Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration
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Transcript of Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration
Renaissance, Reformation, &
Exploration
Renaissance & ReformationNew Age of Human Achievement
Characteristics Renaissance = Rebirth 1300s – 1600s Assimilation of classical ideas of ancient Greece and of the Arabic world
Renaissance & ReformationNew Age of Human Achievement
Came through ItalyVenice’s and the merchant Republics’ relationship with the Middle East
Scholars searching the libraries of the world for works of ancient Greece
Black Death encouraged secularism because of the Catholic Church’s inability to stop the disease
Renaissance & ReformationNew Age of Human Achievement
Characteristics Individualism - moral, political, or social outlook that stresses human independence
Also increasing urban areas made these changes across society
Renaissance & ReformationUrbanism
Italian City-States Milan – ruled by the Visconti dukes Venice – ruled by the merchants who elected a Doge
Florence – ruled by the De’ Medici family
Renaissance & ReformationNew Age of Human Achievement Niccolò Machiavelli
Wrote The PrinceSaid that rulers should do things for
the sake of the stateOld writers stressed that rulers must
behave based on Christian morals
Renaissance & Reformation Secular Humanism
humanist philosophy that upholds reason, ethics, and justice, and specifically rejects the supernatural and the spiritual as warrants of moral reflection and decision-making
a non-religious life stance focusing on the way human beings can lead good and happy lives
Renaissance & Reformation Education
Many intellectuals wrote books and open schools based on their ideas
Liberal Studies They believed studying these liberal
arts let people reach their full potential
Renaissance & ReformationMath and Science
Created the square root, and positive and negative numbers
Architecture brought new forms of engineering
Rediscovered astronomy and our heliocentric solar system Galileo was excommunicated by the church for writing that the earth revolved around the sun
Renaissance & Reformation Renaissance Literature
Dante The Divine Comedy
William Shakespeare Wrote plays in comedic, historic, and
tragedy formsRomeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Julius Caesar
Renaissance & ReformationMiguel de Cervantes
Wrote the comedic romance story of Don Quixote
Renaissance & Reformation Rebirth of Art
Realistic style Developed by a fresco painter Painting becomes technical even
mathematical Investigation of movement and
human anatomy Human Nudes
Renaissance & ReformationMasters of the High Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci Realistic paintingDissected human bodies to see how nature worked
Raphael Perfected perspective
Michelangelo Sistine Chapel ceiling The David
Renaissance & ReformationLeonardo da Vinci
Renaissance & ReformationRaphael
Renaissance & ReformationMichelangelo
Renaissance & Reformation Northern Masters
Albrecht Dürer Ritter, Tod und Teufel
Renaissance & Reformation
Jan van Eyck Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Renaissance & ReformationProtestant Reformation “…I do not accept the authority of popes
and councils, for they have contradicted each other—my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen.”-Martin Luther
Renaissance & Reformation Before Luther
Christian Humanism Goal: Reform the Catholic Church Combine reason and faith
Erasmus Belief: “the philosophy of Christ”
Live good lives, no need for salvation Internal religious validation
Renaissance & ReformationThe Church Before Reformation
Popes failed the people spirituallyPopes gained military powerPopes more worried with moneySold indulgences (buying salvation to raise money for the Church)
Renaissance & Reformation Martin Luther
Was a monk and professor in Wittenberg, Germany
Believed humans were not saved by good works But through faith in God alone Justification by Faith
Renaissance & Reformation95 Theses
Luther was upset about the selling of indulgencesEspecially upset at Johann Tetzel
On Oct. 31, 1517, Luther nailed his 95 theses to the Church door in Wittenberg
Got help from the German princes Kept only two sacraments (communion
and baptism)
Renaissance & Reformation– excommunicated–Was made an outlaw
by the Edict of Worms
–Went into hiding and his beliefs spread throughout N. Europe
– Lutheran Church began
Renaissance & ReformationZwingli
Switzerland reformer; less elaborate church services and decorations; no relics
John Calvin Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion Agreed on justification by faith But believed in predestination
Predetermination by God on who will go to Heaven and those who will go to Hell
Became stronger than Lutheranism
Renaissance & Reformation Henry VIII
Split with the Catholic Church because the pope refused to annul one of his marriages
Created the Church of England Became the Anglican Church (Episcopal)
Renaissance & ReformationAnabaptists
Did not like princes or kings having so much power in the church
Adult baptism not infantEach church chose its own leaderWere persecuted by Catholics and other
protestants alike
Renaissance & ReformationCatholic Reformation
The Society of Jesus, Jesuits Started by Ignatius of Loyola Missionaries used education to
teach and spread Catholic doctrine Papal Reform
Stopped corruption of the past Council of Trent
Faith and good works needed for salvation Indulgences forbidden
Renaissance & Reformation Results of the Protestant
ReformationReligious Conflicts throughout Europe
Thirty Year’s War between France and different kingdoms within the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) and a decades long civil war in France between the Huguenots and the Catholics that ended with the Edict of Nantes, declaring religious freedom except in Paris
Renaissance & ReformationChurch leaders reform the Catholic Church
Missionaries start to spread Catholicism more after renewed vigor from the Catholic Reformation
Northern Europe becomes largely ProtestantProtestant churches practice self-government
(except in England) The idea of federalism starts within these
churches and spreads to local governments Especially in Switzerland