Chapter 12 Renaissance and Reformation 1350 A.D. – 1600 A.D.
Renaissance and Reformation in...
Transcript of Renaissance and Reformation in...
Renaissance and Reformation in Europe 1300-1600
World History
Unit 4
Europe during the Renaissance
Time of Change
By 1350, new attitudes and interests sprang up.
Old ideas of humility, poverty, and asceticism were drying up.
New desires for pleasure, status, and large fortunes were the desire of this era.
National monarchies had replaced the old feudal ways.
What was the Renaissance? Renaissance, French word for "rebirth"
What was reborn?
A desire to imitate the classical world of Greece & Rome.
A time of creativity and change, spirit of adventure.
Christian teachings could
no longer answer all their
questions.
A time of intellectual and
economic changes that
occurred in Europe.
What were the causes of the Renaissance?
1. Lessening of Feudalism. 2. Rise of National Monarchies. 3. Rise of the Middle Class.4. Rise in universities.5. Birth of the printing press.6. Writing in the common
language of the people.
Renaissance Arts
Emphasized individual talent in painting, sculpture, architecture, literature and music.
Architecture returned to the domes and columns of ancient Greece and Rome.
Painters and sculptors turned to new techniques.
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?
Center of the Roman civilization.
Remains of Roman architectural and artistic fields.
Different families controlled the large and wealth city-states of Florence, Milan, and Venice.
Small independent states, centers of trade and manufacturing.
A wealthy merchant class stressed education and individual achievement.
Spent lavishly on the arts.
Impact of Books
1. Ideas and discoveries of the Renaissance traveled around the world.
2. Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce.
3. Books were more readily available, more people learned to read.
4. Readers gained access to a
broad range of knowledge
and ideas.
Causes of the Reformation
1. Church corruption.
2. Questioning the papal authority.
3. Development of personal devotions.
4. Church’s political influence and wealth.
5. Indulgences.
6. German and English nobility disliked Italy’s dominance of the church.
7. Merchants wealth.
8. Printing Press.
Influence of the Printing Press
Immediate Results
Germany
North converted to Protestantism,
Hapsburg family remained Catholic.
War between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating loss (Thirty Years’ War).
France
Edict of Nantes granted freedom of worship to Protestants.
Thirty Years’ War changed from religious to political.
England
Bloodshed ended and united the British Isles under the Anglican Church.
Rise of Reformation contributed to the growth of capitalism.
Long Terms Results
Changing cultural values and traditions.
Growth of
secularism.
individualism.
religious tolerance.
Reformed Europe in the late 1600s
• In the 1500s and 1600s
the Scientific Revolutionchanged the way
Europeans looked at the
world.
• People began to make
conclusions based on
experimentation and
observation, instead of merely accepting
traditional ideas.
The Scientific Revolution
• Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars accepted and believed
the teachings of Ptolemy, an
ancient Greek astronomer.
• Ptolemy taught that the Earth
was the center of the universe.
Ptolemy
(87-140 A.D.)
Before the Scientific Revolution…
• It was not until some startling
discoveries caused Europeans to
change the way they viewed
the physical world.
•People felt this was common
sense, and the geocentric
theory was supported by the Church.
• In 1543 Copernicus published
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
Nicolaus Copernicus
• Copernicus was a Polish
astronomer who studied in Italy.
• In his book, Copernicus made
two conclusions:
1. The universe is heliocentric,
or sun-centered.
2. The Earth is merely one of
several planets revolving
around the sun.
The Copernican Heliocentric Model
Galileo Galilei
• Galileo Galilei was an Italian
astronomer who built uponthe scientific foundations laid
by Copernicus and Kepler.
• He also observed four moons rotating
around Jupiter – exactly the way
Copernicus said the Earth rotatedaround the sun.
• Galileo assembled the first telescope which allowed him to see mountains on
the moon and fiery spots on the sun.
• Galileo also discovered that objects
fall at the same speed regardless of
weight.
Galileo Galilei• Galileo’s discoveries caused an uproar. Other scholars
came against him because like
Copernicus, Galileo was
contradicting Ptolemy.
• The Church came against Galileo
because it claimed that the Earth was
fixed and unmoving.
• When threatened with death before
the Inquisition in 1633, Galileo
recanted his beliefs, even though he knew the Earth moved.
• Galileo was put under house arrest,
and was not allowed to publish his ideas.
Francis Bacon• Francis Bacon was an Englishphilosopher who wrote
Advancement of Learning.
The Scientific Method
• Bacon popularized the
scientific method and used it
with philosophy and knowledge.
• Bacon argued that truth
could not be known at the
beginning of a question, but
only at the end after a long
process of investigation.
The Scientific Method
René Descartes• Descartes was a French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher.
• Descartes emphasized human
reasoning as the best road to understanding.
• Like Bacon, Descartes also
believed that truth was only found after a long process of studying
and investigation.
“I think, therefore I am”
1. State the problem
2. Collect information
3. Form a hypothesis
4. Test the hypothesis
5. Record & analyze data
6. State a conclusion
7. Repeat steps 1 – 6
The Scientific Method
• The scientific method set Europe on the road to
rapid technological progress.
• Scientists soon discovered that the movements of
bodies in nature closely followed what could be
predicted by mathematics.
Newton • Sir Isaac Newton was an English
scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo.
The Scientific Method
• He used math to prove the
existence of gravity - a force that kept planets in their orbits around
the sun, and also caused objects
to fall towards the earth.
• Newton was the most influentialscientist of the Scientific Revolution.