Renaissance & First Global Age

Review 3

Practice Questions come from 2010-2014

Renaissance Europe• Began in Italy due to coast for trade, Byzantine monks fled from

Constantinople bringing Greek/Roman ideas• Humanism – new way of thinking that emphasized reasoning and logic; new secular interests

– Protestant Reformation– Scientific Revolution– Commercial Revolution– Age of Exploration– Enlightenment

• Art that moves away from purely religious themes – Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa, inventor and artist), Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel), Botticelli (Birth of Venus) – depicting nudes, human anatomy, portraiture – use oil and linear perspective (Brunelleschi)

• Vernacular literature replaces solely in Latin (Shakespeare)

Jan 2010

Humanism during the Italian Renaissance wasfocused on(1) the affairs of the church(2) self-sufficiency(3) the importance of the individual(4) political theories

June 2010

• Focus on individual achievement• Use of classical Greek and Roman ideas• Artistic works of Leonardo da Vinci

Which time period is most closely associated withthese characteristics?

(1) Hellenistic Golden Age(2) Early Middle Ages(3) European Renaissance(4) Scientific Revolution

Aug 2010

Which geographic factor contributed to the riseof the Renaissance in Italian city-states?

(1) mountainous terrain of the Alps(2) location near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea(3) navigable waters of the Danube River(4) ease of travel on the Northern European Plain

June 2011

What was one ideal of Renaissance humanism?

(1) training as a knight and practicing chivalry(2) obeying divine right monarchs and the church(3) living apart from the world and taking monastic vows(4) investigating areas of interest and fulfilling one’s potential

Aug 2011

One reason the Renaissance began in Italy was that Italian city-states

(1) defeated the Spanish Armada(2) were unified as a nation under the Pope(3) were unaffected by the Commercial Revolution(4) dominated key Mediterranean trade routes

Aug 2012

During the Renaissance, humanist philosophersemphasized the importance of

(1) individualism (2) absolutism(3) religious salvation (4) technological advancements

Jan 2013

• The world view shifted from other-worldly to secular.• Greek and Roman ideas were revived.• Improvements were made to the printing press.

Which occurrence is most closely associated with these aspects of the Renaissance?

(1) Gothic cathedrals became the focal point of town activities.(2) Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope.(3) Galileo Galilei published information about a heliocentric universe.(4) Emperors used the Twelve Tables to bring about Pax Romana.

Aug 2013

A reason the Renaissance began in the Italian city-states was that they

(1) rejected the power of the papacy(2) were unified by Garibaldi(3) had wealth gained from trade with Constantinople(4) prevented guilds from functioning

Jan 2013

The economic wealth of Calicut, Mogadishu, andVenice in the 13th century was primarilydependent on their

(1) fertile soil (3) gold mines(2) iron ore (4) coastal locations

Jan 2014

Which philosophy that was developed during the Renaissance is associated with a shift in focus away from religious subjects toward more secular subjects?

(1) humanism (3) communism(2) absolutism (4) scholasticism

Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther wrote 95 Thesis to protest corruption of Catholic Church – especially indulgences.

• Gutenberg’s printing press helps spread it.

• John Calvin – predestination• Henry VIII – Act of

Supremacy

• Reformation will cause a permanent split (schism) in Christianity

Counter-Reformation will try to bring people back to Catholic Church: end indulgences at Council of Trent, Inquisitions for heresy (Isabella/Ferdinand), creates Jesuits, Index of banned books

Jan 2010

Which individual’s work had the greatest impacton the spread of Martin Luther’s ideas?

(1) Galileo Galilei(2) Niccolò Machiavelli(3) William Shakespeare(4) Johannes Gutenberg

June 2010

Which change to Christian church practice wassuggested by Martin Luther?

(1) increasing the sale of indulgences(2) installing statues of saints in churches(3) saying the mass in Latin so the faithful would learn it(4) printing the Bible in the vernacular so all could read it

Aug 2010

Which action led most directly to divisions in Christianity in western Europe?

(1) Pope Urban II calling for the Crusades(2) King John signing the Magna Carta(3) German cities establishing the Hanseatic League(4) Martin Luther posting the Ninety-five Theses

Jan 2012

One impact Gutenberg’s printing press had onwestern Europe was

(1) the spread of Martin Luther’s ideas(2) a decrease in the number of universities(3) a decline in literacy(4) the unification of the Holy Roman Empire

June 2012Speaker A: The chief problem with the Roman Catholic Church is the practice of selling indulgences. The only way for Christians to receive salvation is through faith alone.Speaker B: If Christians want to be saved, they should perform good deeds and ask for forgiveness of sins. The granting of indulgences allows Christians to be excused for their sins.Speaker C: It is true that the Bible, and not members of the clergy, is the ultimate source of religious truth. However, God has already decided who will be saved and who will not.Speaker D: Since the Pope does not agree with my position, I have decided to separate from the Roman Catholic Church. I am now not only the head of England but also of the Anglican Church.

15 Which speaker most closely reflects the ideas of Martin Luther?16 Which speaker best supports the idea of predestination taught by John Calvin?

Aug 2012

Which statement about the Protestant Reformation is an opinion rather than a fact?

(1) German princes revolted against the Holy Roman Emperor.

(2) Membership in the Catholic Church declined in northern Europe.

(3) European religious unity was disrupted by the newly established religions.

(4) Henry VIII led a stronger religious reform movement than Martin Luther did.

June 2013

One way in which Martin Luther’s Ninety-fiveTheses and Henry VIII’s Act of Supremacy aresimilar is that both

(1) emphasize the importance of the Bible(2) caused the Thirty Years War(3) challenge the authority of the Catholic Church(4) helped to unify Christendom

Jan 2010

One way in which the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and the Versailles Conference (1918–1919) are similar is that they both attempted to

(1) restore stability after a period of conflict or disorder(2) address economic concerns by lowering tariffs(3) defend human rights by establishing written codes of law (4) encourage cultural development through the creation of universities

Jan 2014

One result of the Protestant Reformation was

(1) fewer challenges to Church authority(2) a decline in religious unity in western Europe(3) the disbanding of the Jesuit order(4) a weakening of the Inquisition

Aug 2013

Which situation was a direct challenge to thepolitical and religious authority of the CatholicChurch?

(1) passage of the Act of Supremacy under Henry VIII(2) death sentence given to Joan of Arc(3) Reconquista of Spain conducted by Ferdinand and Isabella(4) establishment of the Jesuit order under Ignatius Loyola

Thematic – Jan 2012Theme: Change—Individuals

Throughout history, various circumstances have led individuals to develop ormodify ideas. These ideas have often affected societies

Task:Select two individuals from your study of global history and for each• Describe the historical circumstances that led this individual to develop or modify an idea• Explain an action taken by this individual as a result of this idea• Discuss how this individual’s idea affected a society

You may use any individual from your study of global history and geography. Some suggestions you might wish to consider include Pericles, Martin Luther, Queen Elizabeth I,

Scientific Revolution

• Change from science based on faith and Bible to experimentation

• Francis Bacon – scientific method• Copernicus – heliocentric model of universe• Galileo – proved Copernicus right with

telescope, will be charged with heresy• Isaac Newton – calculus and laws of motion

Aug 2010

Which pair of ideas were central to the ScientificRevolution?

(1) social stability and economic self-sufficiency(2) observation and experimentation(3) technology and military expansion(4) scarcity and interdependence

Jan 2012

Jan 2010

Which statement about the Scientific Revolution in Europe is accurate?

(1) The existence of natural laws was rejected.(2) Scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the universe.(3) New ideas supported the geocentric theory of Ptolemy.(4) The Bible was used to justify new scientific findings.

June 2012

Galileo Galilei and Sir Issac Newton are mostclosely associated with

(1) initiating religious reforms(2) leading political revolutions(3) conducting investigative experiments(4) engaging in foreign conquests

Aug 2012

Aug 2013

One way in which the contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton are similar is that each

(1) challenged the heliocentric theory of the universe(2) based his work on Enlightenment principles of social contract(3) practiced observation and experimentation in his work(4) supported the work of the Inquisition

DBQ – Jan 2011

Throughout history, ideas have shaped and influenced various societies and regions.These ideas include heliocentrism, natural rights, and Marxism.

Task: Choose two ideas mentioned in the historical context and for each• Explain the idea• Discuss how this idea influenced societies or regions

Capitalism – Commercial Revolution

• Hanseatic League, guilds, and rise of towns replace manorialism

• Medici – Florentine banking and political family

• Commercial Revolution – rise of capitalism (laissez-faire), joint-stock companies, and bourgeoisie

June 2010

Between 1300 and 1600, which economic system began to develop as a result of the transformation in global trade?

(1) socialism (3) communism(2) capitalism (4) manorialism

June 2011

During the European Middle Ages, guilds werecreated to

(1) obtain better working conditions in factories(2) standardize goods and prices(3) regulate the money supply(4) increase competition

Aug 2011

Which statement represents a central idea oflaissez-faire economics

(1) Class struggles are based on inequities.(2) Workers should form unions to better their conditions.(3) Prices are best determined by supply and demand.(4) The government should own all means of production.

Jan 2012

How did the Commercial Revolution change economic practices in Europe?

(1) The manorial system was established.(2) A capitalist economy was developed.(3) The Church became a major economic power.(4) Colonies were granted independence.

June 2012

What was one result of the CommercialRevolution in Europe?

(1) decrease in the size of the middle class(2) expansion of the manor system(3) development of financial institutions(4) wider use of the barter system

June 2013

What was one result of the European Commercial Revolution?

(1) a decline in the spice trade(2) the destruction of the papacy(3) the development of capitalism(4) an increased reliance on bartering

Jan 2014

The development of banking during the Commercial Revolution in western Europe was significant because it

(1) provided capital resources to merchants for investment(2) allowed peasant farmers to finance the construction of new homes(3) enabled the proletariat to challenge the bourgeoisie(4) created pensions for retired workers

Age of Exploration - Imperialism• Mercantilism – colonies established for providing motherland with

colonies for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods – desired favorable balance of trade.

• Motives – “God, Glory & Gold”• Inspired because of the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by

Ottomans (Mehmet II) and desire for new route to India and Spice Islands

• New Technology – astrolabe, compass, caravel, cartography

June 2010

The combined usage of the caravel, compass, and astrolabe in the late 1400s helped bring about the

(1) migration of the Bantu(2) exploration of the Americas(3) introduction of Buddhism to East Asia(4) voyages of Zheng He

Aug 2010

Advances in navigation technology and the desireof Europeans to obtain goods from Asia are mostclosely associated with the

(1) rise of feudalism(2) Agricultural Revolution(3) Age of Exploration(4) Age of Reason

Aug 2010

A key objective of a mercantilist policy was to

(1) establish colonies for trade benefits(2) promote warfare throughout Europe(3) develop assembly lines in factories(4) support the spread of communist ideas

Thematic – Aug 2012

June 2011

During the first Global Age (A.D. 1450–1770),European countries obtained both a source ofraw materials and a reliable market for theirfinished goods by developing

(1) the policy of mercantilism(2) laissez-faire principles(3) trade cooperatives(4) forts along the Silk Roads

June 2012

In the late 1400s and early 1500s, what was amajor reason for the European voyages ofexploration?

(1) introduction of Enlightenment ideas(2) desire to control Constantinople(3) rapid industrialization(4) need for alternate trade routes

Aug 2012

Europeans considered mercantilism a successful policy because it

(1) encouraged self-sufficiency in less developed nations(2) led to alliances with Asian countries(3) protected traditional social practices(4) created wealth for the colonial powers

Jan 2013

Which idea is most closely associated with theeconomic concept of mercantilism?

(1) Colonies exist to provide raw materials and markets for a colonial power.(2) Wealth and power are based on land exchanged between nobles.(3) Goods and services are traded without government interference.(4) Property is owned collectively and administered by the state.

Jan 2013

Which situation was an immediate cause for thecollapse of the Aztec civilization?

(1) disruption of overseas trade networks(2) conquest by foreigners(3) a series of crop failures (4) a lack of military training

Jan 2014

Which technological development enabledEuropean navigators to determine their locationduring the Age of Exploration?

(1) lateen sail (3) cross bow(2) Astrolabe (4) caravel

Aug 2013

One reason Spain sponsored the first voyage ofColumbus to the west was to

(1) find a more direct trade route to Asia(2) obtain military technology(3) make contact with the Empire of Benin(4) trade in established ports in the Americas

Jan 2014

The Encounter occurred as a result of Europeanexplorers crossing the

(1) Atlantic Ocean(2) Sahara Desert(3) Andes Mountains(4) Mediterranean Sea

DBQ - June 2013Technological advancements such as the combined use of the bow and thestirrup by the Mongols, the use of the caravel by the Spanish, and the use ofthe railroad in India have affected how certain civilizations and societies haveinteracted with each other. Changes have resulted from these interactions.

Task: Select two technological advancements mentioned in the historical context and for each• Explain how this technological advancement affected the interactions of aspecific civilization or society with another group• Discuss changes that resulted from these interactions

• Treaty of Tordesilla will establish a line of demarcation between Spanish & Portuguese claims of New World

Major Explorers

• Columbus (1492) from Spain to Caribbean, hired by Isabel and Ferdinand (had done Reconquista of Spain – kicked out Muslims, Jews and Protestants)

• Da Gama – Portuguese – south of Africa to India• Magellan – circumnavigated globe• Zheng-He – Ming dynasty from China to Africa• Cortes (Aztecs) and Pizarro (Inca) - conquistadors

Results of Exploration

• Columbian Exchange – food stuff and diseases exchanged between New World and Europe/Africa/Asia

• Triangular Trade – manufactured goods (guns) from Europe to Africa, African slaves to Caribbean for sugar plantations (Middle Passage) then molasses to Europe

• Encomienda – plantations using forced Native American labor

• African Diaspora – African slaves transported to Brazil and Caribbean

• Native American population declined due to disease and overwork – native culture lost

• Columbia Exchange

• The Spanish will establish themselves as head of the colonial government. (viceroys)

• Native Americans although a majority of population had no say in government.

• Long-lasting class resentment based on race/ethnicity

• Eventually will lead to revolutions to overthrow Spanish

Jan 2011

Which title best completes the partial outlinebelow?I. ________________________________A. Sugar, tobacco, and cotton to EuropeB. Textiles, rum, and manufactured goods to AfricaC. Enslaved Africans to the Americas

(1) Trade Within the Hanseatic League(2) Elements of Triangular Trade(3) Factors of Industrialization(4) Results of the Congress of Vienna

Jan 2011

• Vasco da Gama discovered an all-water route from Europe to India.• Ferdinand Magellan’s crew circumnavigated the globe.• Isaac Newton defined the forces of gravity.

These events relate most directly to(1) revised understandings of natural surroundings(2) questioning the benefits of the mercantile system(3) increased suspicion between different religions(4) development of new manufacturing techniques

Aug 2011

Aug 2011

The inhumane policies of the Reconquista,pogroms, and the Holocaust were all results of

(1) civil disobedience and passive resistance(2) acculturation and assimilation(3) war guilt and reparations(4) intolerance and prejudice

June 2013

The Columbian exchange is most closelyassociated with the beginnings of

(1) mercantilism (3) mass production(2) humanism (4) scientific socialism

Jan 2012

One way in which the Atlantic slave trade and the Jewish diaspora are similar is that both

(1) forced people to migrate(2) encouraged the growth of secularism(3) created conditions leading to the Encounter(4) resulted from the fall of Constantinople

Jan 2013

In the 1500s, European attempts to establish colonies in Africa were hindered by

(1) the abolition of the slave trade(2) the cooperative efforts of Christian and Islamic missionaries(3) a variety of geographic obstacles in Africa(4) a widespread unified resistance by African tribal leaders

Jan 2011

Which statement accurately reflects populationchanges that occurred as a result of the Age ofExploration?

(1) Most Latin American populations became more culturally diverse.(2) One third of Europe’s population died due to exposure to diseases from the Americas.(3) The introduction of goods from the Americas caused a decline in Asian populations.(4) Native Americans migrated to Africa causing increases in African populations.

June 2011

Jan 2011

One effect of the encomienda system in LatinAmerica was that it(1) eliminated the use of guilds(2) promoted isolationism(3) exploited indigenous peoples(4) reduced Spanish influence

Aug 2010

The use of the terms Encounter and Columbianexchange represents attempts to describe the

(1) nature of cultural interactions(2) establishment of land grants(3) results of scientific innovations(4) origins of divine right theory

The Middle Passage is best defined as

(1) a route through the Swiss Alps(2) a narrow body of water connecting two largerbodies of water(3) the forced journey of enslaved Africans to theAmericas(4) the expulsion of Muslims from Spain

June 2010

Aug 2012

Jan 2014

In colonial Spanish America, which system wasdeveloped by the Spanish to support plantationagriculture?

(1) barter (3) domestic(2) encomienda (4) guild

Aug 2013

Which country is responsible for the extensivecolonial use of the encomienda labor system?

(1) England (3) the Netherlands(2) France (4) Spain

Jan 2010

The social class system in Latin America duringthe 16th and 17th centuries reflects the

(1) dominance of Spanish-born nobility(2) emerging equality between classes(3) influence of mestizo economic power(4) increasing social mobility of Native AmericanIndians

Jan 2010“. . . (It) brought the potato, the pineapple, the turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chillies and chocolate across the Atlantic. On the other hand, tens of millions died in the pandemics of the 16th century, victims of smallpox, measles and the other diseases brought by Europeans (and don’t forget that the African slave trade was begun by the Europeans, to replace the work force they had decimated).”. . . — Michael Wood, BBC History (adapted)

Which historical development is being described in this quotation?

(1) establishment of the line of Demarcation(2) creation of the Hanseatic League(3) Columbian exchange(4) Glorious Revolution

Jan 2012What was a result of the efforts of Prince Henry of Portugal, Christopher Columbus, and Ferdinand Magellan?

(1) The importance of Mediterranean trade routes was established.(2) The modern concept of universal human rights was promoted.(3) The European view of the physical world was transformed.(4) An understanding of the benefits of cultural diversity was encouraged.

The Spanish encomienda system in the Americas resulted in

(1) the strengthening of indigenous cultures(2) political independence for the colonies(3) the exploitation of natives(4) religious freedom for the majority of peasants

Which region’s colonial class structure included peninsulares, creoles, and mestizos?(1) western Europe (3) East Asia(2) sub-Saharan Africa (4) Latin America

Aug 2012

The encomienda system, the latifundia form ofland ownership, and the office of viceroy are allclosely associated with

(1) Spanish rule in Latin America(2) pre-Columbian practices of Native Americans(3) attempts to halt the drug trade in South America(4) reduction of trade barriers in the Western Hemisphere

DBQ – Jan 2013

Historical Context:Throughout history, the need and desire for certain products has led to long-lasting effects on people, societies, and regions. Some of these products include salt, sugar, and cotton.

Task: Choose two products mentioned in the historical context and for each• Explain why people needed or desired this product• Discuss how this product influenced a people, a society, and/or a region

Absolutism

• Rule by divine right• Machiavelli – The Prince

– said rulers should rule by fear not love• Louis XIV – France, “Sun King” – built Palace of Versailles, “l’etat

c’est moi” – revoked Edict of Nantes, never allowed Estates General• Ferdinand/Isabella of Spain – Reconquista – kicked out Jews and

Moors (Muslims) out of Spain, patronized Columbus’ exploration, later Phillip II – responsible for Armada

• Peter the Great – Russia – forced nobles to shave beards, westernize and modernize, built St. Petersburg to get “warm water port” on Baltic Sea – used serf labor, Catherine the Great “enlightened despot”

June 2010

What was a key characteristic of an absolutemonarchy in the 16th and 17th centuries?

(1) centralized governmental authority(2) increased political rights for peasants and serfs(3) freedom of religion(4) a system of checks and balances

Aug 2010

A main goal of the monarchs of Europe duringthe Age of Absolutism was to

(1) establish legislative bodies(2) centralize political power(3) improve the quality of life for the peasant class(4) expand the role of the Catholic Church

Aug 2011

In The Prince, Machiavelli advises rulers to

(1) seek the approval of the people(2) establish and maintain power(3) promote openness in government(4) learn and follow the commandments of the church

Jan 2013

One way in which the reigns of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great are similar is that both Leaders

(1) promoted the emancipation of serfs(2) strengthened the role of the Duma and centralized royal power(3) shared their power with the Russian Orthodox Church(4) pursued a policy of westernization and expansion

Aug 2013

• Supported reforms• Believed in natural rights and religious toleration• Viewed themselves as servants of their state

In the 18th century, European leaders that fitthese characteristics were best known as

(1) theocratic monarchs(2) enlightened despots(3) totalitarian dictators(4) prime ministers

Jan 2013

In The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli was mostconcerned with

(1) the use of political power(2) the expansion of church authority(3) government regulation of the economy(4) equality and justice for all

June 2013

Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince as a guideto success in

(1) family life(2) politics(3) economic undertakings(4) scholarship

Jan 2010

A DEO REX, A REGE LEX —“the king is fromGod, and law is from the king.”— James I

This quotation best reflects the concept of(1) constitutional monarchy(2) separation of powers(3) equal representation(4) divine right rule

Jan 2014

What happened in Russia as a result of actionstaken by Peter the Great?

(1) Russia was weakened by French invasions.(2) Catholicism was adopted as the state religion.(3) The Duma was reformed and the serfs were freed.(4) Russia borrowed Western ideas and expandedits territories.

Jan 2014

One way in which the caste system in traditionalIndia and the Estates system of pre-revolutionaryFrance are similar is that

(1) occupations were attained by merit(2) social mobility was very limited(3) status was determined by education(4) impact on the daily lives of people was minimal

Aug 2013

One reason the Russian Empire was difficult tounite was that it

(1) had many diverse ethnic groups(2) possessed limited natural resources(3) served as a crossroads for trade(4) lacked a navy

Jan 2014Base your answer to question 45 on the statementbelow and on your knowledge of social studies.… I conclude, then, returning to being feared andloved, that since men love at their convenienceand fear at the convenience of the prince, a wiseprince should found himself on what is his, not onwhat is someone else’s; he should only contrive toavoid hatred, as was said.

This statement is taken from the written work of(1) John Locke (3) Adam Smith(2) Niccolò Machiavelli (4) Ignatius Loyola

DBQ – June 2012Historical Context:Throughout history, autocratic leaders have exercised authority over their countries and the lives of their people. The actions of autocratic leaders have both helped and hurt their countries and their peoples. Examples of such leaders include Emperor Shi Huangdi, Czar Peter the Great, and King Louis XIV.

Task: Select two leaders mentioned in the historical context and for each• Describe actions taken by the leader that show this individual was an autocrat• Discuss the extent to which this leader’s use of autocratic power helped and/or hurt his country or his people

Limited Monarchy in England

• Magna Carta – 1215• Parliament – 1295 (House of Lords and House

of Commoners), controlled taxation• English Bill of Rights – 1688 – created after the

Glorious Revolution by William and Mary

June 2010

The signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 and theGlorious Revolution in 1688 were key events inEnglish history because they resulted in

(1) creating alliances with France(2) defeating Protestant nobles(3) limiting the power of the monarchy(4) annexing territory

Aug 2010

The Puritan Revolution and the GloriousRevolution are both closely associated with the

(1) expansion of Papal authority in Rome(2) beginning of the Reconquista in Spain(3) calling of the Congress of Vienna(4) rise of parliamentary democracy in England

Jan 2011

The Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and theEnglish Bill of Rights led the English governmentto develop a political system in which

(1) rulers were responsible to the people(2) religious authorities controlled the lawmaking process(3) the power of the monarch came from God(4) the individual was denied a trial by jury

Aug 2011

What was a major effect of the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights on Great Britain?

(1) The power of the monarch was limited.(2) Ireland revolted against the monarchy.(3) Parliament was abolished.(4) A renewed interest in Greek and Romanculture developed.

Jan 2012

Oliver Cromwell led the Puritan Revolution inEngland in response to the

(1) passage of the Bill of Rights(2) autocratic rule of the king(3) implementation of mercantilism(4) defeat of the Spanish Armada

June 2012

In England, the key principles of the MagnaCarta were fundamental to the development and growth of

(1) democracy (3) absolutism(2) theocracy (4) communism

Aug 2012

One similarity between the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights is that both documents

(1) set up a two-party political system(2) placed limits on the power of the monarch(3) established the right to inherit the throne (4) guaranteed equal rights for all citizens

Jan 2013

Which institution became stronger and limitedthe monarchy in order to end absolutism inEngland?

(1) banks (3) universities(2) Parliament (4) Anglican Church

Aug 2013

The primary purpose of the Magna Carta (1215)was to

(1) limit the power of King John(2) install Oliver Cromwell as dictator(3) justify the Glorious Revolution(4) charter the British East India Company

Jan 2014

Enlightenment

• Philosophical movement that says rulers rule not by divine right but by consent of the people. – used reason and logic

• Locke – Two Treaties on Government – believed in natural rights and democracy

• Montesquieu – 3 branches of government• Rousseau and Hobbes – Social Contract• Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations – laissez-faire

economics (government should not intervene in economics)

June 2010

Many Enlightenment philosophers used reason to(1) reinforce traditional beliefs(2) strengthen religious authority(3) reveal natural laws(4) encourage censorship

Jan 2011

Enlightenment thinkers encouraged theimprovement of society through the

(1) teachings of the church(2) use of reason(3) development of absolutism(4) establishment of a rigid social hierarchy

Aug 2010

Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke bothagreed that a government should be based on the

(1) separation of nationalities(2) religious values of the people(3) equal distribution of wealth(4) consent of the governed

Aug 2011Speaker A: I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it.Speaker B: Government has no other end, but the preservation of property.Speaker C: Man is born free, and everywhere he is in shackles.

Which historical period is best represented in the ideas expressed by these speakers?(1) Enlightenment (3) Age of Exploration(2) Counter Reformation (4) Early Middle Ages

Which historical figure expressed ideas that are most similar to those of Speaker B?(1) Thomas Malthus(2) John Locke(3) Peter the Great(4) Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet

June 2011

Which idea is correctly paired with a documentthat supports it?(1) colonialism — The Prince(2) militarism — Sadler Report(3) capitalism — Wealth of Nations(4) monotheism — The Communist Manifesto

June 2011

The English Bill of Rights and the politicalphilosophy of John Locke both support the ideaof a

(1) coalition government(2) fascist dictatorship(3) Marxist dictatorship(4) limited government

Jan 2012

Jan 2013

Which idea is central to John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government?

(1) A government’s power comes from the consent of the people.(2) Predestination will determine who will go to heaven.(3) Famine, disease, and conflict are natural checks on population growth.(4) The have-nots will rise up and overthrow the government of the haves.

Aug 2012

Belief in the ideas of the Enlightenment anddiscontent within the Third Estate were causes of the

(1) French Revolution(2) Counter Reformation(3) Industrial Revolution(4) Spanish Reconquista

Aug 2012

Which statement represents a key idea directlyassociated with John Locke’s Two Treatises ofGovernment?

(1) Freedom of speech should be denied.(2) The king’s power on Earth comes from God.(3) All people are born with the right to life, liberty, and property.(4) Individuals acting in their own self-interest will achieve economic success.

Aug 2013

Which writer opposed political absolutism?

(1) Niccolò Machiavelli(2) James I(3) Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet(4) John Locke

June 2013

Which step did Catherine the Great take that isconsistent with Enlightenment ideas?

(1) ordering the burning of books(2) strengthening the institution of serfdom(3) expanding Russian territory into Ukraine(4) considering a law code that would treat allcitizens equally

Aug 2013

• Supported reforms• Believed in natural rights and religious toleration• Viewed themselves as servants of their state

In the 18th century, European leaders that fit these characteristics were best known as

(1) theocratic monarchs(2) enlightened despots(3) totalitarian dictators(4) prime ministers

Jan 2014

Why is the Enlightenment considered a turningpoint in world history?

(1) The factory system was used to mass-produce Goods.(2) Martin Luther broke away from the RomanCatholic Church.(3) Europeans changed their thinking about therole of government.(4) The Columbian exchange occurred.

Jan 2014Theme: Human Rights—JusticeAt different times in history, individuals have defended human rights using a variety of methods. Their efforts have met with varying degrees of success.

Select two individuals and for each• Describe the historical circumstances that led the individual to defend human rights• Describe a method the individual used to defend human rights• Discuss the extent to which the individual’s effort was successful

Somesuggestions you might wish to consider include Bartolomé de las Casas, John Locke, Mary Wollstonecraft,

Thematic Jan 2010Culture and Intellectual LifeIntellectuals, philosophers, and leaders have often recorded their ideas in written works. These ideas have been used throughout history to guide societies and influence the course of national and regional development.Task:Select two intellectuals, philosophers, and/or leaders and • Describe the historical circumstances surrounding this writing• Describe a main idea found in this writing• Discuss how this idea has influenced the development of a nation or regionYou may use any intellectuals, philosophers, or leaders from your study of global history.

Some suggestions: Bartolomé de las Casas—Brief Report on the Destruction of the Indians, Martin Luther—Ninety-five Theses, John Locke—Two Treatises on Government, Olympe de Gouges—The Declaration of the Rights of Woman

Thematic – June 2010Change — IdeasThe ideas of individuals have had a significant influence on groups, nations, and regions.

Task:Select two individuals and for each• Explain a specific idea developed by the individual• Describe the historical circumstances that surrounded the development of the idea• Discuss how the idea influenced a group or a nation or a region

You may use any individual whose ideas had a significant influence from your study of global history. Some suggestions you might wish to consider include Confucius, Niccolò Machiavelli, Galileo Galilei, John Locke,

Native Americans

• Mayan– polytheistic (blood sacrifices), stepped pyramid temples, ballcourts, slash and burn farming of Yucatan, hieroglyph carvings, and calendar – shows sophisticated culture

• Aztecs – middle of Lake Texoca – hydroponic gardens (chinampas) – made tribute states of neighboring enemies, pyramids, calendars, codex (birch-bark accordion books that show human sacrifice – Spanish will destroy). Peak under Montezuma, destroyed by Cortes

• Inca – Andes Mts, terrace farming, Incan Trail and suspension bridges, quipu (knotted rope), destroyed by Pissarro.

June 2010

Jan 2010

Jan 2010

• Spain mines silver in the Americas.• The Dutch establish a colony in Southeast Asia.• The English East India Company controls teaplantations in India.Which policy is most closely associated with theseevents?(1) pacifism (3) nonalignment(2) mercantilism (4) containment

June 2010

Which factor most influenced the developmentof diverse cultures in pre-Columbian SouthAmerica?

(1) trade agreements(2) geographic features(3) imported religious ideas(4) peasant revolts

Jan 2011

One way in which the Aztec and Inca civilizationsare similar is that they both

(1) defeated the Spanish conquistadors(2) developed advanced architectural techniques(3) lacked strong central governments(4) settled primarily in river valleys

Aug 2011

One way the Incas adapted their environment was by

(1) building a network of roads through the mountains(2) growing rice as a major agricultural product(3) establishing an encomienda system(4) creating floating gardens

Aug 2011. . . It recounts the life of the officials, the notaries,the deputies, the proprietors of Indian labour, thepriests, the miners and the Spaniards who travelfrom post to post along the roads and rivers ofPeru; the visitors, the judges, the Indian chiefsand their subjects, including the very poor.In my work I have always tried to obtain themost truthful accounts, accepting those whichseemed to be substantial and which wereconfirmed from various sources. I have onlyreported those facts which several people agreedupon as being true. . . . — Huamán Poma, Letter to a King: A Peruvian Chief’sAccount of Life Under the Incas and Under Spanish Rule, E. P. Dutton

This author is describing the process he used in (1) formulating a scientific theory from earlier experiments(2) developing a historical account from primary sources(3) comparing details of differing religions(4) explaining the importance of obeying laws

According to this author, accounts used in making statements of fact must be(1) brief (3) verified(2) interesting (4) unbiased

June 2012

One way in which the people of the Tibetankingdom and the people of the Inca Empire aresimilar is that they

(1) developed coastal ports(2) adapted mountainous terrains(3) designed ships to conduct global trade(4) introduced camel caravans as their primaryform of transportation

June 2012

A study of the achievements of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures would show that they

(1) sustained dense populations through intensive agriculture(2) engaged in an extensive exploration of the Pacific Ocean(3) built vehicles with wheels to transport goods(4) developed rice paper and wood-block printing

June 2012… In addition, after the last battle they were afraid of the horses and guns, of our swords and crossbows and our good fighting. Above all was the great mercy of God, Who gave us the strength to keep on.… — Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Bernal Díaz Chronicles, Doubleday & Company

In this passage about a conflict in Mexico, whoseperspective is being expressed?(1) Aztec warrior(2) Spanish conquistador(3) Portuguese explorer(4) Inca emperor

According to this author, which factors wereinfluencing the outcome of the conflict?

(1) efficiency and education(2) climate and disease(3) tribute and tradition(4) technology and fear

June 2013

Which statement best describes Aztec civilization at the time of the Encounter?

(1) Small groups of nomadic clans competed for food.(2) Various ethnic groups had representation in a legislative body.(3) Absence of a social class structure created unsettled living conditions.(4) Advanced agricultural practices supported large urban centers.

• The Americas are referred to as the “New World.”• Eastern Asia is referred to as the “Far East.”• Southwest Asia is referred to as part of the “Middle East.”

Whose perspective is best represented by these regional place names?(1) Chinese (3) European(2) African (4) Indian

Jan 2013

Which situation was an immediate cause for thecollapse of the Aztec civilization?

(1) disruption of overseas trade networks(2) conquest by foreigners(3) a series of crop failures (4) a lack of military training

June 2013

Why is Catholicism a major religion practiced in Latin America?

(1) Spain conquered and colonized much of Latin America.(2) Disputes over international boundaries within Latin America were settled by the pope.(3) The traditional beliefs of Africans were incorporated into the cultures of Latin America.(4) The Church provided Latin America with a strong central government.

Jan 2014… In the 1930s, Sylvanus G. Morley of Harvard, probably the most celebrated Mayanist of his day, espoused [argued for] what is still the best-known theory: The Maya collapsed because they overshot the carrying capacity of their environment. They exhausted their resource base, began to die of starvation and thirst, and fled their cities en masse, leaving them as silent warnings of the perils of ecological hubris [overconfidence].…— Charles C. Mann,

According to this passage, what was a major question Morley was trying to answer about the Mayas in the 1930s?

(1) Why did the Mayas abandon their cities?(2) What was the structure of the Maya governments?(3) How did religious beliefs affect the Maya economy?(4) Which neighboring city-state conquered the Mayas?

Aug 2013… At Tenochtitlán, the Aztecs perfected an unusual method of farming. They built huge rafts, covered them with earth, and floated them on the lake. On these chinampas, or “floating islands,” they grew enough maize and vegetables to feed their expanding population comfortably.Eventually, roots from the tree rafts attached themselves to the bottom of the shallow lake tobecome permanent foundations for buildings.…— Lois Athey

Which conclusion is best supported by the information in this passage?

(1) The Aztecs terraced the land.(2) Large plantations provided food for the markets.(3) The Aztecs were limited to subsistencefarming.(4) Environmental adaptation aided economic development.

DBQ – Jan 2014

throughout history, people have changed their environments to meet their needs. These changes have had both positive and negative effects on people, societies, andregions. Examples include the development of irrigation in ancient Egypt, the construction of chinampas by the Aztecs, and the mining of coal in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution.

Select two changes people have made to their environment mentioned in the historical context and for each• Explain why this change to their environment was needed• Discuss how this change affected people, a society, and/or a region

Gunpowder Empires

• Islamic – based on trade with lots of cultural diffusion leading to golden ages of math, science, etc.

• Ottoman – sultans,, harem, Mehmet II took over Constantinople with cannon, Suleiman – absolute monarch w/golden age – will be cut out of trade by European exploration – will attempt to take over Mediterranean stopped by Phillip II – B. of Lepanto.

• Safavid – shiites – modern Iran, shah• Moguls – Taj Mahal, Akbar – religious tolerance,

Aurangzeb – ended sati and religious persecution of Hindus

East Asia

• Ming – Zheng-He world explorer – wanted to expand trade but bankrupted dynasty

• Qing – foreign Manchus, forced Chinese to wear queues. Emperor Kanxi – absolutist

• Tokugawa Japan – Edict of Seclusion

Aug 2013

The Ming dynasty under Emperor Yonglo (Zhu di) used Zheng He’s voyages to(1) expand trade with Africa and Southeast Asia(2) explore North America and South America(3) obtain a military alliance with Russia(4) secure a border agreement with Mongolia

Jan 2014

For which achievement is Suleiman the Magnificent best known?

(1) building the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem(2) spreading Christianity into the Balkan Peninsula(3) conquering the Russian capital of Moscow(4) uniting the Ottoman Empire under an efficient government structure

Jan 2014

One similarity in the rule of Akbar the Great andthe rule of Elizabeth I is that both leadersimplemented policies that encouraged

(1) compulsory education(2) military disarmament (3) voter participation(4) religious toleration

Aug 2013

One way in which Akbar the Great, Suleiman theMagnificent, and Philip II are similar is that they

(1) attempted to colonize the Americas (2) supported democratic reforms in their countries(3) tried to make Christianity the dominant religion of Asia(4) controlled large empires at the height of theirpower

June 2013

Which event marked the rise in power of theOttoman Empire in 1453?

(1) birth of Muhammad(2) conquest of Constantinople(3) siege of Vienna(4) death of Saladin

June 2013

The restoration of Chinese rule, the voyages ofZheng He, and the reintroduction of civil serviceexaminations are all associated with the

(1) Ming dynasty (3) Songhai Empire(2) Abbassid dynasty (4) Delhi sultanate

June 2013

Which form of government is associated with the reigns of Suleiman the Magnificent, Akbar the Great, and Peter the Great?

(1) constitutional monarchy(2) direct democracy(3) theocracy(4) absolute monarchy

Aug 2012

15 The location of the Ottoman Empire had animpact on the

(1) trade between Europe and Asia(2) conquest of Spain by the Muslims(3) spread of Buddhism into Southeast Asia(4) decline in the Atlantic slave trade

16 The rule of Akbar the Great is important because he

(1) admired legalism and emphasized oppression(2) recognized natural laws and supported democracy(3) accepted diversity and practiced religious toleration(4) supported equality and outlawed the caste system

June 2012

Which factor most contributed to the culturaldiversity of the Ottoman Empire?

(1) legal system based on the Qur’an (Koran)(2) central location spanning Europe, Africa, and Asia(3) alliances with the Russians and Hapsburgs(4) reliance on colonies in the Americas

Jan 2012

One similarity in the policies of Louis XIV and ofSuleiman the Magnificent is that both leaders

(1) expanded their empires in the Americas(2) encouraged the growth of democracy(3) increased the power of their centralgovernments(4) abolished the bureaucracy

Aug 2011

During the Ming dynasty, why did China enjoy afavorable balance of trade with Europe?

(1) The Ming dynasty imported numerous manufactured goods from Europe.(2) China exported large quantities of opium to European traders.(3) Chinese silk continued to be in high demand in Europe.(4) The Ming dynasty paid tribute to European traders.

Aug 2011

Akbar the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent, andLouis XIV are all rulers associated with

(1) natural rights (3) religious toleration(2) filial piety (4) absolutism

Jan 2010

• The Ming emperor banned the building of large oceangoing ships in 1433.• The Tokugawa shogun issued the Act of Seclusion in 1636.

One way in which these historical occurrences aresimilar is that both led to increased

(1) social mobility (3) cultural diffusion(2) globalization (4) isolation

June 2011

One way in which the Ming dynasty in the early1400s and the Spanish monarchy in the late 1400s are similar is that both governments

(1) promoted religious diversity(2) encouraged democratic reforms(3) emphasized equal rights for women(4) supported the expansion of overseas trade

June 2011

• Captured the city of Constantinople in 1453• Benefited from rich trade along the Mediterranean Sea• Ruled by Suleiman the Lawgiver

Which empire best fits these descriptions?(1) Roman (3) Mongol(2) Ottoman (4) Songhai

June 2011

One way in which Akbar the Great, Ivan theTerrible, and Louis XIV are similar is that theywere all

(1) theocratic rulers (3) absolute rulers(2) elected leaders (4) enlightened despots

Jan 2011

By closing Japanese harbors to most foreigners in the 1600s, the Tokugawa shogunate attempted to

(1) protect Japan from European influence(2) increase Japanese agricultural production(3) eliminate Japan’s influence on Southeast Asia(4) destroy traditional Japanese culture

Jan 2011

The Ottomans were a strong trading empirethrough the mid-1600s because they

(1) controlled access to the eastern Mediterranean Sea(2) had the most powerful navy in the world(3) dominated West African caravan routes(4) conquered most of Asia

June 2011

• Captured the city of Constantinople in 1453• Benefited from rich trade along the Mediterranean Sea• Ruled by Suleiman the Lawgiver

Which empire best fits these descriptions?(1) Roman (3) Mongol(2) Ottoman (4) Songhai

Jan 2010

One way in which Suleiman the Magnificent andAkbar the Great are similar is that they bothbrought about periods of

(1) political stability and religious tolerance(2) religious conquest and persecution(3) isolationism and cultural stagnation(4) modernization and political disunity

DBQ – Aug 2011

For a variety of reasons, groups have set out to conquer other regions or people using various methods of force. These groups include the Mongols, the Spanish, and the Ottoman. Their conquests have had an impact on both the conqueror and the conquered.

Task: Choose two groups engaged in conquest mentioned in the historical context and for each• Explain a reason for the conquest• Explain how the conquest was achieved• Discuss an impact of the conquest