RENEWABLE

AND

NON RENEWABLE

SOURCES OF ENERGY

REPORT

Prepared By :

Mohamed Mamdouh Mahmoud Abdul Salam

محمد ممدوح محمود عبد السالم

" First Year Student " – " Petroleum Engineering Department "

Section .NO.4

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Sources of Energy

Renewable

Sources

Solar energy

Geothermal energy

Tidal energy

Wave energy

hydroelectric energy

Wind energy

Biomass energy

Non-renewable

Sources

Petroleum

Coal

Nuclear energy

Renewable & Non-renewable sources of Energy

What Is Energy?

Difference Between Renewable and Non-renewable Sources.

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1- Solar Energy

Simple Application: (solar cooker)

A) Renewable Sources Of Energy :

Energy Supplies:

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Advantages

Disadvantages

Solar Electricity Generation (Solar Photovoltaic)

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Advantages

It is the heat energy generated and stored in Earth. The

geothermal energy of the Earth’s crust originates from

the original formation of the planet and from

radioactive decay of materials. Geothermal energy

could be collected through heating water and the taking

the vapor of the heated water to push or to run some

kind of turbines, and then this heated water Is collected

and used in heating buildings. Geothermal energy exists

in places in which the earth's crust is relatively thin.

Geothermal power is considered to be renewable

because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth’s heat content. The

Earth has an internal heat content of 1031joules. There are number of power plants based on

geothermal energy operational in New Zealand and United States of America.

Geothermal Applications is somewhat Complex So it Is out of the scope of my Report, and we

will just content with its Pros and Cons.

A model to demonstrate the process of Getting Electricity From Vapor

2- Geothermal energy

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Disadvantages

advantages

3- Tidal Energy

Due to the gravitational pull of mainly the moon on the spinning

earth, the level of water in the sea rises and falls. If you live near

the sea or ever travel to some place near the sea, try and observe

how the sea-level changes during the day. This phenomenon is

called high and low tides and the difference in sea-levels gives

us tidal energy. Tidal energy is harnessed by constructing a dam

across a narrow opening to the sea. A turbine fixed at the

opening of the dam converts tidal energy to electricity. A lot of

coastal countries started to build dams or strong towers with

some kind of technology to harness tidal energy aiming to

decrease the use of fossil fuels.

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Disadvantages.

4- Wave Energy

the kinetic energy possessed by huge waves near the

seashore can be trapped in a similar manner(as

explained in Tidal energy) to generate electricity.

The waves are generated by strong winds blowing across

the sea. Wave energy would be available only where

waves are very strong. A wide variety of devices(the

Opposite Figure Shows One of these devices) have been

developed to trap wave energy for rotation of turbine

and production of electricity.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Wave energy is renewable, environment friendly and causes no harm to atmosphere. It can be

harnessed along coastal regions of many countries and can help a country to reduce its

dependence on foreign countries for fuel. Producing wave energy can damage marine

ecosystem and can also be a source of disturbance to private and commercial vessels. and can

also be a source of visual and noise pollution.

5- Hydroelectric Energy

Another traditional source of energy was the kinetic energy of flowing water or the potential

energy of water at a height. Hydro power plants convert the potential energy of falling water

into electricity. Since there are very few water-falls which could be used as a source of potential

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advantages

energy, hydro power plants are associated with dams. In the last century, a large number of

dams were built all over the world ( The High Dam In Egypt Is a good example of using

hydroelectric power or energy).in Egypt the high

dam helps to avoid floods.

Technique OF Generating Hydroelectric

Energy:

high-rise dams are constructed on the river to

obstruct the flow of water and thereby collect

water in larger reservoirs. The water level rises

and in this process the kinetic energy of flowing

water gets transformed into potential energy.

The water from the high level in the dam is

carried through pipes, to the turbine, at the bottom of the dam. Since the water in the reservoir

would be refilled each time it rains (hydro power is a renewable source of energy) or it Could

be refilled also from the river at which it is constructed on. The Opposite figure shows this

technique in a simple way.

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Disadvantages

6- Wind Energy

The kinetic energy of the wind can be used to do work. This

energy was harnessed by windmills in the past to do

mechanical work. For example, in a water-lifting pump, the

rotatory motion of windmill is utilized to lift water from a

well. Today, wind energy is also used to generate electricity.

A windmill essentially consists of a structure similar to a

large electric fan that is erected at some height on a rigid

support. (as shown in figure). To generate electricity, the

rotatory motion of the windmill is used to turn the turbine

of the electric generator. The output of a single windmill is

quite small and cannot be used form commercial purposes.

Therefore, a number of windmills are erected over a large

area, which is known as wind energy farm. The energy

output of each windmill in a farm is coupled together to get electricity on a commercial scale.

Wind Energy Technology

The basic wind energy conversion device is the wind turbine. Although various designs and

configurations exist, these turbines are generally grouped into two types:

Wind Turbines Farm " Generation Of Electricity"

Wind Mill

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Advantages

Disadvantages

1. Vertical-axis wind turbines, in which the axis

of rotation is vertical with respect to the ground

2. Horizontal-axis turbines, in which the axis of

rotation is horizontal with respect to the ground.

Wind Potential

In order for a wind energy system to be feasible

there must be an adequate wind supply. A wind

energy system usually requires an average

annual wind speed of at least 15 km/h. The

following table represents a guideline of

different wind speeds and their potential in

producing electricity.

A wind generator will produce lesser power in summer than in winter at the same wind speed

as air has lower density in summer than in winter. Similarly, a wind generator will produce

lesser power in higher altitudes - as air pressure as well as density is lower -than at lower

altitudes. The wind speed is the most important factor influencing the amount of energy a

wind turbine can produce. Increasing wind velocity increases the amount of air passing the

rotor, which increases the output of the wind system.

the two main types of wind turbines

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7- Biomass Energy

Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from the

carbonaceous waste of various human and natural

activities. It is derived from numerous sources, including

the by-products from the wood industry, agricultural

crops, raw material from the forest, household wastes etc.

You must also be familiar with the use of cow-dung cakes

as a fuel. Since these fuels are plant and animal products,

the source of these fuels is said to be bio-mass.

Biomass Energy Techniques

Biogas is a clean and efficient fuel, generated from cow-dung, human waste or any kind of

biological materials derived through anaerobic fermentation process. The biogas consists of

60% methane with rest mainly carbon-di-oxide. Biogas is a safe fuel for cooking and lighting.

By-product is usable as high-grade manure.

A typical biogas plant has the following

components:

1. A digester in which the slurry (dung

mixed with water) is fermented.

2. an inlet tank - for mixing the feed and

letting it into the digester.

3. gas tank/dome in which the generated

gas is collected.

4. outlet tank to remove the spent slurry.

5. distribution pipeline(s) to transport the

gas into the kitchen.

6. manure pit, where the spent slurry is stored.

Using only local resources, namely cattle waste and other organic wastes, energy and manure

are derived. Thus the biogas plants are the cheap sources of energy in rural areas.

(This Method might be the most common way of getting energy in the Egyptian Countryside).

(The slurry left behind is removed periodically and used as excellent manure, rich in nitrogen

and phosphorous. The large-scale utilization of bio-waste and sewage material provides a safe

and efficient method of waste-disposal besides supplying energy and manure).

The large-scale utilization of bio-waste and sewage material provides a safe and efficient

method of waste-disposal besides supplying energy and manure, so this method is an excellent

energy source.

Biogas Plant

Schematic diagram of a bio-gas plant

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Advantages

1- Fossil Fuels ( liquid oil + Natural Gas + Coal )

The exploitation of coal as a source of energy made the industrial revolution possible.

Increasing industrialization has led to a better quality of life all over the world. It has also

caused the global demand for energy to grow at a tremendous rate. The growing demand for

energy was largely met by the fossil fuels – coal and petroleum. Our technologies were also

developed for using these energy sources. But these fuels were formed over millions of years

ago and there are only limited reserves. The fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy,

so we need to conserve them. If we were to continue consuming these sources at such alarming

rates, we would soon run out of energy! In order to avoid this, alternate sources of energy were

explored. But we continue to be largely dependent on fossil fuels for most of our energy

requirements (as shown in the Pie- chart)

(The Technique of getting fossil Fuels out from the bottom of the earth is

somewhat complex and it is difficult to be illustrated in our simple report)

B) Non-Renewable Sources Of Energy :

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

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Disadvantages

2- Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is generated In a process called nuclear fission, the nucleus of a heavy atom

(such as uranium, plutonium or thorium), when bombarded with low-energy neutrons, can be

split apart into lighter nuclei. When this is done, a tremendous amount of energy is released if

the mass of the original nucleus is just a little more than the sum of the masses of the individual

products. The fission of an atom of uranium, for example, produces 10 million times the energy

produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon from coal. In a nuclear reactor designed for

electric power generation, such nuclear ‘fuel’ can be part of a self-sustaining fission chain

reaction that releases energy at a controlled rate. The released energy can be used to produce

steam and further generate electricity.

Nuclear Power Source

Nuclear energy is used to produce electricity. Heat generated from the splitting of uranium

atoms in a process known as fission is used to produce steam. This steam in turn powers

turbines, which are used to produce the electricity that supplies the surrounding community.

Nuclear Power Station inside a nuclear power station

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Advantages

Disadvantages

Energy and Environment

Cyclones, storm, hurricanes are occurring more frequently and floods and draughts are more

intense than before. This increase in extreme weather events cannot be explained away

as random events. This trend toward more powerful storms and hotter, longer dry

periods is predicted by computer models. Warmer temperatures mean greater evaporation,

and a warmer atmosphere is able to hold more moisture and hence there is more water aloft

that can fall as precipitation. Similarly, dry regions are prone to lose still more moisture if the

weather is hotter and hence this leads to more severe droughts and desertification. Higher

temperatures are expected to expand the range of some dangerous diseases, such as

malaria, which already kills 1 million people annually, most of them children. All this

changes are caused by the over using of energy resources.

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