kn ekriy k`rohuiturki voiikè ac nartm-western Krèntonk.Paril Krhmkeaia`y <;48?3 - <;<.

Xhmecail, V., R. D. G. Nks, knl @. Lageno`. Elotars. 622=.Onlanesokn mauses4Xurvey ac vernkhuikr krhmotehture on western Onlanesok . Ieolen4 JO IS Rress.

“. Elotars. 6228Onlanesokn mauses4 rklotoan knl trknscargktoan on vernkhuikrkrhmotehtureIeolen4 JO IS Rress.

Xhmonjei, J. ;??6. ’ me cektures ac @ailen Vahj,‗ onme krhmkeaia`y ac Xt.Eustktous4 me @ailen Vahj sote . Elotel fy K. M. Serstee` knl J. Xhmonjei,pp. ;<8-6;6. Xt. Eustktous/Kgsterlkg4 me Xt. Eustktous MostarohkiCaunlktoan/ me Caunlktoan car Xhoentocoh Vesekrhm on tme HkroffeknVeòan.

Xhmagfur`j, V. ;=5<. Etmnaiaòhki resekrhmes on Xknta Lagonà. Daurnki actme Etmnaiaòhki Xahoety ac Ianlan 84;;5-;66.

Xoeèi, R. E. ;?=?. ’Xote struhture, lega`rkpmy, knl sahoki hagpiexoty on tmeEkriy Herkgoh Kè ac tme Hkroffekn,‗ onEkriy Herkgoh papuiktoan iocewkysknl klkptove strkteòes on tme Hkroffekn, vai. 523, pp. ;?8‘6<5. Axcarl4

FKV Onternktoanki Xeroes.“. ;??2. Lega`rkpmoh knl krhmotehturki retralohtoan4 Kn etmnakrhmkeaiaò-

hki hkse stuly on tme Xautm Kgerohkn trapohki iawiknls.Ikton Kgerohkn Kntoquoty ;48;?-8<3.

“. ;??6. Oleaia`y, pawer knl sahoki hagpiexoty on premostaroh Ruerta Voha.RmL tmesos, Xtkte Unoversoty ac New _arj.

“. ;??3k. Oleaia`y knl huiture hmknè on premostaroh Ruerta Voha4 K voewcrag tme haggunoty. Daurnki ac Coeil Krhmkeaia`y 6848;8-888.

“. ;??3f. Kn ontervoew Potm Orvon` Vause.Hurrent Kntmrapaia`y

80430;-3=?.“. ;???. Hantestel pikhes knl pikhes ac hantest4 me evaiutoan ac sahoki

pawer knl hereganoki spkhe on premostaroh Ruerta Voha.Ikton Kgerohkn Kntoquoty ;2462?-68=.

“. 622<. ’Pmkt mkppenel kcter KL 322 on Ruerta Voha1 Harparkte `raups,papuiktoan restruhturon`, knl past-Xkiklaol sahoki hmknès,‗ onIkteHerkgoh Kè sahoetoes on tme ekstern Hkroffekn, FKV Onternktoanki Xeroes;608. Elotel fy K. Leipuehm knl H. I. Macgkn, pp. =0-;22. Axcarl4 Krhmkeapress.



8<;V

“. 6225 ’Guitopie vosoans ac kn osiknl‟s pkst knl sage tmau`mts car cuture lo-rehtoans on Ruerta Vohkn premostary,‗ on Knhoent Faroquen4 Krhmkeaia`y knletmnamostary ac nktove Ruerta Voha. Elotel fy R. E. Xoeèi. ushkiaask4 meUnoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.

“. 6220. ’Lynkgoh lukiosg4 K Xtruhturki knkiysos ac horhuikr haggunotoes.‗Rraheelon`s ac tme wenty-Corst Han`ress ac tme Onternktoanki KssahoktoaHkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y, ronolkl, 6220 , vai. 6, pp. 565-583.

“. Elotar. 6225. Knhoent Faroquen4 Krhmkeaia`y knl etmnamostary ac nktoveRuerta Voha. ushkiaask4 me Unoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.

Xafei, E. K., L. K. roeu @kmr, knl J. G. Kges, Elotars. 6223.Mausemailkrhmkeaia`y an tme nartmwest hakst . OGR Krhmkeaiaòhki Xeroes ;3 . Gohmo`kn4 Knn Krfar4 Onternktoanki Gana`rkpms on Rremostary.

“. 6223. ’Ontraluhtoan,‗ onMausemail krhmkeaia`y an tme nartmwest hakst , OGR Krhmkeaiaòhki Xeroes ;3 . Elotel fy E. K. Xafei, L. K. roeu @kmr, knl J.G. Kges, pp. ;-;5. Gohmo`kn4 Knn Krfar4 Onternktoanki Gana`rkpms onRremostary.

Xt. Dekn, H. D. 622=k. Kn onvesto`ktoan ac tme ekriy Astoankn Astoanaol herkoh hagpanent ac tme Ei Hkfa sote, Lagonohkn Vepufioh. Gksters tmesos,Ieolen Unoversoty.

“. 622=f. Ekriy Astoankn Astoanaol herkgoh hagpanent ac tme Ei Hkfa sote,Lagonohkn Vepufioh4 K garpmaiaòhki, tehmnaiaòhki knl styiostoh herkgoexkgonktoan fksel an kttrofute knkiysos.Ieolen Daurnki ac Rattery Xtuloes 6<4;?-5<.

Xtevens-Krraya, K. G. 6223.Hkve ac tme Dkùk4 me gytmaiaòhki waril ac tme

kçnas , 6nl (;st el. ;?==) elotoan. Xhrkntan4 Unoversoty ac Xhrkntan Rress.Xtewkrl, D. ;?<=.Mknlfaaj ac Xautm Kgerohkn Onlokns4 me Horhug-Hkroffekn

trofes . Sai. <.Fureku ac Kgerohkn Etmnaia`y, Xgotmsanokn Onstotutoan. New _arj4 Haaper Xqukre Rufiosmers.

Xtane, I. 622<. ’ me legose knl revovki ac jonsmop4 Ontraluhtoan,‗ onJonsmopknl ckgoiy4 Kn kntmrapaiaòhki rekler , Fikhjweii kntmaiaòes on sahoki knlhuiturki kntmrapaia`y . Elotel fy V. Rkrjon knl I. Xtane, pp. 6<;-653.Gkilen4 Fikhjweii.

Xtuover, G., knl R. D. Veoger. ;??8. Extenlel ;<H Lktkfkse knl VevoselHKIOF Vkloahkrfan Hkiofrktoan Rra`rkg.Vkloahkrfan 8546;5-682.

Xuel-Fkloiia, D. ;?0?.Ik guder onlçònk y su sahoelkl . Vça Roelrks, RuertaVoha4 Elotaroki Kntoiiknk.

“. 6228. ’Etmnamostarohki resekrhm on tme Mospknoh Hkroffekn,‗ on@enerkiMostary ac tme Hkroffekn, vai. ;,@enerki Mostary ac tme Hkroffekn4 Kutahmtanaus Xahoetoes . Elotel fy D. Xuel-Fkloiia, pp. =-824 UNEXHARufiosmon`.

Xuiiovkn, X. ;?=;. me haianozktoan knl expiaotktoan ac tme urjs knl Hkohasosiknls, Frotosm Pest Onloes. RmL lossertktoan, Unoversoty ac Oiionaos.

kfça, E. E. ;?=?. Krqueaia`çk k`rohuiturk kfarçèn Kntoiiknk . Mkfknk4Elotaroki le Hoenhoks Xahokies.



8<6

kfça, E. E., knl E. Vey. ;?0?.Rremostarok le Hufk . Ik Mkfknk4 Lepkrtkgentale Kntrapaia` çk, Khklegok le Hoenhoks le Hufk.

khtuj, R. 6220.Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk en hocrks . A honk Nkhoanki leEstklçstohk.

knner, K. ;??;. ’Xpktoki ar`knozktoan on sahoki cargktoan knl sygfaioh kh-toan4 Codokn knl Hknklokn exkgpies.‗ onXahoki spkhe4 Mugkn spktoki femkv-oaur on lweiion`s knl settiegents4 Rraheelon`s ac kn onterloshopionkry hancer-enhe . A. @rýn, E. Enèistkl knl O. Ionlfiag. Alense, Alense UnoversotyRress4 6;-8?.

kvkrez Gkrçk, H., knl C. I. Hkilerøn. 6220. ’Estuloas le kntrapaia`çk -’Estuloas le kntrapaia`çk -sohk lei hegenteroa le Gkhka, Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk.‗ 6;st OnternktoankiHan`ress car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y, ronolkl, 6225 , pp. ?6-02;.

kvkrez Gkrçk, H. ;??3. ’Içgotes terrotarokies le ias kfarçònes le ik osik leMkotç k ik iie`klk le ias espkûaies,‗ onRanenhoks lei Rroger Xegonkroa le Krqueaia`çk lei Hkrofe . Elotel fy G. Seiaz Gk`òaia knl K. Hkfk Cuentes.Ik Vagknk4 Gusea Krqueaiøòha Veòanki le Kitas le Hmkvøn.

arres Etkya, L. 6225. ’Ik krqueaia`çk Gkrxostk Iktonakgerohknk, unk kiternk-tovk teøroha-getalaiøòhk pkrk ik krqueaia`çk hufknk.‗;er. kiier NkhoankiRrafiegks hantegparëneas le ik krqueaia`çk en Hufk, 6225 .

“. 6223k. Nuevas encaques le onvesto`khoøn en ei Xotoa Ikùnk le Ioganes,Gkosç, @ukntënkga.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha ?468-8<.

“. 6223f. ’Krqueaia`çk en revaiuhoøn, ±Vevaiuhoøn en krqueaia`çk1‗ onRrogerEnhuentra le Krqueaia`çk Xahoki Kgeraofïrohk . Gïxoha.

ron`mkg, V. 6222. ’\e hantonuaus mause4 K voew carg tme leep pkst,‗ onFeyanl jonsmop4 Xahoki knl gkteroki repraluhtoan on mause sahoetoes . Elotel fyV. K. Dayhe knl X. L. @oiiespoe, pp. ;;5-;8<. Rmoikleipmok4 Unoversoty acRennsyivknok Rress.

Uiiak Mun`, D. 6223k. Kpuntes pkrk unk mostaroa`rkcçk le ik krqueaia`çkLagonohknk. ;rk pkrte.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha ?4?-66.

“. 6223f. Hagentkroas ki hagpenloa ènerki krqueaiøòha le XkntaLagonà. Sai. O. Khklegok le Hoenhoks le ik Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk,Xknta Lagonà, L.N., 6225.Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna <2435-3?.

“. 622=k. Ik kickrerçk lei ykhogoenta Gkhka en ei hantexta le ik krqueaia`çkLagonohknk.Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna <646=?-825.

“. 622=f. Ik ikfar hoentç hk le Gkrhoa Seiaz Gk`òaia en ei hantexta le ikkrqueaia`çk Hkrofeûk.Lei Hkrofe, Hksk lei Hkrofe 564<=-58.

“. 622?. Rktroganoa krqueaiøòha e olentolkles en ik Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk.Hufk Krqueaiøòhk. Vevostk loòtki le Krqueaia`çk le Hufk y ei Hkrofe 645-;5.

Skihërhei Vadks, V. ;??0. Ontraluhhoøn k ik krqueaia`çk lei hantkhta onlamos-pënoha en ik Rravonhok le Maiùçn, Hufk.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha643<-00.

“. ;???. Fknes Rrehaiagfona. Derkrquçk y Xahoelkl.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha 84=<-?<.



8<8V

“. 6226. Fknes Rrehaiagfona4 Ik Ahupkhoøn K`rohuitark . Maiùçn4 ElohoanesMaiùçn.

“. 6225. ’Oncarge le exhkvkhoøn krqueaiøòhk en ei handunta le pastes L6-3,en ei Xotoa ik Ikùnk, Ërek krqueaiøòhk le ias Fuhmoiianes, Hoeà le Ëvoik,Hufk,‗ pp. 65. Maiùçn.

Skihërhei Vadks, V., D. Haaper, D. Hkiverk Vasïs, A. Frota Gkrtçnez, knl G.Ikfrklk. 6223. Rastes en ei Gkr4 Exhkvkhoøn le unk estruhturk hanstruhtovk Kfaroèn en Ias Fuhmoiianes.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha ?403-==.

Skihërhei Vadks, V., knl H. Valrçùez Krhe. 6226. Guerte, lesoùkik-lkl sahoki y deckturk en Hmarra le Gkçtk.Hktkura4 Vevostk Hufknk le Kntrapaia`çk 4;;6-;6<.

Skilovok, D. 622=. ’Iks que skien le Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk se venlen en hknto-lkles exarfotkntes,‗ onIostçn Lokroa. Xknta Lagonà.

“. 622=. ’Reio`ra4 Ei pktroganoa krqueaiøòha es lestruola par ias skquek-

lares,‗ onIostçn Lokroa. Xknta Lagonà.Skr`ks Krenks, O. ;??3. Ik Krqueaia`çk sahoki4 un pkrklo`gk kiternktova ki kn-

ìakgerohkna.Ei Hkrofe Krqueaiøòha ;48-0.

Sku`mkn, . P. ;?=8 Z;?66W.Un Vehanahogoenta @eaiøòha le ik VepôfiohkLagonohknk , rst pufiosmel Pksmon`tan ;?6; elotoan. Xknta Lagonà4Elotark le Xknta Lagonà.

Se`k, F. ;?=;. Ik merenhok onloènk en ik huiturk Lagonohknk le may . XkntaLagonà4 Elohoanes Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna.

“. ;??2. Ias hkhohkzàs le ik MospknoaikXknta Lagonà4 Cunlkhoøn Huiturki

Lagonohknk.Se`k, F., knl C. Iunk Hkilerøn. 622<. Leshufrogoenta le ik progerk pik-

zk onlçènk en ik Osik Xkank.Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna 8348;-8=.

Seiaz Gk`òaia, G. ;?06k. Krqueaiaòk premostarohk le Xknta Lagonà.Xon`kpare4 Gh@rkw-Moii Ckr Ekstern Rufiosmers (X) Itl.

“. ;?06f. Vesugen topaiaòha le ias hagpiedas reikhoankfies han XkntaLagonà. Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna ;46;-32.

“. ;?08. Ik ktmefeknenequen4 Evolenhok le skhro hoa mugkna entre iaskçnas.Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna 843<-3?.

“. ;?03. Krqueaia`çk le _ugk, Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk . Xknta Lagonà4 kiier.

“. ;?00. Geloakgfoente y klkptkhoøn mugknk en ik premostarok le XkntaLagonà4 Ik cargkhoøn k`rohuitark , 6nl elotoan. Sai. ;. Xknta Lagonà4Elohoanes le kiier.

“. ;?=<. ’Ik krqueaia`çk le ik volk hatoloknk4 Gktohes, mostarok y locerenhoks.‗Faietçn le Kntrapaia`çk Kgerohknk lei Onstotuta Rknkgerohkna le @ea`rkcçkMostarok ;245-6;.

“. ;??;. Rknarkgk mostaroha lei Hkrofe prehaiagfona. Xknta Lagonà4 FknhaHentrki le ik Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk.



8<<

“. ;??6. Natks safre ikzkgok en ik premostarok lei Hkrofe.Vevostk le Krqueaia`çk Kgerohknk 3.

“. ;??8k. Ik Osik le Xknta Lagonà kntes le Haiøn. Xknta Lagonà4 FknhaHentrki le ik Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk.

“. ;??8f. Krqueaia`çk e olentolkles.Vevostk le Krqueaia`çk Kgerohknk 0.

“. 622<.622<.Ik gashk sailkla. Ik Mkfknk4 Canla Elotaroki Hksk le iks Kgïrohks.

Seiaz Gk`òaia, G., knl E. Arte`k. ;?06. Exhkvkhoanes en Gkhka, VepôfiohkLagonohknk.Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna 64;50-;05.

“. ;?=2. Nuevas mkiikzàs krqueaiøòhas en ik hastk narte le Xknta Lagonà.Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna ;84;;-32.

Seiaz Gk`òaia, G., E. Arte`k, knl K. Hkfk Cuentes. Elotars. ;?=;.Ias galasle volk Geiikhaoles y sus pasofies aroènes4 Un estuloa onterpretktova. XkntaLagonà4 Elotark kiier.

Seiaz Gk`òaia, G., E. Arte`k, knl C. I. Hkilerøn. ;??;. ’Ias ahhupkntestegprknas le Runtk Hknk, Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk.‗Rraheelon`s ac tme;<tm Han`ress ac tme Onternktoanki Kssahoktoan car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y,Fkrfklas, ;??;.

Seiaz Gk`òaia, G., E. Arte`k, D. Nklki, C. I. Hkilerøn, knl V. A. Vçgaio.;?00. Krqueaia`çk le Huevk le Fernk . Xeroe Hoentç hk S . Xkn Relra leGkharçs4 Unoversolkl Hentrki lei Este.

Seiaz Gk`òaia, G., E. Arte`k, G. Xknadk, knl O. Skr`ks. ;?03. ’Rreiogonkryrepart an krhmkeaiaòhki onvesto`ktoans kt Ei Ktkdkloza, LagonohknVepufioh.‗Rraheelon`s ac tme 3tm Onternktoanki Han`ress car tme Xtuly ac Rre-

Haiugfokn Huitures ac tme Iesser Kntoiies, Raonte k Rotre, @ukleiaupe, ;?03 ,pp. 6=8-6?<.

Seiaz Gk`òaia, G., knl E. D. Arte`k. ;?=3. Krqueaia`çk y pktran le volk enei pafikla horhuikr le Dukn Relra, Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk . Xknta Lagonà4Elohoanes lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna.

“. ;??3. ’Runtk Hknk y ei aroèn le ik k`rohuiturk en ik osik le XkntaLagonà,‗ onRanenhoks lei Rroger Xegonkroa le Krqueaia`çk lei Hkrofe .Elotel fy G. Seiaz Gk`òaia knl K. Hkfk Cuentes, pp. 5-;;. Ik Vagknk4Gusea Krqueaiøòha Veòanki le Kitas le Hmkvøn.

Seiaz Gk`òaia, G., E. D. Arte`k, knl R. Ronk. ;?08k. Cehmks le rkloahkrføn

pkrk ei peroala herkgostk en ik Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk.Faietçn lei Gusealei Magfre Lagonohkna 84;8=-;?=.

Seiaz Gk`òaia, G., E. D. Arte`k, knl R. R. Ronk. ;?0<.Ei Hkogota4 Un kn-toùa hagpieda herkgostk le iks Kntoiiks Gkyares . Xknta Lagonà4 Cunlkhoøn@krhçk-Krïvkia.

Seiaz Gk`òaia, G., E. D. Arte`k, V. Vçgaio, knl I. C. Hkilerøn. ;?08f.Estuloa hagpkrktova y preiogonkr le las hegenteroas nea-onloas4 IkHuhkgk y Ik Unoan, Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk.Faietçn lei Gusea lei MagfreLagonohkna 84;;-<0.



8<5V

Serstee`, K. M., knl X. Vastkon. Elotars. ;??0.\e krhmkeaia`y ac Krufk4\e knjo Ciop sote . Rufiohktoans ac tme Krhmkeaiaòhki Guseug Krufk = /Rufiohktoans ac tme Caunlktoan car Xhoento h Vesekrhm on tme Hkroffekn ;<; . Krufk knl Kgsterlkg4 Krhmkeaia`y Guseug Krufk.

Serstee`, K. M., knl J. Xhmonjei. Elotars. ;??6.\e Krhmkeaia`y ac Xt.

Eustktous4 \e @ailen Vahj sote . Xt. Eustktous/Kgsterlkg4 \e Xt. EustktousMostarohki Caunlktoan/\e Caunlktoan car Xhoento h Vesekrhm on tmeHkroffekn Veòan.

Soveoras le Hkstra, E. ;??3. Ogkès ac nkture knl sahoety on Kgkzanokn etm-naia`y. Knnuki Vevoew ac Kntmrapaia`y 654;0?-622.

Sass, F. I. 622=.\e krhmkeaia`y ac etmnaènesos4 Vkhe knl sexukioty on haianokiXkn Crknhosha. Ferjeiey4 Unoversoty ac Hkiocarnok Rress.

Pkijer, D. 6225. ’\e Rksa lei Onloa sote, Se`k Fkdk, Ruerta Voha4 K pra`ressrepart,‗ on Knhoent Faronquen4 Krhmkeaia`y knl Etmnamostary ac Nktove RuVoha. Elotel fy R. E. Xoeèi, pp. 55-=0. ushkiaask4 \e Unoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.

Pknlsnoler, I. ;??3. Leshrofon` knl hagpkron` krhmkeaiaòhki spktoki struh-tures. Daurnki ac Krhmkeaiaòhki Getmal knl \eary 848;?-8=<.

Pktersan, V. ;??;. \e iovon` mause4 Kn kntmrapaia`y ac krhmotehture on Xautm-Ekst Ksok . Xon`kpare4 Axcarl Unoversoty Rress.

Peejs, D. G., R. D. Cerfei, knl S. Vkgçrez Tkfkik. ;??<. Merfert P. Jroeèry ik prkhtohk le ik krqueaia`çk ’haianoki‗ en ik Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk.Faietçn lei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna 63400-=?.

Peshm, K. ;??8.Jaggentoerte Elotoan unl ionùostoshme Untersuhmun` lerOncargkhoøn le ias Derønogas (Xknta Lagonà ;5;0). ùfonèn4 @unter NkrrSerik` ùfonèn.

Pmotemekl, N. I. ;???. ’\e hroses knl trknscargktoans ac onvklel sahoetoes4\e Hkroffekn (;<?6-;5=2),‗ on\e Hkgfrolè mostary ac tme nktove peapiesac tme Kgerohks , vai. Sai. 8. Xautm Kgerohk, pkrt ;. Elotel fy C. Xkiaganknl X. F. Xhmwkrtz, pp. =3<-?28. Hkgfrolè4 Hkgfrolè Unoversoty Rress.

“. 6226. ’Krkwkj ionùostoh knl huiturki olentoty tmrau`m toge4 Hantkht, ha-ianokiosg, knl hreaiozktoan,‗ onHagpkrktove Krkwkjkn mostaroes4 Vetmonjonìknùkè ckgoiy knl huiture krek on Kgkzanok . Elotel fy D. L. Moii knl C.Xkntas-@rknera, pp. 5;-08. Urfknk knl Hmohkà4 Unoversoty ac Oiionaos

Rress. Poifert, D. ;?=;. Pkrka hasgaia`y knl _ejuknk raunlmause sygfaiosg

Daurnki ac Ikton Kgerohkn Iare 0480-06.

Poil, J. X. ;???. ’Onvesto`ktoans ac k ’hkney‗ kt Honnkgan Fky, Xt. Damn knlsahoki oleaia`y on tme Soròn Osiknls ks restehtel on prehaiugfokn herkg-ohs,‗ onRraheelon`s ac tme ]SOOOtm Onternktoanki Han`ress car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y . Xt @earè, @renklk.

Poij, V. V., knl P. I. Vktmde. ;?=6. Mausemail krhmkeaia`y. KgerohknFemkvoarki Xhoentost 6543;0-38?.

Poisan, X. G. ;??2.Mospknoaik4 Hkroffekn hmoeclags on tme kè ac Haiugfusushkiaask4 \e Unoversoty ac Kikfkgk Rress.



8<3

“. 6220. \e krhmkeaia`y ac tme Hkroffekn. Hkgfrolè Paril Krhmkeaia`y . New _arj4 Hkgfrolè Unoversoty Rress.

Pyioe, K. 6220. ’@enler paiotohs knl shoenhe on krhmkeaia`y,‗ on\e krhmkeai-a`y ac olentotoes . Elotel fy . Onsaii, pp. ?0-;;=. Ianlan knl New _arj4Vautielè.



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6 4 A v e r v o e w a c k t t r o f u t e s p e r s t r u h t u r e



850 K 4 A

X t r u h t u r e N a .

L o k g e t e r ( g )

N a . e x t e r n k i c e k t u r e s

N a . o n t e r n k i c e k t u r e s

G e k n s p k n e x t . c e k t s ( h g )

G e k n s p k n o n t . c e k t s ( g )

G e k n s p k n k l d . c e k t s ( g )

K r e k ( g )

I e n ` t m ( g )

L o s t . f e t w e e n p e r o . & o n t . c e k t s ( h g )

E n t r k n h e w o l t m ( h g )

E n t r k n h e a r o e n t k t o a n

K f k n l a n g e n t

H a n l e n h e h i k s s

\ y p e

X i k n t o n ` ( \ r u e / C k i s e )

K v ` . c e k t . l o k g . ( h g )

K v ` . c e k t . l e p t m ( h g )

R m k s e

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85=

Kppenlox 84 Cektures per struhture

Kppenlox 84 Krhmovel unler tme caiiawon` persostent olento er4urn4nfn4ni4uo4;8-r`a-`ke

Kvkoikfie vok4 mttp4//persostent-olento er.ni/1olento er7urn4nfn4ni4uo4;8-r`a-`ke



85?X

Xuggkry

\os stuly os k hantrofutoan ta tme mausemail krhmkeaia`y ac tme Hkroffekn.\e kog ac tme resekrhm wks ta krrove kt k le notoan ac tme ikte-premostaroh tpratamostaroh mause, fksel an gkteroki regkons rktmer tmkn ta reiy an tme cewsuper hoki, Xpknosm haianoki leshroptoans crag tme ;5tm knl ;3 tm henturoes ks oshagganiy lane. \e resuits ac caur yekrs ac krhmkeaiaòhki resekrhm kt tme soteac Ei Hkfa on tme Mo`ùey reòan ac tme Lagonohkn Vepufioh kre presentel, onwmohm seven henturoes ac haggunoty mostary, crag ots aroòn, leveiapgent knlstareshenhe ta ots eventuki legose, kre nkrrktel tmrau`m ots lagonknt struhture,tme mause.

\e Mo`ùey reòan, k lry hakstki pikon gkle up ac knhoent harki iogestanelepasots knl rolliel wotm hkves knl unler`raunl wkter saurhes, wks ane ac tmemekrtiknls ac onloènaus huiture fecare tme krrovki ac tme Eurapekns. \e ikstkrek ac Mospknoaik ta fe pkho el, ots iahki papuiktoan twohe taaj up krgs k`konstme Xpknosm kt tme turn ac tme ;5tm hentury. \e onmkfotknts ac tme voiikè ac EiHkfa, perhmel an k hakstki pragantary kt tme extrege ekstern enl ac tme osiknl,pikyel k raie on tmese events tmrau`m wmohm, uitogkteiy, tmeor wkys ac ioce, gtkonel car henturoes, were lestrayel.

wa tmausknl krhmkeaiaòhki cektures, tme kssahoktel krteckht kssegfikèsknl tme spktoki ar`knozktoan ac tme settiegent fetween hk. KL =22 knl ;52< kreleshrofel on letkoi. \os stuly onhiules k rehanstruhtoan getmalaia`y, k struh-ture typaia`y knl k hmranaia`y ac tme lagestoh struhtures. \e unoque preservk-toan ac pastmaies lorehtiy hut onta tme iogestane felrahj enkfiel olento hktoanac aver cty struhtures, tmorty ac wmohm kre onterpretel ks mauses, on kllotoank haggunohktoan piktcarg, stareraags car haggunoty re`kiok, cenhes, wonl-frekjs knl warj muts. K sgkii nugfer ac furokis ks weii ks k ikrè kssegfikè ac

pattery, smeii, fane, harki, knl stane krteckhts kttest ta tme quatolokn knl rotukikhtovotoes ac tme haggunoty.\e mause struhtures smkre rehurrent cargs, extrege reùikroty knl sygget-ehurrent cargs, extrege reùikroty knl sygget-

rohki caunlktoans, eikfarkte krhmotehturki cektures onhiulon` ogpason` entrknhckàkles, k hansostent aroentktoan, prepkrel staars, knl swept knl hiekn onteroars.Rronhopki pastmaies were seiehtel car tme lepasotoan ac persanki otegs an kfknlangent ac tme mause. \e iocehyhie ac k pkrtohuikr mause wks dust ane stkè onk ian` prahess acrenewki, on wmohm tme onmkfotknts peroalohkiiy refuoit tme skgemause an tme skge spat aver tme haurse ac henturoes. Ekhm mause egfaloel tmeEkhm mause egfaloel tmeolekis knl kestmetohs ac praper sahokfie iovon` on tme letkois ac ots krhmotehknl iocehyhie. \e evolenhe su`èsts tmkt tme struhturki renewki wks haarlonktelvolenhe su`èsts tmkt tme struhturki renewki wks haarlonktelkhrass mauses, knl passofiy khrass tme wmaie haggunoty (haggunoty ( yuhkyeque ). \os iel ta\os iel tatme leveiapgent ac ’Mause rkdehtaroes‗, ar ian`-iovel estktes. Ot os krùel tmktOt os krùel tmkttme Mause rkdehtary os kn onstrugent ac sahoki repraluhtoan knl huiturki trkns-gossoan, cargon` kn ogpartknt ckhtar on tme hanstotutoan ac onloènaus huitureknl sahokioty. \e gast suhhesscui mause trkdehtaroes ikstel up ta 522 yekrs.\e gast suhhesscui mause trkdehtaroes ikstel up ta 522 yekrs.

Pmen ’loshaverel‗ fy Haiugfus, tme terrotary ac tme present LagonohknVepufioh wks ane ac tme gast papuiaus kreks ac tme Kgerohks. \e ikrè-shkie’reloshavery‗ on hurrent toges, espehokiiy ac hakstki reòans car leveiaper/taur-ostoh purpases, os expunòn` tmos mostary anhe k`kon. \e haiikfarktove reiktoansmop fetween iahki peapie, Ieolen Unoversoty eilshmaais knl tme Guseug acLagonohkn Gkn tmrau`m tme Ei Hkfa krhmkeaiaòhki pradeht mks hantrofutel ok sgkii wky ta tme preservktoan ac Lagonohkn huiturki merotkè on tme reòan.

’ V e n e w

o n ` t m e

m a u s e 4

\ r k d e h t a r o e s a

c s a h o k i

i o c e o n t m e

y u h k y e q u e

( h a g g u n

o t y ) a

c E i

H k f a ,

M o ` ù e y ,

L a g

o n o h k n V e p u f

i o h , K L

= 2 2 t a

; 5 2 <

. ‗



83;V

Vesugen

Este estuloa es unk hantrofuhoøn k ik krqueaia`çk lagïstohk lei Hkrofe. Ei afdetovale estk onvesto`khoøn es krrofkr k unk le nohoøn gkteroki y kiternktovk le ik hksk phaianoki, en iu`kr le sogpiegente retagkr iks super hokies y exoùks leshrophoanesespkûaiks le ias soìas ]S y ]SO. Rresentkgas huktra kûas le onvesto`khoøn krquea-iøòhk lei ksentkgoenta Ei Hkfa en ik Vepôfiohk Lagonohknk. Xe nkrrkn soete soìale mostarok hagunotkrok, que kfkrhkn lesle ei leskrraiia y ei starehogoenta mkstk eeventuki kfknlana, tagknla haga punta le recerenhok ik estruhturk lagonknte4 ikhksk.

Ik reòøn le Mo`ùey, unk iiknurk hasteûk sehk, cargklk par harki kntoùa, lepø-sotas le rahk hkiozk y iiena le huevks y lepøsotas sufterrëneas le kùk, cue una leias hentras le ik huiturk onlçènk kntes le ik iie`klk le ias Eurapeas. Cue tkgfoïnik ôitogk zank le Ik Espkûaik en ser pkho hklk y ei eshenkroa en ei que ik pafikhoøiahki tagø las vehes iks krgks en hantrk le ias espkûaies k nkies lei soìa ]S. Iasmkfotkntes lei puefia Ei Hkfa, ufohkla en un pragantaroa hastera en ei extrega

aroentki le ik osik, pkrtohopkran en estas eventas, ki nki le ias hukies sus estoias lvolk, gkntenolas par soìas, cueran lestruolas.Xe leshrofe en letkiie ik onterpretkhoøn le herhk le 6222 eiegentas krqueaiøò-

has, handuntas le krteckhtas ksahoklas y ik ar`knozkhoøn espkhoki lei ksentkgoenentre =22 y ;52< l.H. Esta onhiuye unk getalaia`çk le rehanstruhhoøn, unk topa-ia`çk le estruhturks y ik hranaia`çk le estruhturks lagïstohks. Ik preservkhoøn ex-hephoanki le iks mueiiks le pastes, hartklas lorehtkgente en ei iehma le rahk hkiozkpergotoø olento hkr gës le 52 estruhturks, 82 le iks hukies cueran onterpretklkshaga hksks, k ïsta se k`re`k4 unk piktkcargk le hagunohkhoøn, estruhturks pkrk ki-gkhenkr afdetas hereganokies hagunotkroas, vkiiks, pratehhoanes hantrk ei voenta yhkfkûks le trkfkda. Un nôgera reluhola le entoerras, ksç haga unk `rkn haiehhoønle herëgohk, hanhmk, muesa, harki y içtohk, san evolenhok le iks khtovolkles hatoloky rotukies le ik hagunolkl.

Iks estruhturks lagïstohks hagpkrten cargks rehurrentes, unk reùikrolkl ex-tregk y hogoentas sogïtrohas, eiegentas krquotehtønohas eikfarklas que onhiuyenogpanentes ckhmklks le entrklk, unk aroentkhoøn hansostente, sueias kposanklas kshaga onteroares fkrrolas y iogpoas. Mueiiks le pastes pronhopkies cueran eieòlkspkrk lepasotkr ecehtas persankies ki kfknlankr ik hksk. Ei hohia le volk le unk hksken pkrtohuikr na erk gës que un estklça lei ikrà prahesa lerenavkhoønen ei hukiias mkfotkntes peroølohkgente rehanstruçkn ik gosgk hksk, en ei gosga sotoa, unk yatrk vez, k ia ikrà le soìas. Hklk hksk persano hkfk ias olekies y ik estïtohk le unkvovoenlk sahokfie kprapoklk en ias letkiies le su krquotehturk y su hohia votki. Ikevolenhoks suòeren que ik renavkhoøn erk haarlonklk entre vkroks hksks y pasofgente tkgfoïn entre talk ik hagunolkl ( yuhkyeque ). Esta hanluda ki leskrraiia le

rkyehtaroks le Mkfotkhoøn, a nhks le ikr`k volk.Este trkfkda sastoene que iks rkyehtaroks le Mkfotkhoøn san un onstrugenta

le repraluhhoøn sahoki y trknsgosoøn huiturki ksç haga un ckhtar ogpartknte en ikhanstotuhoøn le ik huiturk onlçènk y ik sahokiozkhoøn. Iks rkyehtaroks le Mkfotkhgës exotasks lurkran mkstk 522 kûas.

Huknla Hrostøfki Haiøn ’leshufroø‗ Ik Espkûaik, estk erk unk le iks reòanesgës pafiklks le Kgïrohk. En ik khtukiolkl, ei ’releshufrogoenta‗k `rkn eshkik, es-pehokigente le iks reòanes hasterks han prapøsotas turçstohas y le hanstruhhoøn, estfarrknla estk mostarok, unk vez gës. Ik haikfarkhoøn entre ias mkfotkntes iahkies, ikeshueiks le hkgpa le ik Unoversolkl le Ieolen y ei Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna

k trkvïs lei prayehta krqueaiøòha Ei Hkfa, mk hantrofuola le gknerk galestk k ikpreservkhoøn le ik merenhok huiturki lagonohknk en ik reòøn. ’ V e n a v k n

l a

i k h k s k 4

\ r k y e h t a r o k s

l e v o l k s a h o k i e n e i y u h k y e q u e

( i k

h a g u n

o l k l

) l e

E i H

k f a ,

M o ` ù e y ,

V e p

ô f i o h k L a g

o n o h k n k ,

= 2 2 k

; 5 2 < l

. H . ‗



838X

Xkgenvktton`

Leze stuloe vargt een fodlrkè tat le krhmeaiaòe vkn met muosmaulen on metHkrofoshm èfoel. Met laei vkn met anlerzaej wks ag een le notoe vkn met ikkt-premostaroshme tat pratamostaroshme muos te antwojjeien èfkseerl ap gkteroêie avfiodcseien on pikkts vkn uotsiuotenl èfruoj te gkjen vkn le weonoè, appervikjjoè,feshmrodvonèn ervkn laar Xpkknse jaianosten uot le ;5e en ;3e eeuw zakis tat ap me-len èfruojeiodj os. On lot faej warlt voer dkkr krhmeaiaòshm anlerzaej ap le vonl-pikkts Ei Hkfa on met èfoel vkn Mo`ùey, Lagonohkknse Vepufioej, èpresenteerl.Teven eeuwen èshmoelenos vkn le ègeenshmkp Ei Hkfa, vknkc mkkr antstkkn, vomkkr antwojjeion` en fiaeo tat mkkr uoteonleiodje anler`kn`, warlen èrehanstru-eerl laar gollei vkn mkkr geest lagonknte struhtuur, met muos.

Le streej Mo`ùey, een lraè justvikjte festkknle uot jarkkijkijsteenkczetton-èn en fezkkol get `ratten en anler`ranlse frannen, wks vaar le jagst vkn leEurapeknen een vkn lï hentrk vkn onmeegse huituur. Met wks met ikktste èfoel vknMospknoaik lkt èpkho heerl werl4 kkn met eonl vkn le ;5e eeuw nkg le iahkie fe-vaijon` twee jeer le wkpens ap teèn le Xpkndkkrlen. Le rai loe le onwaners vknmet larp Ei Hkfa, èieèn ap met uoterste puntde vkn le aastjust vkn met eoiknl,speeilen on leze èfeurtenossen wks vkn luslknoè onviael lkt mun gknoer vkn ie-ven, nk eeuwen vkn onstknlmaulon`, teiaaròn`.

Le onterpretktoe vkn geer lkn tweeluozenl krhmeaiaòshme `ranlsparen, lelkkrgee èkssahoeerle krteckhtverzkgeionèn en met nelerzetton`spktraan, te lk-teren tussen anèveer =22 en ;52< nk Hmr., warlen on letkoi feshmreven. Met fe-taa` fevkt aaj een getmalaiaòe vkn le wodze vkn rehanstruhtoe, een typaiaòe vknle kknètraen struhturen en een hmranaiaòe vkn le muosstruhturen. Lknjzod leunoeje hanserveron` vkn le pkki`kten, loe loreht on le jkijstenen anler`ranl zodnonè`rkven, os met gaèiodj ag geer lkn vodcto` struhturen te merjennen. Lerto`

lkkrvkn zodn èálento heerl kis muozen, le resterenle twonto` struhturen festkkn uoeen haggunohktoepiktcarg, een feròn`sstruhtuur vaar ègeenshmkppeiodje re`kiok,mejjen, wonlshmergen en werjpikktsen. Le vanlst vkn een kkntki fe`rkvonèn eneen `rate maeveeimeol krteckhten vkn kkrlewerj, shmeip, fat, jarkki en steen ètuo-èn vkn zawei le lkèiodjse kisaaj rotueie khtovoteoten vkn le ègeenshmkp.

Le muosstruhturen meffen teijens lezeicle jengerjen4 le vargen mermkien zohmen le cunlkgenten zodn uotzanleriodj reèigkto` en syggetroshm. Le krhmotehtuurjengerjt zohm laar onlrujwejjenle tae`kn`spkrtoden, een hansequente aroêntktoevkn le piktte`ranl, kcèvikjte viaeren en èvee`le, shmane onteroeurs. Pknneer eenmuos verikten werl, lepaneerle gen persaaniodje vaarwerpen on le feikn`rodjstepkki`kten. Le ”ievenshyhius‟ vkn een kczanleriodj muos jkn kiieen èzoen warlen kïïn ckse on een ikn` prahes vknmermkion` wkkron le fewaners on le iaap ler eeuwenperoaloej metzeicle muos ap lezeicle iahktoe jeer ap jeer merfauwlen. Eij muos fe-iohmkkgle on zodn krhmotehturkie letkois en ievenshyhius le olekien en estmetoej een àel sahokki ieven. Er zodn èèvens loe kkntanen lkt le mermkion` vkn een muoeen èhaórloneerl pradeht wks lkt pikktsvanl vaar vershmoiienle muozen, gosshmoezeics vaar kiie muozen vkn le ègeenshmkp ( yuhkyeque ) teèiodjertodl. Lot meect èieoltat le antwojjeion` vkn ’Muostrkdehten‗, ac ’iknìevenle iknlàeleren‗. Fetaa`lwarlt lkt met ’Muostrkdeht‗ een onstrugent vkn sahokie repraluhtoe en huitureieaverlrkhmt vargt en een feikn`rodje ckhtar wks on le vargèvon` vkn le onmeegsehuituur en mkkr gkktshmkppeiodj jkrkjter.

aen met eoiknl Mospknoaik, wkkrvkn le Lagonohkknse Vepufioej met aasteiodleei vargt, werl ’antlejt‗ laar Haiugfus wks met een vkn le lohmtstfevaijte è-

foelen vkn feole Kgerojk‟s. Le `raatshmkioè ’merantlejjon`‗ on le kcèiapen dkrenvkn get nkge le justèfoelen, loe antwojjeil warlen vaar taerostoshme laeieon-

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m u o s 4

@ e g e e n s h m k p s z o n

o n E i H k f a , M

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‗



83<

len, wost le èshmoelenos vkn le fewaners welerag uot. Le skgenwerjon`sreiktoeloe antstkkn os uot met krhmeaiaòshm pradeht on Ei Hkfa tussen le iahkie fevaijon`,le Unoversoteot Ieolen en met Gusea lei Magfre Lagonohkna meect ap jieone shmkkifodèlrkèn kkn met femaul vkn met Lagonohkknse huitureie ercàel on le reòa.



835 K

Khjnawielègents

Sery gkny peapie knl onstotutoans mkve hantrofutel ta tme ikst ve yekrs ac re-sekrhm on expiohot knl ogpiohot wkys. \e ckht tmkt tme resuit os k very ian` faawmohm very cew peapie woii rekl laes nat la dustohe ta tmeor onput. O wauil iota tmknj sage ac tmeg feiaw.

Corstiy, gy pkrents Iesiey knl Xkg Xkgsan, nat dust fehkuse tmey taaj gecassoi-haiiehton` kt Caijestane Pkrren fut gare ogpartkntiy car tme creelagtmey `kve ge ta gkje gy awn hmaohes knl tmeor egatoanki knl nknhoki sup-part. O jnaw gy gatmer tmonjs O kg ckr kwky, fut mer wot knl harrespanlenhekre k muè onstuenhe knl kiwkys gkje ge ceei hiase. O tmknj gy fratmer knl sos-ters, Dkges, Vase knl espehokiiy gy yaunèst soster Eve, wma, rktmer tmkn sot atme fekhm, hkge ta see ge òve k pkper, knl skol sme endayel ot! Knl gy tmree`rknlpkrents, ta wmag tmos faaj os lelohktel, Vohmkrl knl Ioiiokn Xkgsan knlCky Haiioster.

Mkl tme sote ac Ei Hkfa revekiel k cew unonsporon` stkons, tme stary wauilmkve feen very loerent. Mawever, lktk laes nat exost ’aut tmere‗ on tme waril,knl ot os tmknjs ta tme shoento h, experoenhel knl ontuotove hmaohes ac gy pervosars Lr Genna Maaìknl knl Rracessar Lr Haronne Macgkn tmkt O wkscartunkte enau`m ta haiikfarkte on resekrhm an suhm kn extrkarlonkry sote wotmtme pradehtMauses car tme iovon` knl tme lekl . O kg very `rktecui car aur warj ta-ètmer, tme appartunotoes tmey mkve òven ge, knl tmeor pracessoanki suppart.

Guhmks `rkhoks!, ta tme iahki peapie ac Ei Hkfa, Ioanei Kvoik, tme gkyar, wmrehentiy pkssel kwky, knl mos woce Duknk knl tmeor ckgoiy, espehokiiy Jeify kVkgank, naw iovon` on Mo`ùey. Kisa Nohmaiks, ks weii ks Gkràt Vaskroa knlFeita Soiik knl tmeor ckgoiy: on pkrtohuikr Jeion, Kiexknlrk knl _kmkork. Ei Hkfos kn kgkzon` pikhe, knl tmos wks gast evolent on tme smkrel warj, exhmknè

ac skit sm,tastanes knl peknut futter sknlwohmes, pkrtoes knl seroaus hanversk-toans wotm croenls on tme voiikè. Aur haggunoty, naw lospersel, woii regkon ongegaroes.

Xpehoki tmknjs à ta Klroknk Hmurkgpo Vkgçrez wma mks feen k fo` pkrtac gy RmL knl k fo`èr pkrt ac gy ioce. Knl car tme croenlsmop ac Eroj vknVassenfer`, kn onsporktoanki krhmkeaiaòst, ta Xuzknne vkn Vassenfer` knlNoenje vkn Ieeuwen (’tme crelloes‗), Knne vkn Moist, Crknho kyiar, Evoen

dkffes knl kgson Mewett. O tmknj gy ’pawernygpms‗ Frolèt Pkiier knlMeienk Pro`mt car aur gkny yekrs ac croenlsmop. Gy toge on Ieolen fe`kn wotmk hamart ac ceiiaw GK stulents knl croenls car wmase ceiiawsmop O kg rohmeIkurk Hrawiey (wma kisa experoenhel Ei Hkfa rstmknl), Poii Knlersan, HktmyHaate (k reki wroter), Moik Celerer-Xmtkyer, Vkmei Fergkn, Ottky Peoss, EvknèXjentero, [u Cen`, [uenton Faurèaos, Jkrsten Pentonj, Gkrdaieon Jerjmac,Harnï vkn Paerlejag knl Xtodn Krnailussan (tme iktter ve gy krhmkeaiaò-hki-pajer fulloes).

O mkve k ikrè nugfer ac truiy exheiient haiiekùes on tme Hkroffekn Vesekrhm@raup, gkny ac wmag O kg mkppy ta haunt ks gy croenls. On kllotoan ta gysupervosars4 Kiostkor Fro`mt, Knùs Gai, Lr Kroe Faagert (espehokiiy car moroàraus eye knl hansolerkfie toge onvestgent on reklon` knl trknsikton` gygknushropt), Lkkn Osenlaarn, Doggy Gkns (gy ckvaurote a he gkte!), MkyieyGohjiefur`m, Lr Vkpmkêi Rknmuysen, Lr Venza Luon, Vaferta Skihërhei Vadks, Darè Uiiak Mun`, knl Dksan Ikaan.



833

O `rktecuiiy khjnawielè tme cartotule ac kii tme gegfers ac tme eilshmaaison Ei Hkfa car pkonstkjonìy sweepon` tme felrahj, spaanon` aut pastmaie iis,haunton` smeiis knl car tmeor onteiiehtuki haiikfarktoan4 Kiexknler Sonjeies Kiexknler SonjeiesGeihmers, Knùs Gai, Knne vkn Luodvenfale, Knnegkroe Auweneei, KnnegoejeLaarnfas, Fendkgon vkn Lodj, Lknoeiie Fkstokknse, Lan vkn len Fo`èikkr,Fendkgon vkn Lodj, Lknoeiie Fkstokknse, Lan vkn len Fo`èikkr,Erienl Damnsan, Evk Rkuisen, Ciaros Jeemnen, Creyk Kians, Mkns Reter @emron`,Mkyiey Gohjiefur`m, Oiank Modnen, Onèfar` Ikknfraej, Orene Geuienfer`, Dknneje le Jkg, Dksan Ikaan, Deregy Jkpikn, Doggy Gkns, Daast Garsonj,Jkty Fennett, Jmrosty Periegkn, Ikurk Feujers, Ikurk Hrawiey, Iennkrt vknler Marst, Ieanoe Pai, Iuhks Krts, Gkrosjk vkn Leodi, Gkrj \odssen, Gkrioesvkn Suuren, Nohaie Sernan, Naartde Aulmuos (espehokiiy car aur warj on 622=),Rkshki Seitmuozen, Rkuione Xkn @oarò, Reter Luygeionhj (on gegarokg), RoeterXaers, Vkhmei Xhmkts, Vkyganl Harfey (espehokiiy car mos garkie-faaston`,forl-wkthmon` exhursoans), Vaferta Skihërhei Vadks, Xkgkntmk le Vuoter, XossyMacgeester, wkn vkn Lanèn, Poiieg Ioetmac, knl _knn Maaìknl. Cartme èapmysohki eilwarj O tmknj Frknja Guūoć knl mos tekg crag IdufidknkUnoversoty4 Oàr Gelkroh, Gktdkz Garo, Uras Jorn, Durod Xajioh knl LkvolGelohk. \knjs ta Dkje Jmeei knl tme Ehaiaòhki Caunlktoan kt Runtk Hknk cariaòstohki suppart. Anhe k`kon ot smauil kisa fe gentoanel maw tme iahki peapieac Ei Hkfa were respansofie car tme ioan‟s smkre ac eilwarj tmrau`m tme yekrs.

Dust ks gkny ’loshaveroes‗ were gkle femonl tme hagputer shreen ks on tmeeil knl car tme taais knl sjoiis neelel ta la tmos O tmknj Xtodn Krnailussen,

Eroh Luiikkrt knl dkha Gkst. \eor kssostknhe wotm lktkfkse, hkrta`rkpmoh knl@OX pra`rkgges wks onlospenskfie knl truiy ane ac tme gast sktoscyon` iekrnonèxperoenhes ac gy RmL. Errars kre ac haurse kii gone!

K nugfer ac peapie suppartel ge wotm tmeor pracessoanki expertose, car wmohmO kg very `rktecui. O tmknj Lr Jktmieen Lek`kn (olento hktoan ac haianoki kr-teckhts), Lr Iee Newsag (knkiysos ac fatknohki skgpies), Lr Fetsy Hkrisan, Lr

Dasï Aiover (car gkny stoguikton` hanversktoans, eilwarj haiikfarktoan, knlmos vosoan ac tme pre-Haiugfokn pkst ac tme @rekter Kntoiies), Daast Garsonj Daast Garsonj(hanversktoans kfaut mauses,gkosans , jonsmop knl mos croenlsmop), Eroj vkn LroeiEroj vkn Lroei(krteckht lrkwon`s), Lr Iosk Jennely, Lr Dkà Haaper, Deregy Jkpikn knl Lr@oilk Mernënlez Xknhmez (car meip wotm Xpknosm trknsiktoan). O kg rktecui ta tmemehaggunoty ac tme OKHK (Onternktoanki Kssahoktoan car Hkroffekn Krhmkeaia`y)han`resses knl exheelon iy `rktecui ta tme iofrkry stk knl lahugentkiosts ac tmeexheelonìy `rktecui ta tme iofrkry stk knl lahugentkiosts ac tmeiofrkry stk knl lahugentkiosts ac tmeac tmeJO IS (Vayki Netmeriknls Onstotute ac Xautmekst Ksokn knl Hkroffekn Xtuloes)Vayki Netmeriknls Onstotute ac Xautmekst Ksokn knl Hkroffekn Xtuloes)wma gknkè suhm k froiioknt haiiehtoan ac faajs an Hkroffekn krhmkeaia`y. \estexofoioty knl mugaur ac Xolestane Rress on tme nki stkès ac gknushropt pra-luhtoan skvel gkny k sieepiess no`mt. \e Ckhuity ac Krhmkeaia`y os k provoieèl\e Ckhuity ac Krhmkeaia`y os k provoieèlpikhe ta warj knl sonhe 6228 O mkve endayel tme suppart ac tme stk knl tmehaggunoty ac haiiekùes, espehokiiy ceiiaw RmLs. Rracessar Mkrry Cajjens knltme NP Eurapekn Rremostary sehtoan casterel gy feònnon`s on khklegoh kr-hmkeaia`y, knl car tmos O kg rktecui. Kisa ta Goùei Damn Sersiuys car mos stroht-Goùei Damn Sersiuys car mos stroht-ness wotm ge on tme nki yekr. Ot wks k pieksure ta haiikfarkte wotm tmeOt wks k pieksure ta haiikfarkte wotm tme Gusealei Magfre Lagonohkna knl atmer Lagonohkn onstotutoans suhm ks tme Khklegokle Hoenhoks , kgan` wmase lorehtars knl resekrhmers pkst knl present O kg on-leftel, espehokiiy car tme krhmkeaiaòhki onso`mt knl hrektovoty ac Gkrhoa SeiazGk`òaia, exhmknès an Lagonohkn krhmkeaia`y wotm Mkrail Aisen, @kfroei Ktoies, Eipoloa Arte`k, @ienos kvkrez, Cernknla Iunk Hkilerøn (Cernknla Iunk Hkilerøn (on gegarokg)knl tme suppart ac Hkrias Mernknlez Xata knl Neisan Garena-Hefkiias.



830 K

\e resekrhm car tmos lossertktoan wks gkle nknhokiiy passofie fy tmeNetmeriknls Caunlktoan car Xhoento h Vesekrhm (NPA), Ckhuity ac Krhmkeaia`yIeolen Unoversoty, knl tme Nktoanki @ea`rkpmoh Xahoety knl O la nat unlerestogkte tme provoieè ac gkjon` k iovon` crag hanluhton` resekrhm.provoieè ac gkjon` k iovon` crag hanluhton` resekrhm.

Gast ac kii O tmknj gy pkrtner knl superwagkn, Knnegkroe Xtaij, car merprkhtohki knl iavon` suppart, hrotohki haggents, toge a warj ta meip wotm recer-enhes, ikyaut eth., carfekrknhe ac ikst gonute pknohs knl kfoioty ta suggkrose gyresekrhm wotm tme òct ac gkjon` ot saunl ontereston`! Fut gare tmkn tmos O tmkmer car mer iave knl kii aur cuture klventures.



83?H

Hurrohuiug votke

Kiohe Xkgsan wks farn on ;?00 on Laver, Jent. Crag ;?=? ta ;??3 sme kt-tenlel Xor Vaèr Gknwaal‟s shmaai, Xknlwohm, Jent. Xme rekl Galern knlGeloevki iknùkès, Crenhm knl Otkiokn, kt Hikre Haiieè Hkgfrolè (FK MansHkntkf.) luron` wmohm toge sme spent k yekr on K`roènta knl Frusseis. Kcter`rklukton` on 622;, Kiohe warjel car twa yekrs ks kn kssostknt ta kn GER on tmeEurapekn Rkriokgent on Frusseis. Luron` tmos toge sme gkontkonel k ian`-stknl-on` onterest on krhmkeaia`y fy pkrtohopkton` on exhkvktoans on Otkiy (RazzuaiaCrouio, Neaiotmoh). Crag 6228 ta 6225 sme stuloel NP Eurapekn premostary onIeolen knl hagpietel k resekrhm gksters wotm k tmesos an tme sahoki kspehts aFranze Kè sekckron` (hug ikule ) ks weii ks pkrtohopkton` on twa Franze Kè ex-hkvktoans on tme Netmeriknls (Todlerveil knl Tevenferèn) warjon` car tme kr-hmkeaiaòhki unot Krhmai. Crag 6225 ta 622? sme wks k gegfer ac tme resekrhmpradehtMauses car tme Iovon` knl tme Lekl (NPA) knl wrate k lossertktoan antme settiegent cektures crag tme sote ac Ei Hkfa, Lagonohkn Vepufioh, wmeresme pkrtohopktel on eilwarj. Kiohe hurrentiy warjs ks k resekrhm kssostknt on Hkroffekn Vesekrhm @raup, Ckhuity ac Krhmkeaia`y, Ieolen Unoversoty.

Renewing the house. Trajectories of social life in the yucayeque (community) of El Cabo, Higüey,...

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Transcript of Renewing the house. Trajectories of social life in the yucayeque (community) of El Cabo, Higüey,...