Renaissance

RENAISSANCE

Location

• RENAISSANCE (1400 AD-1600 AD)

Geography

• Renaissance began in Florence, Italy in the early fifteenth century, encompassing Rome and Milan, Netherlands, and spread to the rest of Europe and after 125yrs it reached France.

• The Renaissance began to spread after 1500s to England, Germany, France, Spain, Poland, and the Netherlands.

Geography

Italy during the start of the Renaissance 1350-1600 AD

Europe during the renaissance period 1500 AD

Europe during the renaissance period 1650 AD

Impact of city planning in neighboring states

• Florence, the “birthplace” of the Renaissance, early exhibited a sensate use of the Renaissance tools of city renewal and design.

• Originally a Roman camp, laid out on a grid pattern, the later rapid growth of the city was along roads beyond the grid, and was disorderly.

• The five great district churches, Santa Maria Novella, Santa Croce, Il Carmen, Santissima Annunciata, and Santa Espirito, became the focal points around which the life of the city was organized.

• The street system was as such that it interconnected the major church buildings , with a careful integration of new and old buildings , throughout the renaissance.

• Other states starting adopted the planning methods.

• Like in Rome architect, Dominico Fontana, planned to establish a major street system interconnecting the seven pilgrimage churches of Rome. Such an operation would both relieve traffic problems and impress visitors to the city, making all of Rome a single “holy shrine”.

• The most important city of Southern Italy has been Naples. Rapid growth away from the classical grid pattern centre of the city, combined with a royalty which had vastly increased its physical domain and temporal powers, brought forth a need to give the overall city a common bonding arrangement during the 16th Century. To this end, a relatively straight street was constructed toconnect the “country” palace in the hills behind the city with the “city” palace, which was located in close proximity to the harbor.

• CHARACTERSTICS:• The preoccupation with symmetry, and the creation of balanced axial compositions were central motifs.

• Also of great importance was the placement of monumental buildings, obelisks, and statues at the ends of long, straight streets.

• On the basis of their traffic functions Renaissance urban spaces can be grouped under three broad headings:

• first, traffic space, forming part of the main urban route system and used by both pedestrians and horsedrawn vehicles

• second, residential space, intended for local access traffic only and with a predominantly pedestrian recreational purpose

• third, pedestrian space, from which wheeled traffic was normally excluded.

• The monument at the end is recompense, as it were, for walking along a straight road (devoid of the surprises and romantic charm of the twisting streets) and economies are met by keeping the fronting buildings plain so as to enhance the climax--private simplicity and public magnificence

significance

Perspective was commenced in city planning in

order to create symmetrical buildings that led to a

form of beauty making the Renaissance cities

distinctive and unique from their Medieval

antecedents.

The urban centers of this generation also carried a

purpose exceeding that of purely a residence – as

an art gallery to showcase the artistic taste of its

partisans.

Furthermore, the application of idealism into construction led to new mathematical ways of designing the city. In collaboration with the implementation of perspective within construction, buildings were built using the ‘perfect shapes’: squares and circles.

The two combined to form a uniquely disciplined building style that firmly set Renaissance architecture as one of the most idiosyncratic yet uncomplicated constructing methods in architectural history.

Florence cathedral, Italy

Capella del pazzi

Culture and it impact on Architecture and City Planning• The Renaissance was not only a cultural movement associated with arts

but also associated with the study of ancient Greek and Latin works.

• There was invention of new techniques and a new way of representing old ideas and classic works, as well as creating new ones.

• The Renaissance became a time in which poets, writers, artists, sculptors and architects were widely recognized and valued as important contributors of the society

• That was not the case during the earlier years. People did not appreciate literature as they did in the renaissance.

• The reasons being there were not many books that had been printed in the vernacular. Most books were printed in Greek or Latin and to be interpreted to the common people by means of the church or highly educated scholars.

• Artists and Architects also help spread the idea of Renaissance. The Renaissance was greatly focused on the individual and classics. Sculptors, Artists and Architects combined classic ideas with the humanist idea of emphasis on an individual. Sculptors focused on creating their subjects as they would be in a particular moment. Two major sculptors of the age were Donatello and Michelangelo.

• Architects of the Renaissance age began to move away from the Gothic style that had originated from France and turn to more older Roman styles. Fillipo Brunelleschi one of the first great architects of the Renaissance. The Brunelleschi Dome he designed was one of the largest during that time. The reconstruction of St Peter took two centuries and was finally complete in the 1600’s. Many architects focused on proportions, symmetry and perspective.

Culture and it impact on Architecture and City Planning

• For Painters of the renaissance age it was harder for them to look for inspiration in ancient artwork as there was not many works to study. Instead they got inspiration from classical sculptors.

• Earlier paintings had been of two dimensional figures and focused on blank backgrounds and combined many scenes in one painting. Renaissance paintings focused on one particular moment or scene in a three dimensional. Painters of the Renaissance researched perspective and creating illusion on a three dimensional area. Italy was introduce to oil painting and painting on canvas in the 15th century. This greatly expanded the market work as the cost of art reduced and transporting pictures became easy.

• The Renaissance was a movement which allowed people to break away from traditional views, ideas, and practices into a new way to look at things and a new way of thinking.

Political background

• In the 15th century Florence, Venice and Naples extended their power through much of the area that surrounded them, making the movement of artists possible. This enabled Florence to have significant artistic influence in Milan, and through Milan, France.

• In 1377, the return of the Pope from the Avignon Papacy and the re-establishment of the Papal court in Rome, brought wealth and importance to that city, as well as a renewal in the importance of the Pope in Italy, which was further strengthened by the council of Constance in 1417. Successive Popes, especially Julius II, 1503–13, sought to extend the Pope’s temporal power throughout Italy.

• Various cities bore rule over the surrounding towns and villages.

• Florence , Rome, Milan and Venice were independent cities.

• They were constantly feuding with one another.

• The nobles of each city were also engaged in their own feuds

• Large families had fortified houses or palazzos which contained their family and friends, personal servants and knights for protection

• Family crests were found on buildings commissioned by these families as well as on the shields and armour of their hired protectors.

Technological achievement and its reflection in planning

• THE ROMAN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES OF DOMES, VAULTS,

• ORDER OF COLUMNS, ARCHES AND ARCADESWAS THE BASE OF

• THIS NEW STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE

• THE ROMANS HAD THEIR OWN COLUMN ORDER AS THE GREEKS.


• RENAISSANCE MEANS ‘AWAKENING’ OR ‘REVIVAL’.

• THE ARCHITECTURE STYLE IS BASICALLY THE REVIVAL OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE.

• THE ARTISTS OF THE RENAISSANCE ERA WERE SEARCHING THE WAYS OF REVIVING AND ABSORBING THE METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION OF ROMAN

• ARCHITECTURE , THAT LEAD IN THE NEW FORM OF ARCHITECTURE.

• THE FLORENCE CATHEDRAL- THE CATHEDRAL WAS CONSTRUCTED BY FILLIPO

• BRUNELLESCHI LOCATED AT PIAZZA DEL DUOMOAND WAS COMPLETED IN

• THE YEAR 1436.

WWW.FLORENCE –INSTITURE.COM

WWW.ITALIAN-ARCHITECTURE.INFO


•THE DOME CONSISTS OF TWO LAYERS, AN INNER DOME AND THE OUTER DOME.

• BOTH DOMES ARE SUPPORTED BY 24 STONE HALF ARCHES, OR RIBS, OF CIRCULAR FORM, 2.1 METRES (7 FEET) THICK AT THE BASE AND TAPERING TO 1.5 METRES (5 FEET).

• TO RESIST OUTWARD THRUST, TIE RINGS OF STONE HELD TOGETHER WITH METAL CRAMPS RUN HORIZONTALLY BETWEEN THE RIBS. THERE ARE ALSO TIE RINGS OF OAK TIMBERS JOINED BY METAL CONNECTORS. THESE MEMBERS KEEP THE DOME IN ABALANCED POSITION.

• THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE WAS BUILT WITHOUT FORMWORK, THE ARCHES WERE SO HUGE THAT THE TIMBER SCAFFOLDING COULDNOT BE PROVIDED.

• THE HOLLOW DOUBLE DOMED STRUCTURE HAS THE SAME COFFERED CELING OF THE PANTHEON AS IT REDUCES WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE.

•OCULUS DENOTES A CIRCULAR OPENING IN THE CENTRE OF A DOME OR IN A WALL.

•Lantern

•Oculus

•Marble Ribs

•Outer Dome

•Sandstone Chains (6 Levels)

•Spur Walls (Ribs)

•Inner Dome

•Upper Drum

•Lower Drum

www.westescalante.com


•TO INCREASE THE STRENGTH TO THE STRUCTURE THE ARCHITECT USED A HERRING BONE PATTERN OF BRICKS.

•THE BASE OF THE DOME IS SUPPORTED BY THE SANDSTONE CHAIN AND HOLDS THE WALLS OF THE DOME.

•THE PANTHEON CAN BE RELATED TO THE STRUCTURE DUE TO THE COFFERED CEILING, THE OCULUS AND THE USE OF ARCHES.

www.static.ddmcdn.comwww.studyblue.com

www.flickr.com

Architectural character of the cities•Features of Renaissance Buildings:

•Symmetrical arrangement of windows and doors.•Extensive use of Classical columns and pilasters.•Triangular pediments.•Square lintels.•Arches.•Domes.•Niches with sculptures.

Architectural character of the cities• PLAN - Renaissance buildings have a square,

symmetrical appearance in which proportions are usually based on a module.

• FACADE - Façades are symmetrical around their vertical axis.

• COLUMNS AND PILASTERS – used either as structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters

• ARCHES - Arches are semi-circular or (in the Mannerist style) segmental. Arches are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals.

• DOMES - is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that is visible from the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where they are only visible internally.

• CEILINGS - refitted with flat or coffered ceilings. They are not left open as in Medieval architecture. They are frequently painted or decorated.

St.Peters basilica

Santa maria novella Pazzi chapel

Evolution of planning wrt examples of different towns

1350

The Basilica di Santa Maria del FiorFlorence, Italy

Cappella dei PazziFlorence, Italy

1436

1441

TEMPLE OF VESTAROME, ITALY

Santa Mario presso San SatiroMilan, Italy

1472

1502The Tempietto

Rome, Italy

1530 The Lauretian Library Florence, Italy

1547 St. Peter’s Basilica Rome, Italy

AR. FilippoBrunelleschi(1377-1446)

AR. DonatoBramante(1444-1514)

AR.MichelangeloBounarroti(1475-1564)

Laurentian Library Florence, Italy

1566Villa La RotondaVincenza, Italy

AR. Andrea Palladio

1525

Campidoglio, Rome, Italy 1560

EARLY RENAISSANCE (1350-1505)

BAROQUE & ROCOCCO (1650-1789)

HIGH RENAISSANCE (1505-1650)

SOURCE: WORLDOLOGY

St. Peter's Basilica

• St. Peter's Basilica is a Late Renaissance church located within Vatican City.

• Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture and remains the largest church in the world.

Facts, Basic Description & Statistics

• The construction of St. Peter's, in so far as the church itself is concerned, was concluded within a period of 176 years (1450-1626) as a typical Renaissance architectural piece.

• The cost of construction including all the additions of the seventeenth century amounted to about $48,000,000.

• The center of the entire structure is the tomb of St. PeterThe nave elevation was like that of the Lateran cathedral, with a colonnade supporting a tall wall pierced by large windows; a similar elevation appeared between the aisles.

• This was a daring construction, contrary to normal Roman practice (which favored extra-thick walls) and to basic concepts of engineering.St Peter’s Treasury, which contains church ornaments, statues, papal mitres and various objects, usually gifts of kings or princes.

• The design is like a Holy Cross Transept also present

Prezi.com

Prezi.com

Specifications

• Geographic orientation: chancel west, nave east

• Total length: 730 feet (220 m)

• Total width: 500 feet (150 m)

• Interior length including vestibule: 693.8 feet (211.5 m), more than 1/8 mile.

• Total area: 227,070 square feet (21,095 m2), more than 5 acres (20,000 m2).

• Internal area: 163,182.2 square feet (3.75 acres; 15,160.12 m2)

• Height from pavement to top of cross: 452 feet (138 m)

• Façade: 167 feet (51 m) high by 375 feet (114 m) wide

• Vestibule: 232.9 feet (71.0 m) feet wide, 44.2 feet (13.5 m) deep, and 91.8 feet (28.0 m) high

• The internal columns and pilasters: 92 feet (28 m) tall

• The circumference of the central piers: 240 feet (73 m)

• Outer diameter of dome: 137.7 feet (42.0 m)

• The drum of the dome: 630 feet (190 m) in circumference and 65.6 feet (20.0 m) high, rising to 240 feet (73 m) from the ground

Old and New Basilica

• Old St. Peter's Basilica was the 4th-century church begun by the Emperor Constantine the Great between 319 and 333 AD.[18]

• It was of typical basilical form, a wide nave and two aisles on each side and an apsidal end, with the addition of a transept or bema, giving the building the shape of a tau cross.

• Pope Julius II planned the new basilica in the 15th century as the church needed quite a bit of repair.

• Michelangelo was appointed chief architect for the reconstruction of St. Peter's Basilica

wikipedia

FURTHER SCOPE AND IMPACT ON PLANNING(LOCAL OR OTHER STATES)

• Alberti’s restricting concept of architectural town planning showcased the methodological difference between the planning of a Single part of the city vs. the city as a whole .

• However, his belief in making the new architecture resemble the old helped shape the renaissance.

• This logic worked only in small towns like Pienza and Urbino.

• It’s impact on the local town planning resulted in Suburbanisation among other things.

• Suburbanisation refers to the rise of affordable housing on the outskirts of major cities.

• Industrial development initiated growth of cities.

• Compartmentalization of the cultural centres, residential centres and commercial/industrial centres.

• Source : http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/sls/zup/en9009642.htm

ANALYSIS

• Renaissance means a revival or renewed interest in something.

• Ideology spread, during the renaissance period because of the lack of organization within the medieval towns in contrast with the orderly urbanization of the roman empire .

• Medieval streets focused on serviceability hence narrower lanes .

• This period was more appearance oriented.

• Idealism must be built upon symmetry and proportion to create beauty and balance. If an addition or subtraction of a certain aspect causes the loss of symmetry, it would make the object less beautiful in the Renaissance sense.

• The concept of Perspective by Brunelleschi was present in every stage of the Renaissance.

• Source: http://historum.com/blogs/jttwong/991-significance-perspective-idealism-renaissance-city-design.html

Renaissance

Design

Transcript of Renaissance