Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.
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Transcript of Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.
Renewable Energy in Africa
Status and Prospects
AFREPREN/FWD
• Background on energy supply and consumption in Africa
• AFREPREN/FWD’s assessment of RETs development in Africa
• How the penetration of RETs could be improved
Overview
Background on energy supply and consumption in Africa
Energy Supply in Africa
Type Amount (Mtoe) Percentage
Solar/wind/tide 0.058 0.01
Geothermal 0.680 0.06
Nuclear 3.300 0.30
Hydro 7.300 0.66
Petroleum Products 128.560 11.69
Gas 129.890 11.81
Coal 139.010 12.64
Biomass * 272.100 24.74
Crude Oil 418.780 38.08
Total 1,099.678 100.00
* Biomass refers to combustible renewables (mainly fuelwood, charcoal and agro-residues) and wasteSource: IEA, 2005
• Africa produces less than 10% of the world’s energy supply
Energy Consumption in Africa
* Biomass refers to combustible renewables (mainly fuelwood, charcoal and agro-residues) and wasteSource: IEA, 2005
Petroleum Products
25%
Electricity8% Coal
4%Gas4%
Biomass59%
African Energy Sector – 3 distinct regions
Energy Consumption - South Africa (2001)
Biomass16%
Coal27%
Coal-based Electricity
26%
Gas2%
Petroleum29%
Energy Consumption - North Africa
Petroleum62%
Biomass4%
Coal1%
Gas18%
Electricity15%
• North Africa – oil and gas sub-region• South Africa – coal sub-region• Sub-Saharan Africa – biomass region
Energy consumption - Sub-Saharan Africa (2001)
Electricity3%
Biomass81%
Petroleum15%
Gas1% Coal
0%
Population With No Electricity (Millions) A few successes (Ghana, Mauritius, S. Africa, Zimbabwe)
Status of Renewables in Africa
• Africa is endowed with substantial renewable energy resources
Solar
5-6 kWh/m2 (excellent in North Africa, Sahel, Horn and Southern Africa)
Wind - 3-5 m/s (over 9 m/s in North, South, West and Horn)
- 10 - 20,000 MW in North Africa
Biomass Extensive
Geothermal 9,000 MW
Hydro (Large) Massive, approx. 7% harnessed
Hydro (Small) Extensive
AFREPREN/FWD’s assessment of RETs development in Africa
Emphasis on Conventional Energy Options• Higher proportion of funding allocated to
conventional energy sector - large-scale hydro and petroleum
• Ethiopia: Virtually entire energy budget allocated to conventional large scale investments
• Smaller scale renewables largely left out (even dominant biomass is ignored)
• Results – contributes to low levels of access to modern energy which, in turn, contribute to increased poverty
Energy Sector Capital Budget – Ethiopia (1990-2000) % and Million Birr
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Sub-sectorshare ofcapitalbudget
Traditional and alternative 14.2 5.9 4.0 4.1 10.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5
Petroleum 21.8 19.8 20.1 16.9 5.5 36.1 81.0 93.2 94.3
Electricity 314.0 182.0 187.0 240.0 267.0 145.0 861.0 539.0 1,209. 886.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Energy Pyramid Need for Better Balance
Why Promote Renewables in Africa? Implications for the Poor
• Significant energy resource potential exists
• Conventional energy supply unreliable and not reaching the poor
• Enhance competitiveness of agro-industries
• Job creation potential
Estimated Job Creation Potential
Energy Option
Construction, manufacturing and installation (Employees/MW
)
Operation and maintenance
(Employees/MW)
Total Employment (Employees/MW)
Geothermal 4.00 1.70 5.70
Wind 2.51 0.27 2.78
Natural gas 1.00 0.10 1.10
Coal 0.27 0.74 1.01
Energy as % of Cost of Production
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Sri Lanka (low - 1998) Sri Lanka (High - 1998)
Eastern Africa (low - 2005) Eastern Africa (high - 2005)
How Can Penetration of Renewable Energy in Africa be Improved?
How Can Penetration of RE be Improved?• Rationale for promoting renewables not well argued
– Climate change and environmental concerns not applicable in Africa
• Solid rationale for promoting renewables :– Enhancing modern energy access to the poor
– Availability of plentiful and cost-competitive renewables (hydro & geothermal)
– Ability to provide cost-competitive energy services to remote rural settlements
– Significant job and enterprise creation potential
• Increased attention towards non-electrical RETs
Non-electrical Options for Poverty Alleviation
Low cost but more efficient biomass-based combustion
Improved cookstoves (household and institutional) Efficient charcoal kilns, brick making kilns fish smokers, tea dryers and wood dryers
Pico and micro hydro for shaft power Can be used to process agricultural produce,
increase its value and pump water for irrigation
Low cost efficient tools and equipment using human or animal energy
Increase the agricultural productivity of the rural poor E.g Treadle pumps for small-scale irrigation
Non-electrical Options Solar dryers
Can lower post-harvest losses and enable the rural farmers market their produce when prices are higher
Solar water pasteurizers Provide clean potable water and reduce water borne
diseases, which translates to increased availability of labor and thus increases agricultural output
Solar water heaters Significant reduction in electricity load for heating water,
and significant potential for local manufacture and assembly
Case Study: Treadle Irrigation Pump
• Simple, low-cost pumping technologies for irrigation and water supply
• Use in irrigation increases incomes of rural farmers by over ten-fold
• 45,000 pumps in use by poor farmers in Kenya and Tanzania
• 29,000 new waged jobs created
• 70% of pumps managed by women
• 4 manufacturers in the region, with over 200 retailers selling pumps in Kenya, Tanzania and Mali
Case Study: Windpump for Water Supply in Remote Rural Areas
Case Study: Improved Charcoal Kenya Ceramic Jiko
• One of the most successful stove projects in Africa
• Made of metal cladding with a wide base and a ceramic liner (safer to use - cooler on the outside)
• In use in about 100% of urban households in Kenya (16% of rural homes) – 2.6 million stoves in use in Kenya alone
(cumulative production now over 15 million)
• Fully self-sustaining using locally produced materials and skills – generated jobs & new enterprises
• Reduces charcoal consumption by 30-50%
Case Study: Improved Charcoal Kenya Ceramic Jiko
• KCJ in use in Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, Zambia, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi & Senegal
• Being introduced in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Ghana and Madagascar
Thank You
Contacts
AFREPREN/FWDElgeyo Marakwet Close, KilimaniP. O. Box 30979, 00100 GPONairobi, KenyaTel: +254 20 3866032/3871467Fax: +254 20 3861464/3876470/3740524E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.afrepren.org