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ReNEW RESOURCE RECOVERY ROADMAP

ReNEW Water Project: Resource Recovery to Fuel and Grow a Circular Economy

Directions to the Utility of the Future

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RENEW CIRCULAR ECONOMY OVERVIEW 1

Contents

1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.1 Resource Recovery Contributions to a Circular Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Alignment with Relevant Global Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.3 Progress Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Nutrient Recovery: Part of the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.1 Nutrient Treatment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.2 Introduction to Nutrient Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.1 Nitrogen Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.2.2 Phosphorus Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.3 Interrelationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.4 Greenlighting Nutrient Recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.5 Key Nutrient Treatment Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3 Major Themes in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.1 Fit for Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.1.1 Habitat Restoration and Public Recreation at Tres Rios Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.1.2 West Basin’s Designer Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.1.3 Clean Water Services’ Pure Water Brew Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.2 Legitimacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5 The ReNEW Resource Recovery Roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.1 Culture of Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.1.1 Innovating for the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.1.2 Implementing Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5.2 Resource Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.2.1 Water Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.2.2 Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5.2.3 Energy Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.2.4 Energy Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

5.3 Monitoring and Controlling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5.3.1 Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5.3.2 Modeling and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5.3.3 Source Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.4 Marketing and Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

5.4.1 Product Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

5.4.2 Message Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5.4.3 Communication and Outreach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.5 Strategic Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

5.5.1 Circular Economy Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

5.5.2 Human Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5.5.3 Financial Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

5.6 One Water Management Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5.6.1 Regulatory Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5.6.2 Integrated Water Resources Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.7 Risk and Resiliency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5.7.1 Risk Management and Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5.7.2 Resiliency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2 RENEW CIRCULAR ECONOMY OVERVIEW

1 Overview

The concept of a circular economy has steadily been gaining traction in recent years, especially in the water sector, the idea of which is to reduce the amount of waste produced by creating valuable products out of traditional waste streams. Water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) can directly contribute to a circular economy by producing clean water, nutrients, renewable energy, and other valuable bio-based materials from wastewater. The WEF ReNEW Water Project seeks to create a bold, aspirational, and public call to action to accelerate resource recovery at WRRFs in order to fuel and grow a circular economy.

ReNEW has two components:

• Call to Action – Encourage utilities to pursueresource recovery as a way to improve operations,manage risk, and enhance sustainability. WEF seeksto catalyze the recovery of high-value products fromwastewater by helping utilities develop businesscases for resource recovery and alignment andintegration of other related industry efforts including:

• Utility of the Future Today Awards

• US Department of Energy Water Security GrandChallenge to double resource recovery fromwastewater by 2030

• UN Sustainable Development Goals

• Progress and Impact Reports – will be developedon a periodic basis to determine progress towardsthe US DOE goal, as well as to report on the impactof those utilities creating value from former wastestreams. The first Report was the resource recoverybaseline released at WEFTEC 2018.

1.1 Resource Recovery Contributions to a Circular Economy

For nearly a decade, WEF has been promoting resource recovery. WEF’s 2011 Renewable Energy Position Statement posits:

“Wastewater treatment plants are not waste disposal facilities but are Water Resource Recovery Facilities that produce clean water, recover nutrients (such as phosphorus and nitrogen), and have the potential to

reduce the world’s dependence on fossil fuels through the production and use of renewable energy.”

WRRFs can recover many resources to create valuable bio-based products. The examples listed below represent just a few of the many products that can be recovered from wastewater. WEF encourages the development of other innovative ways to recover different bio-based materials from wastewater.

WaterFresh water is a valuable resource necessary for all living things, and its use must be carefully managed. WRRFs can produce water of different qualities fit for a variety of purposes:

• Indirect Potable Reuse

• Direct Potable Reuse

• Land Subsidence

• Groundwater Replenishment

• Irrigation

• Habitat for Aquatic Life

• Wetland Restoration

• Other nonpotable uses, such as for cooling towersand boiler feed water

PhosphorusPhosphorus is a non-renewable resource in limited supply that is necessary for life. WRRFs can recover phosphorus, producing a number of valuable products in a more sustainable way compared to phosphate mining. Phosphorus recovery options include:

• Struvite Recovery (and other phosphate minerals) toproduce fertilizer while reducing struvite formation inpipes

• Land Application of Biosolids

• Recycled Water used for Irrigation

• Urine Separation – collects nutrient-rich urineseparately to be treated and used as fertilizer

• Recovery from Incinerator Ash – phosphorus can beextracted from incinerator ash and used as fertilizer


CarbonSome WRRFs use carbon from wastewater to generate the energy needed for operation, and there is a growing trend to view WRRFs as biorefineries. Whether for energy or nutrient removal, carbon can be utilized in a variety of valuable ways:

• Biogas production

• Other biofuels, such as compressed natural gas(CNG) and biocrude oil

• Carbon source for nutrient removal and recovery

NitrogenUnlike phosphorus, nitrogen is an element in abundant supply. However, high nitrogen concentrations in effluent can be harmful to receiving water bodies and aquatic life. Some options for recovering and reusing nitrogen include:

• Land Application of Biosolids

• Recycled Water used for Irrigation

• Ammonia Recovery

• Urine Separation – collects nutrient-rich urineseparately to be treated and used as fertilizer

Other High Value Product PotentialThere is potential to recover a variety of other resources that are not listed above. As our understanding matures, we are hopeful to see additional products produced from wastewater treatment, including:

• Metals

• Algae – can be used to treat wastewater andthen harvested to produce animal feed, biofuels,nutraceuticals, proteins, and other bio-basedmaterials

• Structural materials can be obtained from carbonatesand phosphorus compounds

• Proteins and other chemicals can be recovered

• Solids can be stored for future mining

1.2 Alignment with Relevant Global Programs

There are a number of other programs currently in the water sector that align nicely with the mission of the WEF ReNEW Water Project. The goal is not to duplicate

efforts, but instead to jointly support the overarching effort to promote resource recovery and the concept of a circular economy.

Utility of the Future Today Recognition ProgramUtility of the Future Today is a recognition program launched by the WEF, the National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA), The Water Research Foundation (WRF), and the WateReuse Association (WRA) to celebrate the achievements of forward-thinking, innovative water utilities that are providing resilient value-added service to communities, particularly in community engagement, watershed stewardship, and recovery of resources such as water, energy, and nutrients.

U .S . Department of Energy’s Water Security Grand ChallengeThe Water Security Grand Challenge is a White House initiated, U.S. Department of Energy led framework to advance transformational technology and innovation to meet the global need for safe, secure, and affordable water. Using a coordinated suite of prizes, competitions, early-stage research and development, and other programs, the Grand Challenge has set the following goals for the United States to reach by 2030, including doubling resource recovery from municipal wastewater by 2030.

United Nation’s Sustainable Development GoalsThe 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.


The 17 SDGs cover a variety of topics, a number of which relate to the water sector:

• Goal 6 – Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

• Target 6.3 – By 2030, Improve water qualityby reducing pollution, eliminating dumping andminimizing release of hazardous chemicals andmaterials, halving the proportion of untreatedwastewater and substantially increasing recyclingand safe reuse globally

• Target 6.4 – By 2030, substantially increasewater-use efficiency across all sectors and ensuresustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwaterto address water scarcity and substantially reducethe number of people suffering from water scarcity

• Target 6.5 – By 2030, implement integrated waterresources management at all levels, includingthrough transboundary cooperation as appropriate

• Target 6.6 – By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests,wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes

• Goal 7 – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

• Target 7.2 – By 2030, increase substantially theshare of renewable energy in the global energymix

• Target 7.3 – By 2030, double the global rate ofimprovement in energy efficiency

• Target 7.a – By 2030, enhance internationalcooperation to facilitate access to clean energyresearch and technology, including renewableenergy, energy efficiency and advanced andcleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promoteinvestment in energy infrastructure and cleanenergy technology

• Goal 12 – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

• Target 12.4 – By 2020, achieve theenvironmentally sound management of chemicalsand all wastes throughout their life cycle, inaccordance with agreed international frameworks,and significantly reduce their release to air, waterand soil in order to minimize their adverse impactson human health and the environment

• Target 12.5 – By 2030, substantially reducewaste generation through prevention, reduction,recycling and reuse


• Goal 14 – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

• Target 14.1 – By 2025, prevent and significantlyreduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particularfrom land-based activities, including marine debrisand nutrient pollution

1.3 Progress ReportsWEF will produce progress reports for the ReNEW Water Project on a bi-annual basis to track the progress towards increasing resource recovery to support a circular economy. The first progress report was released at WEFTEC 2018 (Baseline Data to Establish The Current Amount Of Resource Recovery from WRRFs, WEF Technical Report WSEC-2018-TR-003) with the baseline recovery rates for water, energy, nitrogen,

phosphorus, and biosolids. The rates from the 2018 baseline shown below are calculated using a mass-balance approach.

In addition to the updated recovery rates, the bi-annual progress report will include case studies documenting how WRRFs are producing a variety of high value products from wastewater.


Nutrients — commonly nitrogen and phosphorus — are found in agricultural and home fertilizers and also are generated by livestock, industrial, and municipal systems Specific sources include confined animal feeding operations, row crop farming, industrial pre-treatment facilities, septic systems, municipal and industrial stormwater, and WRRFs According to the U S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), more than 100,000 miles of rivers and streams, close to 2 5 million acres of lakes and ponds, and more than 800 square miles of bays and estuaries are affected by nitrogen and phosphorus pollution

In excess, nutrients can be harmful water pollutants excess nutrients can lead to algal blooms, which cost the tourism industry some $1 billion annually, according to the EPA algae also can result in hypoxic zones and can turn to harmful algal blooms (HAB), which produce

toxins HABs received national attention in summer 2014 after a cyanobacteria bloom in Lake Erie caused Toledo, Ohio, to issue notices to nearly half a million people not to drink, cook, or bathe with city water.

However, WRRFs also are part of the solution With advanced biological and chemical methods, facilities already can achieve significant nutrient reductions This roadmap lays out a strategy for facilities to achieve zero net impacts from nutrient discharges by 2040 WRRFs also can reclaim nutrients Biosolids are one such supply of nitrogen and phosphorus Fertilizers can be energy-intensive to manufacture, and the supply of some nutrients, such as phosphorus, is limited Recovery not only prevents nutrients from entering waterbodies as point source discharges but provides a supply of these essential resources.

2 Nutrient Recovery: Part of the Solution

This image, taken in 2011, shows one of Lake Erie’s worst algae blooms in decades. Image by NASA.

2.1 Nutrient Treatment TechnologiesA number of treatment technologies are available for both mainstream and sidestream treatment for nitrogen and phosphorus The details of these can be found in WEF manuals of practice 8, 11, and 34 or Design of Municipal

Wastewater Treatment Plants, Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants, and Nutrient Removal, respectively Below is a chart of some of the most common nutrient removal and recovery technologies:


2.2 Introduction to Nutrient RemovalWRRFs can achieve very low nutrient discharges through a variety of processes, primarily biological nutrient removal (BNR), physical separation, and chemical methods However, economic and environmental trade-offs exist, such as greenhouse gas production in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O) and increased energy demands due to aeration in BNR Nutrient removal techniques also can affect biogas production and dewatering.

Most technologies capable of removing both nitrogen and phosphorus utilize BNR, which relies on bacteria to transform nutrients present in wastewater Select species of bacteria can accumulate phosphorus, others can transform nitrogen, and a few can do both Achieving significant reductions in both nitrogen and phosphorus requires careful design, analysis, and process control to optimize the environment of nutrient- removing organisms The uptake of nutrients and growth of microorganisms

could be inhibited by a limiting nutrient, available carbon, or other factors, including oxygen levels The selection of a BNR process should be based on influent flow and loadings, such as biological oxygen demand, nutrient concentrations, and other constituents as well as target effluent requirements

Some nutrient removal systems rely on two separate processes for nitrogen and phosphorus In some cases BNR is used to remove the majority of nitrogen and phosphorus, and then chemical methods are used to further reduce phosphorus concentrations Mainstream nutrient treatment takes place within the typical process flow However, sidestream treatment refers to liquid resulting from biosolids processing that is intercepted with the additional goal of removing nutrients from a concentrated stream Like mainstream nutrient treatment processes, sidestream treatment also can vary from biological to physical and chemical removal methods


2.2.1 Nitrogen RemovalNitrogen can be removed from wastewater through physiochemical methods, such as air-stripping at high pH, but it is more cost efficient to use BNR conventionally, this method utilizes the natural nitrogen cycle, which relies on ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to transform ammonia into nitrites (NO2–) after which nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) form nitrates (NO3 –) — a process called nitrification Other species of bacteria can transform these compounds into nitrogen gas (N2) — a process called denitrification

Biological nitrogen removal requires anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic conditions in the proper sequence as both nitrification reactions require aerobic conditions while denitrification requires anaerobic conditions Though optimal conditions differ for nitrification and denitrification, both can be carried out simultaneously in the same unit if anaerobic zones exist Most processes combine nitrification and denitrification, either in one basin or as two separate stages, and can be broken down into two categories based on whether bacteria are suspended within the waste stream or fixed to a film or filter. As denitrification occurs, nitrogen gas is produced and released safely into the atmosphere, where nitrogen gas is more abundant than oxygen.

When performing biological nitrogen removal, it is important that the activated sludge has enough available carbon, which bacteria use to build new cells The nitrogen removal rate also depends on the amount of time sludge spends in the reactor (solids retention time), the reactor temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and inhibitory compounds.

2.2.2 Phosphorus RemovalUnlike nitrogen, phosphorus cannot be removed from wastewater as a gas Instead, it must be removed in particulate form through chemical, biological, hybrid chemical–biological processes, or nano processes Nano methods involve membranes and include reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and electrodialysis reversal Chemical methods (chem-P) typically involve metal ions, such as alum or ferric chloride These compounds bind with the phosphorus and cause it to precipitate It can then be removed by sedimentation and filtration Chemical methods are influenced by a number of factors including the phosphorus species, choice of chemical, chemical to phosphorus ratio, the location and number of feed points, mixing, and pH.

Biological phosphorus removal (bio-P) is a two- step process First, phosphorus is converted to a soluble form, and secondly, it is assimilated by phosphorus

accumulating organisms (PAOs) Many biological nitrogen removal processes can be modified to remove phosphorus as well Similar to biological nitrogen removal, bio-P also requires the proper sequence of anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic conditions Additionally, as with biological nitrogen removal, oxygen levels, solids retention time, and temperature play an important role in bio-P The ability of PAOs to uptake phosphorus is highly dependent on the availability of volatile fatty acids, which serve as a carbon source for the bacteria. Further, nitrates in return streams can negatively affect bio-P — an important factor to consider in combined nutrient removal systems.

This figure shows in more detail how the dewatering process is negatively affected by bio-P. During anaerobic digestion, flow from the bio-P process can decrease the efficiency of dewatering and require additional polymer as a coagulant, particularly when there are fewer metal ions, such as iron (Fe) and aluminum (AL), present.


2.3 InterrelationshipsIn upgrading facilities for better nutrient management, WRRFs must make decisions about the amount of carbon used for nutrient recovery and removal and carbon used for energy generation The following graphic gives a high-level overview of the interrelationships to consider when planning for nutrient management. The WRRF exemplified here must remove nutrients but also wants to generate energy “Energy Generation” and “Nutrient Removal” are destinations or goals in the

roadmap allegory There are various “routes” WRRFs can take to reach these two outcomes using various carbon sources Carbon can come from wastewater and other supplemental sources to achieve nutrient removal and energy generation goals The WRRF also should consider new products — energy and fertilizer — that are generated as a result of nutrient removal and energy generation.


2.4 Greenlighting Nutrient RecoveryPhosphorus is a finite resource, with some estimating that demand will outpace supply within the next century For this and other reasons, interest in recovering nutrients from wastewater has increased over the last decade The “utility of the future” is shifting toward recovering nutrients and other marketable resources, including energy, electricity, and vehicle fuels However, the maturity of nutrient recovery technologies varies and each has its advantages and disadvantages

EPA estimates that the approximately 16,000 WRRFs in the U S generate about 7 million tons of biosolids About 60% of these biosolids are beneficially applied to agricultural land, with only 1% of crops actually fertilized with biosolids However, generating solid fertilizer from biosolids is the most common method of nutrient recovery from wastewater treatment

Currently some WRRFs are having success with struvite recovery, which allows for the precipitation and recovery of both nitrogen and phosphorus Other methods of phosphate precipitation also are becoming more common Sidestream treatment of sludge and sludge liquor, where the nutrients are more concentrated, is generally the preferable target for nutrient recovery.

2.5 Key Nutrient Treatment TermsNitrification-Denitrification: A biological nitrogen removal process where ammonia is oxidized to nitrate through biological nitrification The process of denitrification follows where nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas

Nitritation-Denitritation: Another biological nitrogen removal process Here ammonia is oxidized to nitrite and then biologically reduced to nitrogen gas The term nitrite shunt is often used to describe this process

Partial Nitritation-Anammox: Often referred to as “deammonification,” it is a two-step process that includes partial nitration Aerobic ammonia oxidation to nitrite occurs in the first phase then nitrogen gas is produced by anaerobic ammonia oxidation Anammox refers to anaerobic ammonia oxidation, a biological process carried out by specialized bacteria in which ammonia is oxidized using nitrite as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions

Struvite Precipitation and Recovery: By this method, both phosphorus and ammonium can be simultaneously recovered and used as a fertilizer

3 Major Themes in Water

Water reuse is an element of a diverse and resilient water management strategy .

Water reuse is a multifaceted issue and two important terms are used to describe how recycled water is an integral part of the water cycle. Recycled Water generally refers to treated domestic wastewater that is used more than once before it passes back into the water cycle The terms reused, reclaimed, and recycled are often used interchangeably depending on where you are geographically. Two primary themes are present in successful water reuse efforts: Fit for Purpose and Legitimacy.

3.1 Fit for PurposeFit for purpose means matching water of a specific quality to a use appropriate for that quality For example, a water with quality suitable for irrigation might not be suitable for industrial use as boiler feedwater Because water can be treated to varying qualities depending on

the need, water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) should be aware of the end use of the product water they treat This focus on treating to the appropriate use (fit for purpose) ensures both sufficient treatment for public health, environmental, or product needs while also minimizing the cost of overtreating water to a quality level much different than is actually required by the end use The following three examples show how water reuse can be used for environmental quality and irrigation, industrial, and even for drinking

3.1.1 Habitat Restoration and Public Recreation at Tres Rios Wetlands

In 1990, the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality released new water quality standards for wastewater discharges into Arizona waterways The solution that was selected by the City of Phoenix was the construction of the Tres Rios wetland project, meeting water quality requirements while providing habitat for threatened and endangered species, as well as public


recreation space After passing through the wetlands, the water is then used for crop irrigation Phoenix reuses 100 percent of their effluent, as the water that does not go to the wetland is provided as cooling water for the nearby power plant.

3.1.2 West Basin’s Designer WaterIn the early 1990s, the West Basin Municipal Water District in Los Angeles, California, added recycled water to its portfolio to serve a population of a million people To meet the unique needs of their commercial and industrial customers, the utility produces “designer water,” or amended tertiary water for industrial and irrigation use The types of designer water the district produces include the following:

• Irrigation Water: Filtered and disinfected for industrialand irrigation use

• Cooling Tower Water: Tertiary treated water withammonia removal

• Seawater Barrier and Groundwater ReplenishmentWater: Secondary water, with either lime clarificationor microfiltration and reverse osmosis (RO)

• Low-Pressure Boiler Feed Water: microfiltration andreverse osmosis membranes for pure RO water

• High-Pressure Boiler Feed Water:

• Ultra-pure RO water treated by microfiltrationmembranes and passed through RO membranestwice

The designer water strategy enables the use of recycled water far beyond the potential of common irrigation applications for street medians, parks, and golf courses West Basin also helps ensure the economic production in the area by supplying a critical resource to several local refineries and a power generation company

3.1.3 Clean Water Services’ Pure Water Brew Challenge

In order to demonstrate that water should be judged by its quality, not its history, Clean Water Services (Portland, OR) began partnering with Oregon brewers in 2014 with the goal of raising awareness and starting conversations about the reusable nature of all water The Pure Water Brew Challenge advances the understanding of how high-purity water can be used for product manufacturing by highlighting one particular product: beer The utility produced a batch of high-purity water that far exceeds safe drinking water standards and provided it to local brewers to make beer. These beers have been featured at WEFTEC® since 2014 and can be found at the


3.2 Legitimacy

Pure Water Brewing Alliance Beer Garden next to the Innovation Pavilion at WEFTEC. In fact, the Pure Water Brewing Alliance members have brewed beers in Arizona, Wisconsin, Idaho, Kentucky, Tennessee, Singapore, California, Colorado, and the list keeps growing. The Pure Water Brew Challenge is engaging

industry professionals, public leaders, and people everywhere in this conversation about water The hope is that conversations inspired by Pure Water Brew will broaden understanding about the potential of reused water as a source of clean water.

Innovative potable reuse projects have often been met with public opposition, despite having proven technology and water quality meeting or exceeding drinking water standards. Technical professionals such as engineers and scientists often mistakenly is assume that the public will accept new technologies when provided with information through marketing and public education activities. A study at Orange County (CA) Water District (OCWD) and Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD) about the success of their indirect potable reuse program showed that the success of their program was due to the legitimacy of their effort. In order to have a successful project, the concerns of the user must be addressed by answering questions at three levels of legitimacy:

• Pragmatic – How do I benefit? How am I involved indecision-making?

• Moral – How are safety and quality guaranteed?How has the organization performed in the past?

• Cognitive – How essential is the technology, givenany alternatives? How does the technology fit with mydaily life?

The OCWD/OCSD exampled showed the benefits of having utility managers become recognized as trustworthy and competent experts through their dedication to the outreach efforts and have been well documented in the following papers:

• Binz, C , S Harris-Lovett, M Kiparsky, D L Sedlak,and B Truffer (2016) “The thorny road to technologylegitimation— Institutional work for potable waterreuse in California ” Technological Forecasting andSocial Change 103: 249–263

• Jordi, A (2015) “Legitimacy – the key to successfulimplementation ” Eawag Aquatic Research News,October 2015 www.eawagch/fileadmin/Domain1/News/User_Acceptance_englisch pdf

• Harris-Lovett, S R , C Binz, D L Sedlak, M Kiparsky,and B Truffer (2015) “Beyond user acceptance:a legitimacy framework for potable water reuse inCalifornia ” Environmental Science & Technology49(13): 7552–7561


4 Energy

Energy is critical in resource recovery from wastewater because, wastewater contains nearly five times the amount of energy needed for the wastewater treatment process—the majority in the untapped area of thermal energy. The wastewater sector has the potential to generate enough energy and eliminate its net-consumption, generating excess energy for other uses at a competitive price.

The balance between energy efficiency and resource recovery involves tradeoffs and can best be achieved through holistic process planning. The more resources that are recovered, the less energy is available for generation or the more energy that is consumed. These tradeoffs must be understood and managed to achieve your utility’s particular sustainability goals. A generalized view of energy flows at a WRRF is shown below:


5 The ReNEW Resource Recovery Roadmap

Knowing that resource recovery is a good thing and possible is one thing, but taking actionable steps on the journey can seem overwhelming given the opportunities and complexities. Through extensive research with the expertise within the WEF membership, WEF has developed high level sets of best practices to help utilities begin the journey to resource recovery. These roadmaps started with the Energy Roadmap in 2013, followed by the Nutrients roadmap in 2015 and Water Reuse in 2017. While the 3 roadmaps continue to stand on their own, the ReNEW Resource Recovery Roadmap integrates all three domains into one set of best practices by simplifying the common elements shared by the three domains.

The goal of the ReNEW Roadmap is to present a high-level approach to help guide utilities and industry decision-makers in issues to address when considering resource recovery, be it focused on energy, nutrients, or water reuse. Like the individual roadmaps, the ReNEW roadmap is brief and high level to be accessible to all types of stakeholders, including public officials, utility managers, operators, engineers, and regulators. The roadmap will not “reinvent the wheel,” with all of the great technical resources available. Rather, the focus will be to help decision-makers to quickly understand the strategic issues inherent in a resource recovery effort. A total of 19 practice areas are grouped into 7 themes. Each practice area describes a set of general best practices to guide utilities on their paths to supporting the circular economy through resource recovery.

• Culture of Innovation

• Innovating for the Future

• Implementing Technologies

• Resource Recovery

• Water Reuse

• Nutrients

• Energy Management

• Energy Generation

• Monitoring and Controlling

• Monitoring

• Modeling and Analysis

• Source Control

• Marketing and Communication

• Product Development

• Message Development

• Communication and Outreach

• Strategic Management

• Circular Economy Vision

• Human Resources

• Financial Sustainability

• One Water Management Framework

• Regulatory Environment

• Integrated Water Resources Management

• Risk and Resiliency

• Risk Management and Communication

• Resiliency


5.1

C

ultu

re o

f Inn

ovat

ion

5.1.

1

Inno

vatin

g fo

r th

e Fu

ture

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Res

earc

h an

d D

evel

opm

ent (

R&

D)

Pre

pare

fo

r R

&D

• C

olla

bora

tion

with

rese

arch

org

aniz

atio

ns a

s W

RF

driv

es in

nova

tion

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g an

d ad

optio

n

• S

taff

wel

l-ver

sed

in e

xistin

g te

chno

logi

es

• O

ppor

tuni

ties

are

iden

tifie

d by

sur

vey o

f em

ergi

ng

tech

nolo

gies

• R

educ

e ris

k th

roug

h co

llabo

rativ

e re

sear

ch a

nd

info

rmat

ion s

harin

g

• H

ave

WR

RF

lead

ersh

ip/m

anag

ers r

ecog

nize

and

re

war

d in

nova

tive

appr

oach

es

Pref

orm

R&

D

• U

tility

bud

get i

nclu

des

R&

D fu

ndin

g to

de

mon

stra

te c

ultu

re o

f em

brac

ing

inno

vatio

n

• Le

ader

ship

gro

up re

cogn

izes

and

rew

ards

in

nova

tive

appr

oach

es

• U

tility

act

ivel

y pa

rtici

pate

s in

wat

er in

nova

tion

partn

ersh

ips

(e g

, Wat

er In

nova

tion

Cen

ters

, re

sear

ch fo

unda

tions

, uni

vers

ity p

artn

ersh

ips,

etc

)

Exp

and

R&

D

• S

ite v

isits

to fa

cilit

ies

utiliz

ing

inno

vativ

e te

chno

logi

es o

ccur

reg

ular

ly

• C

ompl

eted

tria

ls a

nd re

sear

ch p

roje

cts

prov

ide

the

foun

datio

n fo

r fur

ther

adv

ance

men

t with

in th

e in

dust

ry

• U

tility

ser

ves

as a

dem

onst

ratio

n fa

cilit

y fo

r pu

blic

edu

catio

n an

d co

llabo

ratio

n w

ith re

sear

ch

orga

niza

tions

like

WR

F

• P

aten

ts a

re o

btai

ned

to p

rote

ct u

tility

and

wat

er

sect

or

Test

Bed

sE

valu

ate

Tech

nolo

gies

• Te

chno

logi

es th

at re

duce

ene

rgy u

se o

r inc

reas

e ge

nera

tion

are

iden

tifie

d

• Te

st b

eds

are

iden

tifie

d to

enh

ance

col

labo

ratio

n w

ith u

nive

rsiti

es, R

&D

of t

he e

quip

men

t sup

plie

s an

d ag

enci

es a

nd o

ther

stak

ehol

ders

• Va

lidat

ion

and

data

requ

irem

ents

for n

ew/

alte

rnat

ive

tech

nolo

gies

are

iden

tifie

d

Initi

ate

Tria

ls

• Tr

eatm

ent t

echn

olog

ies

are

dem

onst

rate

d

• S

tand

ard

valid

atio

n pr

otoc

ols

deve

lope

d to

ev

alua

te te

chno

logi

es fo

r effe

ctiv

enes

s an

d su

stai

nabi

lity

• D

evel

op m

obile

trea

tmen

t tes

ting

for f

ield

test

ing

• P

lans

are

mad

e to

leve

rage

test

bed

s an

d co

mm

unic

ate

resu

lts w

ith d

ata

base

of r

esul

ts

• In

stitu

tiona

l res

ista

nce

is o

verc

ome

by

dem

onst

ratio

n fa

cilit

y, pi

lot p

roje

cts,

spe

cific

ity o

f de

sign

and

tech

nolo

gy o

ptio

ns, a

nd g

oals

of t

he

reus

e pr

ojec

t

Impl

emen

t Ful

l-Sca

le S

olut

ion

• Fl

exib

le a

nd e

ffect

ive

tech

nolo

gies

are

impl

emen

ted

to m

eet t

he n

eeds

of t

he v

ario

us q

ualit

y le

vels

of

recy

cled

wat

ers

Alte

rnat

ive

Man

agem

ent

App

roac

hes

Iden

tify

Alte

rnat

ives

• D

ecen

traliz

ed tr

eatm

ent o

ptio

ns a

re c

onsi

dere

d

• P

acka

ge p

lant

s an

d te

chno

logi

es

• S

calp

ing

plan

ts

• O

n-si

te re

use

• G

reen

infra

stru

ctur

e

• P

lann

ing

is p

erfo

rmed

on

a wat

ersh

ed b

asis

and

incl

udes

cons

ider

atio

n of r

obus

tnes

s of s

atel

lite

noda

l stru

ctur

e of

dec

entra

lized

infra

stru

ctur

e

Impl

emen

t Alte

rnat

ives

• G

reen

Infra

stru

ctur

e te

chno

logi

es su

ch a

s tre

atm

ent w

etla

nds

and

ripar

ian

buffe

rs a

re

impl

emen

ted

whe

re ap

prop

riate

as p

art o

f mul

tiple

ba

rrie

rs a

ppro

ach

• En

hanc

ed re

gion

aliz

atio

n (e

g ,

bios

olid

s pr

oces

sing

) has

bee

n co

nsid

ered

and

im

plem

ente

d w

here

app

ropr

iate

Expa

nd In

tegr

atio

n

• A

ltern

ativ

e m

anag

emen

t app

roac

hes

(e g

, d

ecen

traliz

atio

n, re

gion

aliz

atio

n, e

tc. )

are

us

ed, w

here

app

ropr

iate

, to

max

imiz

e ov

eral

l, re

gion

wid

e be

nefit


5.1.

2

Impl

emen

ting

Tech

nolo

gies P

LAN

PR

EP

AR

E &

IMP

LEM

EN

TE

VALU

ATE

& IM

PR

OV

E

Tech

nolo

gy

Eval

uatio

nId

enti

fy T

reat

men

t Le

vels

• D

eter

min

e le

vel o

f tre

atm

ent a

vaila

ble

• D

eter

min

e le

vel o

f tre

atm

ent r

equi

red

or d

esire

d

• D

efin

e op

erat

iona

l/pro

cess

cha

nges

requ

ired

to

prov

ide

wat

er q

ualit

y, n

utrie

nt re

cove

ry o

r ene

rgy

reco

very

• Id

entif

y av

aila

ble

tech

nolo

gies

to p

rovi

de

appr

opria

te m

ulti-

barr

ier p

rote

ctio

n

• W

here

use

d/ex

perie

nce

with

tech

nolo

gy

• M

atur

ity o

f tec

hnol

ogy

• A

ltern

ativ

e an

alys

is

• W

aste

stre

am (b

rine,

oth

er) i

mpl

icat

ions

• R

egul

ator

y is

sues

Iden

tify

Opp

ort

unit

ies

• En

sure

ade

quat

e tre

atm

ent v

s ov

ertre

atin

g to

m

eet r

egul

ator

y re

quire

men

ts w

ith m

inim

um

conc

entra

te g

ener

atio

n

• C

onsi

der s

tora

ge

• Em

erge

ncy

• P

roce

ss u

pset

s

• D

eman

d va

riabi

lity

• Eq

ualiz

atio

n

• M

onito

ring

• A

ttenu

atio

n

• Id

entif

y ad

ditio

nal o

ppor

tuni

ties

requ

iring

mor

e tim

e or

cap

ital t

o im

plem

ent,

and

deve

lop

a pl

an

to fi

nanc

e/im

plem

ent

• A

sses

s liq

uid

vs s

olid

reco

very

(wat

er re

use

vs

land

app

licat

ion/

stru

vite

reco

very

)

• En

sure

bio

solid

s nu

trien

ts a

re c

onsi

dere

d a

reso

urce

Eva

luat

e an

d Im

plem

ent

• M

ulti-

barr

ier a

ppro

ach

usin

g co

st-e

ffect

ive

• an

d lo

w c

arbo

n fo

otpr

int t

echn

olog

y to

pro

vide

rig

ht q

ualit

y re

use

• U

nint

ende

d co

nseq

uenc

es a

re e

valu

ated

thro

ugh

scen

ario

pla

nnin

g or

oth

er m

eans

, suc

h as

• N

o re

turn

flow

s

• C

olle

ctio

n sy

stem

issu

es fr

om s

calp

ing

• A

ggre

ssiv

e w

ater

• Id

entif

y re

sear

ch a

nd d

evel

opm

ent n

eeds

to d

rive

inno

vatio

ns

• Id

entif

y w

ater

qua

lity

tradi

ng a

nd g

reen

hous

e ga

s of

fset

cre

dit o

ppor

tuni

ties

Pro

cess

Con

trol

Fram

ewor

kG

et t

he B

ig P

ictu

re

• B

asel

ine

perfo

rman

ce (w

ater

qua

lity,

ene

rgy

use,

et

c ) a

nd b

ench

mar

ks a

re d

eter

min

ed

• S

uper

viso

ry c

ontro

l and

dat

a ac

quis

ition

(S

CA

DA

) and

oth

er c

ontro

l sys

tem

cap

abilit

ies

and

need

s ar

e id

entif

ied

Und

erst

and

Key

Pro

cess

es

• P

roac

tive

mai

nten

ance

is in

pla

ce th

roug

h co

mpu

teriz

ed m

aint

enan

ce m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

• Te

chno

logi

es fo

r rem

ote

mon

itorin

g sy

stem

are

in

pla

ce (e

g ,

wid

e in

tegr

atio

n in

clud

ing

sate

llite

syst

ems)

• R

eal-t

ime

mon

itorin

g an

d co

ntro

l stra

tegy

in p

lace

• D

evel

oped

mas

s ba

lanc

es

• W

ater

• O

rgan

ics

(ene

rgy)

• N

utrie

nts

(nitr

ogen

and

pho

spho

rus)

• S

alts

• M

etal

s

Mo

nito

r fo

r R

eal-

Tim

e C

ont

rol a

nd

Opt

imiz

atio

n

• R

eal-t

ime

cont

rol i

s in

pla

ce (e

g ,

SC

AD

A) t

o op

timiz

e w

ater

qua

lity,

che

mic

al u

se, e

nerg

y us

e,

and

effic

ienc

y

• S

yste

m le

arni

ng a

lgor

ithm

s (d

ata

driv

en) t

hat

inco

rpor

ate

dyna

mic

sup

ply–

dem

and

chal

leng

es

are

in p

lace


5.2

R

esou

rce

Rec

over

y

5.2.

1

Wat

er R

euse

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Trea

tmen

t M

anag

emen

t for

W

ater

Reu

se

Pla

n fo

r th

e F

utur

e

• Id

entif

y un

it op

erat

ions

/bas

ins

for u

se in

futu

re

itera

tions

of d

esig

ner w

ater

pro

duct

ion

• Lo

ng-te

rm p

lann

ing

such

as

leav

ing

spac

e in

the

faci

lity

hydr

aulic

pro

file

to a

ccom

mod

ate

futu

re

proc

esse

s

• D

evel

op s

cena

rio a

naly

sis

in m

aste

r pla

nnin

g

• Fu

ture

regu

latio

ns

• W

ater

sup

ply/

dem

and

• Tr

eatm

ent r

esilie

ncy

and

fails

afe

plan

ning

Mit

igat

e R

isks

• D

esig

n fo

r cur

rent

requ

irem

ents

with

an

eye

tow

ard

futu

re re

quire

men

ts

• Va

lidat

e te

chno

logi

es

• R

elia

bilit

y

• Lo

ng-te

rm p

rosp

ects

• P

ath

depe

nden

cy

• P

ublic

sup

port

• In

telle

ctua

l pro

perty

issu

es

• O

pera

tiona

l effi

cien

cy

• S

cala

bilit

y

• M

onito

ring

requ

irem

ents

• B

ypro

duct

s an

d co

prod

ucts

Man

age

Trad

eoff

s

• U

nder

stan

d tra

deof

fs

• R

elia

bilit

y vs

adv

ance

d te

chno

logy

• R

egul

ator

y re

quire

men

ts v

s bu

sine

ss n

eeds

• R

esou

rce

reco

very

vs

treat

men

t

Fit f

or P

urpo

seId

enti

fy L

evel

of

Trea

tmen

t

• D

eter

min

e le

vels

of t

reat

men

t req

uire

d to

mee

t ne

eds

of c

usto

mer

s an

d en

viro

nmen

t

• Is

reus

e de

sira

ble,

giv

en s

ourc

e

• w

ater

con

stra

ints

, env

ironm

enta

l nee

ds?

• Is

nut

rient

rem

oval

nec

essa

ry

• or

are

nut

rient

s de

sira

ble

for i

rrig

atio

n?

• W

hat l

evel

s of

con

stitu

ents

(met

als,

tota

l di

ssol

ved

solid

s, e

tc )

are

need

ed b

y en

d us

e?

• W

hat a

re th

e se

ason

al, d

iurn

al, o

r dai

ly v

aria

tions

in

sou

rce

wat

er a

nd p

rodu

ct w

ater

dem

ands

?

Iden

tify

Opp

ort

unit

ies

• P

rodu

ce p

rodu

cts

for m

arke

t nee

ds, s

uch

as:

• Irr

igat

ion

(agr

icul

ture

, mun

icip

al, r

esid

entia

l)

• C

oolin

g

• Fi

re p

rote

ctio

n

• B

oile

r mak

eup

• W

ash

wat

er

• D

ual t

reat

men

t or f

lexib

le tr

eatm

ent o

ptio

ns

avai

labl

e to

pro

duce

var

ying

qua

lity

of w

ater

for

inte

nded

pur

pose

s

• C

onsi

der d

ecen

traliz

ed in

frast

ruct

ure

to o

ptim

ize

reco

very

(for

exa

mpl

e, s

ewer

sca

lpin

g)

Pri

ori

tize

and

Impl

emen

t

• Te

chni

cal s

olut

ions

des

ign/

tailo

red

to fi

t- fo

r-pu

rpos

e w

ater

dem

ands

• W

ater

allo

catio

n ar

e pr

iorit

ized

am

ong

vario

us

user

s ba

sed

on w

ater

sup

ply

need

s an

d bu

sine

ss

cons

ider

atio

ns

• D

esig

ner w

ater

app

roac

h pr

ovid

es o

pera

tiona

l fle

xibilit

y to

sup

ply

“fla

vors

” of

wat

er


5.2.

2

Nut

rient

s

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Nitr

ogen

Rem

oval

Ev

alua

tion

Iden

tify

Lo

w-C

ost

Opt

ions

• D

eter

min

e w

heth

er th

e fa

cilit

y cu

rren

tly h

as

capa

city

(tan

kage

, blo

wer

s, e

tc )

for n

itrifi

catio

n an

d de

nitri

ficat

ion

• Ev

alua

te th

e en

ergy

cos

t of v

ario

us te

chno

logi

es

and

sust

aina

ble

nitro

gen

rem

oval

for v

ario

us

efflu

ent c

once

ntra

tions

• Ev

alua

te o

ppor

tuni

ties

for h

igh-

nitro

gen

side

stre

ams

Opt

imiz

e F

acili

ty

• R

euse

exis

ting

tank

age

to g

et im

med

iate

nitr

ogen

re

mov

al to

~10

-15

mg/

L at

low

cos

t

• C

onsi

der N

2O e

mis

sion

s fro

m n

itrifi

catio

n an

d de

nitri

ficat

ion

whe

n de

sign

ing

the

syst

em

Eva

luat

e Lo

ng-T

erm

Impr

ove

men

ts

• S

tudy

impa

ct o

f low

dis

solv

ed o

xyge

n an

d am

mon

ia-b

ased

aer

atio

n co

ntro

l on:

• PA

O u

ptak

e of

pho

spho

rus

• C

ompe

titio

n be

twee

n PA

Os

and

glyc

ogen

-ac

cum

ulat

ing

orga

nism

s (G

AO

s)

• In

crea

ses

in N

2O e

mis

sion

s

Pho

spho

rus

Rem

oval

Eva

luat

ion

Eva

luat

e S

hort

-Ter

m Im

pro

vem

ents

• M

odify

ing

exis

ting

faci

litie

s to

get

low

-han

ging

fru

it

• P

hosp

horu

s to

~1

mg/

L at

no/

low

cos

t

• S

witc

h of

f mixe

rs fo

r low

-tech

pho

spho

rus

rem

oval

• M

ore

carb

on fo

r fer

men

tatio

n of

mixe

d liq

uor

• R

ecog

nize

em

ergi

ng in

form

atio

n to

min

imiz

e co

st

of c

hem

-P

• G

ood

mixi

ng a

t the

poi

nt o

f app

licat

ion

• Fe

rric

/Mag

nesi

um a

dditi

on

Opt

imiz

e F

acili

ty

• R

ecog

nize

pho

spho

rus-

rem

oval

tech

niqu

es

vary

for m

eetin

g di

ffere

nt o

bjec

tives

, suc

h as

de

velo

ping

a p

rodu

ct v

s m

inim

izin

g ne

gativ

e im

pact

s on

rece

ivin

g w

ater

bodi

es

Ob

serv

e R

egul

ato

ry L

and

scap

e

• A

sses

s ph

osph

orus

lim

itatio

ns o

n la

nd a

pplic

atio

n of

bio

solid

s in

are

as w

ith p

hosp

horu

s sa

tura

ted

soils

• B

ased

on

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es C

onse

rvat

ion

Ser

vice

cod

e 59

0, la

nd a

pplic

atio

n m

ay n

ot

be a

pplic

able

for p

hosp

horu

s re

cove

ry/ r

euse

, de

pend

ing

on lo

cal c

ondi

tions

Car

bon

Iden

tify

Lo

w-C

ost

Opt

ions

• D

eter

min

e if

faci

lity

can

deni

trify

sim

ply

and

at

low

cos

t (ex

cess

cap

acity

, suf

ficie

nt c

arbo

n),

and

wha

t effl

uent

con

cent

ratio

ns/m

ass

coul

d be

ac

hiev

ed

Inve

stig

ate

Po

tent

ial P

rob

lem

s

• Ex

plor

e su

pple

men

tal c

arbo

n is

sues

• P

rocu

rem

ent p

olic

y an

d pr

icin

g

• D

emon

stra

tion

and

test

ing

• W

aste

pro

duct

s

Eva

luat

e N

utri

ent

Rec

ove

ry

• Ev

alua

te h

ow s

imul

tane

ous

nitri

ficat

ion

and

deni

trific

atio

n ca

n lo

wer

car

bon

requ

irem

ents

• Ev

alua

te w

hole

faci

lity

nutri

ent r

ecov

ery


5.2.

3

Ener

gy M

anag

emen

t

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Elec

trici

ty c

osts

and

bi

lling

Get

Org

aniz

ed

• H

isto

rical

ele

ctric

bills

are

ana

lyze

d (2

-plu

s ye

ars

of d

ata

are

pref

erre

d).

Und

erst

and

The

Det

ails

• R

ate

stru

ctur

e an

d bi

lling

deta

ils a

re u

nder

stoo

d

• D

eman

d ch

arge

s

• En

ergy

cha

rges

, uni

t cos

ts, a

nd ti

me

of u

se

• B

illing

per

iod

Impl

emen

t C

hang

es

• M

odifi

catio

ns a

re m

ade

to b

illing

and

/or

oper

atio

ns to

redu

ce c

osts

• N

ew ra

te s

truct

ure

is s

elec

ted

and

• Lo

ads

are

shift

ed to

redu

ce o

n-pe

ak d

eman

d ch

arge

s or

uni

t cos

ts.

Pow

er M

anag

emen

t an

d C

ontro

lIn

itia

te A

udit

• En

ergy

team

per

form

s en

ergy

aud

it.

• G

oals

are

set

for r

educ

ing

ener

gy u

se a

nd c

osts

.

• En

ergy

use

by

each

sig

nific

ant u

nit p

roce

ss a

rea

is d

eter

min

ed.

• En

ergy

use

is b

ench

mar

ked

agai

nst s

imila

r siz

e/ty

pe p

lant

s to

iden

tify

targ

et a

reas

for e

nerg

y re

duct

ions

.

• El

ectri

city

use

and

pro

cess

dat

a ar

e an

alyz

ed

toge

ther

.

Impl

emen

t R

eco

mm

end

atio

ns

• C

ost-e

ffect

ive

reco

mm

enda

tions

from

aud

it ar

e im

plem

ente

d.

• En

ergy

team

trac

ks a

ctua

l vs

plan

ned

resu

lts.

• Lo

ad m

anag

emen

t (sh

eddi

ng/s

witc

hing

) is

in

plac

e.

Pla

n F

or

The

Fut

ure

• En

ergy

sav

ings

are

inco

rpor

ated

to th

e de

sign

of

all

futu

re c

apita

l pro

ject

s an

d ne

w o

pera

ting

stra

tegi

es.

• U

tility

Impl

emen

ts IS

O 5

0001

Sta

ndar

d

Alte

rnat

ive

Ener

gy tr

eatm

ent

tech

nolo

gies

Eva

luat

e Te

chno

logi

es

• Te

chno

logi

es th

at re

duce

ene

rgy

use

or in

crea

se

gene

ratio

n ar

e id

entif

ied.

Init

iate

Tri

als

• A

dvan

ced

low

-ene

rgy

treat

men

t tec

hnol

ogie

s an

d en

ergy

pro

duct

ion

tech

nolo

gies

are

de

mon

stra

ted.

Impl

emen

t F

ull-

Sca

le S

olu

tio

n

• Lo

wer

ene

rgy-

cons

umin

g pr

oces

ses

repl

ace

ener

gy- i

nten

sive

sec

onda

ry tr

eatm

ent.

• Ex

cess

pow

er g

ener

atio

n is

whe

eled

to o

ther

as

sets

or e

ntity

.


5.2.

4

Ener

gy G

ener

atio

n

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Stra

tegy

Set

Pro

duc

tio

n G

oal

•M

easu

rabl

e en

ergy

gen

erat

ion

goal

ises

tabl

ishe

d.

•En

ergy

gen

erat

ion

plan

is c

oord

inat

ed w

ith u

tility

stra

tegi

c pl

an.

•En

ergy

team

und

erst

ands

regu

lato

ry a

nd p

erm

itlim

itatio

ns (e

.g.,

air e

mis

sion

s) w

ith re

gard

toge

nera

tion.

Ob

tain

Sup

port

•G

over

ning

bod

y ap

prov

es c

apita

l bud

get f

oren

ergy

gen

erat

ion

proj

ects

.

•R

egul

ator

y is

sues

hav

e be

en a

ddre

ssed

and

satis

fact

orily

reso

lved

.

Gro

w P

rogr

am

•In

frast

ruct

ure

for e

nerg

y ge

nera

tion

is p

roac

tivel

ym

aint

aine

d, re

new

ed, a

nd u

pgra

ded.

•H

olis

tic e

valu

atio

n m

etho

dolo

gies

(e.g

., tri

ple

botto

m li

ne) a

re u

sed

to e

valu

ate

ener

gyge

nera

tion

oppo

rtuni

ties.

Ener

gy fr

om w

ater

Eva

luat

e In

tegr

al E

nerg

y S

our

ces

•A

vaila

ble

ener

gy re

sour

ces

are

quan

tifie

d, s

uch

as •B

ioga

s,

•H

ydro

pow

er, a

nd

•H

eat.

Impl

emen

t G

ener

atio

n S

yste

ms

•En

ergy

gen

erat

ion

faci

litie

s ar

e op

erat

ing

and

prod

ucin

g po

wer

/hea

t for

util

ity u

se

•El

ectri

city

/hea

t and

•Fu

el (n

atur

al g

as, p

elle

ts, e

tc.).

Opt

imiz

e P

rod

ucti

on

•En

ergy

pro

duct

ion

is o

ptim

ized

to m

axim

ize

the

valu

e of

gen

erat

ion

(e.g

., bi

ogas

sto

rage

to o

ffset

pow

er p

urch

ases

dur

ing

on-p

eak

hour

s).

Sup

plem

enta

l en

ergy

sou

rces

Iden

tify

Sup

plem

enta

l Ene

rgy

So

urce

s

•A

vaila

ble

non-

wat

er- d

eriv

ed e

nerg

y so

urce

s ar

equ

antif

ied,

incl

udin

g

•C

o-di

gest

ion,

•S

olar

, and

•W

ind.

•Fe

edst

ock

mar

ket e

valu

atio

n is

per

form

ed.

Impl

emen

t G

ener

atio

n S

yste

ms

•En

ergy

gen

erat

ion

faci

litie

s ar

e op

erat

ing

and

prod

ucin

g po

wer

/hea

t or f

uel.

•Q

uant

ity a

nd q

ualit

y of

feed

stoc

k m

eets

cap

acity

.

Max

imiz

e P

rod

ucti

on

•O

n-si

te e

lect

ricity

gen

erat

ion

from

all

sour

ces

appr

oach

es o

r exc

eeds

•on

-site

ele

ctric

ity d

eman

d.

•H

igh-

stre

ngth

org

anic

was

te (e

.g.,

food

; fat

s,oi

ls, a

nd g

reas

e; e

tc.)

is in

tegr

ated

into

feed

stoc

ksu

pply

to in

crea

se g

ener

atio

n po

tent

ial.

Ren

ewab

le e

nerg

y ce

rtific

ates

(REC

s)P

lan

Fo

r R

EC

s

•S

taff

gain

und

erst

andi

ng o

f sta

te re

gula

tions

•fo

r ren

ewab

le p

ortfo

lio s

tand

ard

and

prod

uctio

nan

d sa

les

of R

ECs.

Use

RE

Cs

•U

tility

pro

duce

s, s

ells

, and

/ or p

urch

ases

REC

s,as

app

ropr

iate

.

Max

imiz

e Va

lue

Of

RE

Cs

•S

ales

and

pur

chas

es o

f REC

s ar

e op

timiz

ed to

max

imiz

e va

lue

of re

sour

ces,

pot

entia

lly u

sing

auto

mat

ion.


5.3

Mon

itorin

g an

d C

ontr

ollin

g

5.3.

1

Mon

itorin

g

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Mon

itorin

g P

lan

Co

llect

Info

rmat

ion

• D

evel

op p

lan

for p

aram

eter

mon

itorin

g fo

r de

cisi

on-m

akin

g (n

itrog

en s

peci

es, c

arbo

n,

gree

nhou

se g

as e

mis

sion

s, e

tc ),

Ana

lyze

Dat

a

• M

odel

the

treat

men

t pro

cess

to u

nder

stan

d its

con

stra

ints

and

opp

ortu

nitie

s, a

nd e

nsur

e re

dund

ancy

in d

esig

n•

Dat

a an

alyt

ics

man

agem

ent p

lan

deve

lope

d•

Ass

ess

curr

ent f

acilit

y pe

rform

ance

for v

aryi

ng

wat

er q

ualit

y ne

eds

of c

usto

mer

s•

Ass

ess

curr

ent f

acilit

y pe

rform

ance

for n

utrie

nt

rem

oval

• U

nder

stan

d cu

rren

t rem

oval

of n

itrog

en s

peci

es

(inci

dent

al/in

tent

iona

l)•

Ass

ess

rece

ivin

g-w

ater

impa

cts/

need

s•

Wat

er q

ualit

y de

grad

atio

n be

caus

e of

nut

rient

di

scha

rges

• U

nder

stan

d gr

eenh

ouse

gas

em

issi

ons

Pro

acti

vely

Use

Dat

a

• U

se d

ata

to im

prov

e

• Fa

cilit

y op

erat

ions

• Tr

adin

g pr

ogra

ms

• S

ourc

e co

ntro

l

• N

ext d

esig

n up

grad

e

• C

ontin

ual i

mpr

ovem

ent o

f mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m

Sam

plin

gD

efin

e S

ampl

ing

Pro

toco

l

• S

ampl

ing

loca

tions

may

incl

ude:

• U

pstre

am

• C

olle

ctio

n sy

stem

• In

dust

rial d

isch

arge

rs

• A

t tre

atm

ent f

acilit

y

• In

fluen

t, in

-faci

lity,

and

effl

uent

• En

d U

se

• C

usto

mer

(agr

icul

ture

, ind

ustri

al)

• En

viro

nmen

t (re

ceiv

ing

body

, aqu

ifer)

• W

RR

F co

nsid

ers

frequ

ency

of s

ampl

ing

to

acco

unt f

or d

iurn

al a

nd s

easo

nal v

aria

tions

Pro

cess

Sam

ple

Dat

a

• P

roce

ss in

form

atio

n to

und

erst

and

optio

ns.

exam

ples

incl

ude:

• C

arbo

n to

nitr

ogen

ratio

• C

arbo

n to

pho

spho

rus

ratio

• R

ate

of a

ccum

ulat

ion

and

cont

rol o

f sal

ts a

nd

met

als

• Te

chni

cal r

esilie

ncy

(e g

, dyn

amic

resp

onse

tim

e to

spi

ke lo

adin

g)

Co

ntin

ually

Ad

vanc

e P

rogr

am

• S

enso

r and

mon

itorin

g ad

vanc

es fo

r rep

ortin

g ar

e tra

cked

• U

nreg

ulat

ed w

ater

qua

lity

para

met

ers

are

cons

ider

ed

Lab

Cap

acity

• La

bora

tory

cap

acity

at f

acilit

y an

d th

roug

hout

re

gion

ana

lyze

d fo

r ana

lytic

al, b

iolo

gica

l ser

vice

s fo

r cat

ion-

exch

ange

cap

acity

, CC

L3, a

nd

unre

gula

ted

cont

amin

ant m

onito

ring

rule

• B

ioas

say

tool

s fo

r pro

cess

mon

itorin

g ar

e de

velo

ped

• R

elia

ble

onlin

e/ea

rly w

arni

ng m

onito

ring

syst

ems

are

in p

lace

for w

ater

qua

lity

(bot

h so

urce

wat

er

and

efflu

ent)

• W

ell-d

evel

oped

labo

rato

ry c

apab

ilitie

s an

d/or

pa

rtner

ship

s fo

r per

form

ance

and

com

plia

nce

• U

CM

R

• C

CL3

• LE

C


5.3.

2

Mod

elin

g an

d A

naly

sis

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Inno

vatio

n (M

OVE

AN

D

SP

REA

D O

UT)

Rew

ard

Inno

vati

on

• R

educ

e ris

k th

roug

h co

llabo

rativ

e re

sear

ch a

nd

info

rmat

ion

shar

ing

• H

ave

WR

RF

lead

ersh

ip/m

anag

ers

reco

gniz

e an

d re

war

d in

nova

tive

appr

oach

es

• C

hara

cter

ize

disc

harg

e im

pact

s by

con

duct

ing

rese

arch

on

how

rece

ivin

g w

ater

s re

act t

o di

ffere

nt e

fflue

nt c

once

ntra

tions

Impr

ove

Mo

del

s

• D

evel

op b

ette

r mod

elin

g to

ols

• M

ultip

le p

opul

atio

ns o

f AO

B a

nd N

OB

• K

inet

ics

for a

nam

mox

bac

teria

(AM

X)

• B

ioau

gmen

tatio

n sp

eed

• B

iofil

ms

and

gran

ules

• D

evel

op b

ette

r sto

ichi

omet

ry a

nd k

inet

ics

for

chem

-P m

odel

s

• Im

prov

e si

mul

atio

n m

odel

s fo

r GA

Os

and

the

bene

fit to

bio

-P fr

om in

tern

al c

arbo

n fe

rmen

tatio

n

• M

odel

the

dige

ster

for s

ides

tream

retu

rns

Pilo

t Te

st

• Te

st m

odel

reco

mm

enda

tions

Mod

elin

gS

elec

t M

od

el

• En

sure

that

dat

a ga

ther

ed is

use

ful f

or m

odel

ing

effo

rts

Mo

del

ing

for

Des

ign

• U

se w

ater

qua

lity

mod

elin

g to

iden

tify/

quan

tify

rece

ivin

g w

ater

resp

onse

to n

utrie

nts

• H

ow d

o nu

trien

t effl

uent

con

cent

ratio

ns c

hang

e an

d af

fect

rece

ivin

g w

ater

s?

• D

ecis

ion

mak

ing

supp

ort f

or a

ppro

pria

te

tech

nolo

gy fo

r var

ious

per

form

ance

leve

ls

• M

odel

the

treat

men

t pro

cess

to u

nder

stan

d its

co

nstra

ints

and

opp

ortu

nitie

s

• R

edun

danc

y in

des

ign

• D

eter

min

e w

heth

er n

itrog

en re

mov

al te

chno

logy

w

ill re

quire

maj

or c

apita

l inv

estm

ent

• U

nder

stan

d ef

fect

s on

gre

enho

use

gas

emis

sion

s

Mo

del

ing

for

Ope

rati

ons

• U

tiliz

e m

olec

ular

tool

s

• U

se m

odel

ing

in d

ecis

ion-

mak

ing

• D

eter

min

e ca

rbon

trad

eoffs

with

nitr

ogen

re

mov

al

• N

itrog

en re

mov

al re

quire

s m

ore

supp

lem

enta

l ca

rbon

if u

sing

bio

-P

• M

ax d

enitr

ifyin

g PA

Os

• D

evel

op d

iges

ter p

hosp

horu

s pr

ecip

itatio

n m

odel

s fo

cusi

ng o

n cr

itica

l che

mis

try

• U

nder

stan

d se

ttlin

g ch

arac

teris

tics

–mus

t not

co

mpr

omis

e se

ttlea

bilit

y or

dew

ater

abilit

y

• M

odel

to u

nder

stan

d di

ffusi

on a

nd m

ass

trans

fer

to fa

cilit

ate

cont

rol s

chem

es

• Im

plem

ent o

nlin

e co

ntro

l

• C

ontro

l N2O


5.3.

3

Sou

rce

Con

trol

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Ups

tream

M

anag

emen

tU

nder

stan

d U

pstr

eam

• R

educ

e in

flow

and

infil

tratio

n

• Ev

alua

te w

ater

effi

cien

cy a

nd c

onse

rvat

ion

• Ev

alua

te w

ater

effi

cien

cy a

nd c

onse

rvat

ion

• S

epar

ate

com

bine

d sy

stem

s

• P

retre

at to

min

imiz

e ni

trific

atio

n in

hibi

tion

• Id

entif

y se

wer

sca

lpin

g an

d st

ream

sep

arat

ion

oppo

rtuni

ties

• In

tegr

ate

reso

urce

man

agem

ent –

incl

ude

outs

ide

was

tes

and

broa

den

mar

kets

Cre

ate

Bal

ance

d F

ram

ewo

rk

• P

retre

atm

ent p

olic

y

• C

harg

e fo

r Tot

al K

jeld

ahl N

itrog

en (T

KN

), to

tal

phos

phor

us, a

nd lo

w a

lkal

inity

• R

ewar

d fo

r rea

dily

bio

degr

adab

le c

hem

ical

ox

ygen

dem

and

and

high

alk

alin

ity

• P

ut a

wat

er e

ffici

ency

pro

gram

in p

lace

• D

ecen

traliz

e in

frast

ruct

ure

to o

ptim

ize

reco

very

• Tr

eatm

ent (

sew

er s

calp

ing)

• S

tream

sep

arat

ion

Bal

ance

So

urce

Co

ntro

l wit

h R

eso

urce

R

eco

very

• S

eek

partn

ersh

ips

for a

nim

al w

aste

and

oth

er

was

te s

tream

s

• Im

plem

ent s

ewer

sca

lpin

g an

d ur

ine

dive

rsio

n

• R

ecov

er p

rote

ins,

and

rem

ove

nitro

gen

and

phos

phor

us b

efor

e tre

atm

ent (

indu

stria

l was

te)

• S

epar

ate

ecol

ogic

al s

anita

tion

stre

ams

Sou

rce

cont

rol

Und

erst

and

Infl

uent

• Lo

ads

(indu

stria

l, w

ater

use

, I&

I) ar

e un

ders

tood

an

d ev

alua

ted

for e

nerg

y tre

atm

ent r

equi

rem

ents

an

d en

ergy

pro

duct

ion

pote

ntia

l.

Man

age

Load

ing

• M

etho

ds a

re in

pla

ce to

man

age

influ

ent l

oadi

ng

to re

duce

ene

rgy

use

(e.g

., in

dust

rial s

urch

arge

op

timiz

atio

n, I&

I red

uctio

n pr

ogra

m, e

tc.).

• M

etho

ds to

redu

ce fl

ows

are

inve

stig

ated

.

Enh

ance

Env

iro

nmen

t

• S

ourc

es a

re m

anag

ed to

redu

ce e

nerg

y us

e an

d m

axim

ize

• En

ergy

pro

duct

ion

pote

ntia

l (e.

g., a

ppro

pria

te

ince

ntiv

es fo

r tru

ckin

g hi

gh-s

treng

th w

aste

).


5.4

M

arke

ting

and

Com

mun

icat

ion

5.4.

1

Prod

uct D

evel

opm

ent

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Mar

ketin

gD

ata

Co

llect

ion

• C

olle

ct d

ata

to u

nder

stan

d th

e m

arke

t

• Id

entif

y st

akeh

olde

rs a

nd p

oten

tial c

usto

mer

s in

th

e m

arke

t for

wat

er re

use

and

othe

r rec

over

ed

reso

urce

s

• A

sses

s co

mpe

titio

n fo

r pro

duct

(alte

rnat

ive

sour

ces

of s

uppl

y)

• Id

entif

y an

chor

cus

tom

ers

and

dist

ribut

ion

syst

em

• D

eter

min

e en

d us

es, q

ualit

y re

quire

men

ts, a

nd

varia

bilit

y (s

easo

nal,

daily

) for

cus

tom

ers

or e

nd

use:

• A

gric

ultu

re

• En

viro

nmen

t/Hab

itat

• IP

R

• D

PR

• In

dust

rial u

ses

(coo

ling,

was

hing

, etc

)

• Ev

alua

te p

oten

tial f

or g

reen

hous

e ga

s re

duct

ion

cred

its

Dev

elo

p M

arke

ting

Str

ateg

y

• C

reat

e a

valu

e-co

st p

ropo

sitio

n

• Id

entif

y va

lue

of v

ario

us w

ater

qua

lity

leve

ls fo

r pr

oduc

t

• Ev

alua

te s

ales

pot

entia

l with

resp

ect t

o tre

atm

ent,

mon

itorin

g, a

nd d

istri

butio

n co

sts

• D

evel

op m

arke

ting,

sal

es, a

nd b

rand

ing

stra

tegy

• C

omm

unic

ate

bene

fits

and

adva

ntag

es o

f wat

er

reus

e, n

utrie

nt re

cove

ry, a

nd e

nerg

y re

cove

ry.

• U

se m

arke

t-driv

en s

tand

ards

(ex

U S

Dep

artm

ent

of A

gric

ultu

re p

artn

ersh

ip fo

r pho

spho

rus

prod

ucts

Sel

l Rec

ove

red

Res

our

ces

• B

rand

and

sel

l rec

ycle

d w

ater

, nut

rient

s,en

ergy

, an

d ot

her r

ecov

ered

reso

urce

s

• S

ell g

reen

hous

e ga

s of

fset

cre

dits

• Vi

ew c

usto

mer

s as

par

tner

s in

effo

rts to

mee

t cu

stom

er n

eeds

thro

ugh

sust

aina

ble

wat

er

man

agem

ent

• U

tility

use

s pa

rtner

ship

s to

max

imiz

e en

ergy

sal

es

reve

nues

and

/or r

educ

e de

man

d (e

.g.,

sellin

g po

wer

or b

ioga

s to

adj

acen

t fac

ility,

wor

king

with

a

feed

stoc

k pr

ovid

er fo

r co-

dige

stio

n).

Qua

lity

Con

trol

Pro

duc

t D

evel

opm

ent

• D

evel

op a

qua

lity

assu

ranc

e pr

ogra

m a

nd

proc

ess

for p

rodu

cts

• Im

plem

ent a

dapt

ive

man

agem

ent t

echn

ique

s

Pro

duc

t P

rod

ucti

on

• Q

ualit

y as

sura

nce

proc

esse

s in

pla

ce

• W

ater

qua

lity

(incl

udin

g ch

emic

al a

dditi

on)

• W

ater

qua

ntity

(to

avoi

d su

pply

dis

rupt

ions

)

Qua

lity

Veri

fica

tio

n

• U

tility

has

ado

pted

a q

ualit

y st

anda

rd (H

AC

CP,

S

ix S

igm

a, IS

O 9

001)

• P

erm

it an

d co

mpl

ianc

e pr

ogra

m e

xists

with

es

tabl

ishe

d w

ater

ana

lysi

s pr

otoc

ol

• A

ctiv

e pa

rtner

ship

with

agr

icul

ture

exis

ts to

en

sure

dow

nstre

am p

rodu

ct q

ualit

y


5.4.

2

Mes

sage

Dev

elop

men

t

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Legi

timac

yId

enti

fy R

eso

urce

s

• A

tran

spar

ent p

lann

ing

proc

ess

is d

evel

oped

to

esta

blis

h le

gitim

acy

of p

roje

ct o

wne

r•

Inde

pend

ent a

dvis

ory

grou

p or

exp

ert p

anel

co

nsid

ered

• S

ucce

ss s

torie

s an

d be

st p

ract

ices

from

rele

vant

or

gani

zatio

ns a

re id

entif

ied

Co

llab

ora

tive

Co

mm

unic

atio

n

• A

ppra

isal

con

duct

ed o

f pub

lic p

erce

ptio

n of

: ut

ility

com

pete

nce

legi

timac

y, p

ublic

hea

lth

issu

es, w

ater

sup

ply,

risk

s•

Pla

ns in

pla

ce to

add

ress

Pra

gmat

ic, M

oral

, and

C

ogni

tive

Legi

timac

y

Ong

oin

g Le

ader

ship

• Le

gitim

acy

of p

roje

ct a

nd p

roje

ct o

wne

r es

tabl

ishe

d to

mee

t the

regi

on’s

wat

er n

eeds

• O

rgan

izat

iona

l com

mitm

ent t

o pu

blic

hea

lth

prot

ectio

n is

acc

epte

d by

pub

lic•

Util

ity is

the

trust

ed s

ourc

e of

qua

lity

Sta

keho

lder

Iden

tify

Sta

keho

lder

Val

ues

• Id

entif

y va

lues

of c

omm

unity

and

util

ity b

oard

of

trust

ees

• S

hift

cultu

ral m

inds

et fr

om “

mee

ting

the

perm

it” to

re

cove

ring

reso

urce

s•

Iden

tify

envi

ronm

enta

l, so

cial

, and

eco

nom

ic

ince

ntiv

es fo

r wat

er re

use

• Id

entif

y vi

sibl

e ag

ency

cha

mpi

on

Pub

lic O

utre

ach

& In

take

• D

evel

op p

ublic

und

erst

andi

ng o

f the

new

pur

pose

of

a W

RR

F•

Gat

her i

nput

from

all

stak

ehol

der c

ateg

orie

s

Sha

red

Exp

erie

nce

• S

hare

bes

t pra

ctic

es w

ith o

ther

util

ities

and

the

sect

or•

Iden

tifie

d st

akeh

olde

r gro

ups

vest

ed in

eac

h be

nefit

/ser

vice

Mes

sage

Fra

min

gD

evel

op

Mes

sage

• U

nder

stan

d lo

cal c

ultu

ral v

alue

s•

Pos

itive

mes

sagi

ng (N

OT

“do

not d

rink

from

pu

rple

pip

e”) d

evel

oped

for r

euse

• Th

emes

to in

clud

e•

Res

ilienc

y•

Wat

er in

depe

nden

ce•

Dro

ught

pro

ofin

g•

Sus

tain

able

• S

afet

y•

“All

wat

er is

reus

ed”

– de

fact

o re

use

• “W

ater

sho

uld

be ju

dged

by

its q

ualit

y, n

ot it

s hi

stor

y”•

“One

Wat

er”

– re

use

is ju

st a

noth

er p

art o

f the

po

rtfol

io•

Valu

e of

wat

er•

Wat

er a

s a

valu

able

ser

vice

whi

ch e

nhan

ces

heal

th a

nd w

ealth

of c

omm

unity

• W

ater

as

criti

cal p

rodu

ct fo

r agr

icul

ture

, ind

ustry

, co

mm

erci

al u

ses

and

the

asso

ciat

ed e

cono

mic

de

velo

pmen

t

Enh

ance

Mes

sage

• C

onsi

sten

t ter

min

olog

y us

ed•

Cou

nter

-arg

umen

t dev

elop

ed to

cou

nter

fals

e in

form

atio

n•

Mes

sage

use

s ea

sy-to

-und

erst

and

com

mon

te

rmin

olog

y fo

r reu

se te

chno

logi

es a

nd p

rese

nts

them

in e

xciti

ng a

nd e

ntic

ing

way

s

Co

ntin

ually

Eva

luat

e M

essa

ge

• A

ll ut

ility

mem

bers

kno

w th

e “e

leva

tor s

peec

h” o

f th

e re

use

mis

sion

and

can

cle

arly

arti

cula

te th

e m

essa

ge w

heth

er a

t wor

k or

in th

e co

mm

unity

• P

artn

er a

genc

ies

are

cons

iste

nt in

mes

sagi

ng o

n re

use

• “F

lavo

rs”

of w

ater

use

d to

dem

onst

rate

fit f

or

purp

ose

• M

easu

res

of p

ublic

opi

nion

are

use

d on

a

perio

dic

basi

s to

eva

luat

e pr

ogra

m a

nd u

pdat

e m

essa

ging

to e

nsur

e pu

blic

acc

epta

nce

• O

ngoi

ng e

ngag

emen

t with

opp

onen

ts w

ith

resp

ect

• Ed

ucat

iona

l act

iviti

es a

re e

ngag

ing

for

appr

opria

te a

udie

nces

(e g

, fie

ld tr

ips

focu

sing

on

env

ironm

ent a

nd te

chno

logy

for s

tude

nts,

re

use

beer

tast

ing

for a

dults

)


5.4.

3

Com

mun

icat

ion

and

Out

reac

h

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Cus

tom

ers

and

Com

mun

ity•

Com

mun

ity e

duca

tion

on fi

t for

pur

pose

wat

er,

the

urba

n w

ater

cyc

le, a

nd is

con

tinuo

usly

up

date

d Ed

ucat

ion

prec

edes

cus

tom

er o

utre

ach

and

educ

atio

n st

rate

gy o

n sp

ecifi

c pr

ojec

t nee

ds

• C

omm

unity

gro

ups

are

iden

tifie

d fo

r out

reac

h to

de

velo

p un

ders

tand

ing

• Ea

rly e

duca

tion

and

outre

ach

to th

e pu

blic

avo

ids

oppo

sitio

n ba

sed

on y

uck

fact

or fo

r all

reus

e so

urce

s bu

t par

ticul

ar d

rinki

ng w

ater

• A

genc

y ob

ligat

ion

to in

itiat

e di

scus

sion

with

the

publ

ic

• En

sure

that

“C

omm

unity

” le

ader

s ar

e in

volv

ed in

th

e de

cisi

on p

roce

ss

• S

peak

ers

Bur

eau

train

ed fo

r effe

ctiv

e co

mm

unic

atio

n w

ith th

e pu

blic

(edu

cate

d vo

lunt

eers

)

• P

ublic

vol

unte

ers

repr

esen

ting

diffe

rent

inte

rest

s ar

e es

sent

ial t

o se

rve

as c

omm

unity

am

bass

ador

s

• P

roac

tive

cust

omer

edu

catio

n an

d ou

treac

h pr

ogra

m (e

g ,

bill

inse

rts, t

ours

, fac

t she

ets,

w

ebsi

te) t

hat f

ocus

es o

n pu

blic

hea

lth, e

cono

mic

gr

owth

, env

ironm

enta

l ben

efits

, and

• co

st-e

ffect

iven

ess

is e

stab

lishe

d

• C

omm

unity

opi

nion

lead

ers

are

enga

ged

• P

oliti

cian

s

• R

epor

ters

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

nter

ests

• C

lerg

y

• P

hysi

cian

s an

d ot

her m

edic

al p

rofe

ssio

nals

• Fa

rmer

s

• Te

ache

rs

• S

ervi

ce g

roup

s

• Ea

rly a

dopt

ers

are

iden

tifie

d an

d en

cour

aged

to

educ

ate

thos

e w

ith q

uest

ions

(dou

bter

s)

• U

tility

eng

ages

cus

tom

ers

in h

elpi

ng to

ach

ieve

su

stai

nabl

e w

ater

reso

urce

s m

anag

emen

t

• U

tility

and

pub

lic e

mpl

oyee

s ar

e am

bass

ador

s to

co

mm

unity

• Tr

ansp

aren

t pro

cess

for c

omm

unity

-driv

en

deci

sion

-mak

ing

is in

pla

ce to

dem

onst

rate

re

spec

t for

com

mun

ity

• “H

ands

on”

eng

agem

ent o

ppor

tuni

ties

exis

t

• D

emon

stra

tion

and

visi

tor c

ente

r

• In

tera

ctiv

e an

d st

atic

dis

play

s an

d ex

hibi

ts

• W

ater

tast

ings

• B

eer t

astin

g

• Te

chno

logy

tour

s

• U

tiliti

ze in

form

atio

n th

at a

lread

y ex

ists

thro

ugh

the

Wat

eReu

se A

ssoc

iatio

n an

d ot

hers

• “D

owns

tream

”

• “T

he G

loba

l Con

nect

ions

Map

• ”T

he W

ays

of W

ater

” vi

deo

• W

ater

: Thi

nk &

Drin

k an

imat

ions

Med

ia•

Med

ia o

utle

ts a

re id

entif

ied

and

stra

tegi

es a

re

deve

lope

d•

Med

ia k

it is

dev

elop

ed (e

g ,

vide

o,

• so

und-

bite

s, p

ictu

res,

and

pre

ss re

leas

es)

• D

eal p

roac

tivel

y w

ith n

atio

nal w

ater

cris

is in

new

s (F

lint,

food

con

tam

inat

ion,

floo

ds, d

roug

hts,

etc

)

• D

edic

ated

util

ity s

taff

wor

k on

mes

sagi

ng w

ith

med

ia, b

oth

new

s an

d so

cial

• M

edia

cha

mpi

ons

are

nurtu

red

to in

form

pub

lic o

f fa

ctua

l ben

efits

and

issu

es w

ith re

spec

t to

reus

e,

espe

cial

ly p

otab

le a

pplic

atio

ns

Wat

er S

ecto

r•

Key

ene

rgy

staf

f net

wor

k at

loca

l/reg

iona

l ind

ustry

ev

ents

and

info

rmat

ion

shar

ing

grou

ps s

uppo

rting

• N

atio

nal g

oal s

uppo

rting

reus

e an

d co

nser

vatio

n

• U

nifo

rm c

riter

ia fo

r IP

R/D

PR

pro

ject

s

• R

isk-

base

d re

use

guid

elin

es fo

r agr

icul

ture

, in

dust

rial,

and

com

mer

cial

pro

ject

s

• S

ucce

sses

, fai

lure

s, a

nd le

sson

s le

arne

d ar

e sh

ared

at i

ndus

try e

vent

s

• S

taff

cont

ribut

es to

dev

elop

men

t of g

uide

lines

for

desi

gn a

nd o

pera

tion

of re

lativ

ely

new

er tr

eatm

ent

and

mon

itorin

g te

chno

logy

• S

taff

lead

s in

dust

ry in

itiat

ives

to s

uppo

rt se

ctor

ad

vanc

emen

ts in

wat

er re

use,

spe

cific

ally

• N

atio

nal r

euse

fram

ewor

k

• N

atio

nal r

egul

ator

y st

anda

rds

Envi

ronm

enta

l ad

voca

cy g

roup

s•

Out

reac

h st

rate

gy is

dev

elop

ed to

sup

port

reso

urce

reco

very

pro

ject

s.

• A

ppro

pria

te p

artn

ersh

ips

are

iden

tifie

d.

• U

tility

sha

res

reso

urce

reco

very

pro

gram

act

iviti

es

(e.g

., to

urs,

fact

she

ets,

etc

.).•

Join

t pro

gram

s an

d ou

treac

h th

at s

uppo

rt th

e go

als

of b

oth

orga

niza

tions

are

impl

emen

ted.


5.5

S

trat

egic

Man

agem

ent

5.5.

1

Circ

ular

Eco

nom

y Vi

sion

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Visi

onD

evel

op

Vis

ion

•Le

ader

ship

Gro

up d

evel

ops

Wat

er R

euse

Vis

ion

•Lo

ng-te

rm 5

yea

rs to

50

year

s

•R

esilie

nce

and

drou

ght-p

roof

ing

•W

ater

inde

pend

ence

•Fl

exib

ility

•U

tility

fina

ncia

l sus

tain

abilit

y

•Ec

onom

ic d

evel

opm

ent

•En

viro

nmen

tal e

nhan

cem

ent

•R

esou

rce

reco

very

•H

ealth

and

eco

logi

cal

•B

ecom

e cl

imat

e-re

ady

•R

educ

e di

rect

and

indi

rect

em

issi

ons

•Im

prov

e re

silie

nce

— a

ddre

ss w

ater

sca

rcity

and

dive

rsify

wat

er s

ourc

es

•Im

prov

e ef

ficie

ncy

of w

ater

sup

ply

Co

mm

unic

ate

Inte

rnal

ly

•W

RR

F le

ader

ship

/man

ager

s lin

k th

e vi

sion

to s

taff

perfo

rman

ce p

lans

•W

RR

F le

ader

ship

/man

ager

s in

corp

orat

esu

stai

nabi

lity

goal

s an

d ke

y pe

rform

ance

indi

cato

rs in

to s

trate

gic

plan

Co

mm

unic

ate

Ext

erna

lly

•U

tility

sha

res

visi

on w

ith e

xter

nal s

take

hold

ers

and

the

indu

stry

•Lo

ng-te

rm, y

et fl

exib

le, p

lans

are

in p

lace

toem

brac

e ex

tern

al m

arke

t cha

nges

•Fu

ture

regu

latio

ns

•P

oliti

cal o

utlo

oks

•C

hang

ing

dem

and

•C

hang

ing

publ

ic a

ccep

tanc

e

•R

obus

t ass

et a

nd ri

sk m

anag

emen

t in

plac

e

•R

evie

w p

erfo

rman

ce a

gain

st g

oals

•R

eass

ess

long

-term

goa

ls

Nut

rient

Vis

ion

Dev

elo

p V

isio

n

•Ev

alua

te g

oals

and

cur

rent

driv

ers

•R

egul

ator

y re

quire

men

ts

•W

ater

shed

wat

er q

ualit

y an

d to

tal m

axim

umda

ily lo

ads

•Ef

fect

s of

nut

rient

man

agem

ent b

eyon

d th

ew

ater

shed

(lon

g di

stan

ce a

quat

ic c

onne

ctio

ns,

atm

osph

eric

)

•Es

tabl

ish

aspi

ratio

nal g

oals

and

sub

-goa

ls

•N

itrog

en a

nd p

hosp

horu

s re

cove

ry

•En

ergy

and

wat

er re

cove

ry

•R

educ

e di

rect

and

indi

rect

em

issi

ons


5.5.

2

Hum

an R

esou

rces

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Stra

tegi

c D

irect

ion

Set

Go

als

• G

oals

and

key

per

form

ance

indi

cato

rs a

re

esta

blis

hed

for b

oth

wat

er c

onse

rvat

ion

and

wat

er

reus

e to

enc

oura

ge e

ffici

ent u

se o

f int

egra

ted

wat

er re

sour

ces

• In

vest

igat

ion

cond

ucte

d of

org

aniz

atio

nal c

apac

ity

(tech

nica

l, m

anag

eria

l, an

d fin

anci

al)

• to

han

dle

inte

rdep

ende

ncie

s of

a re

use

prog

ram

Gat

her

Sup

port

• U

tility

inco

rpor

ates

goa

ls a

nd k

ey p

erfo

rman

ce

indi

cato

rs in

to s

trate

gic

plan

• A

dequ

ate

orga

niza

tiona

l cap

acity

exis

ts to

ens

ure

effe

ctiv

e pr

actic

es c

an b

e de

velo

ped

and

adop

ted

to m

eet d

eman

ds o

f reu

se p

rogr

ams

Pri

ori

tize

& Im

plem

ent

• P

rogr

am in

itiat

ives

are

prio

ritiz

ed u

sing

tool

s su

ch

as S

trate

gic

Bus

ines

s P

lann

ing

• U

tility

util

izes

trip

le b

otto

m li

ne a

ppro

ach

for

sust

aina

bilit

y pr

ojec

t dec

isio

n-m

akin

g

• In

terd

isci

plin

ary

colla

bora

tion

exis

ts to

ens

ure

thor

ough

und

erst

andi

ng o

f tim

esca

le a

nd

reso

urce

s re

quire

d fo

r reu

se p

rogr

ams

Sta

ff D

evel

opm

ent

and

Alig

nmen

tS

et T

rain

ing

Pla

n

• U

tility

fulfi

lls tr

aini

ng n

eeds

for a

ll re

leva

nt

posi

tions

: man

agem

ent,

engi

neer

ing,

and

op

erat

ions

• C

urre

nt p

ract

ices

are

eva

luat

ed fo

r tra

inin

g ne

eds

with

resp

ect t

o po

tent

ial i

mpa

ct o

f wat

er re

use/

re

sour

ce re

cove

ry a

ctiv

ities

• Te

chno

logy

com

plex

ities

• Fl

exib

ility

to m

eet m

ultip

le o

bjec

tives

Trai

n an

d S

uppo

rt S

taff

• R

elev

ant s

taff

are

train

ed a

ccor

ding

to c

urre

nt

and

futu

re k

now

ledg

e re

quire

men

ts, i

nclu

ding

• Te

chno

logy

ope

ratio

ns

• P

otab

le a

pplic

atio

ns c

onst

rain

ts

• P

redi

ctiv

e an

alyt

ics

• S

afet

y

• S

taffi

ng a

nd in

stitu

tiona

l kno

wle

dge

issu

es,

incl

udin

g re

crui

tmen

t, en

hanc

emen

t, an

d su

cces

sion

are

pla

nned

for

Em

pow

er S

taff

• S

tand

ard

oper

atin

g pr

oced

ures

and

SC

AD

A

syst

em a

re s

uita

ble

for n

ew p

roce

sses

and

te

chno

logi

es

• O

pera

tions

sta

ff ar

e ce

rtifie

d in

bot

h w

aste

wat

er

and

drin

king

wat

er o

pera

tions

• W

RR

Fs m

ento

r and

gui

de o

ther

loca

l and

re

gion

al u

tiliti

es to

adv

ance

reus

e go

als

• Te

am c

onne

cts

to o

ther

org

aniz

atio

ns to

mai

ntai

n cu

rren

cy o

f kno

wle

dge

Act

ion

team

sF

orm

Tea

m

• U

tility

est

ablis

hes

cros

s- fu

nctio

nal r

esou

rce

reco

very

(or s

peci

fic fo

cus,

suc

h as

an

ener

gy

team

).

• Le

ader

ship

gro

up e

stab

lishe

s cl

ear c

harg

e an

d au

thor

ity fo

r tea

m w

ith d

efin

ed ro

les

for m

embe

rs.

Take

Act

ion

And

Tra

ck

• Te

am d

rives

impl

emen

tatio

n of

reco

mm

enda

tions

.

• Te

am s

yste

mat

ical

ly re

ports

on

prog

ress

and

fu

ture

act

ions

.

Em

pow

er T

eam

• Te

am p

rovi

ded

sign

ifica

nt b

udge

t aut

horit

y to

im

plem

ent i

mpr

ovem

ents

.

• Te

am in

terfa

ces

dire

ctly

with

gov

erni

ng b

ody

to g

et d

irect

ion

from

and

repo

rt on

reso

urce

re

cove

ry p

rogr

am s

tatu

s.


5.5.

3

Fina

ncia

l Sus

tain

abili

ty

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Ben

efit

Iden

tific

atio

nId

enti

fy B

enef

its

•B

enef

its o

f wat

er a

vaila

ble

thro

ugh

reus

ear

e id

entif

ied

and

asso

ciat

ed w

ith s

peci

ficbe

nefic

iarie

s

•B

enef

its a

re q

uant

ified

•Lo

ng-te

rm v

iew

is u

nder

take

n to

repr

esen

t fut

ure

gene

ratio

ns

Ana

lyze

Ben

efit

s

•B

enef

its a

re e

xpre

ssed

in m

onet

ary

term

s to

dem

onst

rate

the

inhe

rent

val

ue in

was

tew

ater

•B

enef

its a

re e

valu

ated

on

tripl

e bo

ttom

line

for

sust

aina

bilit

y

•D

efer

red

capi

tal a

nd o

ther

opp

ortu

nity

cos

tsre

late

d be

nefit

s ar

e id

entif

ied

and

quan

tifie

d

Ob

tain

Ben

efit

s

•B

enef

its a

re in

tern

aliz

ed th

roug

h re

duce

d co

sts

and

reve

nue

enha

ncem

ent

•R

ewar

d in

cent

ives

are

cre

ated

for o

pera

tions

staf

f

•En

ergy

effi

cien

cy

•W

ater

reso

urce

man

agem

ent

•In

orga

nic

salt

man

agem

ent

•C

arbo

n m

anag

emen

t res

ourc

e re

cove

ry

Cos

t Ide

ntifi

catio

nId

enti

fy C

ost

s

•C

osts

of s

ervi

ce fo

r reu

se a

re id

entif

ied

•Tr

eatm

ent,

dist

ribut

ion,

mar

ketin

g, c

usto

mer

serv

ice

•C

apita

l, op

erat

ions

and

mai

nten

ance

•A

bsol

ute

and

mar

gina

l

Allo

cate

Co

sts

•C

osts

are

allo

cate

d to

func

tions

and

org

aniz

atio

ns(w

ater

, was

tew

ater

, cus

tom

er)

•A

ncilla

ry b

enef

its to

wat

er re

use

are

incl

uded

inco

st a

naly

sis

with

resp

ect t

o ot

her w

ater

sou

rces

to e

nsur

e co

nsis

tent

cal

cula

tion

and

com

paris

onbe

twee

n al

tern

ativ

es

Ens

ure

Fai

rnes

s

•En

viro

nmen

tal j

ustic

e/w

ater

as

a ba

sic

hum

anrig

ht is

reco

gniz

ed a

nd a

ccom

mod

ated

in th

e co

stm

odel

to e

nsur

e af

ford

abilit

y

Fina

ncia

l Via

bilit

yId

enti

fy F

und

ing

Opt

ions

•D

evel

op fi

nanc

ial s

trate

gy to

sup

port

reso

urce

reco

very

pro

ject

s

•S

ourc

es o

f pot

entia

l fun

ding

are

iden

tifie

d

•S

tate

Rev

olvi

ng F

und

(SR

F), f

eder

al, a

nd s

tate

gran

ts

•C

onsi

der a

ltern

ate

finan

cing

met

hods

•P

ublic

–priv

ate

partn

ersh

ips

(P3)

and

join

tve

ntur

es

•A

ltern

ativ

e pr

ojec

t del

iver

y (d

esig

n-bu

ild-o

pera

te,

build

-ow

n-op

erat

e-tra

nsfe

r, et

c )

•R

ecov

ery

of c

osts

from

rate

paye

rs is

eva

luat

edto

ens

ure

full

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

lega

l fra

mew

ork

(incl

udin

g re

gula

tory

and

tax

refo

rm la

ws)

•In

cent

ives

and

tax

cred

its fo

r new

/inno

vativ

e or

avai

labl

e te

chno

logi

es a

re in

vest

igat

ed

•S

ale

of g

reen

hous

e ga

s cr

edits

for N

2O-e

mis

sion

redu

ctio

n an

d re

new

able

ene

rgy

gene

ratio

n

Bud

get

for

Suc

cess

•U

se li

fecy

cle

anal

ysis

for p

roje

ct d

ecis

ion-

mak

ing

•W

ater

reus

e is

con

side

red

on a

ll ca

pita

l pro

ject

desi

gns,

in o

pera

ting

budg

et d

ecis

ions

, and

stan

dard

ope

ratin

g pr

actic

es

•S

usta

inab

le re

venu

e m

odel

is in

pla

ce to

add

ress

•Eq

uita

ble

cost

allo

catio

n

•Va

riabi

lity

of d

eman

d (s

easo

nalit

y , d

roug

ht,

abun

danc

e)

•D

iver

sific

atio

n of

fina

ncia

l por

tfolio

Inve

st in

the

Fut

ure

•Ef

fect

ive

utiliz

atio

n of

ava

ilabl

e so

urce

s of

fund

ing

(pub

lic, p

rivat

e, b

onds

, SR

F, g

rant

s)

•Fu

ll va

lue

of w

ater

is re

cove

red

in re

use

rate

s,in

clud

ing

varia

ble

cost

s ba

sed

on “

flavo

r” o

f wat

erus

ed a

nd in

cent

ives

for u

pstre

am re

use

and

recy

clin

g

•Lo

cal i

ndus

try a

nd N

GO

s ar

e en

gage

d to

ens

ure

cont

inuo

us s

uppo

rt fo

r fun

ding

•W

RR

F’s

reco

vere

d re

sour

ce re

venu

es g

ener

ate

suffi

cien

t fun

ding

to in

vest

in o

ther

prio

ritie

s an

dre

duce

upw

ard

pres

sure

on

rate

s


5.6

O

ne W

ater

Man

agem

ent F

ram

ewor

k

5.6.

1

Reg

ulat

ory

Envi

ronm

ent

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Reg

ulat

ory

and

Legi

slat

ive

Iden

tify

Reg

ulat

ions

•K

ey re

gula

tors

are

iden

tifie

d an

d ef

fect

ive

wor

king

rela

tions

hips

are

est

ablis

hed

prio

r to

proj

ect

deve

lopm

ent

•Le

gisl

ativ

e st

rate

gy is

dev

elop

ed to

enh

ance

oppo

rtuni

ties

and

min

imiz

e hu

rdle

s fo

r

•w

ater

reus

e

•R

egul

ator

y fra

mew

ork

and

gaps

are

iden

tifie

d

•A

s pa

rt of

an

ongo

ing

rela

tions

hip,

key

regu

lato

rsar

e ed

ucat

ed o

n po

tabl

e an

d no

npot

able

•re

use

issu

es

See

k to

Uni

fy R

egul

atio

ns

•U

tility

adv

ocat

es fo

r uni

fied

regu

latio

ns th

at

•A

re s

cien

ce b

ased

•P

rote

ct h

ealth

and

env

ironm

ent w

hile

mai

ntai

ning

flex

ibilit

y fo

r typ

es o

f tec

hnol

ogie

s

•In

cent

iviz

e co

llabo

ratio

n ac

ross

dis

trict

bor

ders

and

acro

ss d

isci

plin

es

•A

re fl

exib

le fo

r sm

all s

yste

ms

•En

cour

age

inno

vatio

n

•A

re c

lear

and

con

sist

ent,

with

out c

onfli

cts

(suc

h as

bet

wee

n N

atio

nal P

ollu

tion

Dis

char

geEl

imin

atio

n S

yste

m a

nd re

cycl

ed w

ater

per

mits

,or

wat

er v

s ai

r , gr

ound

wat

er v

s w

ater

shed

)

•R

egio

nal c

olla

bora

tion

with

oth

er a

genc

ies

occu

rs(e

g ,

for f

undi

ng o

r pol

icy

chan

ges)

Res

olv

e D

iffe

renc

es

•U

tility

wor

ks w

ith in

dust

ry a

ssoc

iatio

ns to

influ

ence

regu

lato

rs/le

gisl

atur

e to

cre

ate

ince

ntiv

es to

enc

oura

ge re

use,

whe

re a

ppro

pria

te

•U

tility

influ

ence

s fu

ndin

g ag

enci

es to

prio

ritiz

ew

ater

sec

tor p

roje

cts

•R

egul

ator

s an

d ut

ility

wor

k to

geth

er to

reso

lve

cros

s-m

edia

issu

es

•M

echa

nism

exis

ts fo

r res

olvi

ng d

iffer

ence

s in

conf

lictin

g re

gula

tions

, dea

ling

with

ext

erna

litie

s,an

d cr

eatin

g th

e sp

ace

for i

nnov

atio

n

Reg

ulat

ory

Ris

k M

anag

emen

tId

enti

fy a

nd P

rio

riti

ze R

isks

•Ev

alua

te le

gal/r

egul

ator

y im

plic

atio

ns o

f vol

unta

ryac

tion

•Id

entif

y ea

rly te

chno

logy

ado

ptio

n ris

ks

•S

tate

-of-t

he-a

rt te

chno

logy

vs

new

tech

nolo

gy v

ste

chno

logy

spe

cifie

d by

regu

latio

n

•Ev

alua

te c

osts

of o

vertr

eatm

ent o

r reg

ulat

ions

that

are

not

pra

ctic

ably

impl

emen

tabl

e

Mit

igat

e R

isks

•D

evel

op s

trate

gy fo

r ris

k m

itiga

tion

and/

or s

harin

g

•“C

reat

ing

the

Spa

ce fo

r Inn

ovat

ion”

•“S

afe

Har

bor”

•En

cour

age

polic

ies

that

ena

ble

rapi

d ne

wte

chno

logy

eva

luat

ion

and

adop

tion

Leve

rage

Inno

vati

on

•O

rgan

izat

ion

succ

essf

ully

impl

emen

ts in

nova

tive

proj

ects

and

is a

dapt

able

to e

mer

ging

oppo

rtuni

ties

•A

ntic

ipat

e fu

ture

regu

latio

ns a

nd im

pact

s

•O

rgan

izat

ion

supp

orts

inte

grat

ed, s

yste

ms-

th

inki

ng a

ppro

ach

to re

gula

tions

, suc

h as

•R

euse

as

crop

irrig

atio

n so

urce

and

oth

er F

ood

Ener

gy W

ater

Nex

us is

sues

•P

ublic

–priv

ate

partn

ersh

ips

Wat

er R

ight

sE

valu

ate

Lega

l Fra

mew

ork

•Ev

alua

te p

ositi

ve a

nd n

egat

ive

impl

icat

ions

of

polic

ies

such

as

•C

onse

rvat

ion

man

date

s

•W

ater

righ

ts (a

gric

ultu

re, u

rban

)

Man

age

Per

mit

s

•P

erm

ittin

g re

use

proj

ects

add

ress

lega

l ris

ks o

fw

ater

righ

ts

So

urce

Ow

ners

hip

•O

wne

rshi

p of

sou

rce

(was

tew

ater

) and

the

prod

uct (

recy

cled

wat

er) i

s w

ell-d

efin

ed


5.6.

2

Inte

grat

ed W

ater

Res

ourc

es M

anag

emen

t

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Loca

l Driv

ers

Iden

tify

Dri

vers

•K

ey d

river

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

, inc

ludi

ng

•Ec

onom

ic d

evel

opm

ent

•W

ater

sca

rcity

•C

limat

e ch

ange

•R

egul

ator

y re

quire

men

ts

•U

rban

izat

ion

•D

iver

sific

atio

n of

wat

er s

ourc

es

•R

educ

ed d

epen

denc

y on

ext

erna

l sou

rces

Eva

luat

e Im

pact

s

•Ev

alua

tion

of im

pact

s to

loca

l nee

ds d

evel

oped

•P

roje

ct b

ound

arie

s ar

e id

entif

ied

•Ec

onom

ic im

pact

s qu

antif

ied

(gro

ss d

omes

ticpr

oduc

t gro

wth

, job

cre

atio

n)

•N

atur

al re

sour

ces,

impa

cts

are

iden

tifie

d (la

ndsu

bsid

ence

, wild

life

habi

tats

, wat

er s

ourc

es)

Mai

ntai

n V

igila

nce

•P

lans

are

in p

lace

to a

dapt

to c

hang

es o

f driv

ers

Inte

grat

ed W

ater

R

esou

rces

M

anag

emen

t for

“O

ne W

ater

”

Eva

luat

e O

ppo

rtun

itie

s

•Ex

plor

e an

d an

alyz

e op

portu

nitie

s fo

rco

llabo

ratio

n on

wat

er re

sour

ces

betw

een

wat

er,

was

tew

ater

, and

sto

rmw

ater

util

ities

, as

wel

l

•as

oth

er w

ater

sta

keho

lder

s su

ch a

s th

ose

inin

dust

ry a

nd a

gric

ultu

re

•A

ll av

aila

ble

sour

ces

of w

ater

are

iden

tifie

d,in

clud

ing

reus

e, s

urfa

ce w

ater

, gro

undw

ater

,se

awat

er, s

torm

wat

er

•P

oten

tial p

artn

ers

and

neig

hbor

ing

agen

cies

are

invo

lved

in w

ater

shed

-bas

ed p

lann

ing

•U

tiliti

es

•A

gric

ultu

re

•In

dust

ry

•P

ower

pla

nts

•A

ll re

leva

nt s

ecto

rs

Est

ablis

h C

onn

ecti

ons

•U

tility

pla

nnin

g ef

forts

are

inte

grat

ed w

ith o

ther

agen

cies

rega

rdin

g m

ultip

le re

sour

ces

(e g

,w

ater

, sto

rmw

ater

, etc

)

•Im

plem

ent c

ontra

cts

with

par

tner

s to

faci

litat

eda

ta e

xcha

nge

and

plan

ning

•R

egul

ator

y is

sues

hav

e be

en a

ddre

ssed

and

satis

fact

orily

reso

lved

•C

onsi

der e

mbe

dded

reso

urce

s in

wat

er s

uch

asnu

trien

ts a

nd e

nerg

y in

wat

er re

sour

ce p

lann

ing

•C

onsi

der a

ccum

ulat

ive

cons

titue

nts

(sal

ts,

met

als)

and

dev

elop

long

-term

man

agem

ent

stra

tegy

•P

artn

ers

unde

rsta

nd re

latio

nshi

ps b

etw

een

treat

men

t, di

scha

rge,

and

reus

e

•Fr

amew

ork

for f

utur

e po

tabl

e re

use

deve

lope

d,ev

en if

initi

al re

use

is n

onpo

tabl

e

Leve

rage

Res

our

ces

•H

olis

tic e

valu

atio

n m

etho

dolo

gies

(e g

, tri

ple

botto

m li

ne) a

re u

sed

to re

gion

al (w

ater

shed

)w

ater

sup

ply

plan

•M

atur

e pr

otec

ts p

artic

ipat

e in

dia

logu

e to

prom

ote

wat

er v

alua

tion

that

is c

onsi

sten

t with

regi

onal

/wat

ersh

ed s

usta

inab

ility

•R

etur

n to

rive

r

•Lo

cal i

ssue

s (d

esal

inat

ion

plan

t nex

t to

flood

farm

ing)

•O

ptim

ized

sup

ply

dem

and

mod

el e

xists

of f

utur

egr

owth

and

resi

lienc

y pl

ans

•O

ppor

tuni

ties

exis

t for

wat

er tr

ade

betw

een

com

mun

ity a

nd re

gion

al u

sers

•W

ater

reso

urce

s m

anag

ed in

an

inte

grat

edm

anne

r (in

tegr

ated

wat

er re

sour

ces

utilit

y w

ithw

ater

/was

tew

ater

or m

ulti-

agen

cy a

ppro

ach

with

embe

dded

lead

ersh

ip a

t all

leve

ls o

f org

aniz

atio

n

Col

labo

rativ

e P

artn

ersh

ips

for

“One

Wat

er”

Eva

luat

e O

ppo

rtun

itie

s

Iden

tify

mar

kets

/opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r reu

se w

ater

, as

wel

l as

appl

icab

le w

ater

qua

lity

and

treat

men

t re

quire

men

ts

Sou

rce

wat

er a

nd tr

eatm

ent o

bjec

tives

are

iden

tifie

d ac

cord

ing

to m

arke

t and

wat

er q

ualit

y ne

eds

Est

ablis

h C

onn

ecti

ons

Con

nect

with

cus

tom

ers

and

pote

ntia

l cus

tom

ers

to e

nsur

e th

ey u

nder

stan

d op

portu

nitie

s fo

r div

erse

, su

stai

nabl

e so

urce

s of

wat

er

Leve

rage

Res

our

ces

Util

ity u

ses

partn

ersh

ips

to m

axim

ize

wat

er re

use

sale

s re

venu

es a

nd/o

r red

uce

dem

and

for w

ater

an

d en

ergy

, and

opt

imiz

e th

e ne

ed fo

r adv

ance

d an

d co

stly

leve

ls o

f tre

atm

ent

Sys

tem

s th

inki

ng in

tegr

atio

n of

sys

tem

s –

wat

er,

ener

gy, f

ood

– is

in p

lace


5.7

R

isk

and

Res

ilien

cy

5.7.

1

Ris

k M

anag

emen

t and

Com

mun

icat

ion

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Pub

lic H

ealth

Iden

tify

Pub

lic H

ealt

h Is

sues

•En

gage

pub

lic h

ealth

trac

king

net

wor

ks in

clud

ing

Cen

ter f

orD

isea

se C

ontro

l and

Pre

vent

ion’

s N

atio

nal E

nviro

nmen

tal P

ublic

Hea

lth T

rack

ing

Net

wor

k•

Pro

ject

pla

ns c

onsi

der p

ublic

hea

lth a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal r

isk

for b

oth

new

and

est

ablis

hed

ripar

ian

proj

ects

Mit

igat

e P

ublic

Hea

lth

Ris

ks•

Sys

tem

s ap

proa

ch is

use

d fo

rre

liabi

lity

anal

ysis

miti

gatin

g ris

ks o

f•

Con

tam

inat

ing

pota

ble

wat

erso

urce

IPR

•R

econ

tam

inat

ion

of g

roun

dwat

er

Enh

ance

Pub

lic H

ealt

h N

etw

ork

•M

ultip

le b

arrie

rs a

re in

pla

ce to

redu

ce h

ealth

and

envi

ronm

enta

l ris

ks•

Rob

ust/r

edun

dant

trea

tmen

t•

Cro

ss-c

onne

ctio

n co

ntro

l•

Rea

l-tim

e pa

thog

en m

onito

ring

and

risk

man

agem

ent t

hrou

ghou

t tre

atm

ent a

nd d

istri

butio

n

Ris

k M

anag

emen

tId

enti

fy a

nd P

rio

riti

ze R

isks

•R

isk

of h

igh

cons

eque

nce

of a

sin

gle

dram

atic

failu

re is

und

erst

ood

•S

trate

gy fo

r ris

k m

itiga

tion

is d

evel

oped

•P

lann

ing

incl

udes

con

side

ratio

n of

•M

easu

res

for c

limat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

(e g

, ex

trem

e ev

ents

)•

Ove

rtrea

tmen

t vs

publ

ic s

afet

y•

Wat

er s

horta

ge•

Not

reco

verin

g re

clai

med

wat

er in

GW

R/a

ugm

enta

tion

proj

ects

•Tr

eatm

ent t

echn

olog

y•

Cyb

er te

chno

logy

•U

nint

ende

d co

nseq

uenc

es•

Hea

lth, e

nviro

nmen

tal,

soci

al

Mit

igat

e R

isks

•R

isk

is re

duce

d th

roug

h w

ater

sour

ce d

iver

sific

atio

n•

Ris

k al

loca

tion

ensu

res

each

par

tyta

kes

the

risk

that

they

can

man

age/

cont

rol

•C

yber

-sec

urity

cap

abilit

ies

and

cont

inge

ncy

plan

s ar

e in

pla

ce

Leve

rage

Inno

vati

on

•H

ave

cont

inge

ncie

s to

dea

l with

unc

erta

intie

s•

Tech

nolo

gy ri

sk le

vel s

et s

o th

at n

o si

ngle

failu

re o

fan

act

ive

com

pone

nt s

hall

resu

lt in

hea

lth ri

sk•

Org

aniz

atio

n ca

n su

cces

sful

ly tr

ial a

nd im

plem

ent

inno

vativ

e pr

ojec

ts a

nd is

ada

ptab

le to

em

ergi

ngop

portu

nitie

s an

d ch

angi

ng e

nviro

nmen

ts

Ris

k C

omm

unic

atio

nD

efin

e R

isk

Mes

sage

•A

genc

y, c

omm

unity

, reg

ulat

ory

risk

tole

ranc

es id

entif

ied

•R

isk

conc

epts

incl

ude

•O

ppor

tuni

ties

inst

ead

of c

halle

nges

•U

ncer

tain

ty in

stea

d of

risk

•C

ost v

s ris

k•

Ris

k of

sta

tus

quo

•R

isk

vs b

enef

its, w

ithou

t ove

rsel

ling

•T e

stin

g an

d m

onito

ring

fram

ewor

k an

d co

ntro

ls in

pla

ce•

Nee

ds v

s ris

k•

Mee

ting

regu

latio

ns v

s co

st o

f ove

r -tre

atin

g•

Zero

risk

doe

s no

t exis

t, an

d sa

fety

is w

hat t

he p

ublic

wan

ts

Ref

ine

Ris

k C

om

mun

icat

ions

•R

isk

info

rmat

ion

on C

ECs,

toxic

olog

y, a

nd o

ther

pro

babi

listic

stat

emen

ts a

re c

rafte

d in

pla

inEn

glis

h•

Com

mun

icat

ion

effo

rts le

arn

from

othe

r sec

tors

(HA

CC

P, e

tc )

Valid

ate

App

roac

h•

Inde

pend

ent e

xper

t pan

el in

pla

ce to

eva

luat

e an

dpr

ovid

e ov

ersi

ght f

or ri

sk m

anag

emen

t

Infra

stru

ctur

e R

isk

Man

agem

ent

Pla

n fo

r th

e F

utur

e•

Iden

tify

unit

oper

atio

ns/b

asin

s fo

r use

in fu

ture

iter

atio

ns o

f nut

rient

redu

ctio

n•

Leav

e sp

ace

in th

e fa

cilit

y hy

drau

lic p

rofil

e to

acc

omm

odat

e fu

ture

proc

esse

s

Mit

igat

e R

isks

•Ev

alua

te fu

ture

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

s•

Des

ign

for c

urre

nt re

quire

men

ts w

ithan

eye

tow

ard

futu

re re

quire

men

ts

Eva

luat

e O

ptio

ns•

Ass

ess

reso

urce

reco

very

ver

sus

treat

men

t/re

duct

ion


5.7.

2

Res

ilien

cy

PLA

NP

RE

PA

RE

& IM

PLE

ME

NT

EVA

LUA

TE &

IMP

RO

VE

Res

ilienc

yE

valu

ate

Wat

er R

eso

urce

s

•A

vaila

ble

wat

er re

sour

ces

are

quan

tifie

d to

eval

uate

resi

lienc

y of

cur

rent

sup

ply

and

the

curr

ent s

yste

ms

abilit

y to

mee

t fut

ure

dem

ands

base

d on

gro

wth

and

sup

ply

shor

tage

•Im

porta

nce

of d

iver

se w

ater

sup

ply

portf

olio

isun

ders

tood

, inc

ludi

ng

•R

euse

•S

urfa

ce w

ater

•G

roun

dwat

er

•S

eaw

ater

•S

torm

wat

er

•C

onse

rvat

ion

Impl

emen

t W

ater

Sup

ply

Pla

n

•M

etho

ds d

evel

oped

to d

efin

e va

lue

for l

ong-

term

sust

aina

bilit

y th

roug

h di

vers

ifica

tion

•W

ater

por

tfolio

and

resi

lienc

y an

d su

stai

nabi

lity

•C

limat

e ch

ange

, urb

aniz

atio

n, e

tc

Opt

imiz

e S

uppl

y

•N

o st

rand

ed a

sset

s as

full

utiliz

atio

n of

reus

e as

ane

w w

ater

sup

ply

•D

iver

se w

ater

reso

urce

por

tfolio

is re

silie

nt a

ndad

apta

ble

to c

hang

es in

dem

and,

wat

er q

ualit

y

Con

tinui

ty o

f O

pera

tions

Pre

pare

Pla

ns

•In

tegr

ated

con

tinui

ty o

f ope

ratio

ns p

lan

isde

velo

ped

•N

atur

al d

isas

ters

(hur

rican

e, e

arth

quak

e,flo

odin

g, fi

res,

etc

)

•S

yste

m in

tegr

atio

n ris

k

•W

ater

qua

lity

dyna

mic

s im

pact

ing

cust

omer

agre

emen

ts

•P

ublic

saf

ety

•W

orke

r saf

ety

(gas

, che

mic

al s

pills

, etc

)

Test

, Im

plem

ent,

Impr

ove

•P

lan

is te

sted

and

revi

ewed

for c

urre

ncy

onan

nual

bas

is

Co

ntin

uous

Mo

nito

ring

•P

roac

tive

cont

rols

and

mon

itorin

g an

alyt

ics

man

age

proc

ess

risk

Tow

ard

carb

on

neut

ralit

yP

lan

Car

bo

n F

oo

tpri

nt A

naly

sis

•A

ppro

ach

to c

arbo

n fo

otpr

int a

naly

sis/

GH

Gin

vent

ory

is e

stab

lishe

d.

Inve

nto

ry G

HG

* E

mis

sio

ns

•C

arbo

n fo

otpr

int/G

HG

inve

ntor

y is

dev

elop

ed.

Rec

ove

r R

eso

urce

s

•A

dditi

onal

reso

urce

s ar

e re

cove

red

or re

aliz

ed(e

.g.,

carb

on c

redi

ts) a

s ut

ility

mov

es to

war

dca

rbon

neu

tralit

y .

•C

ompr

ehen

sive

car

bon

foot

prin

t/GH

G in

vent

ory

is m

aint

aine

d, in

clud

ing

fugi

tive

emis

sion

s an

dem

bodi

ed e

nerg

y of

sig

nific

ant i

nput

s (e

.g.,

chem

ical

s).

For more information, please visit:

https://wef.org/renew-project

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