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Taeaedarkbn Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m mb` Fks

eassmna to tfa [outf oi Kb`km

@r. Kembhmcymb Cmfkrk@apmrteabt oi Kbtarbmtkobmc Tacmtkobs

Lm`mvpur Qbkvarskty

Hochmtm, Kb`km

Pfa kbicuabga oi Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m ob tfa Kb`kmb Bmtkobmckst Eovaeabt ks wacc

hbowb. Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m wms bot obcy m vkskobmry or m eobh dut m bmtkobmckst mb` m

raiorear pmr axgaccabga.Ior savarmc `agm`as tfa fkstory oi tfa Drktksf Kb`km fms daab m

fkstory oi `kstortkob, `astrugtkob mb` nross ekskbtarpratmtkob oi tfa k`ams mb` k`amcs oi

Kb`kmb tfounft mb` guctura.Kb`kmb racknkobs wara drmb`a` ms passkekstkg mb` otfar worc`cy

mb` kt wms tfounft tfmt ior Fkb`us tfa worc` wms `acuskob mb` m sbmra mb` tfaraiora tfara

wms bo lustkikgmtkob ior keprovkbn kt. Iurtfar `urkbn tfks parko` tfa Cmw oi Hmrem wms

tramta` ms imtmckstkg kb gfmrmgtar mb` tfara wms bot tfa camst gfmbga oi keprovaeabt kb

gfmrmgtar mb` tfa surroub`kbns oi tfa kb`kvk`umcs , skbga avarytfkbn wms iora-or`mkba`. Kt

ks mnmkbst sugf dmgh`rop tfmt wa fmva to mggass tfa gobtrkdutkobs oi Wwmek

Ykvahmbmb`m.=  Wwmek‛s hbowca`na oi Kb`km dmsa` ob fks ikrst-fmb` axparkabgas wms

mgqukra` `urkbn fks wmb`arkbns tfrounfout tfa goubtry. Fks pkcnrkemnas trmbsiorea` fke.

Fa dagmea m trua covar oi fuembkty mb` dagmea ab`owa` wktf tfa qumckty oi

smrvmdfutmfkta rmtmf (dakbn `avota` to tfa wacimra oi mcc dakbns).

Pfa imccout oi tfa Kb`kmb Eutkby oi =61> mb` tfa gobsaquabt pmttarbs oi rmgkmc suparkorkty

wfkgf tfa Drktksf `aeobstrmta` kb Kb`km ms rucars rasucta` bot obcy kb rasabteabt mnmkbst

tfa Drktksf dut m grktkgmc avmcumtkob oi Kb`km‛s wortf mb` sabsa oi k`abtkty. Mt tfks tkea

racknkous cam`ars ckha Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m iact tfmt Kb`km wouc` da nkvab raspagt `ua to kt

ms m goubtry mb` gkvkckzmtkob obcy ki kt mssarta` tfa rkgfbass, tfa pfkcosopfkgmc `aptf mb`

tfa `kvarsktkas oi kts fkstory mb` gkvkckzmtkob. Mt tfks tkea Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m

aepfmskza` tfa baa` to raiore Kb`kmb Gkvkc Wogkaty ob tfa dmsks oi m ra`ksgovary oi

Kb`km‛s fkstorkmc trm`ktkobs mb` vmcua systaes. Fa gobgcu`a` tfmt Kb`km fm` m eassmna to

= Ior `atmkcs raiar< Dfmkym Wudfms Gfmb`rm Zrmsm`, Pfa Wogko-Zocktkgmc Zfkcosopfy oi Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m,

@kssartmtkob.goe, =;;;

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nkva to tfa worc` mt cmrna kb tares oi tfa tamgfkbns oi Kb`kmb racknkobs, ms mcso m eormc

irmeaworh ior m worc` or`ar. Kb fks drkai spmb oi tfkrty-bkba yamrs, fa kepmrta` m `ybmekg

kepucsa oi saci gobik`abga mb` gramtkvkty to Kb`km kb `amckbn wktf tfa axtarbmc worc`. Fa

 dagmea m `ksgkpca oi Wrk Tmemhrksfbm Zmremfmbsfm, tfa nramt bkbataabtf gabtury smkbt oi

Dabnmc, dut soob m``a` m sogko-gucturmc eksskob to tfa prkstkba spkrktumckty kepmrta` to

fke dy fks nuru. Ykvahmbmb`m `aikba` tfa odlagtkva oi fks ckia ms tfmt oi strabntfabkbn tfa

ckvas oi tfa Kb`kmb paopca, dotf eormc mb` pfyskgmc, so tfmt tfay gouc` `atarekba tfakr

owb iutura. Fa wms kbicuabga` dy Wrk Tmemhrksfbm, tfa smkbt oi @mhsfkbaswmr, wfo fm` m

 proioub` kbicuabga ob fks gobtaepormrkas wfo wara gobsk`ara` tfa dukc`ars oi eo`arb

Kb`km. Wrk Tmemhrksfbm‛s spkrktumc `aptf mb` powar oi tamgfkbns keprassa` kbtaccagtumc

nkmbts sugf ms Irka`arkgf Emx Eóccar. Kb Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m‛s astkemtkob, fks Emstar

iuccy fmreobkza` tfa kbtaccagtumc, aeotkobmc, atfkgmc mb` spkrktumc acaeabts oi m fuemb

 dakbn mb` wms tfa roca eo`ac ior tfa iutura.4 

Pfa fknf pokbt oi Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m‛s  gobtrkdutkob kb sfmpkbn Kb`km‛s mttktu`as

towmr`s otfar goubtrkas mb` sogkatkas gmea wfab fa pmrtkgkpmta` kb tfa ^orc` Zmrckmeabt

oi Tacknkobs fac` kb Gfkgmno kb =6;7. Fks emkb spaagf mt tfks gobiarabga wms so `avok`

oi tfaocony, `onemtkse or racknkous rknk`ktkas tfmt kt wms gobsk`ara` tfa eost ubkqua

spaagf nkvab dy mby `acanmta kb tfa gobiarabga. Fa mttrmgta` gobsk`armdca mttabtkob kb tfa

Qbkta` Wtmtas, wfkgf uctkemtacy ca` to fks opabkbn drmbgfas oi Temhrksfbm Eksskob kb

`kiiarabt pmrts oi tfmt goubtry-parfmps tfa ikrst kbstktutkobmc raprasabtmtkob oi

gobtaepormry Kb`km kb m ioraknb goubtry kb tfa bkbataabtf gabtury. Fks eassmna dotf to

Kb`kmbs mb` ioraknb mu`kabgas fa m``rassa` wms tfmt tfounf Kb`km eknft bot da ekcktmrkcy

strobn or pocktkgmccy iraa, kt fm` m spagkmc kb` kbicuabtkmc roca to pcmy kb tfa gramtkob oi m

worc` or`ar dmsa` ob m eormc irmea worh. Oba gouc` parfmps mttrkduta fke tfa

ub`argurrabts oi m eksskobmry zamc mb` mb kbgckbmtkob to sfow tfa pmtf to tfa rast oi tfa

worc`, wfkgf gfmrmgtarkza` Kb`kmb Ioraknb Zockgy kb tfa two or tfraa `agm`as mitar

kb`apab`abga.7  Kt emy bot da out oi pcmga to eabtkob tfmt kb m spaagf em`a kb =;;7,

Ia`arkgo Emyor, @kragtor-Nabarmc oi QBAWGO, stmta`<

4 Wwmek Zrmvmbmb`m, Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m, Zrospagts, voc. VVVKKK, bo. 4, Luba 4::7pp.477-471.7 Ior `atmkcs saa< L.B.@kxkt, Emhar‛s oi Kb`km‛s Ioraknb Zockgy<Tmeeofub to [mswmbt Wkbfm, Fmrpar

Gocckbs, Baw @acfk, 4::0, p. 7:-74.

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K me kb`aa` strugh dy tfa skekcmrkty oi tfa gobstktutkob oi tfa Tmemhrksfbm

Eksskob wfkgf Ykvahmbmb`m astmdcksfa` ms amrcy ms =6;> wktf tfmt oi QBAWGO

`rmwb up kb =;01. Dotf pcmga tfa fuemb dakbn mt tfa gabtra oi tfakr aiiorts

mkea` mt `avacopeabt. Dotf pcmga tocarmbga mt tfa top oi tfa mnab`m ior dukc`kbn

 pamga mb` `aeogrmgy. Dotf ragonbkza tfa vmrkaty oi fuemb gucturas mb`

sogkatkas ms mb assabtkmc mspagt oi tfa goeeob farktmna.0 

.Kb otfar wor`s Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m raprasabta` m eusgucmr drmb` oi Fkb`ukse tfmt

sounft to eaat tfa gfmccabna oi tfa ^ast dy dramhkbn `owb gmsta dmrrkars mb`

gobsock`mtkbn tfa goeeubkty ms oba.1 Ykvahmbmb`m iact tfmt Fkb`ukse sfouc` da rmtkobmc,

bob-eytfkgmc, mb` mgtkvkst, aspagkmccy kb tfa mram oi sogkmc sarvkga. Ob oggmskob,

Ykvahmbmb`m mcso aspousa` wfmt wa eknft gmcc avocutkobmry ubkvarsmckse- tfmt mcc

racknkobs mra trua, dut tfmt tfay mra avocvkbn towmr`s m suparkor iore. ^a saa tfks

mppromgf to`my kb soea iores oi ckdarmc Gfrkstkmbkty. Kb m raport ob tfa Zmrckmeabt oi

Tacknkobs fac` kb =6;7 mt Gfkgmno tfa Farmc` raporta` tfmt< Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m smk`,

–Mcc wor`s spohab mt tfks pmrckmeabt goea to tfa goeeob gobgcuskob tfmt tfa

 drotfarfoo` oi emb ks tfa eugf-to-da-`askra` ab`.―9 Pfus, kb otfar wor`s Ykvahmbmb`m

 propmnmta` tfa k`am oi Eormc Qbkvarsmckse kb tfa =;tf  gabtury worc`. Fks k`am ks vary

eugf kb tfa mnab`m oi worc` pocktkgs kb tfa ragabt yamrs. Qbkt a` Bmtkob‛s Qbkvarsmc

 @agcmrmtkob oi Fuemb Tknfts  ks mb axmepca oi eormc ubkvarsmckse kb prmgtkga. K`amccy,

eormc ubkvarsmckse  ks oba sugf pfkcosopfkgmc mrnueabt wfkgf oiiars m worc` tfmt wkcc

fmva bo eormc `ksmnraaeabts `ua to tfa imgt tfmt goccagtkvacy avaryoba tfkbhs kb tfa smea

wmy mb` embbar mdout eormcs kb nabarmc. Pfa mrnueabt emy cooh k`amckstkg, dut

bavartfacass m pura sogkaty dmsa` ob eormc ubkvarsmckse wouc` suracy upfoc` tfosa

vmcuas.>  Kb otfar wor`s eormc ubkvarsmckse ks tfa eatm-atfkgmc sktumtkob tfmt rasaedcas

soea mspagts oi atfkgs wfkgf mppckas ubkvarsmccy, tfmt ks to mcc paopca ranmr`cass oi

guctura, rmga, sax, racknkob, bmtkobmckty, saxumckty, or otfar `kstkbnuksfkbn iamtura.6  Pfks

0 Wpaagf dy Ia`arkgo Emyor, @kragtor-Nabarmc oi QBAWGO, ob tfa oggmskob oi tfa Axfkdktkob mb` Waekbmr

kb Goeeaeormtkob oi tfa Gabtabmry oi Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m‛s Mppamrmbga mt tfa Zmrckmeabt oi Tacknkobs,

Gfkgmno, =6;7, nkvab mt QBAWGO Fam`qumrtars, 6 Ogtodar =;;7.1 Tmemgfmb`rm Nufm, Emhars oi Eo arb Kb`km, Zabnukb, Baw @acfk, 4:=:, p. =79 Taport oi m cagtura kb tfa Gfkgmno Wub`my Farmc` , Waptaedar 40, =6;7>  Pfoems ^. Zonna,  Zocktkgs, Zfkcosopfy & Agoboekgs, Yoc. =, Bo. =, Gocuedkm Qbkvarskty,

QWM,4::4,pp.4;-166  Kdk`. 

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wms propmnmta` dy Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m, pmrtkgucmrcy kb tfa Zmrckmeabt oi Tacknkobs. Kb

fks owb wor`s<

 Bavar iornat tfa ncory oi Fuemb Bmtura! ^a mra tfa nramtast No`……Gfrkst

mb` Du``fm mra dut wmvas ob tfa doub`cass ogamb wfkgf K ME!; 

Ykvahmbmb`m‛s tour oi tfa Qbkta` Wtmtas mcso fm` m ravktmckzkbn aiiagt ob Kb`km.

Zravkouscy, tfosa wfo fm` noba to tfa ^ast iroe Kb`km wara iucc oi mpoconkas ior tfa

stmta oi tfakr goubtry. Fa wms bot. Fa mcwmys spoha mdout fks goubtry wktf prk`a mb`

raspagt. Pfus, fks worh kb tfa ^ast kbstkcca` saci-raspagt mb` saci-gobik`abga kb tfa Kb`kmb

 psygfa mb` facpa` Kb`km kb kts samrgf ior k`abtkty. Kt mcso facpa` to ovargoea tfa

staraotypas mb` `aap-roota` pralu`kgas mdout Kb`km kb ^astarbars‛ ekb`s. raicagtkbn upob

Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m's vkskt to Mearkgm, Wrk Murodkb`o odsarva`< "Kt wms tfa ikrst vkskdca

sknb tfmt Kb`km wms mwmha, mb` sfa wms mwmha bot obcy to survkva dut mcso to gobquar."=: 

Kb Mearkgm Ykvahmbmb`m's eksskob wms tfa kbtarpratmtkob oi Kb`km's spkrktumc guctura,

spagkmccy kb kts Ya`mbtkg sattkbn. Fa mcso trka` to abrkgf tfa racknkous gobsgkousbass oi tfa

Mearkgmbs tfrounf tfa rmtkobmc mb` fuembkstkg tamgfkbns oi tfa Ya`mbtm pfkcosopfy. Kb

Mearkgm fa dagmea Kb`km's spkrktumc medmssm`or mb` pcam`a` acoquabtcy ior dattar

ub`arstmb`kbn datwaab Kb`km mb` tfa Baw ^orc` kb or`ar to gramta m famctfy sybtfasks oi

Amst mb` ^ast, oi racknkob mb` sgkabga.==

  Pfa Wwmek's eksskob wms dotf bmtkobmc mb`

kbtarbmtkobmc. M covar oi embhkb`, fa strova to proeota pamga mb` fuemb drotfarfoo` ob

tfa spkrktumc ioub`mtkob oi tfa Ya`mbtkg Obabass oi axkstabga. M eystkg oi tfa fknfast

or`ar, Ykvahmbmb`m fm` m `kragt mb` kbtuktkva axparkabga oi Tamckty. Fa `arkva` fks k`ams

iroe tfmt ubimkckbn sourga oi wks`oe mb` oitab prasabta` tfae kb tfa souc-stkrrkbn

cmbnumna oi poatry. Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m wms m covar oi fuembkty. Emb ks tfa fknfast

embkiastmtkob oi No`, mb` tfks No` wms dakbn grugkika` kb `kiiarabt wmys kb tfa Amst mb`

tfa ^ast. Pfus fa fm` m `oudca eksskob to pariore kb Mearkgm. Fa wmbta` to odtmkb iroe

tfa Mearkgmbs eobay, sgkabtkikg hbowca`na, mb` tagfbkgmc facp ior tfa ranabarmtkob oi

tfa Kb`kmb emssas, mb`, kb turb, to nkva to tfa Mearkgmbs tfa hbowca`na oi tfa Atarbmc

; Ykvahmbmb`m kb Mearkgm, =6;1 gkta` kb Toemkb Toccmb`, Pfa Ckia oi Ykvahmbmb`m mb` tfa Qbkvarsmc

Nospac, M`vmktm Msfrmem, Hochmtm =;;4, p.x=: Ior `atmkcs vkskt< fttp<//ratfkbhkbnkscme-suctmbsfmfkb.dconspot.goe/4::;/:6/swmek-vkvahmbmb`m-mb`-srk-

murodkb`os.ftec (Lmneofmb, Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m Mb` Wrk Murodkb`o's Gobtrkdutkob Powmr`s

Tanabarmtkob oi Kb`km)==  Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m - M Dkonrmpfy dy Wwmek Bkhfkcmbmb`m mvmkcmdca mt<

ftp<//kdbckva.kb.goe/yuvm/dko.p`i

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Wpkrkt to ab`ow tfakr emtarkmc pronrass wktf sknbkikgmbga. Bo imcsa prk`a gouc` pravabt

fke iroe camrbkbn iroe Mearkgm tfa emby iamturas oi far sogkmc suparkorkty8 fa mcso

axforta` tfa Mearkgmbs bot to mccow rmgkmc mrronmbga to pravabt tfae iroe mggaptkbn tfa

nkit oi spkrktumckty iroe Kb`km. Pfrounf tfks pockgy oi mggaptmbga mb` eutumc raspagt fa

`ramet oi gramtkbn m famctfy fuemb sogkaty ior tfa uctkemta wacimra oi emb's do`y mb`

souc.

Ykvahmbmb`m wms mcwmys supporta` dy oba oi fks gcosa irkab`s Drmlab`rmbmtf Wamc. Kb

or`ar to ub`arstmb` tfa kbtrkgmgkas oi imktf mb` spkrktumc kbsknft dotf ram` tfa worhs oi

Lofb Wtumrt Ekcc, Munusta Goeta, Fardart Wpabgar mb` N.^.I. Fanac. Fa mt tfmt tkea

quastkoba` tfa vmck`kty oi suparstktkous gustoes mb` `ksgrkekbmtkob dmsa` ob gmsta mb`

racknkob. @urkbn tfks spkrktumc grksks, Ykvahmbmb`m ikrst famr` mdout Wrk Tmemhrksfbm iroe

^kcckme Fmstka, tfa Zrkbgkpmc oi tfa Wgottksf Gfurgf Goccana. Kb tfa wor`s oi

Drmlab`rmbmtf Wamc<

K wmtgfa` wktf kbtabsa kbtarast tfa trmbsioremtkob tfmt wabt ob ub`ar ey ayas.

Pfa mttktu`a oi m youbn mb` rmepmbt Ya`mbtkst-gue-Fanackmb-gue-

Tavocutkobmry ckha eysaci towmr`s tfa guct oi racknkous agstmsy mb` Hmck-

worsfkp, emy da amskcy kemnkba`8 mb` tfa spagtmgca oi m dorb kgobogcmst mb`

iraa-tfkbhar ckha Ykvahmbmb`m, m gramtkva mb` `oekbmtkbn kbtaccknabga, m tmear oi

soucs, fkesaci gmunft kb tfa easfas oi wfmt mppamra` to ea mb ubgoutf,

suparbmturmc eystkgkse, wms m rk``ca wfkgf ey pfkcosopfy oi tfa Zura Tamsob

gouc` sgmrgacy ram` mt tfa tkea. Dut Ykvahmbmb`m, "tfa cova` mb` cost" wms

cova`, mb` eourba`8 eost kb wfmt K gouc` bot dut tfab ranmr` ms fks `aiagtkob8

mb` kt wms parsobmc iaackbn, mitar mcc, tfa fmta` pmtfoconkgmc acaeabt oi

kb`kvk`umc praiarabga mb` kb`kvk`umc racmtkobsfkp, wfkgf eost kepacca` ea,

wfab mt cmst K wabt ob wfmt to m foea-haapkbn ragcusa ckha eysaci wms mb

m`vabturous lourbay to @mhsfkbaswmr, to saa mb` famr Ykvahmbmb`m's Emstar,

mb` spabt tfa nramtar pmrt oi m cobn sueear `my kb tfa sfm`y mb` pamgaiuc

socktu`a oi tfa Paepca-nmr`ab, raturbkbn ms tfa sub sat mek`st tfa wfkrc mb` rusf

mb` romr mb` tfa mwiuc ncooe oi m dckb`kbn tfub`ar-store, wktf m sabsa oi

 dawkc`areabt ms wacc eormc ms pfyskgmc, mb` m curhkbn pargaptkob oi tfa trutf

tfmt tfa emlasty oi Cmw or`ars tfa mppmrabtcy krranucmr mb` nrotasqua, tfmt tfara

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emy da saci emstary kb mppmrabt saci mckabmtkob, tfmt sabsa avab kb kts arrors ks

obcy kbgkpkabt Tamsob mb` tfmt imktf kb m Wmvkbn Zowar md axtrm ks dut tfa `ke

raicax oi mb orknkbmc mgt oi saci `atarekbmtkob. Mb` m sknbkikgmbt gobikremtkob oi

mcc tfks gmea kb tfa sudsaquabt ckia-fkstory8 oi Ykvahmbmb`m wfo, mitar fa fm`

ioub` tfa ikre mssurmbga fa sounft kb tfa smvkbn Nrmga mb` Zowar oi fks Emstar,

wabt mdout pramgfkbn mb` tamgfkbn tfa graa` oi tfa Qbkvarsmc Emb, mb` tfa

mdsocuta mb` kbmckabmdca sovaraknbty oi tfa Waci.=4

 

^ktf fks supard ormtorkgmc icmkr, fa m`vogmta` tfa spram` oi "emb-emhkbn" a`ugmtkob mb`

wms mb ubtkrkbn grusm`ar oi purkty oi ckia mb` gfmrmgtar. Toemkb Toccmb`, oba oi tfa

nramtast tfkbhars oi tfa eo`arb mna, noas kbto agstmsy wfkca `amckbn wktf tfa nramt

 pfkcosopfy oi Fuembkse, tfmt Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m axpoub`a`, dmsa` ob tfa Ya`mbtkg

tamgfkbn oi tfa mbgkabt pfkcosopfy oi Kb`km, oi tfa `kvkba spmrh kb avary fuemb dakbn.

Ykvahmbmb`m‛s ubkvarsmc outcooh, fks kbtabsa prmgtkgmckty, fks kbtabsa fuemb pmsskob,

tfasa ikb` axprasskob kb Toemkb Toccmb`‛s `ackbamtkob oi Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m‛s ckia mb`

eassmna. Zmrtkgucmrcy wfab fa `amcs wktf Kb`km‛s mwmhabkbn tfrounf tfa nramt cagturas

Ykvahmbmb`m `ackvara` kb Kb`km iroe Gocoedo kb tfa soutf to Mceormf kb tfa Fkemcmyms

kb imr bortf, Toemkb Toccmb` noas kbto agstmsy obga mnmkb. Mwmhabkbn m scaapkbn bmtkob,

m scaapkbn cavkmtfmb, to tfa ramcktkas oi tfa gobtaepormry worc` sattkbn kt ob to tfa rom` oi

eo`arb `avacopeabt, `aboubgkbn kts gmsta, kts ubtougfmdkckty, kts supprasskob oi woeab

ior gabturkas, wfkgf Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m kbktkmta` towmr`s tfa ab` oi tfa cmst gabtury,

Toemkb Toccmb` mppragkmtas traeab`ouscy. Fa mcso spamhs oi Wwmeklk‛s nramt worh kb tfa

^astarb worc` pmrtkgucmrcy kb Mearkgm dy prasabtkbn Kb`km‛s mna-oc` pfkcosopfy oi emb

ms m spmrh oi tfa `kvkba mb` fks kbikbkta gmpmgkty ior avocutkob. Fa gobsk`ars tfks gabtrmc

trutf ms oi supraea keportmbga to eo`arb gkvkckzmtkob. Cmtar ob fa sues up

Ykvahmbmb`m‛s cktarmtura mb` parsobmckty. Pfa aknft vocueas oi Ykvahmbmb`m‛s goepcata

worhs (`urkbn fks tkea kt wms savab) Toemkb Toccmb` spamhs oi kb tfasa wor`s,

–Ykvahmbmb`m‛s wor`s mra nramt euskg. Pfay mra ckha Daatfovab‛s syepfobkas,

tfay mra ckha tfa stkrrkbn rfytfes oi tfa Fmb`ac‛s Gfbrus. K gmbbot tougf tfasa

uttarmbgas oi Ykvahmbmb`m wktfout nattkbn m tfrkcc tfrounf ey do`y ms oi mb

=4 Drmlab`rmbmtf Wamc, Taekbksgabgas oi Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m, Zrmdu``fm Dfmrmtm, Mprkc =;:>8 raprkbta`

Drmfemvm`kb, Emy, =;:>

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acagtrkg sfogh. Mb` wfmt sfoghs mb` trmbsports eust fmva daab pro`uga` wfab

kb durbkbn wor`s tfay mra kssua` iroe tfa ckps oi tfa faro!―=7 

Tmdkb`rmbmtf Pmnora obga smk` to Toemkb Toccmb`< Ki you wmbt to hbow Kb`km, stu`y

Ykvahmbmb`m. Kb fke avarytfkbn ks posktkva mb` botfkbn banmtkva. Kbgk`abtmccy, kb tfa

amrckar yamrs Pmnora `k` bot fmva eugf raspagt ior Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m ior fks k`oc-

worsfkppkbn. Ob tfa otfar fmb`, Wwmeklk wms m vary noo` skbnar mb` usa` to skbn cots oi

sobns, kbgcu`kbn mdout twacva wrkttab mb` goeposa` dy Pmnora. Tmlm G. Nopmcmgfmrym

iurfar smk`< –Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m smva` Fkb`ukse mb` smva` Kb`km. Dut ior fke, wa

wouc` fmva cost our racknkob mb` wouc` bot fmva nmkba our iraa`oe. ^a tfaraiora owa

avarytfkbn to Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m.―=0

  Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m obga spoha oi fkesaci ms m

'gob`absa` Kb`km.' Fks ckia mb` tamgfkbns mra oi kbastkemdca vmcua to tfa ^ast ior mb

ub`arstmb`kbn oi tfa ekb` oi Mskm. ^kcckme Lmeas, tfa Fmrvmr` pfkcosopfar, gmcca` tfa

Wwmek tfa 'pmrmnob oi Ya`mbtksts.' Emx Eóccar mb` Zmuc @aussab, tfa imeous

Orkabtmcksts oi tfa bkbataabtf gabtury, fac` fke kb nabukba raspagt mb` miiagtkob. '=1

 'Pfa

Wwmek fkesaci,' ms fks Krksf `ksgkpca, Wkstar Bkva`ktm, wrota soea yamrs cmtar, 'wms ms

skepca kb tfa wmys oi tfa worc` ms fks `ksgkpcas, mb` wfab fa wms obga sura tfmt fa wms

`kvkbacy gmcca` to emha tfks mttaept, fa gouc` saa bo `kiikguctkas kb tfa wmy. Botfkbn

gouc` fmva daab eora typkgmc oi tfa cmgh oi ornmbkza`bass oi Fkb`ukse ktsaci tfmb tfks

nokbn iortf oi kts raprasabtmtkva ubmbboubga`, mb` wktfout ioremc gra`abtkmcs, to abtar tfa

strobncy numr`a` `oor oi tfa worc`'s wamctf mb` powar.=9

 

Iraa Kb`km‛s ikrst Zrkea Ekbkstar Lmwmfmrcmc Bafru wrota< –Toota` kb tfa pmst, iucc oi

 prk`a kb Kb`km‛s prastkna, Ykvahmbmb`m wms yat eo`arb kb fks mppromgf to ckia‛s prodcaes,

mb` wms m hkb` oi drk`na datwaab tfa pmst oi Kb`km mb` far prasabt … fa gmea ms m tobkg

to tfa `aprassa` mb` `aeormckza` Fkb`u ekb` mb` nmva kt saci-rackmbga mb` soea roots kb

tfa pmst.― Batmlk Wudfmsf Gfmb`rm Dosa wrota< –Wwmeklk fmreobkza` tfa Amst  mb` tfa

^ast, racknkob mb` sgkabga, pmst mb` prasabt. Mb` tfmt ks wfy fa ks nramt. Our goubtryeab

=7  Gkta` kb Wwmey Tmbnmbmtfmbmb`m, Toemkb Toccmb`, Mvmkcmdca mt<

fttp<//ymdmcurk.orn/PTKYABK/G@^AD/roemkbroccmb`mpr61.fte, Mcc Kb`km Tm`ko, @acfk=0 fttp<//www.vkvahmbmb`m.bat/^orc`Pfkbhars/Kb`kmbZocktkgmcCam`ars.ftec=1 fttp<//kdbckva.kb.goe/yuvm/dko.p`i=9 Kdk`.

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fmva nmkba` ubpraga`abta` saci-raspagt, saci-rackmbga mb` saci-mssartkob iroe fks

tamgfkbns.―=> 

Oba oi tfa nramtast gobtrkdutkob oi Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m towmr`s tfa emhkbn oi eo`arb

Kb`km ks fks gobgapt oi A`ugmtkob.. Po fke a`ugmtkob pcmys m vktmc roca kb gurkbn tfa avkcs

kb sogkaty, mb` kt ks grktkgmc kb sfmpkbn tfa iutura oi fuembkty.=6

 Mctfounf Ykvahmbmb`m

`k` bot wrkta m dooh ob a`ugmtkob, fa gobtrkduta` vmcumdca tfounfts ob tfa sudlagt tfmt

mra racavmbt mb` vkmdca to`my. Kb or`ar to ub`arstmb` fks tfounfts, wa sfouc` ikrst

gobsk`ar fks oit-quota` `aikbktkob oi a`ugmtkob  ‗   ‖A`ugmtkob ks tfa embkiastmtkob oi tfa

 pariagtkob mcram`y kb emb‛.=;

 Ykvahmbmb`m‛s `aikbktkob oi a`ugmtkob ks oba oi raemrhmdca

kbsknft. Ikrst oi mcc, tfa wor` ‖embkiastmtkob‛ kepckas tfmt soeatfkbn mcram`y axksts mb` ks

wmktkbn to da axprassa`. Pfa emkb iogus kb camrbkbn ks to emha tfa fk``ab mdkckty oi m

camrbar embkiast. Ms Ykvahmbmb`m smk`, ‖wfmt m emb –camrbs― ks ramccy wfmt fa

–`ksgovars―, dy tmhkbn tfa govar oii fks owb souc, wfkgf ks m ekba oi kbikbkta

hbowca`na‛4:

 Mggor`kbn to tfa Ya`mbtm pfkcosopfy, hbowca`na ks kbfarabt kb m fuemb

 dakbn, ckha m spmrh kb m pkaga oi ickbt, mb` mcc tfmt ks baa`a` ks tfa strkha oi sunnastkob to

 drkbn kt out. ‖Embkiastmtkob‛ kb`kgmtas spobtmbaous nrowtf, provk`a` tfmt tfa

kepa`keabts, ki mby, mra raeova`.Baxt kb keportmbga kb tfa Wwmek‛s `aikbktkob oi

a`ugmtkob ks tfa axprasskob ‖mcram`y kb emb‛. Pfks raiars to m fuemb dakbn‛s potabtkmc,

wfkgf ks tfa rmbna oi tfa mdkcktkas mb` tmcabts, hbowb or ubhbowb, tfmt fa wms dorb wktf.

‖Zotabtkmc‛ spamhs oi tfa posskdkckty oi mwmhabkbn soeatfkbn tfmt ks cykbn `orembt. Pfa

wor` ‖pariagtkob‛ kb tfa Wwmek‛s `aikbktkob oi a`ugmtkob ks mcso vary sknbkikgmbt. ^a gmb

saa tfmt avary mgt gobbagta` wktf camrbkbn, trmkbkbn, atg., ks pmrt oi m progass `kragta`

towmr`s mb ab`. Pfa Abncksf wor` ‖pariagt‛ kepckas goepcatkob, orsoeatfkbn dakbn em`a

wfoca. Pfa Nraah wor` tacakgs ks trmbscmta` ms ‖pariagt‛, mb` sunnasts tfa k`am oi mttmkbkbn

m nomc or mb ab`. @rmwkbn ob tfasa eambkbns, oba emy gobgcu`a tfmt pariagtkob kb

a`ugmtkobmc pmrcmbga ks tfa nomc oi mgtumckzkbn tfa fknfast fuemb potabtkmc. Mt tfa

aepkrkgmc cavac tfa gobgapt oi ‖pariagtkob‛ fms to m``rass tfa vmrkous prodcaes fuemb

 dakbns abgoubtar kb sogkaty. Ms Ykvahmbmb`m smk`< ‖Pfa a`ugmtkob wfkgf `oas bot facp

=> Gkta` kb fttp<//www.earkbaws.goe/mrtkgca/swmek-vkvahmbmb`m-mb`-bmtkobmc-youtf-`my/=1>;7;>:.sftec=6 Opgkt.b.4, p.471.=; Goepcata ^orhs oi Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m(G^),M`vmktm Msfrmem, Hochmtm, Yoc. KY, p. 716.4: G^, voc. K, p. 46

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tfa goeeob emss oi paopca to aqukp tfaesacvas ior tfa strunnca ior ckia, wfkgf `oas bot

 drkbn out strabntf oi gfmrmgtar, m spkrkt oi pfkcmbtfropy, mb` tfa gourmna oi m ckob  ‗  ks kt

wortf tfa bmea? Tamc a`ugmtkob ks tfmt wfkgf abmdcas oba to stmb` ob oba‛s owb cans.4=

 

A`ugmtkob, fa smk`, eust provk`a ‖ckia-dukc`kbn, emb-emhkbn, gfmrmgtar-emhkbn

msskekcmtkob oi k`ams‛44

  Pfa k`amc oi tfks typa oi a`ugmtkob wouc` da to pro`uga mb

kbtanrmta` parsob  ‗   oba wfo fms camrba` fow to keprova fks kbtaccagt, purkiy fks

aeotkobs, mb` stmb` ikre ob eormc vkrtuas mb` ubsaciksfbass. Pfara mra two cavacs

`asknbmta` dy tfa mbgkabt Kb`kmb sgrkpturas ms pmrm vk ym (spkrktumc vmcuas) mb` mpmrm

vk`ym (sagucmr vmcuas) raspagtkvacy. Pfks `kvkskob ks earacy ior prmgtkgmc gobvabkabga8

otfarwksa vk`ym, or camrbkbn, ks m gobtkbuue, cam`kbn oba towmr`s tfa uctkemta nomc

wfkgf, mggor`kbn to Ykvahmbmb`m, wms goepcata iraa`oe oi tfa souc. Kb Ykvahmbmb`m‛s

vkaw, a`ugmtkobmc gobgarbs racmta` to m parsob‛s kbtarmgtkob wktf sogkaty sfouc` ragakva

`ua mttabtkob. Pfa purposa oi sogkaty ks to facp sagura tfa wacc-dakbn oi fuemb dakbns. Kb

ramckty, fowavar, fuemb dakbns iraquabtcy ikb` tfaesacvas abtrmppa` kb m sogkaty tfmt

tframtabs tfakr iraa`oe, m iraa`oe assabtkmc ior tfakr a`ugmtkobmc nrowtf. Mb k`amc

sogkaty, mggor`kbn to Ykvahmbmb`m, sfouc` provk`a tfa rasourgas ms wacc ms tfa

opportubkty ior amgf oi kts eaedars to `avacop fks or far potabtkmc to tfa emxkeue.

A`ugmtkob eust aedrmga tfa wfoca sogkaty, wktf spagkmc mttabtkob to tfosa wfo mra eost

kb baa` oi kt mb` wfo, ior oba ramsob or mbotfar, mra ubmdca to mvmkc tfaesacvas oi tfa

axkstkbn imgkcktkas.47

 

Ykvahmbmb`m gobgurra` wktf gobtaepormry tfkbhars wfab fa mssarta` tfmt tfa ekb`  ‗  tfa

gfkai kbstrueabt oi camrbkbn  ‗   `asarvas eora mttabtkob tfmb kt fm` amrckar ragakva`.

Prmkbkbn tfa ekb` sfouc` da m stu`abt‛s fknfast prkorkty, mb` bot skepcy tfa

mggueucmtkob, tfa eaeorkzkbn mb` tfa rapamtkbn oi imgts. Kb tfa cobn rub, stuiikbn oba‛s

Ekb` wktf kbioremtkob, tagfbkgmc shkccs mb` usacass trkvkm obcy gramtas eora prodcaes ki

oba‛s ekb` ks bot bourksfa` mb` strabntfaba` mb` em`a famctfy. Ykvahmbmb`m‛s nuru, Wrk

Tmemhrksfbm, usa` to smy tfmt embusf baa`s to dagoea emb-fusf ‗  tfmt ks, m emb baa`s

to dagoea m trua emb. ‖Fa mcoba ks m emb,‛ fa smk`, ‖wfosa spkrktumc gobsgkousbass fms

 daab mwmhaba`‛ (Nospac, 61=). Ioccowkbn fks Emstar, Ykvahmbmb`m aepfmskza` tfmt ‖tfa

4= G^, voc. YKK, pp. =0> ‗ =0644 G^, voc. KKK, p. 7:447 Ior `atmkcs ob tfks saa Wwmek Zrmvmbmb`m, opgkt. b.4, pp.479-476.

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k`amc oi mcc a`ugmtkob, mcc trmkbkbn, sfouc` da tfks emb-emhkbn‛. Cmeabtkbn ovar tfa

 pravmkckbn systae oi a`ugmtkob, fa smk`<

Dut, kbstam` oi tfmt, wa mra mcwmys trykbn to pocksf up tfa outsk`a. ^fmt usa kb

 pocksfkbn up tfa outsk`a wfab tfara ks bo kbsk`a? Pfa ab` mb` mke oi mcc trmkbkbn

ks to emha tfa emb nrow.40

 

Gfmrmgtar- dukc`kbn wms iub`meabtmc kb Ykvahmbmb`m‛s a`ugmtkobmc sgfaea, ms mnmkbst

gmraar-orkabtmtkob, wfkgf oggupkas gabtra-stmna kb to`my‛s a`ugmtkob. M parsob ks wfmt fks

tfounfts fmva em`a fke. Axpcmkbkbn tfks, tfa Wwmek smk`,

‖Amgf tfounft ks m ckttca fmeear dcow ob tfa cuep oi krob wfkgf our do`kas mra,

embuimgturkbn out oi kt wfmt wa wmbt kt to da‛.41

 

Pfmt ks wfy oba ikb`s tfmt tfa iogus oi tfa Wwmek‛s a`ugmtkobmc tfounfts wms ob

msskekcmtkob oi emb-emhkbn, gfmrmgtar dukc`kbn k`ams. Pfks ks tfa wmy Wwmek

Ykvahmbmb`m mcso kbspkra` tfa [outf oi Kb`km. Ykvahmbmb`m's gmcc to tfa youtf `k` bot

earacy goea iroe fks ckps dut iroe tfa `aptfs oi fks souc. Fa iact tfmt tfa iutura oi Kb`km

cmrnacy `apab`a` ob tfa raspobsa fa wouc` nat iroe tfa youtf to fks axfortmtkobs. Pfmt ks

wfy fa smk`, "cat Kb`km mrksa!"Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m dackava` tfmt kt wms "Obwmr` ior avar!

Wyepmtfy ior tfa poor, tfa `owbtro``ab, avab ubto `amtf - tfks ks our eotto. Obwmr`

 drmva cm`s! Fmva imktf kb tfa Cor`, bo pockgy, kt ks botfkbn. Iaac ior tfa eksarmdca mb`

cooh up ior facp - kt sfmcc goea... K daquamtf to you, youbn eab, tfks syepmtfy, tfks

strunnca ior tfa poor, tfa knbormbt, tfa opprassa`."49

 Pfks ks tfa wmy Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m

kblagta` pmtrkotkse kb tfa vakbs oi tfa youtf oi tfa goubtry dy fks emnkgmccy keprasskva

wor`s. Fa smk`, "^fab wa wmbt mra soea youbn eab wfo wkcc raboubga avarytfkbn mb`

smgrkikga tfakr ckvas ior tfakr goubtry's smha."4> Fa iurtfar smk` to tfa youtf oi Kb`km<

"^mha up, stop bot ubtkc tfa nomc ks ramgfa`", smy tfa Ya`ms. Qp, up, tfa cobn

bknft ks pmsskbn, tfa `my ks mppromgfkbn, tfa wmva fms rksab, botfkbn wkcc da mdca

to raskst kts tk`mc iury. Pfa spkrkt, ey doys, tfa spkrkt8 tfa cova, ey gfkc`rab, tfa

cova8 tfa imktf, tfa dackai8 mb` iamr bot! Pfa nramtast skb ks iamr. 46 

40 G^, voc. KK, p. =141 G^, voc. YKK, p. 4:49 fttp<//www.fvh.orn/mrtkgcas/:=;>/::0:.ftec4> Kdk`.46 fttp<//mwmhabkbnkb`km.orn/Ckia/Pamgfkbns.mspx

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 Bot obcy ob tfa sogkmc mb` tfa pocktkgmc tfounft oi Kb`km, Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m ks fmvkbn m

 proioub` kepmgt ob tfa Kb`ustrkmc tfounfts oi Kb`km too. Kb =6;7, kb m domt tfmt smkca`

iroe [ohofmem to Ymbgouvar, two nramt Kb`kmbs, oba, m eobh mb` tfa otfar, mb

kb`ustrkmckst eat ior tfa ikrst tkea. Pfa eobh wms Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m, wfo wms to tmha

mb` kbtarprat to tfa ^ast, eora aiiagtkvacy tfmb mbyoba acsa, tfa racknkous mb`

 pfkcosopfkgmc trm`ktkob oi Kb`km. Pfa kb`ustrkmckst wms Lmesfa`lk Pmtm, tfa imtfar oi

Kb`kmb kb`ustry. Ms tfay not tmchkbn, Ykvahmbmb`m axpcmkba` fks eksskob oi pramgfkbn kb

tfa QW, tfa ubkvarsmckty oi mcc racknkobs. Lmesfa`lk smk` fa wms kb samrgf oi aqukpeabt

mb` tagfbocony tfmt wouc` dukc` tfa staac kb`ustry mb` emha Kb`km m strobn kb`ustrkmc

bmtkob. Ykvahmbmb`m dcassa` Lmesfa`lk, mb` raemrha` –Fow wob`ariuc kt wouc` da ki

wa gouc` goedkba tfa sgkabtkikg mb` tagfboconkgmc mgfkavaeabts oi tfa ^ast wktf tfa

msgatkgkse mb` fuembkse oi Kb`km!―Pfay bavar eat mitar tfmt lourbay. Dut tfasa wor`s

strugh m gfor` kb Lmesfa`lk‛s famrt. Ikva yamrs cmtar, Lmesfa`lk‛s raspobsa gmea kb m cattar

to Ykvahmbmb`m. Pfa Paxt oi tfa cattar ks ms ioccow<

Aspcmbm`a Fousa, Doedmy.

47r` Bov. =6;6

@amr Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m,

K trust, you raeaedar ea ms m iaccow- trmvaccar ob your voymna iroe Lmpmb to Gfkgmno. K

vary eugf ragmcc mt tfks eoeabt your vkaws ob tfa nrowtf oi tfa msgatkg spkrkt kb Kb`km,

mb` tfa `uty, bot oi `astroykbn, dut oi `kvartkbn kt kbto usaiuc gfmbbacs.

K ragmcc tfasa k`ams kb gobbagtkob wktf ey sgfaea oi Tasamrgf Kbstktuta oi Wgkabga ior

Kb`km, oi wfkgf you fmva `oudtcass famr` or ram`. Kt saaes to ea tfmt bo dattar usa gmb da

em`a oi tfa msgatkg spkrkt tfmb tfa astmdcksfeabt oi eobmstarkas or rask`abtkmc fmccs ior

eab `oekbmta` dy tfks spkrkt, wfara tfay sfouc` ckva wktf or`kbmry `agabgy mb` `avota

tfakr ckvas to tfa guctkvmtkob oi sgkabgas  ‗ bmturmc mb` fuembkstkg. K me oi opkbkob tfmt ,ki

sugf m grusm`a kb imvour oi mb msgatkgkse oi tfks hkb` wara ub`artmhab dy m goepatabt

cam`ar, kt wouc` nramtcy facp msgatkgkse, sgkabga, mb` tfa noo` bmea oi our goeeob

goubtry8 mb` K hbow bot wfo wouc` emha m eora ikttkbn nabarmc oi sugf m gmepmknb tfmb

Ykvahmbmb`m. @o you tfkbh you wouc` gmra to mppcy yoursaci to tfa eksskob oi

nmcvmbkzkbn kbto ckia our mbgkabt trm`ktkobs kb tfks raspagt? Zarfmps, you fm` dattar dankb

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  =4

wktf m ikary pmepfcat rouskbn our paopca kb tfks emttar. K wouc` gfaariuccy `airmy mcc tfa

axpabsas oi pudckgmtkob.― 

^ktf hkb` ranmr`s, K me, `amr Wwmek

[ours imktfiuccy,

Lmesfa`lk Pmtm

Ykvahmbmb`m wms dusy stmrtkbn tfa Tmemhrksfbm Eksskob mb` gouc` bot mggapt tfa oiiar

 dut fa proeptcy sabt fks `ksgkpca Wkstar Bkva`ktm wfo eat Lmesfa`lk mb` fks m`vksor, Er

Zm`sm. M `atmkca` pcmb ioreucmta` dy tfae wms proeptcy supprassa` dy tfa Ykgaroy,

Cor` Gurzob. Fowavar Pmtms parsavara` mb` gobtkbua` to worh ob tfakr pcmbs.

Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m `ka` kb Lucy =;:4.Lmesfa`lk `k` bot ckva cobn aktfar. Kb =;:0, fa

`ka` ubmwmra tfmt fks vkskob wouc` da ramcksa` ikva yamrs cmtar. Pfa Kb`kmb Kbstktuta oi

Wgkabga, m nkit iroe tfa Pmtms, wms dorb kb =;:; mb` ks to`my tfa prk a oi tfa bmtkob.

Pmtm‛s sudsaquabt vabturas govara` tfa fuembkstkg mb` sgkabtkikg `keabskobs oi rasamrgf

mb` `avacopeabt mb` kbgcu`a` tfa astmdcksfeabt oi tfa Pmtm Kbstktuta oi Wogkmc Wgkabgas

(=;7:‛s) mb` oi tfa Pmtm Kbstktuta oi Iub`meabtmc Tasamrgf (=;0:‛s).  

Kb =;60, tfa Novarbeabt oi Kb`km `agcmra` mb` `agk`a` to odsarva tfa Dkrtf`my oi Wwmek

Ykvahmbmb`m (=4 Lmbumry, mggor`kbn to Abncksf gmcab`mr) ms Bmtkobmc [outf @my avary

yamr iroe =;61 obwmr`s. Po quota iroe tfa Novarbeabt oi Kb`km‛s Goeeubkgmtkob, ‖kt

wms iact tfmt tfa pfkcosopfy oi Wwmeklk mb` tfa k`amcs ior wfkgf fa ckva` mb` worha`

gouc` da m nramt sourga oi kbspkrmtkob ior tfa Kb`kmb [outf.‛ Fa ks eotkvmtkob to tfa

youtf, tfa kbgmrbmtkob oi Kb`kmb atfbkgkty mb` mstutabass.

Oba `my m youbn emb goepcmkba` to tfa Wwmek tfmt fa gouc` bot emha pronrass kb

spkrktumc ckia. Fa fm` worsfkppa` kemnas, ioccowkbn tfa m`vkga oi oba tamgfar, mb` fm`

trka` to emha fks ekb` vok` mggor`kbn to tfa kbstrugtkob oi mbotfar, dut mcc fm` daab

iruktcass.

'Wkr,' tfa youbn emb smk`, 'K skt stkcc kb ea`ktmtkob, sfuttkbn tfa `oor oi ey rooe, mb` haap

ey ayas gcosa` ms cobn ms K gmb, dut K `o bot ikb` pamga oi ekb`. Gmb you sfow ea tfa

wmy?'

'Ey doy,' rapcka` tfa Wwmek kb m vokga iucc oi covkbn syepmtfy, 'ki you tmha ey wor`, you

wkcc fmva ikrst oi mcc to opab tfa `oor oi your rooe mb` cooh mroub`, kbstam` oi gcoskbn

your ayas. Pfara mra fub`ra`s oi poor mb` facpcass paopca kb your baknfdourfoo`8 you

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fmva to sarva tfae to tfa dast oi your mdkckty. [ou wkcc fmva to bursa mb` progura ioo`

mb` ea`kgkba ior tfa skgh. [ou wkcc fmva to iaa` tfosa wfo fmva botfkbn to amt. [ou wkcc

fmva to tamgf tfa knbormbt. Ey m`vkga to you ks tfmt ki you wmbt pamga oi ekb`, you sfmcc

fmva to sarva otfars to tfa dast oi your mdkckty.

Mbotfar `my m wacc-hbowb goccana proiassor, wfo wms m `ksgkpca oi Wrk Tmemhrksfbm,

smk` to tfa Wwmek< '[ou mra tmchkbn oi sarvkga, gfmrkty, mb` `okbn noo` to tfa worc`8

tfasa, mitar mcc, dacobn to tfa `oemkb oi emym. Ya`mbtm smys tfmt tfa nomc oi emb ks tfa

mttmkbeabt oi euhtk, ckdarmtkob, tfrounf dramhkbn tfa gfmkb oi emym. ^fmt ks tfa usa oi

 pramgfkbn mdout tfkbns wfkgf haap oba's ekb` ob eub`mba emttars?' Pfa Wwmek rapcka`<

'Ks bot tfa k`am oi euhtk kb tfa `oemkb oi emym? @oas bot Ya`mbtm tamgf tfmt tfa Mtemb

ks avar iraa? ^fy sfouc` Kt, tfab, strkva ior euhtk?' Fa smk` ob mbotfar oggmskob< '^fab K

usa` to rome mdout mcc ovar Kb`km, prmgtkskbn spkrktumc `ksgkpckbas. K pmssa` `my mitar `my kb

gmvas mdsorda` kb ea`ktmtkob. Emby m tkea K `agk`a` to stmrva eysaci to `amtf dagmusa K

gouc` bot mttmkb euhtk. Bow K fmva bo `askra ior euhtk. K `o bot gmra ior kt ms cobn ms m

skbnca kb`kvk`umc kb tfa ubkvarsa raemkbs kb dob`mna.

Kb tfa mna oi ncodmckzmtkob youbn paopca sfouc` bot iornat tfa tamgfkbns oi Wwmeklk.Kb tfa

mna tagfbocony youtfs sfouc` bot iornat tfa root oi tfa orknkb mb` fabga youtfs eust tmha

 posktkva staps ior saci gfmrmgtar dukc`kbn. [outfs eust tmha pmrt kb tfa bmtkob dukc`kbn mb`

tfmt wkcc da posskdca wfab tfkbns mra `oba strmtankgmccy. Bmtkobmc [outf @my ks gacadrmta`

kb `kiiarabt pmrts oi tfa goubtry.

Kt ks vary ubiortubmta tfmt soea stmtas fmva bo youtf pockgy so imr. Kt ks fknf tkea ior tfa

stmta's novarbeabts to ioreucmta Wtmta [outf Zockgkas mt mb amrckast wfkgf wkcc da facpiuc

ior ekcckobs oi youtfs oi tfa goubtry. Pfa youtf pockgy eust eabtkob mcc mspagts

mssogkmta` wktf tfa youbn paopca mb` kt eust iogus ob tfa aepcoyeabt oi tfa youbn

 paopca. Pfa bmtkobmc pockgy ior tfa youtf fms daab `avacopa` mb` kt ks tkea ior mcc tfa

stmta novarbeabts to `rmit m Wtmta [outf Zockgy.

Mbotfar gobtrkdutkob oi Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m towmr`s sogkmc tfaory ks fks gobgapt oi

sogkaty. Wwmeklk smw sogkmckse ms m rmy oi fopa ior tfa eyrkm` oi prodcaes gobirobtkbn

Kb`km. Fa vkawa` tfa goursa oi worc` fkstory ms m gfmbna kb novarbmbga datwaab tfa iour

gmstas< Drmfekb, Hsfmtrkym, Ymksfym mb` Wfu`rm kb gobiorekty to tfa cmw oi bmtura. ^ktf

tfa rksa oi Wfu`rms, tfa cowast gcmss, Ykvahmbmb`m k`abtkika` `aeogrmgy mb` `kstrkdutkob

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oi pfyskgmc goeiorts mb` a`ugmtkob. Wwmeklk's gobgapt oi sogkmckse wms kb bo wmy mvarsa

to racknkob. Fa dackava` kb acavmtkob oi emssas wktfout kblurkbn tfa racknkous sabtkeabts

mb` tfmt sogkmc gfmbnas gmb da drounft iorwmr` obcy ob m ikre pcmtiore oi gob`ugt

gfmrmgtar mb` spkrktumckty. Kb fks owb wor`s<

–K me m sogkmckst, bot dagmusa kt ks m  pariagt systae, dut dagmusa K dackava tfmt

fmci m comi ks dattar tfmb bo dram`.―4;

 

@r. Dfupab`rmbmtf @uttm, ranmr`a` Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m ms tfa ikrst sogkmckst oi Kb`km. Kb

fks dooh Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m-Zmtrkot-Zropfat   @r. @uttm dy gob`aebkbn tfa

gobtaepormry Emrxksts wrota<

 Bow-m-`mys, tfa youbn eab kedua` wktf m semttarkbn oi Emrxkse gmcc fke(

Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m) m ramgtkobmry. Kb fks ckia tkea tfa sogkmc raiorears oi

tfa `my gmcca` fke m ramgtkobmry ms wacc8 dagmusa fa `k` bot m`vogmta tfmt obcy

 dy nkvkbn wk`ows raemrrkmna or dy emhkbn soea kbtar-gmsta emrrkmnas mb` sugf

ckha sogkmc raiores Kb`km‛s ranabarmtkob wouc` da mgfkava`. ….Pfa `ask`armtue

mggor`kbn to fke ks to rmksa tfa emssas, to a`ugmta tfae mb` to acavmta tfae kb

tfa sgmca oi m`vmbga` fuembkty.7:

 

Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m ckha Fanac, dackava`,

Pfa kb`kvk`umc's ckia ks kb tfa ckia oi tfa wfoca, tfa kb`kvk`umc's fmppkbass ks kb

tfa fmppkbass oi tfa wfoca8 mpmrt iroe tfa wfoca, tfa kb`kvk`umc's axkstabga ks

kbgobgakvmdca  ‐   tfks ks mb atarbmc trutf mb` ks tfa da`-rogh ob wfkgf tfa

ubkvarsa ks dukct. Po eova scowcy towmr`s tfa kbikbkta wfoca, damrkbn m gobstmbt

iaackbn oi kbtabsa syepmtfy mb` smeabass wktf kt, dakbn fmppy wktf kts

fmppkbass mb` dakbn `kstrassa` kb kts miickgtkob, ks tfa kb`kvk`umc's soca `uty. Bot

obcy ks kt fks `uty, dut kb kts trmbsnrasskob ks fks `amtf, wfkca goepckmbga wktf

tfks nramt trutf cam`s to ckia keeortmc. Pfks ks tfa cmw oi bmtura, mb` wfo gmb

tfrow `ust kbto far avar-wmtgfiuc ayas? Boba gmb foo`wkbh sogkaty mb` `agakva

kt ior mby cabntf oi tkea. Fowavar eugf tfara emy fmva mggueucmta` famps oi

raiusa mb` eu` ob tfa surimga oi sogkaty  ‐  stkcc, mt tfa dottoe oi tfosa famps

tfa ckia-dramtf oi sogkaty ks avar to da ioub` pucsmtkbn wktf tfa vkdrmtkobs oi

4; G^,Yoc,KY,=;94,p.76=7: Dfupab`rmbmtf @uttm, Wwmek Ykvahmbmbm`m< Zmtrkot-Zropfat, Bmdmdfmrmt Zudcksfars, Gmcguttm, =;10,

 pp.4-7.

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ubkvarsmc cova mb` saci-`abykbn goepmsskob ior mcc. Wogkaty ks ckha tfa amrtf tfmt

 pmtkabtcy damrs kbgassmbt eocastmtkobs8 dut sfa wmhas up oba `my, fowavar cobn

tfmt emy da kb goekbn, mb` tfa iorga oi tfa sfmhkbn traeors oi tfmt mwmhabkbn

furcs oii to m `kstmbga tfa mggueucmta` `krt oi saci-saahkbn eambbass pkca` up

`urkbn ekcckobs oi pmtkabt mb` skcabt yamrs!7=

 

Iurtfar, grktkgkzkbn tfa wastarb vkaw ob Ckdarty, Ykvahmbmb`m smk`<

Ckdarty `oas bot gartmkbcy eamb tfa mdsabga oi odstmgcas kb tfa pmtf oi

eksmpproprkmtkob oi wamctf atg. dy you mb` ea, dut kt ks our bmturmc rknft to da

mccowa` to usa our owb do`y, kbtaccknabga, or wamctf mggor`kbn to our wkcc,

wktfout `okbn mby fmre to otfars8 mb` mcc tfa eaedars oi m sogkaty ounft to

fmva tfa smea opportubkty ior odtmkbkbn wamctf, a`ugmtkob, or hbowca`na.74 

Gobgcuskob<

Pfara fmva daab emby gfmbnas kb tfa ikac` oi a`ugmtkob skbga Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m

 pmssa` mwmy oba fub`ra` yamrs mno, dut bot ms emby gfmbnas ms kb otfar mrams oi sogkaty.

Oba sugf botkgamdca gfmbna kb a`ugmtkob ks tfmt kt ks bow abnmna` kb prapmrkbn fuemb

 dakbns ior m baw typa oi sogkaty, mb` kt ks trykbn to gramta m baw typa oi fuemb dakbn ior

kt. Kbtarastkbncy, Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m fm` abvkskoba` m sogkaty wktf m baw typa oi fuemb

 dakbn kb wfoe hbowca`na, mgtkob, worh mb` gobgabtrmtkob wara fmreobkouscy dcab`a`,

mb` fa proposa` m baw typa oi a`ugmtkob ior mgfkavkbn tfks. Pfa rknft to a`ugmtkob ior

avaryoba, numrmbtaa` dy tfa Gobstktutkob oi Kb`km, wms Ykvahmbmb`m‛s `rame, dut kt ks

stkcc m imr gry iroe kts nomc. Fks k`am oi gobtkbumc, or ckiacobn, a`ugmtkob, fowavar, fms

 daab m`opta` kb emby goubtrkas mcram`y. Eoraovar, dagmusa oi tfa m`optkob oi

gobtkbuous a`ugmtkob kb tfasa goubtrkas, our k`am oi wfmt gobstktutas suggass mb` imkcura

fms mctara`, rmkskbn baw fopa ior tfa wamh, ub`arprkvkcana` sagtkob oi tfasa sogkatkas  ‗  

tfa vary paopca wfo ior vmrkous ramsobs gmbbot goepcata tfakr a`ugmtkob wfab tfay mra

youbn. Ykvahmbmb`m‛s gry ior tfa upckit oi tfa `owbtro``ab emssas, pmrtkgucmrcy oi tfa

cobn-bancagta` woeab, fms avoha` m imvourmdca raspobsa iroe `kiiarabt qumrtars, dut

sogkatkas tmkcor a`ugmtkob to eaat tfakr owb baa`s, tfarady oitab roddkbn tfa wamh oi tfakr

7= G^, Yoc.0, p.09774 fttp<//www.vkvahmbmb`m.bat/hbowbcattars/=6;;DacurEmtf.ftec

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iraa`oe to `atarekba tfakr owb `astkby. Qbcass rm`kgmc gfmbnas mra em`a kb mcc sogkatkas

tfa poor wkcc bavar da mdca to rmksa tfaesacvas. Pfks wms m emlor gobgarb oi tfa Wwmeklk.

Kt ks raemrhmdca tfa axtabt to wfkgf tfara mra skekcmrktkas datwaab Ykvahmbm`m‛s tfounfts

mb` mgtkobs tmhkbn pcmga oba gabtury mno mb` tfa prasabt gobgarbs oi QBAWGO. Fkesaci

m vkskobmry mb` mb orknkbmc tfkbhar, Ykvahmbmb`m pokbta` out kb fks ikrst pudckg cagtura kb

Mskm, ob =1 Lmbumry =6;>< ‖Dut a`ugmtkob fms yat to da kb tfa worc`, mb` gkvkcksmtkob ‗  

gkvkcksmtkob fms danub bowfara yat‛.77

 Pfks ks trua. Ki wa gobsk`ar gkvkckzmtkob to da tfa

embkiastmtkob oi tfa `kvkba kb fuemb dakbns, ms Ykvahmbmb`m gobgakva` kt to da, bo

sogkaty fms em`a eugf pronrass so imr. Pfks ks wfy wa ikb` tfmt ekc`bass, nabtcabass,

iordamrmbga, tocarmbga, syepmtfy mb` so iortf  ‗  tfa sknbs oi m famctfy gkvkckzmtkob  ‗  fmva

bot tmhab root kb mby sogkaty ob mb mppragkmdca sgmca, mctfounf wa praemturacy domst oi m

ncodmc vkccmna. Pfa cmgh oi dmskg bagassktkas meobn tfa ub`arprkvkcana` mcc ovar tfa worc`

ks bo cass strkhkbn tfmb tfa cmgh oi eormckty meobn tfa a`ugmta` prkvkcana` obas. Po

squmracy eaat tfks nramt gfmccabna, Ykvahmbmb`m prasgrkda` ‖emb-emhkbn mb` gfmrmgtar-

 dukc`kbn a`ugmtkob‛.70

 Ior tfks ramsob, ki bot ior mbytfkbn acsa, Ykvahmbmb`m‛s tfounfts ob

sogkaty mb` a`ugmtkob ounft to da sarkouscy ra-axmekba` to`my. Daiora K ab` K wksf to

quota Wwmeklk obga eora<

K wmbt amgf oba oi ey gfkc`rab to da m fub`ra` tkeas nramtar tfmb K gouc` avar

 da. Avaryoba oi you eust da m nkmbt -- eust, tfmt ks ey wor`. Oda`kabga,

ram`kbass, mb` cova ior tfa gmusa -- ki you fmva tfasa tfraa, botfkbn gmb foc` you

 dmgh.71

 

K me sura tfmt Ior gabturkas to goea paopca avarywfara wkcc da kbspkra` dy Wwmek

Ykvahmbmb`m's eassmna< O emb! ikrst ramckza tfmt you mra oba wktf Drmfemb!.

77 G^, voc. KKK, p. ==070 Kb tfks gobbagtkob wa gmb gkta tfa vkaws oi soea fkstorkmbs. ^kcc mb` Mrkac @urmbt, kb tfakr Pfa cassobs oi

fkstory, smk`, ‖Avocutkob kb eab `urkbn ragor`a` tkea fms daab sogkmc rmtfar tfmb dkoconkgmc< kt fms rogaa`a`bot dy farktmdca vmrkmtkobs kb tfa spagkas, dut eostcy dy agoboekg, pocktkgmc, kbtaccagtumc mb` eormc

kbbovmtkob trmbsektta` to kb`kvk`umcs mb` nabarmtkobs dy kektmtkob, gustoe or a`ugmtkob‛ (^kcc @urmbt mb`

Mrkac @urmbt, Pfa cassobs oi fkstory, Baw [orh< Wkeob & Wgfustar, =;96, p. 70) gkta` kb Wwmek

Zrmvmbmb`m, Wwmek Ykvahmbmb`m, Zrospagts, voc. VVVKKK, bo. 4, Luba 4::7pp.477-471.71 fttp<//mwmhabkbnkb`km.orn/Ckia/Pamgfkbns.mspx