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The Great Minds Who Influenced the Technological Leaps During the Renaisance

Engineersof the

Renaisance

Renaisance Engineers

ÞLeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)ÞNicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)ÞGalilei Galileo (1564-1642)ÞJohannes Keplar(1571-1630)ÞChristiaan Huygens (1629-1695)ÞRobert Hooke (1635-1703)ÞSir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Middle Ages

ÞFragmented Feudal SocietyÞAgricultural EconomyÞChurch-DominatedÞIntellectual LifeÞCultural Life

Renaisance Background

ÞRevival or RebirthÞrenewed interest in the arts.ÞBegan in ItalyÞ14th CenturyÞSpread Throughout EuropeÞ16th & 17th Centuries

Beginning of Renaisance

ÞSociety TransformsÞCentral Political InstitutionsÞUrban & Commercial EconomyÞLay Patronage of EducationÞThe artsÞMusicÞScience

LeonardodaVinci

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Leonardo daVinci

Þ1452-1519ÞFamily estateÞVinci, near Empoli

ÞChildhood in Vinci

ÞGoes to FlorenceÞApprentice (1469) ÞStudio of Verrocchio

ÞCorporation of PaintersÞMember (1472)

ÞCompletes First Known DrawingÞ"La valle dell'Arno"Þ"The Arno Valley" (1473)

Personal Chronology

Personal ChronologyÞPaintingsÞ"Baptism of Christ" (1475)ÞPaints an angelÞVerrocchio'sÞ"The Annunciation" (1477)ÞPortrait of Ginevra de'Benci (1478)Þ"San Gerolamo" (1481)Þ"The Adoration of the Magi" (1481)Þ"Virgin of the Rocks" (1483-6)

Personal Chronology

ÞLeaves Florence for Milan (1482)ÞIn the service of Ludovico Sforza

ÞExplores Human Flight (1486)ÞManuscriptsÞAnatomical Drawings

Personal Chronology

ÞDesigns Flying Machine (1492)

ÞWorks on Giant Equestrian StatueÞFrancesco Sforza (1493)

Personal Chronology

ÞStudies Resistance of Arcades (1494)ÞVarious TypesÞPaintingsÞSecond "Virgin of the Rocks" (1494)Þ"The Last Supper" (1495)Þ"Madonna & Child with St. Anne"(1499)

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Personal Chronology

ÞMeets Luca PacioliÞMathematicianÞStudies Euclid (1496)

ÞLeaves Milan (1499)ÞReturns to FlorenceÞStops inÞMantuÞVenice (1500)

Personal Chronology

ÞTitled as a Military Engineer (1502)ÞCesare BorgiaÞDesigns War Machines (1502-3)ÞDraws Topographical Maps (1502-3)ÞDraws StudiesÞ"The Battle of Anghiari" (1503-6)

Personal Chronology

ÞPaints "Mona Lisa" (1504)ÞStudies Fluid ElementsÞWater, Air and Fire (1508)

ÞReturns to Milan (1508)ÞPaints "St. Anne" (1509)

Personal Chronology

ÞAnatomical Research (1510)ÞGoes to RomeÞSeeks Patronage of Pope Leo X (15613)

ÞConstructs Mechanical LionÞFrancis I, King of France (1515)

ÞPaints "Self-Portrait" (1515)

Personal ChronologyÞGoes to Court of Francis I, Amboise (1516)ÞDesigns a PalaceÞRomorantin (1517)

ÞDies in AmboiseÞMay 2, 1519.

da Vinci’s Weapons

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Siege DefensesÞ Idea for Pushing Away Enemy

Ladders When Defending a Fortress. Þ Ever BuiltÞNo Evidence

Siege DefensesÞRotating Poles Sweep Attackers off

the WallsÞMech. Workings ÞGrain Mill

War ScytheÞChariot with Rotating ScythesÞWreak Havoc Among Opposing Lines

ÞOften Did no Less Injury to Friends

Multi Barrel GunÞLeonardo's Equivalent of Machine GunÞGuns are Muzzle-Loading ÞLimited Fire Rate

da Vinci’s Flight

Flying Machine Wing Mechanism

ÞWing Mechanism of a Flying Machine.

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Flying Machine ArmatureÞArmature for Wing of Flying MachineÞTesting DeviceÞLifting Power of an Artificial Wing.

Helicopter

ÞTo be Built ofÞWoodÞReeds &ÞTafetta

ÞSmall ModelÞPaperÞSpring Like Metal Shaft

daVinci’s Inventions

Sequins Making Device

Several illustrations of machines for making gold sequins for clothes.

Spring DeviceÞSystem for equalizing the release of a

spring.

Water Lifting Device

daVincidaVinci was involved in projects for was involved in projects for irrigation, drainage & digging canals.irrigation, drainage & digging canals.

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Nicholas Copernicus

Personal BackgroundÞ1473–1543ÞThorn (now Torum), PolandÞMerchants & Municipal OfficialsÞPolish AstronomerÞHigh Social ClassÞSolid EducationÞBest Universities

Personal Chronology

ÞStudied Liberal Arts (1491)ÞJagiellonian Univ.ÞStudied LawÞUniv. of CracowÞStudied MedicineÞUniv. of PaduaÞWhere Galileo taught a century laterÞDidn’t Complete Studies

Personal Chronology

ÞStudied Canon Law (1497)ÞUniv. of BolognaÞDoctorate, Univ. of Ferrara (1503)ÞNot unusual to get degree elsewhereÞLived with Mathematics Prof.ÞDomenico Maria de Novara

ÞLectured on AstronomyÞRome (1500)

Personal ChronologyÞDomenico Maria de NovaraÞStimulated Copernicus’s InterestsÞGeographical & Astronomical

ÞCritic of Astronomer PtolemyÞTogether Observed OccultationÞEclipse of the moonÞStar Aldebaran, 3/9/1497

Personal Chronology

ÞReturn to Poland (1503-1510)ÞUncle's Bishopric palaceÞLidzbark WarminskiÞAdministration of the DioceseÞConflict Against the Teutonic Knights

ÞPublished First BookÞLatin translation of letters on moralsÞ7th-century Byzantine writerÞTheophylactus of Simocatta.

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Personal Chronology

ÞBetween 1507 and 1515ÞCompleted Astronomical TreatiseÞKnown as the CommentariolusÞNot Published Till 19th CenturyÞPrinciples Heliocentric Astronomy.

Personal Chronology

ÞChurch Administrator (1512)ÞFrauenberg, East Prussia.ÞFinancial ResponsibilitiesÞNo Priestly Duties. ÞCommission on Calendar ReformÞ1515

Personal Chronology

ÞWrote a Treatise on MoneyÞ1517ÞDe Revolutionibus Orbium CoelestiumÞHis Major Work,ÞOn the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres

ÞFinished by 1530ÞFirst published by Lutheran printerÞNuremberg, Germany, 1543.

ÞEventually ReplacedÞCopernican Theory

ÞGeocentric UniverseÞEarthÞStationary and motionlessÞCenter of concentric,rotating spheres.

16th-Century Cosmology

ÞGeocentric UniverseÞSpheres Held Celestial BodiesÞThe moonÞMercuryÞVenusÞThe sun,ÞMarsÞJupiterÞSaturn

ÞFrom Earth Outward

16th-Century CosmologyÞGeocentric UniverseÞFinite outermost sphere ÞSo-called fixed starsÞSaid to wobble slowlyÞproduces precession of the equinoxes

ÞFlaws In The Geocentric UniverseÞApparent retrograde motionÞMars, Jupiter, and SaturnÞPlanet motion halts & reverses

16th-Century Cosmology

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16th-Century Cosmology

ÞHeliocentric TheoryÞFirst presented (1512 or earlier)Þ“Commentariolus”

ÞCompleted by 1530ÞPublished (1543)Þ“De revolutionibus orbium coelestium”

Copernican System

ÞHeliocentric TheoryÞSun is at restÞNear the center of the universe

ÞEarth spins on its axis once dailyÞRevolves annually around the sunÞPrecesses on its axisÞWobbles like a top

ÞPlanets also rotate

Copernican System Copernican System

ÞHeliocentric Theory ExplainsÞMotions of Sun & StarsÞRetrograde motion of some planets

ÞHeliocentric Theory RetainsÞSolid planet-bearing spheresÞFinite outermost sphere of fixed

stars was stationary

Copernican SystemÞTen Copernicans (1543 and 1600)ÞWorked outside the universitiesÞGalileo & Kepler

ÞDifferent reasons for supportÞMiddle positionÞDanish astronomer Tycho BraheÞThe earth remained at rest and all the

planets revolved around the sun as it revolved around the earth

Copernican System

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ÞGalileo’s Ecclesiastical trial (1633)ÞSuppression of Copernican TheoryÞSome Jesuit philosophersÞSecret followers of Copernicus

ÞOthersÞGeocentric-heliocentric system

ÞLate 17th centuryÞSystem of celestial mechanicsÞSir Isaac Newton

Copernican SystemGalileoGalilei (1564-1642)

“Here, a simple tube and two lenses had made a rod for beating the Aristotelian”

Ronan

Life - Childhood

ÞBorn in Pisa, Italy, Feb. 15, 1564ÞFather- Vincenzo GalileiÞMusician and MathematicianÞFormal EducationÞMonastery Santa Maria di VallombrosaÞInterestsÞMusic, mathematics, physics, philosophyÞMedical ÞUniversity of Pisa (1581)

Life - Adulthood

Þ1585 - Florence without a degreeÞMath ProfessorÞUniversity of Pisa (25 years old)ÞUniversity of Padua

Þ1604 - Studied AstronomyÞCelestial observations

Þ1609(33) - Galileo’s trialÞ1642 - Galileo’s death

Accomplishments in Terrestial Physics

Þ Founder of Modern Experimental Science

ÞMechanicalÞIsochronous motion of pendulumÞPendulum ClockÞMilitary CompassÞParabolic motion of a projectileÞStrength of materials

ÞInertiaÞLaid Foundation for Newton’s Law

of MotionÞLaw of Falling Bodies

ÞDynamicsÞStudied the phenomenon of heatÞThermometer

Accomplishments in Terrestial Physics

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ÞTelescope ImprovementsÞUpright-image telescopeÞGreatly improved the lenses for

better views (better focus)ÞEliminated chromatic aberration

problemÞFirst thirty-times magnification

telescopes

Accomplishments in the Field of Astronomy

Astronomical Observations

ÞCraters & mountains on the moonÞFour satellites of JupiterÞPhases of VenusÞRings of SaturnÞIndividual faint stars of Milky Way

Astronomical Conclusions

ÞMoon & Celestial bodiesÞNot perfect, smooth bodiesÞSubjected to change and decay

ÞCopernican TheoryÞMutable, Heliocentric UniverseÞTheory of Tides

BooksÞ“Starry Messenger”(1609)ÞHis celestial observations

Þ“The Assayer”(1623)ÞMechanics and comets

Þ“Dialogue Concerning The Two Chief World Systems”(1632)Þ“Discourses on Two New

Sciences”(1638)

Galileo’s Famous Trial

ÞCase of the century (1633)ÞTried by Roman Catholic Church

ÞRationalÞPublishing “Dialog on The Two Chief

World Systems”ÞDefended Copernican Theory of the

UniverseÞStrongly rejected well-accepted

Aristotelian Theory

ÞConsequencesÞCharged for heresy ÞProhibited form mentioning the

CopernicanismÞSentenced to life imprisonment

within his house @ 70 years oldÞBook was burned

Galileo’s Famous Trial

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Social & Scientific Influences

ÞMost important scientist in the 16th CenturyÞStarted the Age of ReasoningÞGreatly admired & inspiringÞHis courage for standing against a

wrong system of beliefs

ÞFather of the Space Age

Blaise Pascal1623 - 1662

ÞFather of Modern CalculatorsÞPascal’s works in

MathimaticsÞPascal’s works in

PhysicsÞPascal’s works in

Philosophy

Blaise Pascal1623 - 1662

ÞBorn at Clerment-Ferrand in June 19, 1623.ÞMother died when Pascal was three years old.ÞBrought up by two sisters: Gilberte, author of an

excellent biography on Pascal, and Jacqueline, who competed with Pascal as a child prodigy. ÞDied at the age of 39 in intense pain from cancer.Þ In one of his most famous books, he says: “If God

does not exist, one stands to lose nothing by believing in him anyway, whereas if he does exist, one stands to lose everything by not believing,” which is said to be his motto.

Blaise Pascal1623 - 1662

ÞFather of modern CalculatorsÞBuilt for Etienne

Pascal, his father a accountant for the King of FranceÞBuilt in 1639ÞProve to society

that human brain power can be artificially

Blaise Pascal1623 - 1662

ÞPascal’s Theorem which deals with conic sectionÞIn 1640, wrote Essay on

Conic SectionÞHelped laid down the

principles of the Theroy of Probability

Blaise Pascal1623 - 1662

ÞPascal’s Law: states that in a fluid at rest, the pressure on any surface exerts a force perpendicular to the surface and independent of the direction of orientation of the surface.ÞIn 1647, Pascal published New

Experiments Concerning the Void.

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William Harvey

ÞBorn in England, 1578ÞStudied at Univ. of

PaudaÞDiscovered

circulation of blood ÞDisputed Galen’s

theory on blood in bodyÞDied in 1657

Education

ÞSon of Governor Thomas HarveyÞAttended Kings School in at

FolkstoneÞStudied art and medicine at

Gonville and Caius CollegeÞAttained physician training at

Pauda, the leading European Medical School

Discovery ÞWas taught in school that blood flowed

from the head over the same route, and remained still in the bodyÞWilliam was very curious about the

function of tiny flaps in heart and other vesselsÞInvestigated by operating on many live

animalsÞPresented his theory that blood

circulates in the body like “a river with no end”

ÞSaid flap like structures were valves, prevented blood from flowing backwardsÞWrote about his views

in De motu cordisÞDisputed Galen’s

theory, who believed blood stood in body like the seaÞCriticized at first, but

views were proven

Other Accomplishments

ÞPublished all his theories in the heavily criticized Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibusÞWaited 13 years after discovery to

publish his works because they disputed Galen, no one had dared to dispute him beforeÞWas physician to both King James and

King Charles