renewable energy sufficient and affordable
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Transcript of renewable energy sufficient and affordable
renewable energy sufficient and affordable
En
the sun
the wind
the landthe waters
passive solarsolar hot watersolar radiant heatingphotovoltaics
building integrated photovoltaicsconcentrated photovoltaics
concentrated solar (solar thermal electricity)
solar is sufficientnow:25% coal
37% oil23% natural gas6% nuclear
9% renewable
world will need
18 TW total energy in 2015according to US DOE
18,000,000,000,000 watts
translate coal, gas, oil and electrical energy into18 trillion watts
18 TW
during peak sun hours, the sun provides 1 kW of energy per square meter
photovoltaic panels are only 20% efficient, so one square meter PV provides about 0.2 kW or 200 watts.
regions southof US/Canada Border3 – 7 hours peak sundaily
estimate4 hourspeak sunnonpolarworldaverage
world needs 18 TW
now to get time into the picture
think about
deserts
earth has 20 million sq km of nonpolar deserts which is 20 trillion sq meters
nonpolar deserts have a lot more peak sun hours than average land, so we’ll use a desert-like 5 hours of peak sun per day peak sun 5/24 of the timepeak sun 21% of the time
instead of getting 20 trillion kW from 20 trillion sq meters of desert sun
we will only get
20 trillion kW X 20% (PV efficiency) X 21% (peak sun availability) = 0.84 trillion kW = 0.84 trillion (1000 watts) = 840 trillion watts = 840 TW
need 18 TW
840 TW from deserts
18/840 = 2% of desert land
so solar energy could easily power the world, but is it affordable?
“DOE SunShot initiative looks to reduce the total costs of photovoltaic solar energy systems by about 75 percent so that they are cost competitive with other forms of energy without subsidies before 2020. Chu is targeting $1 per watt, which he said corresponds to roughly 6 cents per kilowatt-hour.”
why is $1/watt the “Holy Grail” of solar?
$10 billion reactor1000 MW baseload power
“Nuclear Regulatory Commission Chairman Gregory Jaczko said that permitting new reactors could take four years or more, and that storing the waste is not a pressing concern, but that paying for the new reactors remains a significant concern for most utilities. The best estimate for a new reactor's price tag is about $10 billion, he said. Read more: http://www.azcentral.com/business/articles/2010/02/01/20100201biz-nuclear0202.html#ixzz1D6lHv81I”
1000 MW reactor = 6000 MW solar with 4 hours of peak sun daily
1000 MW x 24 hours = 6000 MW x 4 hours = 24,000 MWh/day 24,000 MWh/day
at today’s PV cost, $2/watt, Reactor costs $10 billion 6000 MW PV costs $12 billion at $1/watt,
6000 MW PV costs $6 billion
concentrated photovoltaics (CPV)
• higher efficiencies• lower cost per watt
“100 suns”
http://gigaom.com/cleantech/solar-thermal-jv-to-spend-124b-in-spain/
metal reflectors focus sun to heat fluid steam turns turbinefluid can be molten salt retaining heat
to produce electricity at night
wind farms
micro-windoff-shore wind
Global Wind Resources
could wind only power the world? “Archer and Jacobson use
worldwide weather stations (more accurate than the above GEOS-1 data, but not covering the oceans) and estimate the worldwide land and near-shore wind resource. Their calculation of total wind resource is 72 TW” http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/windpower/
Estimated levelized cost of new generation resources, 2018, DOE
Advanced Coal 12.3¢ per kWh
Natural Gas 6.7¢ per kWh
Advanced Nuclear 10.8¢ per kWh
Wind 8.7¢ per kWh
Geothermal 10.0¢ per kWh
Solar PV 14.4¢ per kWh
Hull, Massachusetts
NREL: US could produce nine times our current electrical consumption from onshore wind alone
Texas is #1 in wind
wavestidesdamsmoving rivers: hydrokineticmicro-hydro
waves
the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) says that “global wave power potential has been estimated to be around 1000-10,000GW, which is the same order of magnitude as world electrical energy consumption.”
http://www.suite101.com/content/green-power-from-oceans-a178466#ixzz1D7EZGzQs
Australia very excited about ocean energy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V27ZBODcv0c
http://www.carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/ceto/what-is-ceto
thenLa Rance, France
tidal barrage generating 250 MW max since 1966average output 60 MW
now“Scotland Plans to Use 100
Percent Renewable Energy by 2025”
Scottish plan includes world’s largest tidal energy plant
dams
China’s 3-Gorges dam
hydropower provides about 1/5 of world electricity according to the World Bank.
moving rivers
hydrokinetic power Hastings, Minnesota 4.4 MW
Vivace
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcR8HszacOE
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcyM3c5ylSU&NR=1
micro-hydro
BiomassAlgaeAnaerobic DigestersGeothermal Heat PumpsGeothermal ElectricityAdvanced Geothermal
US uses 100 EJ/year of energy from all sourcesUS has 14,000,000 EJ potential from Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
http://www.google.org/egs/
geothermal electricitycould power the world alone
geothermal heat pumps
Always 55 degrees 10 feet under
http://www.originoil.com
Algae ponds
or bioreactors make fuel from CO2Algae – 5000 gallons / acre
http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5391
Corn – 420 gallons / acre
So, the entire world could be
powered by
the sun alone,
geothermal energy alone,
the wind alone,
and probably the oceans alone.
But we have them ALLand they can easily power the
entire worldtogether.