Renewables penetration in Europe: challenges for the power grid

SIEW round table | Paolone| 30.10.2014 1

Renewables penetration in Europe:

challenges for the power grid

Prof. Mario PaoloneDistributed Electrical S ystems Lab

EPFL, S witzerland

S IEW round table

Oct. 3 0th , 2014


The volatility of renewables: seasonal

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

70.000

1 501 1001 1501 2001 2501 3001 3501 4001

EE D

Installiert EE D

max. RES*-infeed: 29.196MWWind: 14.745MWPV: 14.451MWapprox. 48% (09.06.2012)

min. RES*-infeed: 356MW Wind: 356MWPV: 0MWapprox. 0,6% (25.01.2012)

h RES*-production

MW

RES*-infeed

Installed RES*-

capacity

Seasonal volatility (Wind+PV)

Installed capacity vs real infeed: the case of Germany

Jan 1st ,2012 June 30th, 2012

Source:J. Vanzetta


The volatility of renewables: medium-term

North European Offshore wind power variability in 2030Wind power production aggregated at synchronous area level for offshore wind power in 2030,

comparing the production for the High Wind Shut Down and High Wind Extended Production.

Adapted from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCfAcIz63sc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCfAcIz63sc


The volatility of renewables: ultra-short-term

Short-term volatility (PV)

Example of daily measured power injected by solar arrays at EPFL

Solarirradiance

65%

2s


The volatility of renewables: ultra-short-term

Short-term volatility (PV)

Example of daily measured power injected by solar arrays at EPFL

Solarirradiance

PV outputpower

65

%

2 s6

3%

2 s


The effects of renewables on microgrids

CIGRE

TF C6.04.02

LV μg benchmark


The effects of renewables on the transmission grid

Grow rate of decentralized energy resources:

the case of Italy In April 2013, the PV

installed capacity has

reached 16.5 GWp

Energy prod:

2011: 10.7 TWh

2012: 18.8 TWh

½ 2013: 13.8 TWh (7.3% of

the demand)



Impact on the daily load curve:

the case of Italy

Sun. June 27, 2010

Sun. June 26, 2011

Sun. June 24, 2012

Source: Terna S.p.A.

Remark#1: possibility

to have phases along

the day with large

reduction of the net

power flow on the

transmission network.



Impact on the daily load curve:

the case of Italy

Sun. June 27, 2010

Sun. June 26, 2011

Sun. June 24, 2012

Source: Terna S.p.A.

Remark#2: need of

faster ramping in the

evening hours


Challenges for the grids

Time

Po

we

r

0-s

∆P⇔∆f

Bulkpowersystem

Forecasterrorsofrenewablesproduc on

Forecasterrorsofloads

Fastproduc onvaria onsofrenewables

Largestorage(hydro)schedule

Powerplantoutages

Primaryf-control

Secondaryf-control

Ter aryf-control

Genera ondispatch/schedule

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

Primaryf-control

Secondaryf-control

Ter aryf-control

Genera ondispatch/schedule

30-s 15-min 60-min

Prp Prs

Prt

Can we still use

this approach to

control systems

with major

penetration of

stochastic

resources ?



2003 blackout in Italy

frequency trendSource: UCTE Interim Report of the

Investigation Committee on the 28 September

2003 Blackout in Italy

2009 blackout during the

islanding maneuver of an

active distribution networkSource: A. Borghetti, C. A. Nucci, M. Paolone,

G. Ciappi, A. Solari, “Synchronized Phasors

Monitoring During the Islanding Maneuver of an

Active Distribution Network”, IEEE Trans. On

Smart Grid, vol. 2 , issue: 1, march, 2011, pp:

70 – 79.

2 s

The question of the interia.



Quality of service in distribution networks;

Participation of distributed generation to frequency and voltage

support (Virtual Power Plant)

Autonomous small scale grids with little inertia

Potential solutions

fast ramping generation (fossil fuel based)

local storage, demand response

real time control of local grids


Which control framework ?

• Typically done with droop controllers on main power

plants

• Problems:

system does not know the state of resources (e.g.

temperature in a building, state of charge in a battery)

all problems made global

• Alternative: optimal explicit control of power setpoints

mathematically complex

radical change in grid operation

Optimal and robust control of bulk systems with high-volatile resources


Final remarks

Three key questions

1. How far can we decentralize the production electricity

and the storage of energy ?

2. Which electrical infrastructure (regional and country

scales) is needed to allow the penetration of 30-40% of

electricity production from non-hydro renewables ?

3. Which processes and components we need to develop

and deploy for the monitoring and control of the

electrical grid ?

Renewables penetration in Europe: challenges for the power grid

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