Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

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Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD
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Transcript of Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Page 1: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Renewable Energy in Africa

Status and Prospects

AFREPREN/FWD

Page 2: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

• Background on energy supply and consumption in Africa

• AFREPREN/FWD’s assessment of RETs development in Africa

• How the penetration of RETs could be improved

Overview

Page 3: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Background on energy supply and consumption in Africa

Page 4: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Energy Supply in Africa

Type Amount (Mtoe) Percentage

Solar/wind/tide 0.058 0.01

Geothermal 0.680 0.06

Nuclear 3.300 0.30

Hydro 7.300 0.66

Petroleum Products 128.560 11.69

Gas 129.890 11.81

Coal 139.010 12.64

Biomass * 272.100 24.74

Crude Oil 418.780 38.08

Total 1,099.678 100.00

* Biomass refers to combustible renewables (mainly fuelwood, charcoal and agro-residues) and wasteSource: IEA, 2005

• Africa produces less than 10% of the world’s energy supply

Page 5: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Energy Consumption in Africa

* Biomass refers to combustible renewables (mainly fuelwood, charcoal and agro-residues) and wasteSource: IEA, 2005

Petroleum Products

25%

Electricity8% Coal

4%Gas4%

Biomass59%

Page 6: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

African Energy Sector – 3 distinct regions

Energy Consumption - South Africa (2001)

Biomass16%

Coal27%

Coal-based Electricity

26%

Gas2%

Petroleum29%

Energy Consumption - North Africa

Petroleum62%

Biomass4%

Coal1%

Gas18%

Electricity15%

• North Africa – oil and gas sub-region• South Africa – coal sub-region• Sub-Saharan Africa – biomass region

Energy consumption - Sub-Saharan Africa (2001)

Electricity3%

Biomass81%

Petroleum15%

Gas1% Coal

0%

Page 7: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Population With No Electricity (Millions) A few successes (Ghana, Mauritius, S. Africa, Zimbabwe)

Page 8: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Status of Renewables in Africa

• Africa is endowed with substantial renewable energy resources

Solar

5-6 kWh/m2 (excellent in North Africa, Sahel, Horn and Southern Africa)

Wind - 3-5 m/s (over 9 m/s in North, South, West and Horn)

- 10 - 20,000 MW in North Africa

Biomass Extensive

Geothermal 9,000 MW

Hydro (Large) Massive, approx. 7% harnessed

Hydro (Small) Extensive

Page 9: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

AFREPREN/FWD’s assessment of RETs development in Africa

Page 10: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Emphasis on Conventional Energy Options• Higher proportion of funding allocated to

conventional energy sector - large-scale hydro and petroleum

• Ethiopia: Virtually entire energy budget allocated to conventional large scale investments

• Smaller scale renewables largely left out (even dominant biomass is ignored)

• Results – contributes to low levels of access to modern energy which, in turn, contribute to increased poverty

Page 11: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Energy Sector Capital Budget – Ethiopia (1990-2000) % and Million Birr

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Sub-sectorshare ofcapitalbudget

Traditional and alternative 14.2 5.9 4.0 4.1 10.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5

Petroleum 21.8 19.8 20.1 16.9 5.5 36.1 81.0 93.2 94.3

Electricity 314.0 182.0 187.0 240.0 267.0 145.0 861.0 539.0 1,209. 886.0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Page 12: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Energy Pyramid Need for Better Balance

Page 13: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Why Promote Renewables in Africa? Implications for the Poor

• Significant energy resource potential exists

• Conventional energy supply unreliable and not reaching the poor

• Enhance competitiveness of agro-industries

• Job creation potential

Page 14: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Estimated Job Creation Potential

Energy Option

Construction, manufacturing and installation (Employees/MW

)

Operation and maintenance

(Employees/MW)

Total Employment (Employees/MW)

Geothermal 4.00 1.70 5.70

Wind 2.51 0.27 2.78

Natural gas 1.00 0.10 1.10

Coal 0.27 0.74 1.01

Page 15: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Energy as % of Cost of Production

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Sri Lanka (low - 1998) Sri Lanka (High - 1998)

Eastern Africa (low - 2005) Eastern Africa (high - 2005)

Page 16: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

How Can Penetration of Renewable Energy in Africa be Improved?

Page 17: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

How Can Penetration of RE be Improved?• Rationale for promoting renewables not well argued

– Climate change and environmental concerns not applicable in Africa

• Solid rationale for promoting renewables :– Enhancing modern energy access to the poor

– Availability of plentiful and cost-competitive renewables (hydro & geothermal)

– Ability to provide cost-competitive energy services to remote rural settlements

– Significant job and enterprise creation potential

• Increased attention towards non-electrical RETs

Page 18: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Non-electrical Options for Poverty Alleviation

Low cost but more efficient biomass-based combustion

Improved cookstoves (household and institutional) Efficient charcoal kilns, brick making kilns fish smokers, tea dryers and wood dryers

Pico and micro hydro for shaft power Can be used to process agricultural produce,

increase its value and pump water for irrigation

Low cost efficient tools and equipment using human or animal energy

Increase the agricultural productivity of the rural poor E.g Treadle pumps for small-scale irrigation

Page 19: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Non-electrical Options Solar dryers

Can lower post-harvest losses and enable the rural farmers market their produce when prices are higher

Solar water pasteurizers Provide clean potable water and reduce water borne

diseases, which translates to increased availability of labor and thus increases agricultural output

Solar water heaters Significant reduction in electricity load for heating water,

and significant potential for local manufacture and assembly

Page 20: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Case Study: Treadle Irrigation Pump

• Simple, low-cost pumping technologies for irrigation and water supply

• Use in irrigation increases incomes of rural farmers by over ten-fold

• 45,000 pumps in use by poor farmers in Kenya and Tanzania

• 29,000 new waged jobs created

• 70% of pumps managed by women

• 4 manufacturers in the region, with over 200 retailers selling pumps in Kenya, Tanzania and Mali

Page 21: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Case Study: Windpump for Water Supply in Remote Rural Areas

Page 22: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.
Page 23: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Case Study: Improved Charcoal Kenya Ceramic Jiko

• One of the most successful stove projects in Africa

• Made of metal cladding with a wide base and a ceramic liner (safer to use - cooler on the outside)

• In use in about 100% of urban households in Kenya (16% of rural homes) – 2.6 million stoves in use in Kenya alone

(cumulative production now over 15 million)

• Fully self-sustaining using locally produced materials and skills – generated jobs & new enterprises

• Reduces charcoal consumption by 30-50%

Page 24: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Case Study: Improved Charcoal Kenya Ceramic Jiko

• KCJ in use in Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, Zambia, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi & Senegal

• Being introduced in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Ghana and Madagascar

Page 25: Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD.

Thank You

Contacts

AFREPREN/FWDElgeyo Marakwet Close, KilimaniP. O. Box 30979, 00100 GPONairobi, KenyaTel: +254 20 3866032/3871467Fax: +254 20 3861464/3876470/3740524E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.afrepren.org