Remote Sensing of Ocean Dynamics. - Home - Earth Online...– Remote Sensing of the ocean is...
Transcript of Remote Sensing of Ocean Dynamics. - Home - Earth Online...– Remote Sensing of the ocean is...
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Remote Sensing of Ocean Dynamics.
Detlef StammerInstitut für Meereskunde
Universität Hamburg.
2nd ENVISAT Summer School:Earth System Monitoring and Modelling
August 2004
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Environmental Information from Envisat
Currents, bathymetry, ice
SST, topography, colour
Land cover & vegetation
Topography & Motion
Atmospheric profiles
Industrial Emissions
Stratospheric Ozone
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Remote Sensing of the Ocean
– Variables:– SSH, SST, Color, Ice, Wind, Waveheight.– Systems:– Passive: VIS, IR, Mikrowave.– Aktiv: ALT,SCAT, SAR
– Ocean remote sensing is hindert through clouds and other atmospheric influence. Microwave is therefore the preferred Frequency.
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Mikrowave Remote Sensing:
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Background
– Ocean is part if the Earth system:Cryosphere – atmosphere – hydrosphere – biosphere – lithosphere.
– Ocean plays a big part in storing and transporting heat, freshwater, CO2, ...
– Important for transporting heat meridionally and releasing it in mid and high latitudes.
– Its external forcing arises from interactions with the atmosphere, crosphere and lithosphere.
– Remote Sensing of the ocean is necessary because of its small space and time scales, its extent and its rough conditions in some parts of the world.
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Measurements:SSHSWHsigma_0/Wind speed
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Satellite Altimetry
• Measures SSH rel. to reference frame.• Global coverage every 10 days (JASON)• SSH – geoid leads to dynamic topography.• High accuracy for time-varying component.• Measures also wind, waves.
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Applications
• More than 1400 papers; • Fu and Cazenave book with subjects on ocean,
geodesy, bottom topography, etc.• Eddies, eddy mixing, dynamics in the ocean.• Rossby waves, interannual variability.• Tides, internal tides (HOME).• Large-scale changes; ENSO, NAO, wind forcing.• Global sea level rise.
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Altimetric Correction Terms
IonosphereMass of atmosphereWater vaporEm-biasTides (ocean, land, pole)IBGeoidOrbit
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Ocean signal: oder 30 cm!
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Earyh Gravity Field
Temporal changes point toward changes in ground water and mass in the ocean.
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Impact of Hurricanes:
Wave Height
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Altimetrie
(More than 1800 pubs.)
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SSH Variance, 9yrs.
Cm^2
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Eddy Variability
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Changes in Eddy Variability
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Fractional changes in short-period SSH and Vel. Energy.
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Wind
KE Variance
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TOPEX SSH Drift 1993 – 2002
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Global Sea Level Rise:
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Secular decrease of the EarthSecular decrease of the Earth ’s flattening (J’s flattening (J22))
From Cox and Chao, From Cox and Chao, 20022002
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Where to go from here:
• Preserve longest time series in oceanography.• Merging observations (data assimilation).• Regional and global sea level change.• Rebound, glacial melting.• Applications: near-realtime ocean predictions.• Operational oceanography: JASON and ARGO,
new ESA mission.• New opportunities: velocity sensing (wide-
swath).
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GRACE: Gravity Change
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Determine Earth’s gravity field and its geoid (equipotential surface for a hypothetical ocean at rest):
high accuracy (1 mgal and 1 cm) fine spatial resolution (~ 100 km)
Studies in:Solid Earth Physics - anomalous density structure of lithosphere and upper mantleOceanography - dynamic ocean topography and absolute ocean circulationIce Sheet Dynamics - ice sheet mass balanceGeodesy - unified height systemsSea Level change
GOCE und GRACE
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Determining Geostrophic VelocitiesWide-swath altimeter on JASON-2
Wittex-Nadir
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Determining Geostrophic Velocities
SSH gradients can be determined simultaneously in two directions from which the geostrophic surface flow field follows.
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Sea Surface Temperature
End August 2002
Libya
Crete
End August 2003: 3 degrees warmer
Crete
Libya
AATSR
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Sea Surface Temperature(October 2002)
AATSR
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Cloud Coverage:
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Surface Temperature from MW:
L
SS
T [°
C]
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Surface Temperature from Microwave:
L ?? SSTSST(AMSR)
SST (AMSR)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
SS
T [°
C]
LS
ST
[10-
5K
/m]
5
4
3
2
1
0
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Windstress Messungen:
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© ESA 2003
Cloud vortexesCanary Islands
26 May 2003
MERIS
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Hurricane Isidore (September 2002)
MERISASAR
Yucatan (Mexico)
Cuba
Cancun
ASAR
MERIS
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MERIS Full ResolutionGreat Barrier Reef
Australia – Sept. 2003
MERIS
MERIS Full ResolutionWhere is it ?
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© ESA 2003
Phytoplankton bloomBrittany (France)
15 June 2003
MERIS
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Mouths of the GangaIndia - Bangladesh
Nov. 2003
MERIS
Calcutta
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© ESA 2003
River discharge Yangtze mouth (China)March 2003
Shanghai
MERIS
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SEA LEVEL TRENDS measured by SEA LEVEL TRENDS measured by TOPEX/POSEIDON (1993TOPEX/POSEIDON (1993--2001)2001)
Trends in mm/year
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Delayed Doppler Altimeter(Includes WV Radiometer)
Swath Width:Spatial Resolution:Frequency:
Antenna Size:EDRs Met T/O:
Delayed Doppler AltimeterInstrument Type:
Mass:Peak Power:Peak Data Rate:
Technology Issues:
Configuration Issues:
Areas for further study:
35 kg50 watts20 Kbps
3km7 km along track13.28 GHz &13.575 GHz5.3 GHz1.2m
JASON II Like AltimeterWith Doppler Processing
None
None
Doppler Processing Algorithms
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Satellite Altimetry
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Large-scale Sea Level Changes:
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Wide Swath Altimeter
Swath Width:Spatial Resolution:Frequency:
Antenna Size:
EDRs Met T/O:
Instrument Type: 200 km14km x 14km13.28 GHz &13.575 GHz5.3 GHz2-2.5mx0.5m7m apart2/1
Mass:Peak Power:Peak Data Rate:
Technology Issues:
Configuration Issues:
Areas for further study:
80 kg370 watts45 Kbps
None
7 meter boom deployment and stiffness and antennapanel deployments at both ends of the boom
Spacecraft stability requirements
Wide Swath Altimeter
Delayed Doppler Antenna
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