SCRS/2007/034 Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 62(6): 1776-1787 (2008)

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REMOTE TRACKING DATA OF ALBATROSSES

AND PETRELS IN THE ICCAT AREA

BirdLife International 1

SUMMARY

This document summarises the remote tracking data held by the BirdLife International Global Procellariiform Tracking Database. Examples are given of the types of analysis that can be undertaken using the database and which may be useful in the ICCAT seabird assessment.

RÉSUMÉ

Le présent document récapitule les données de suivi à distance incluses dans la base de données mondiale de suivi des Procellariiformes de BirdLife International. Il donne des exemples sur les types d’analyses susceptibles d’être réalisées avec cette base de données, qui pourraient s’avérer utiles dans l’évaluation des oiseaux de mer de l’ICCAT.

RESUMEN

En este documento se resumen los datos de seguimiento remoto recopilados por la base de datos Global sobre seguimiento de Procellariiform de BirdLife International. Se presentan ejemplos de los tipos de análisis que pueden emprenderse utilizando la base de datos y que resultarían útiles para la evaluación de aves marinas de ICCAT.

KEYWORDS

Albatross, petrel, seabirds

1. Remote tracking data of albatrosses and petrels in the ICCAT area: data held in the BirdLife

International Global Procellariiform Tracking Database

Over 90% of existing albatross and petrel remote-tracking data have been submitted to the Global Procellariiform Tracking Database, representing 15 of the 17 southern hemisphere species of albatross, both species of giant-petrel, and white-chinned petrel, westland petrel and short-tailed shearwater. These data include satellite tracking (PTT) data, and geolocator (GLS) data. The number of tracks held for each species in the database is listed in Table 1. Further details of the data held for species whose distributions are known or expected to overlap with ICCAT longline fishing effort are given in Table 2. The foraging ranges and distributions of albatrosses and petrels vary depending on stage of the breeding season, sex and colony. For each species, overall breeding distribution is calculated by weighting each dataset by the number of individuals at sea for that particular combination of colony/breeding status/breeding stage/sex. Density distributions for each species are standardised to allow addition across species to create multi-species maps. Multi-species maps are calculated with all species weighted equally, to avoid domination of the maps by the few species with large populations. Details of the methods used for data validation and derivation of density distributions are given in BirdLife 2004 and summarised in SCRS/2007/030. Figures 1-3 give examples of the types of analysis that can be obtained from the tracking database, including the calculation of density distributions, assessment of the overlap with longline fishing effort, and, where data are sufficient, analysis of overlap by season, for example by year quarter. The database contains a greater proportion of breeding distribution data compared to non-breeding data (non-breeding data for only 8 species). Many gaps remain in our understanding of distributions during the non-breeding period, particularly for the distribution of juveniles and the distribution of adults during the non- 1 This paper was produced by BirdLife International on behalf of the Agreement for the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP).

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breeding period. Even with breeding distribution data, data are not available for all colonies of all species (Table 1), and in some cases sample sizes are small. Ideally, analysis would be based on at least 10-15 tracks for each breeding stage, and preferably each sex, before results would be considered to approach reliability, though the effect of sample size varies between species (BirdLife 2004). Distribution of albatrosses and petrels has also been identified as varying between years, though analysis suggests that while differences do exist, they are not as substantial as other factors, such as breeding stage (Weimerskirch et al. 1993; Prince et al. 1998; BirdLife 2004; Phillips et al., 2004). (Additional data from the Atlantic region that will soon be added to the database include non-breeding and juvenile wandering albatross from South Georgia, and non-breeding data from tristan albatross, and breeding and non-breeding distribution data for Atlantic yellow-nosed and sooty albatross from the Tristan da Cunha Islands). Acknowledgements This paper was produced for ACAP by Cleo Small and Frances Taylor of BirdLife International. The paper uses data from the BirdLife International Global Procellariiform Tracking Database. Thanks to the following data owners who gave permission for their data to be used in this paper: PTT Data Contributors: Wandering, Black-browed Albatross and White-chinned Petrel (Iles Crozet and Kerguelen): Henri Weimerskirch, Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, (CNRS UPR 1934), France

Black-browed, Grey-headed and Wandering Albatross, Southern and Northern Giant-petrel and White-chinned Petrel (South Georgia):

John Croxall, Richard Phillips, Jacob Gonzalez-Solis & Andy Wood, British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council

Black-browed and Grey-headed Albatross (Chile): Graham Robertson, Australian Antarctic Division Javier Arata, Universidad Austral de Chile

Wandering and Grey-headed Albatross (Marion Is): Deon Nel & Peter Ryan, Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Shy Albatross (Tasmania): Nigel Brothers, April Hedd, Rosemary Gales & Aleks Terauds, Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment (DPIWE), Tasmania

Northern Royal Albatross (New Zealand): C.J.R. Robertson, D.G. Nicholls & M.D. Murray.

Support from Ian Potter Foundation, WWF Australia, Department of Conservation New Zealand, David and Mike Bell, Isobel Burns, Sandra McGrouther

Tristan Albatross (Gough): Richard Cuthbert, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, UK; Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Southern Giant-petrel (Argentina): Flavio Quintana, Centro Nacional Patagonico, Argentina

Black-browed Albatross (Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas): Nic Huin, Falklands Conservation GLS Data Contributors: Black-browed Albatross (Chile): John Croxall & Janet Silk, British Antarctic Survey Javier Arata, Universidad Austral de Chile

Black-browed Albatross (Falkland Islands /Islas Malvinas): Nic Huin, Falklands Conservation; John Croxall, British Antarctic Survey

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Black-browed and Grey-headed Albatross and White-chinned Petrel (South Georgia): John Croxall, Richard Phillips, Janet Silk & Dirk Briggs, British Antarctic Survey References ACAP. Population size tables. Agreement for the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels.

ARATA, J., G. Robertson, J. Valencia, and K. Lawton. 2003. The Evangelistas Islets, Chile: a new breeding site for black-browed albatrosses. Polar Biology 26: 687-690.

BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL. 2004. Tracking Ocean Wanderers: the global distribution of albatrosses and petrels. Results from the Global Procellariiform Tracking Workshop, 1-5 September 2003, Gordon’s Bay, South Africa. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK: 100 pp.

BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL. 2006. Species factsheets. http://www.birdlife.org.

CUTHBERT, R.J., E.S. Sommer, P.G. Ryan, J. Cooper, and G. Hilton. 2004. Demography and conservation of the tristan albatross Diomedea [exulans] dabbenena. Biological Conservation 117(5): 471-481.

CUTHBERT, R.J. and E.S. Sommer. 2004. Population size and trends of four globally threatened seabirds at Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ornithology 32: 97-103.

GALES, R. 1998. Albatross populations: status and threats. Pp. 20-45 in G. Robertson and R. Gales, eds. Albatross Biology and Conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons.

HUIN, N. and T. Reid. 2005a. Census of the southern giant-petrel population of the Falkland Islands 2004/2005. Falklands Conservation.

HUIN, N. and T. Reid. 2005b. Falkland Islands Albatross and Enguin Census 2005. Falklands Conservation.

LAWTON, K., G. Robertson J. Valencia, B. Wienecke and R. Kirkwood. 2003. The status of black-browed albatrosses Thalassarche melanophrys at Diego de Almagro Island, Chile. Ibis 145: 502-505.

PATTERSON, D.L., E.J. Woehler, J.P. Croxall, J. Cooper, S. Poncet and W.R. Fraser. (in press) Breeding distribution and population status of the northern giant petrel Macronectes halli and southern giant petrel M. giganteus. Marine Ornithology.

PHILLIPS, R.A, J.R.D. Silk, B. Phalan, P. Catry, J.P. Croxall. 2004. Seasonal sexual segregation in two Thalassarche albatross species: competitive exclusion, reproductive role specialization or trophic niche divergence? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 271: 1283-1291.

PONCET, S., G. Robertson, R.A. Phillips, K. Lawton, B. Phalan, P.N. Trathan and J.P. Croxall. 2006. Status and distribution of wandering, black-browed and grey-headed albatrosses breeding at South Georgia. Polar Biology 29: 772-781.

PRINCE, P.A., J.P. Croxall, P.N. Trathan and A.G. Wood. 1998. The pelagic distribution of South Georgia albatrosses and their relationships with fisheries. In Robertson, G. & Gales, R. (Eds). Albatross Biology and Conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia, Surrey Beatty & Sons, pp. 137-167.

QUINTANA, F., G. Punta, S. Copello and P. Yoria. 2006. Population status and trends of southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) breeding in North Patagonia, Argentina. Polar Biology 30(1): 53-59.

REID, and P. Catry. 2006. The white-chinned petrel population of the Falkland Islands. Falklands Conservation.

ROBERTSON, G., J. Valencia and J. Arata. 2003. Summary report on the status of black-browed and grey-headed albatrosses breeding in Chile. CCAMLR Report.

ROWLANDS, B.W. and G. Hilton. 2004. Important Bird Areas on Tristan da Cunha, including Gough Island. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.

RYAN, P.G. and C. Dorse. The conservation status of the spectacled petrel Procellaria conspicillata. Unpublished manuscript.

RYAN, P.G., J. Cooper and J.P. Glass. 2001. Population status, breeding biology and conservation of the tristan albatross Diomedea [exulans] dabbenena. Bird Conservation International 11: 35-48.

TAYLOR, G.A. 2000. Action plan for seabird conservation in New Zealand, Part A: Threatened seabirds. Wellington: Department of Conservation (Threatened Species Occasional Publication 16).

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TERAUDS, A., R. Gales and R. Alderman. 2005. Trends in numbers and survival of black-browed (T. melanophrys) and grey-headed (T. chrysostoma) albatrosses breeding on Macquarie Island. Emu 105(2): 159-167.

TERAUDS, A., R. Gales, B. Baker and R. Alderman. 2006. Population and survival trends of wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) breeding on Macquarie Island. Emu 106(3): 211-218.

TICKELL, L. 2000. Albatrosses. Pica Press, Sussex U.K.

TUCK, G.N., P. Polacheck and C.M. Bulman. 2003. Spatiotemporal trends of longline fishing effort in the southern ocean and implications for seabird bycatch. Biological Conservation 114: 1-27.

WOEHLER, E.J., H.J. Auman and M.J. Riddle. 2002. Long-term population increase of black-browed albatross Thalassarche melanophrys at Heard Island, 1947/1948-2000/2001. Polar Biology. 25: 921-927.

WEIMERSKIRCH, H., M. Salamolard, F. Sarrazin, P. Jouventin. 1993. Foraging strategy of wandering albatrosses through the breeding season: A study using satellite telemetry. Auk 110: 325-342.

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Table 1. Number of tracks held in the BirdLife Global Procellariiform Tracking Database for southern hemisphere Procellariiform species. Adults Unknown age Species Site Breeding Non-breeding

Juveniles/ immatures non-breeding

Non-breeding total

Amsterdam albatross Ile Amsterdam 15

Auckland Islands 3 2 2

Antipodes Islands 13 13

Unknown 1 1

Antipodean albatross

Total 3 16 16Chile 165 Falkland Islands 198 1 1Iles Kerguelen 26 Macquarie Island 7

South Georgia 365 3 3

Black-browed albatross

Total 761 4 4Solander Islands 49 8 129 137Snares Islands 180 24 73 97Buller's albatross Total 229 32 73 129 234

Campbell albatross Campbell Island 10 Chatham albatross Chatham Islands 16 17 2 19

Chile 67 1 1Campbell Island 5 Macquarie Island 9

Prince Edward Islands 6

South Georgia 299 4 4

Grey-headed albatross

Total 386 5 5Macquarie Island 10

South Georgia 42 Light-mantled albatross

Total 52 Chatham Islands 28 15 15Taiaroa Head 3 2 14 16Northern Royal

albatross Total 31 17 14 31

Southern Royal albatross Campbell Island 7

Shy albatross Tasmania 64 5 3 8Sooty albatross Iles Crozet 26 Tristan albatross Gough Island 128

Iles Crozet 204 1 1Iles Kerguelen 11 Prince Edward Islands 20 3 3

South Georgia 207 4 4Unknown 5 5

Wandering albatross

Total 442 13 13Indian Yellow-nosed albatross Ile Amsterdam 34

Northern giant-petrel South Georgia 18 Argentina 16 South Georgia 11 Southern giant-petrel Total 27

Westland petrel Punakaiki 20 Iles Crozet 16 South Georgia 23 White-chinned petrel Total 39

Short-tailed shearwater Australia 4 TOTAL 2587 134 92 139 365

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Table 2. Data available in the BirdLife International Global Procellariiform Tracking Database in relation to populations of albatrosses, giant petrels and petrels either breeding within the ICCAT region or expected to be found within the ICCAT region. Abbreviations are as follows: Age – (A)dult, (J)uvenile; Sex – (M)ale, (F)emale; Range – (R)esident, (M)igratory; Status – (B)reeding, (N)on-breeding; Stage – (I)ncubation, (B)rood, (G)uard, (P)ost-guard, (F)ailed; Quarter – (1) Jan-Mar, (2) Apr-Jun, (3) Jul-Sep, (4) Oct-Dec.

Age Sex Range Status Stage Quarter Year Colony # of

tracks Contributor A J M F R M B N I B G P F 1 2 3 4 Start End

% global population Population references

Albatrosses Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross Gough Island 15% Cuthbert & Sommer (2004) Tristan da Cunha Islands 85%

Inaccessible Island 3% Rowlands & Hilton (2004) Nightingale Island 15% Rowlands & Hilton (2004) Tristan Island 67% Rowlands & Hilton (2004)

Black-browed albatross

ACAP, Gales (1998), Terauds et al. (2005), Tickell (2000), Woehler et al. (2002)

Chile 20% Isla Diego de Almagro 13 2001 2001 3% Lawton et al. (2003) Islas Diego Ramίrez 126 1997 2002 9% Robertson et al. (2003) Islas Ildefonso 26

G Robertson, J Arata

2001 2001 8% Robertson et al. (2003) Islotes Evangelistas 1% Arata et al. (2003)

Falkland Islands 199 N Huin 1998 2000 66% Huin & Reid (2005b) Iles Crozet 0% Gales (1998) Iles Kerguelen 1% Gales (1998) South Georgia 368 BAS 1993 2002 12% Poncet et al. (2006)

Grey-headed albatross Gales (1998), Terauds et al. (2005)

Chile 18% Islas Diego Ramίrez 67 1997 2002 18% Robertson et al. (2003) Islas Ildefonso 1

G Robertson, J Arata 2001 2001 0% Robertson et al. (2003)

Iles Crozet 7% Gales (1998) Iles Kerguelen 9% Gales (1998) Prince Edward Islands 6 D Nel 1997 1998 7% ACAP South Georgia 303 BAS 1991 2003 53% Poncet et al. (2006)

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Age Sex Range Status Stage Quarter Year Colony # of

tracks Contributor A J M F R M B N I B G P F 1 2 3 4 Start End

% global population Population references

Indian yellow-nosed albatross Gales (1998) Iles Crozet 13% Gales (1998) Iles Kerguelen 0% Gales (1998) Prince Edward Islands 14% ACAP Light-mantled albatross ACAP, Gales (1998) Iles Crozet 12% Gales (1998) Iles Kerguelen 20% Gales (1998) Prince Edward Islands 3% ACAP South Georgia 42 BAS 2003 2003 25% ACAP Northern royal albatross New Zealand 100%

Chatham Islands 6 1996 1998 99% Gales (1998) Taiaroa Head 3

C Robertson, D Nicholls 1998 1998 1% ACAP

Sooty albatross Gales (1998) Gough Island 41% Cuthbert & Sommer (2004) Iles Crozet 18% Gales (1998) Iles Kerguelen 0% Gales (1998) Prince Edward Islands 14% ACAP Tristan da Cunha Islands 24%

Inaccessible Island 2% Rowlands & Hilton (2004) Nightingale Island 2% Rowlands & Hilton (2004) Tristan Island 20% Rowlands & Hilton (2004)

Tristan albatross Gough Island 128 R Cuthbert 2001 2001 100% Cuthbert et al. (2004) Tristan da Cunha Islands 0% Ryan et al. (2001) Wandering albatross Terauds et al. (2006)

Iles Crozet 204 H Weimerskirch 1989 2001 26% Gales (1998)

Iles Kerguelen 14% Prince Edward Islands 22 D Nel 1997 1998 40% ACAP

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Age Sex Range Status Stage Quarter Year Colony # of

tracks Contributor A J M F R M B N I B G P F 1 2 3 4 Start End

% global population Population references

South Georgia 211 BAS 1990 2002 20% Poncet et al. (2006) Unknown provenance 3 D Nicholls 1992 1992 Giant petrels Northern giant petrel ACAP Iles Crozet 10% Patterson et al. (in press) Iles Kerguelen 13% Patterson et al. (in press) Prince Edward Islands 4% ACAP South Georgia 18 BAS 1998 1998 39% Patterson et al. (in press) Southern giant petrel ACAP Antartica 25%

Antarctic Continent 1% Patterson et al. (in press) Peninsula & South Shetland Islands 14% Patterson et al. (in press) South Orkney Islands 7% Patterson et al. (in press) South Sandwich Islands 3% Patterson et al. (in press)

Argentina 5% Isla Arce 7 F Quintana 2001 2005 1% Quintana et al. (2006) Isla de los Estados 0% Patterson et al. (in press) Isla Gran Robredo 12 F Quintana 1999 2006 4% Quintana et al. (2006) Isla Observatorio 7 F Quintana 2004 2004 0% Patterson et al. (in press)

Chile 1% Isla Noir 0% Patterson et al. (in press) Islas Diego Ramίrez 0% Patterson et al. (in press)

Falkland Islands 42% Huin & Reid (2005a) Gough Island 0% Cuthbert & Sommer (2004) Iles Crozet 2% Patterson et al. (in press) Iles Kerguelen 0% Patterson et al. (in press) Prince Edward Islands 4% ACAP South Georgia 11 BAS 1998 1999 10% Patterson et al. (in press)

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Petrels Spectacled petrel Tristan da Cunha Islands 100%

Inaccessible Island 100% Ryan & Dorse (unpubl)

White-chinned petrel BirdLife International (2006)

Falkland Islands 0% Reid & Catry (2006)

Iles Crozet 16 H Weimerskirch 1996 1997 1% Gales (1998)

Iles Kerguelen 4% Gales (1998) Prince Edward Islands South Georgia 23 BAS 1996 1998 40% ACAP

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Figure 1. Utilisation distributions for breeding southern giant-petrels tracked from South Georgia and two Argentinean islands and their overlap with ICCAT.

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Figure 2. Utilisation distributions for wandering albatrosses tracked from South Georgia during each quarter (top left: Jan-Mar, top right: Apr-Jun, bottom left: Jul-Sep, bottom right: Oct-Dec) and their overlap with ICCAT.

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Figure 3. Utilisation distributions for breeding Tristan albatrosses tracked from Gough Island and their overlap with fishing effort in the south Atlantic (from 1990-1998, taken from Tuck et al. (2003)) and ICCAT.