Renewable Energy in Africa: Findings from the Social...
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Renewable Energy in Africa: Findings from the Social Sciences Dr. Kathleen J. Hancock (PhD, PoliCcal Science) HumaniCes, Arts, and Social Sciences Division Colorado School of Mines
Transcript of Renewable Energy in Africa: Findings from the Social...
RenewableEnergyinAfrica:FindingsfromtheSocialSciences
Dr.KathleenJ.Hancock(PhD,PoliCcalScience)
HumaniCes,Arts,andSocialSciencesDivisionColoradoSchoolofMines
AfricaandtheenergydeficitElectricity access in 2012, by region
Region
Populationwithoutelectricity
millions
Overallelectrificationrate
%
Urbanelectrificationrate
%
Ruralelectrification
rate%
Developingcountries 1,283 76% 91% 64%
Africa 622 43% 68% 26%
NorthAfrica 1 99% 100% 99%
Sub-SaharanAfrica 621 32% 59% 16%
DevelopingAsia 620 83% 95% 74%
China 3 100% 100% 100%
India 304 75% 94% 67%
LatinAmerica 23 95% 99% 82%
MiddleEast 18 92% 98% 78%
Transitioneconomies&OECD 1 100% 100% 100%
WORLD 1,285 82% 94% 68%
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2014
Africaandtheenergydeficit
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Africa Central&SouthAmerica
Europe MiddleEast
Eurasia NorthAmerica
MillionBtupe
rPerson
EnergyconsumpConpercapita,byworldregion
Source:(U.S.EnergyInformaConAdministraCon2014)
Africaandtheenergydeficit
Populations Relying on Traditional Biomass, by region, 2012
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2105
Region millions %
Developingcountries 2,679 50
Africa 754 68Sub-SaharanAfrica 753 80NorthAfrica 1 0DevelopingAsia 1,895 51China 450 33India 841 67LatinAmerica 65 14MiddleEast 8 4
WORLD 2,722 38
SocialsciencesandenergyandextracCveindustries:newpeer-reviewedjournals
SpecialIssue:RenewableEnergyinSub-SaharanAfricaEnergyResearch&SocialScience,
vol.5(Feb.2015)• AlliDimpleMukasa,EmellyMutambatsere,YannisArvaniCs,
ThourayaTriki.”UnrealizedPoten3al:TheDevelopmentofWindEnergyinSub-SaharanAfrica”
• GastonFulquetandPelfiniAlejandro.“EmergingPowers:Brazilas
aNewInterna3onalCoopera3onActorinSub-SaharanAfrica:BiofuelsattheCrossroadsbetweenSustainableDevelopmentandNaturalResourceExploitaCon.”
• HeleneAhlborgandMarCnSjöstedt.“Electricity-drivenRapid
Transforma3onofVillageLifeandEconomy–ACasefromTanzania”
• OliverJohnson,FionaLambe,MarieJürisoo,andCarrieLee.“Can
CarbonFinanceHelpTransformHouseholdEnergyMarkets?:AReviewOfCookstoveProjectsAndProgrammesInKenya”
• SarahColenbrander,JonLovec,MarySuzanAbbo,BernardM’Passi-
Mabiala,ConsalvaMsigwa,andRichardOpoku.“BuildingCapacityinCleanEnergyDoctoralProgrammesInSub-SaharanAfrica”
• KirstenUlsrud,TanjaWinther,DebajitPalit,HaraldRohracher.“How
canvillage-levelsolarpowersupplybesociallyorganized,sustained,expandedandscaledup?ResultsofacConresearchinKenya”
ThreeStudies
• Kenya:solarcenter• Waterasa“resourcecurse”• Renewableenergy&energyefficiencycenterinWestAfrica
Project#1:SolarinKenyaUlsrud,etal.
• Electricityaccesslowestinruralareas• Kenya:50%inurban;7%inrural
• Needdecentralized,off-gridsoluCons• Socio-technicalsoluCons• Understandinglocal,regional,andstatelaws,
culture,pracCces• Villagewith383household;6wards;ledbyavillageelderfromeachclan
• Advisedtoincludeall6clans
“SolarTransiCons:India,Kenya,Norway”Dept.ofSociologyandHumanGeography
andUniversityofOslo
• VideoonIkisayaEnergyCentre
Challenges
• Longtermproject:4years• ImbeddedsocialscienCsts• Howtoscaleup?
Project#2:CanWaterBeACurse?:
TheResourceCurseandHydroelectricPower
BenjaminSovacool
Resourcecurseliterature• Contested• Lowergrowthratesdueto• DutchDisease:currencyincreases,pushingout
othersectors,makingimportscheap• PricefluctuaCons• RenCerstate:relieson“rents”fromresources
• Authoritarianism• Genderinequality• Incomeinequality
InstalledhydropowercapacitybasedonproducCon,terawachours
China,360
Canada,356
Brazil,349
UnitedStates,318
Russia,175Norway,120India,114
Japan,96
Venezuela,79Sweden,62
Restoftheworld,1,016
Hydroprojectstakelongerandhavehighercostoverruns
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1000
1500
2000
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Hydro Nuclear Thermal Wind Solar T&D
Months
MillionsofU
S$2012
MeanconstrucConCme(rightaxis)
Meancostoverrun(letaxis)
Note:T&D=transmissionanddistribuCon
GrandIngaDamprojectinDem.Rep.oftheCongo
• 93%ofpotenCalhydropowerinAfricaunused• 65%ofAfricans(exc.S.Africa)lackaccesstoelectricity;92%inruralareas
• WhowouldbenefitfromInga?• Copper-cobaltminingcompaniesinKatanga
Province;DRChas10%ofworld’scopper;50%ofcobalt
• S.Africa• PeopleofDRC?
Regionalpowerpools(linkedelectricitygrids)
GridtoKatangaProvince
OpenPitMineinKatanga
DRCContext
• Authoritarian• On-goingcivilwar• Oneofthepoorestcountries100=bestscore• 0outof100onsocialandenvironmentalimpactassessments• 6outof100oncorrupCon• 8outof100onaccountabilityanddemocracy• 1outof100ongovernmenteffecCveness• 2outof100onruleoflawSource:RevenueWatch;100isthebestpossiblescore
PolicyrecommendaCons:literatureonother“resourcecurses”
• Implementenvironmentalbonds• Establishnaturalresourcefunds• CreatehydroinspecConpanels• Requirebecerimpactassessments• IniCatehydropowertransparencyiniCaCve• MoreinternaConalinvolvement,pressurefrominternaConalorganizaCons
Project#3:RenewableEnergyCenters
• Centersonrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency(RE/EE)inAfrica• LeagueofArabStates:CREEE• EconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates:ECREEE(2010)• EastAfricanCommunity:EACREEE• SouthAfricaDevelopmentCommunity:SACREEE• Planning:CentralAfricanEconomicCommunity;CECREEE• Pacific• Caribbean
• ResearchquesCons• WhatexplainsthecreaConofthesecenters?
• Firstcase:ECOWASCenteràECREEE
WhatdoesECREEEdo?
• Policydevelopment• Capacitydevelopment• Knowledgemanagementandawareness• InvestmentandbusinesspromoCon• Focuson• REandEE• Bio-energy,solarenergy,cleancooking• Gendermainstreaming
DiffusionLogicofConsequence Logicofappropriateness/
arguing
DirectInfluence • Coercion• IncenCvesand
sancCons
• Normssocializa3onandpersuasion
Indirectdiffusion/emula3on
• CompeCCon• Lesson-learning
• NormaCveemulaCon• Mimicry
Sources:Risse2016,BörzelandRisse2012,2009
PotenCalDiffusionAgentsCategory of Actor
Potential Actors
States 1. Global great powers: the US, the EU, Japan, Germany 2. Regional great powers: Ghana, Nigeria 3. Former colonial powers: Britain, France, Portugal 4a. Regular donors:1 Top 10 who prioritize Africa: Portugal, Ireland, Belgium, Iceland, Spain, Netherlands, France, Finland, Denmark, UK. 4b. Regular donors:2 Top 10 by amount, excl. those in 4a: EU, US, Germany, Japan, Canada, Sweden, Norway 5. Issue area powers, regional or extra-regional
IOs 1. IOs with related mandates (on energy and/or development, SEforALL, UNIDO, etc.)
ROs 1. RO in the same region (West Africa) 2. ROs in the larger region (others in sub-Saharan Africa) 3. ROs with similar mandates
Firms 1. RE/EE companies in Africa or outside Africa 2. Financial organizations: domestic (African, European, or other private banks), regional (the African Development Bank) and global (IMF, World Bank)
NGOs 1. In region 2. Extra-regional 3. Trans-national
Individuals Political entrepreneurs
1 OECD, "Development Aid at a Glance Statistics by Region, Africa," http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/documentupload/2%20Africa%20-%20Development%20Aid%20at%20a%20Glance%202016.pdf. 2 Ibid.
Findings• Creators
• Austria,primary• Spain• Brazil• Whythesestates?
• RE/EEidenCty:allthreeseethemselvesasleadersinRE• Long-termdevelopmentprioriCes
– EUpressuretofocusonthreeareas– W.AfricaforAustriaandSpain
• Brazil:south-southcooperaCon• Sustainers
• Samestates+EU,developmentbanks• UNIDO,etc.
WhyAustria:TheoreCcalframing• Material• Jobs• Lobbyingpowerbeyondsize
• Norms/ideas• imageasREleader• HistoryofsupporCngWestAfrica• epistemiccommunityandpoliCcalentrepreneur• TransnaConaladvocacynetwork
• InsCtuConal/organizaConalstructure• ECOWAS
Materialinterests
• #1insolarwaterheaCng• JobsinRE:numbersnotconvincing• Powerbeyondthenumbers?(UScoal)
Normsargument
• AustriaasREissuepower• 70%RE;85%goalfor2020• LowerAustriaprovince100%RE• 60%ofelectricityfromhydro(#1inEurope)• Enoughwindfor40%ofhouseholds
• Epistemiccommunity• Partofanepistemiccommunityonclimatechange• “Aknowledge-basednetworkofspecialistswho
sharebeliefsincause-and-effectrelaCons,validitytests,andunderlyingprincipledvaluesandpursuecommonpolicygoals.”(Haas1992)
• BeliefthatwemustmovetoRE/EE
• Poli3calentrepreneurtopushthepolicyagenda• IreneGiner-Reichl• WorkedforforeignministerwhenECREEE
agreedto• UNIDODirector• FounderofGlobalForumonSustainableEnergy• Long-terminterestingender
Amb.Giner-Reichl
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Figure 2: Austrian Ambassador Irene Giner-Reichl’s Links to ECREEE
Austrian Ministry
UNIDO
Sustainable Energy
Development
Global Forum for Sustainable
Energy
ECOWAS
Gender
INSTITUTIONS
ISSUES
• Structure:ECOWASorganizaCon• Ideas:RE/EE• Individuals:keypoliCcalentrepreneur
EnergyResearchinAfrica
• Morefield-basedresearch• Interdisciplinary• Scalingup• MovingbeyondWesterninfluence• GreaterAfricancapacity
QuesCons?
