GROUP 8RENEWABLE ENERGY AND DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES

Renewable Energy•Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable sources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

•Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.

•Rapid deployment of renewable energy is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits.

•Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper. Their share of total energy consumption is increasing.

Global Trend•According to UNEP’s report renewable contributed 19.2% to humans' global energy consumption and 23.7% to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 8.9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (modern biomass, geothermal and solar heat), 3.9% hydro electricity and 2.2% is electricity from wind, and solar.

The growing attractiveness of solar and wind to global investors reflects the following factors:Technological advances that boost the performance and reliability of solar and wind power.Improvements in energy storage systems that heighten the utility of intermittent renewable.Realization of economies of scale that lower the costs of solar and wind energy.

Investment:- Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$286 billion in 2015, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and bio-fuels.

Challenges faced by renewable• Commercialization barriers faced by new technologies competing with mature technologies.

• Price distortions from existing subsidies and unequal tax burdens between renewable and other energy sources.

• Failure of the market to value the public benefits of renewable.

• Market barriers such as inadequate information, lack of access to capital, "split incentives" between building owners and tenants, and high transaction costs for making small purchases.

•Intermittent nature:- Solar and wind power only generate electricity when the sun is shining or the wind is blowing.

•Up-front capital costs:- The massive upfront capital costs in terms of money, materials and energy.

WIND ENERGY

Current Technology

• Another is blade shape of airfoil with bigger rotor, higher hub height to access speed 4% -5% more.

• By 2015, innovations were in side of increasing rotor diameter without compromising in balancing and load sharing.

• The general features used are gearless turbines and other turbines for distributed generation with compact construction.

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• use of turbines for medium speed and low speed.• Use of turbines which produces optimal power at

1. modest speed 2. wide range of speed.

The blades used in turbine are separated so their weight as well as the material used is reduced, which leads to higher response to wind speed fluctuation and lesser cost.The advancement in wind sector is to combine wind farms with solar panels.

Cost of production• wind turbines under 100 kilowatts cost roughly $3,000 to $8,000 per kilowatt of capacity.

A 10 kilowatt machine have an installed cost of $50,000-$80,000.Most of the commercial-scale turbines installed today are 2 MW in size and cost roughly $3-$4 million installed.

Support to be provided by States:

In case of power being procured by State Discoms through PPA, the power generated corresponding to average of last three years’ generation prior to repowering would continue to be procured on the terms of PPA in-force and remaining additional generation would either be purchased by Discoms at Feed-in-Tariff applicable in the State at the time of commissioning of the repowering project and/or allowed for third party sale. For placing of wind turbines 7D x 5D criteria would be relaxed for micro siting.

Subsidy

• The Accelerated Depreciation (AD) scheme, Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) and Generation-Based Incentive (GBI) scheme which provides subsidies for setting up wind-generated power plants are most important aspects.

• Budget capping the accelerated depreciation tax benefit at a maximum of 40 per cent from April 2017, which was earlier 80%. So AD tax benefit incentives has reduced.

• Incentive: For repowering projects Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) will provide an additional interest rate rebate of 0.25% over and above the interest rate rebates available to the new wind projects being financed by IREDA.

Latest Happenings• Gujarat to develop hybrid project using solar, wind energy when the demand for solar projects is dwindling, the Gujarat Energy Research and Management Institute (GERMI) is developing a hybrid technology using solar and wind energy to generate power.

• According to GERMI, this will not only improve land utilization, but also reduce the cost of transmission infrastructure.

• Gamesa will supply 278MW wind turbines for seven project sites in IndiaSpanish wind turbine manufacturing company Gamesa has secured new orders to deliver 278MW of turbines at seven wind developments across India.

• JERA picks up 10% in Renewable Power for $200 mnJapan’s JERA has picked up a 10 per cent stake in Renewable Power Ventures. The deal size is estimated to be $200 million, through subscription of newly issued shares.

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• CESC plans Rs 600-cr investment in wind energyCESC, power generation and distribution arm of RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group, has planned an investment of Rs 600 crore in Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh to raise wind energy generation from the current 130 MW to 207 MW.

• Environment ministry green lights Gujarat wind measurement projectThe environment ministry has given its approval to a wind measurement project that would involve setting up an offshore data collection platform in the Gulf of Kutch, near the Gujarat coast.

BIOMASS ENERGY

Technology

The thermo chemical processes for conversion of biomass to useful products involve combustion, gasification or pyrolysis. The most commonly used route is combustion. The advantage is that the technology used is similar to that of a thermal plant based on coal, except for the boiler. The cycle used is the conventional rankine cycle with biomass being burnt in high pressure boiler to generate steam and operating a turbine with generated steam. The net power cycle efficiencies that can be achieved are about 23-25%. The exhaust of the steam turbine can either be fully condensed to produce power, or used partly or fully for another useful heating activity.

• These technology is Fast Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed (FICFB) gasification system, also called as dual fluidized bed gasification,

Costs Associated

• India - The capital cost of installation of biomass power plants is Rs.4.5 to 5.0 Crore/MW, depending upon boiler pressure and capacity, costs of generation around Rs. 3.50 to Rs. 4.00/kwh.

• US - The capital cost of installation of biomass power plants is Rs.20 to 27 Crore/MW, depending upon boiler pressure and capacity, costs of generation around Rs. 5.36 to Rs. 10/kwh

• Tarrif charged for electricity generated through biomass is between Rs 5.19- Rs 8.62 per Kwh, in various states of India.

Government Support & Policies

• Fiscal incentives, concessional import duty, excise duty, tax holiday for 10 years, bank loans of up to Rs 15 crore for biomass-based power generators will be considered part of PSL etc., are available for Biomass power projects. The benefit of concessional custom duty and excise duty exemption are available on equipment's required for initial setting up of biomass projects based on certification by Ministry. In addition, State Electricity Regulatory Commissions have determined preferential tariffs and Renewable Purchase Standards (RPS). Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) provides loan for setting up biomass power.

• The Ministry has been implementing biomass power/co-generation programme since mid nineties. A total of approximately 500 biomass power and cogeneration projects aggregating to 4760 MW capacity have been installed in the country for feeding power to the grid. In addition, around 30 biomass power projects aggregating to about 350 MW are under various stages of implementation.

Government IncentivesSpecial Category States(NE Region, Sikkim, J&K, HP & Uttaranchal)

Other States

Project Type Capital Subsidy Capital SubsidyBiomass Power projects Rs.25 lakh X(C MW)

(Maximum support of Rs. 1.5 Crores per project)

Rs.20 lakh X (C MW)(Maximum support of Rs. 1.5 Crores per project)

Item Description

Income Tax Holiday Ten years tax holidays.Customs / Excise Duty Concessional customs and excise duty exemption for

machinery and components for initial setting up of Biomass power projects.

General Sales Tax Exemption is available in certain States

Latest Happenings

Electricity Generation using Pine Needles in Uttarakhand:

• The Himalayan Subtropical Pine Forests are the largest in the Indo-Pacific region about 76.2 lakh hectare of land. In India, these pine forests are widely found in the state of Uttarakhand. According to the Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA), the total area of Pine forest in the state is about 3.43 lakh hectare. These pine forests produce about 20.58 lakhs tonnes of dry biomass every year in the state. In the summer season, forest fires are common in these areas as pine needles, which keep falling off the trees from the middle of March till the onset of the rains in July, are highly inflammable.

Solar Power

• Solar energy is the cleanest, most abundant renewable energy source available.

• The Earth receives an incredible supply of solar energy. It provides enough energy in one minute to supply the world's energy needs for one year.

Technologies in Solar

• There are three primary technologies by which solar energy is commonly harnessed:

• Photovoltaic (PV)These solar technologies directly produce electricity which can be used, stored, or converted for long-distance transmission. PV panels can be manufactured using a variety of materials and processes and are widely-used for solar projects around the world.

• Solar ThermalThese technologies generate thermal (heat) energy for water & pool heating and space heating.

• Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)Using reflective materials like mirrors and lenses, these systems concentrate sunlight to generate thermal energy, which is in turn used to generate electricity.

Latest Technology

• Floating panels, floating solar farmsWhere there is a lack of space to install large-scale ground-mount solar systems, Floating panel allows standard PV panels to be installed on large bodies of water such as drinking water reservoirs, quarry lakes, irrigation canals and hydroelectric dam reservoirs.

• Sunflower-Inspired Solar Panels Solar panel can track sun movement throughout the day. It uses astronomical data to locate sun and align itself according to suns position

Cost of Production• Cost Factors

Capital Cost – High for SolarFuel Cost – Almost Zero

• Benchmark Cost for Solar PV Project is INR 530.02 Cr in India

Source: cercind.gov.in

Cost of Production

• Capital Cost in Other Countries

• From 2009 to 2014 the Capital cost for Solar reduced by 77% because of– Efficiency Improvements– Economies of Scale– Production Optimization

Total Capacity PV Installed

China: 43,530 MW (22.5%)

Germany: 39,700 MW (20.6%)

Japan: 34,410 MW (17.8%)United States: 25,620 MW (13.3%)

Italy: 18,920 MW (9.8%)United Kingdom: 8,780 MW (4.5%)

France: 6,580 MW (3.4%)

Spain: 5,400 MW (2.8%)

Australia: 5,070 MW (2.6%)India: 5,050 MW (2.6%)

• Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM):The National Solar Mission was framed to promote the use of solar energy for power generation and other application; also promoting the integration of other renewable energy technologies like biomass and wind with solar energy options. The Solar Energy can be tapped via two routes solar thermal and solar photovoltaic.

• Akshay Urja Shops:The objective of the programme is to support the establishment of one shop in each district for creation of a network of retail outlets in form of “Akshay Urja Shops” in all the districts for sale and service of solar energy and other renewable energy products.

• Development of Solar City Programmes:The Solar City aims at minimum 10% reduction in projected demand of conventional energy at the end of five years, through a combination of enhancing supply from renewable energy sources in the city and energy efficiency measures. MNRE/NABARD Scheme for Solar Home Lighting

Government Support ,Policies and Subsidies:

• The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has signed an agreement with Germany-based KfW Development Bank to fund the Rs 300 crore (US$ 44.7 million) floating solar project in Maharashtra and Kerala, which is expected to generate over 310 GW of green energy.

• The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), which provides 30 per cent subsidy to most solar powered items such as solar lamps and solar heating systems, has further extended its subsidy scheme to solar-powered refrigeration units with a view to boost the use of solar-powered cold storages.

• The Ministry of Shipping plans to install 160.64 MW of solar and wind based power systems at all the major ports across the country by 2017, thereby promoting the use of renewable energy sources and giving a fillip to government's Green Port Initiative.

• MNRE (GOI) has signed an MOU with NABARD to promote SOLAR HOME LIGHTING SYSTEMS to rural areas. This program is to be implemented under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM). JNNSM aims to achieve 20000mw of solar power production by the year 2022.

• Grid Connected Solar Rooftop and small solar power plant Scheme

Latest Happenings:• India unveils the world's largest solar power plant :The facility in

Kamuthi, Tamil Nadu, has a capacity of 648 MW and covers an area of 10 sq km.

• Gujarat to develop hybrid project using solar, wind energy: At a time when the demand for solar projects is dwindling, the Gujarat Energy Research and Management Institute (GERMI) is developing a hybrid technology using solar and wind energy to generate power

• Solar becomes ‘cheapest new power source’ in India as auction winners revealed: After 33 hours of bidding, Mahindra Renewables, Acme Solar and Solenergi Power have emerged triumphant in the 750MW solar auction in Madhya Pradesh, with the lowest price smashing records at just INR2.97/kWh (US$0.044) in year one before an annual escalation kicks in.

• India planning at solar power storage technology from Belgium: India is looking at an innovative Belgian solar storage technology that promises to offer consumers a source of quality power as a green and reliable alternative to flickering supply from battery storage or diesel generators in distant or off-grid locations

DISRUPTIVE TECHBATTERIES & ELECTRIC VEHICLES

ELECTRIC VEHICLESTesla Cars and TORK Motorcycles

Tesla

Models:• Tesla Roadster• Tesla Model S• Tesla Model 3• Tesla Model X

Model X

• Full size crossover SUV• Price between US$132,000 and US$144,000• Target customers are families and individuals

looking for a large sporty vehicle• Its is a full plugin vehicle• Range of 400 kms• 503 hp motor

Tesla Model 3

• 4 door sedan• Most economical offering from Tesla Motors• Price between USD$30,000 to USD$40,000• Target to all customer segments• Developed especially for countries like India,

Brazil, China etc.• Range of 350 kms

Tesla Model X

• Full sized luxury segment offering• 100 kWh battery• Range of 500 kms• 762 hp of total power output• Most advanced car from Tesla Motors till date

Tesla Roadster

• The earliest offering from Tesla Motors• 2 door sport convertible• Targeted as replacement of traditional luxury

sport cars• 288 hp motor• Rang of 400 kms• Base price of USD$110,000• Currently discontinued

TORK Motorcycles

• Bengaluru based tech start-up• Fully developed and manufactured in India• Full electric plug-in bike• Top speed of 100 km/h• Range of 100 kms• Proprietary fast charging technology• Currently only one model under production on

orders called the TORK T6X• Priced at about Rs 125,000

GRAPHENE BATTERIES

• What is graphene?• Graphene batteries Vs. Traditional batteries• LiO batteries• Alfa (aluminium-air) batteries

Graphene• Graphene and its derivatives are materials with exceptional

properties such as outstanding electric and thermal conductivity, large specific surface area and a natural adhesiveness.

• Graphene based electrodes are prepared with a fraction of the carbon used in conventional electrodes, leading to an exponentially extended life time.

• Electrodes prepared with larger particles require significantly less additives boasting the packing density and ultimately the practical energy density of the battery.

• Larger particles are thermally stable and the exceptional thermal conductivity of graphene reduces any local temperature gradients preventing thermal run away in high energy cells.

LiO Batteries

• Lithium-air means using oxygen as the oxidiser, rather than a material. The result is batteries that can be a fifth of the price and a fifth as light as lithium-ion, plus they could make phones and cars last five times longer.

Alfa Batteries

• A breakthrough in aluminium-air batteries means that in the future we should see the release of the Alfa battery that has 40 times the capacity of lithium-ion.

• This battery will be able to recharge by simply being topped up with water, be it salty or normal. It should last a hefty 14 days, according to its creators Fuji Pigment and will be out later this year.

• We'd expect to see these batteries appear in cars first - imagine a fuelling station being anywhere with a water tap. Hopefully mobiles will be next in line.

Faster Charging• Power Japan Plus has already announced this new battery

technology called Ryden dual carbon. Not only will it last longer and charge faster than lithium but it can be made using the same factories where lithium batteries are built.

• The batteries use carbon materials which mean they are more sustainable and environmentally friendly than current alternatives. It also means the batteries will charge twenty times faster than lithium ion. They will also be hardier with the ability to last 3,000 charge cycles, plus they are safer with lower chance of fire or explosion.