REMP - 1 The Essence of REMP Jim Key Key Solutions, Inc. 2002 RETS/REMP Workshop.
REMP Sampling Strategy
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Transcript of REMP Sampling Strategy
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REMP Sampling Strategy
2004 RETS/REMP Workshop
Jim Key
Key Solutions, Inc.
www.keysolutionsinc.com
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Reasons for Radiological Environmental Monitoring
• Document Compliance with Regulations
• Verify Functioning of Effluent Controls
• Assess Impact of Releases
• Provide Timely Assessment of Accidental Releases
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Reasons for Radiological Environmental Monitoring
• Provide Information to Public
• Provide Documentation for Litigation Defense
• Identify Trends Related to Plant Releases
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Many Different Sources of Radiological Materials in the Environment
• Natural
• Power Production
• Industrial
• Military
• Medical
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REMP Program Must Be Able To Answer the Question…
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Who Made
the Release?
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REMP Monitoring Pathways
• Generally Focuses on Monitoring Pathways Likely to Generate the Highest Dose to Man
• Looks Only at Groups or Individuals Most Likely to Receive the Highest Dose
• May or May Not Be the Best Indicator of Environmental Impact
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REMP Guidance
• NRC– NUREGs 0472, 0473, 0475, 1301, 1302– Reg Guides 4.1, 4.8
• EPA– “Environmental Radioactivity Surveillance
Guide”, June 1972, ORP/SID 72-2.
• ANI
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Some Considerations for Sampling
• Air Particulate
• Liquid
• Shoreline and Sediment
• Vegetation
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Factors That Impact Representative Air Sampling
• Micrometeorological Conditions• Vegetation that Serves as a Sink• Shielding from Nearby Structures• Resuspension Caused by Human Activities
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Guidelines for Air Sampling
• EPA– “Network Design and Optimum Site Exposure Criteria
for Particulate Matter, “ EPA-450/4-87-009.www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/files/ambient/critera/reldocs
• ASTM– “Standard Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling
Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations,” ASTM D 5111-95, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1995.
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Guidelines for Air Sample Location
• Homogeneous Ground Cover
• Naturally Vegetated or Grass
• Open
• Level
• Slope No Greater Than 15%
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• 2-15 m Above Ground– As Near to Breathing Height as Possible
• Orient Towards Average Prevailing Wind
• Minimum 2 m Away Horizontally from Supporting Structures or Walls
Guidelines for Air Sample Location
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• Maintain Seasonal Vegetation at Site at Least 1 m Below Sampling Intake
• Minimum 20 m from Tree Drip Line
Guidelines for Air Sample Location
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• No Nearby Obstructions to Air Flow in Direction of Prevalent Wind From:– Buildings– Structures– Terrain
Guidelines for Air Sample Location
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• Want to Sample Particulates Transported into Area, Not Local Dust
• Avoid Areas of High Resuspension Potential – Within 40 m of Major Highways– Unpaved Roads– Construction Sites– Areas of Heavy Agricultural Use
Guidelines for Air Sample Location
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Liquid Sampling Considerations
• Control Sample Location Should Be Upstream Such That Facility Has No Influence on Sample Content
• Avoid Locations Where Current Reversal from Tidal Flow Could Contaminate Control Samples
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Liquid Sampling Considerations
• Primary Sample Should Be Located:– Near Discharge– But Outside of Turbulent Mixing Zone (Near
Field)– Rule of Thumb for Rivers:
• 10 x Stream Width to Allow for Mixing
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Liquid Sampling Considerations
• Liquid Releases Tend to be Periodic
• Grab Sampling of Questionable Value
• NUREGs Require Composite Samplers
• If Grab Sampling Performed, Need:– Date/Time of Sample– Plant Discharge Rate– Stream Flow Rate
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Shoreline Sediment Considerations
• NUREGs Require – Sample from Downstream Area with Existing
or Potential Recreational Value– Control Location Not Required, But Very Good
Idea
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Sediment Sampling
• Additional Locations Should Be Sampled to Determine Appropriateness of Routine Sample Sites
• Downstream Sample Should Be Taken Where Stream Flow is Greatest
• Samples Should Also Be taken in Areas that Favor Sedimentation
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Sedimentation Greatest At:
• Inner Bank of River
• Behind Dams
• River Widenings
• Freshwater/Saltwater Interfaces– Precipitation– Flocculation
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Sedimentation Samples
• Activity in Sediment Samples Do Not Necessarily Reflect Most Recent Release
• Only Top Layer or Most Recent Sediment Should Be Sampled
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Sediment Sampling Locations
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Leafy Vegetation Sampling
• Required to Sample “Broad Leaf Vegetation”– “Similar to Lettuce and Cabbage”– Turnips (leafy portion)– Spinach– Celery
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Broad Leaf Vegetation
• Well Defined Leaf Blades
• Relatively Wide in Outline – (Not Needle or Linear)
• Leaf Area Typically Greater than 1 Square Inch
http://biology.usgs.gov/fgdc.veg/standards/appendix3.htm
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Broad Leaf Vegetation
• Examples of Edible Broad Leaf Vegetation Where Leafy Portion is Consumed– Cabbage, Lettuce, Turnips (the leafy portion), Spinach,
Celery
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Edible Broad Leaf Vegetation
• Examples of Edible Broad Leaf Vegetation Where Leafy Portion is Not Consumed– Corn, Sugar Beet, Peas, Beans, Soybean, Potato,
Cucumber, Kohlrabi, Tomato, Zucchini, Pokeweed
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Leafy Vegetation SamplingWhat if Broad Leaf Unavailable?
• Reg Guide 4.8– “Nonedible Plants With Similar Characteristics
[Broad Leaf] May Be Substituted.”
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Non-Edible Broad Leaf Vegetation
• Examples of Nonedible Broad Leaf Vegetation– Tobacco, Fast Growing Ornamentals
– Avoid Slow Growing Plant Which Would Integrate Activity Over a Long Period
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Does Not Qualify for Sampling
• Why Not?
– Not Broad Leaf
– Not Typical Ingestion Pathway
– May Be Inhalation Pathway (Unless can Document “Did not inhale.”)
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Potential Problems • Regulatory Guidance
– Monitor Pathways With Highest Dose Potential to Man
– Monitor Populations With Highest Dose Potential
– Monitor Agricultural Food Pathways
• Problems– Ag Food Pathways Disappearing
– Some REMP Samples Difficult to Obtain
– Measurable Environmental Concentrations Exist in Media that We Do Not Routinely Monitor
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Time For A New Paradigm?
• Interveners– Monitor Other Pathways and Locations– C-14 (Europe)– Sr-90 (Tooth Fairy Project)– I-131 (Medical Sources)– Co-60/Cs-137/Am-241/etc. (Industrial Sources)
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Or Time For Paranoia?
• ANI– “While most releases to the environment are
below regulatory limits, discharging within regulatory limits does not preclude a claim.”
– “…litigation potential is increasing as reactor
years of operation are accumulating.”