Remembering & Remembering & ForgettingForgetting

Unit 8Unit 8

Lesson 2Lesson 2

ObjectivesObjectives

Review elements of memory & Review elements of memory & information processing.information processing.

Explain retrieval techniques.Explain retrieval techniques. Describe theories on forgetting.Describe theories on forgetting.

Warm UpWarm Up

What are the 3 What are the 3 stages of info stages of info processing theory?processing theory?

Input – Central Input – Central Processing – Processing – OutputOutput

Warm UpWarm Up

What happens in What happens in the central the central processing stage?processing stage?

Encode-Store-Encode-Store-Retrieve InfoRetrieve Info

ReviewReview

3 Memory Systems?3 Memory Systems? SensorySensory Short-Term Short-Term

WorkingWorking Long-TermLong-Term

Types of LTM?Types of LTM? Episodic- EventsEpisodic- Events Semantic- Semantic-

KnowledgeKnowledge Procedural- SkillProcedural- Skill

Review Fill-In-BlankReview Fill-In-Blank

Info enters the ___ where we have to Info enters the ___ where we have to pay ___ to it or it is lost. If we do, it pay ___ to it or it is lost. If we do, it moves into ___ where there is limited moves into ___ where there is limited capacity and duration. To increase capacity and duration. To increase capacity we can ___ info. To increase capacity we can ___ info. To increase duration we can ___ info. We must then duration we can ___ info. We must then move this info into ___ by connecting it move this info into ___ by connecting it to stuff we already know, called ___. to stuff we already know, called ___. We organize LTM into mental maps, We organize LTM into mental maps, called _____.called _____.

Review Fill-In-BlankReview Fill-In-Blank

Info enters the Info enters the sensory memorysensory memory where we where we have to pay have to pay attentionattention to it or it is lost. If to it or it is lost. If we do, it moves into we do, it moves into STM/working memorySTM/working memory where there is limited capacity and where there is limited capacity and duration. To increase capacity we can duration. To increase capacity we can chunkchunk info. To increase duration we can info. To increase duration we can rehearserehearse info. We must then move this info. We must then move this info into info into LTMLTM by connecting it to stuff we by connecting it to stuff we already know, already know, encoding.encoding.

RetrievalRetrieval Obtaining info stored in LTM for useObtaining info stored in LTM for use

RecognitionRecognition – Id as familiar or unfamiliar – Id as familiar or unfamiliar

RecallRecall – Active reconstruction of – Active reconstruction of previous learned intoprevious learned into

Confabulation- “remember” info never Confabulation- “remember” info never storedstored

RelearningRelearning – Learned before, haven’t – Learned before, haven’t rehearsed lately, can relearn quickly.rehearsed lately, can relearn quickly.

Recognition TestRecognition Test

LIONLION BEARBEAR PIGPIG

COWCOW CHICKENCHICKEN BIRDBIRD

ELEPHANTELEPHANT GIRAFFEGIRAFFE DOGDOG

Recognition TestRecognition Test

Which of the following words was not on Which of the following words was not on the list?the list?

A. LionA. Lion B. ChickenB. Chicken C. ElephantC. Elephant D. TigerD. Tiger E. DogE. Dog

Recall TestRecall Test

HATEHATE IRATEIRATE HAPPYHAPPY

MADMAD FURIOUSFURIOUS MEANMEAN

CALMCALM ENRAGEDENRAGED FUMINGFUMING

Recall TestRecall Test

Memory ReconstructionMemory Reconstruction

Must be careful when recalling info Must be careful when recalling info b/c of confabulation … how many b/c of confabulation … how many wrote ANGRY? Expectation that it wrote ANGRY? Expectation that it would be part of list…would be part of list…

Eyewitness TestimonyEyewitness Testimony Recovered MemoriesRecovered Memories

ActivityActivity

3 or 4 volunteers3 or 4 volunteers

Class, listen for Class, listen for how much of story how much of story they actually they actually repeat correctly, or repeat correctly, or even mention!even mention!

ActivityActivity

A farmer in western Kansas put a tin roof on A farmer in western Kansas put a tin roof on his barn. Then a small tornado blew the roof his barn. Then a small tornado blew the roof off, and when the farmer found it 2 counties off, and when the farmer found it 2 counties away it was twisted and mangled beyond away it was twisted and mangled beyond repair.repair.

A friend and lawyer advised him that the Ford A friend and lawyer advised him that the Ford Motor Co would pay him a good price for the Motor Co would pay him a good price for the scrap tin, and the farmer decided he would scrap tin, and the farmer decided he would ship the roof up to the company to see how ship the roof up to the company to see how much he could get for it.much he could get for it.

He crated it up in a very big wooden box and He crated it up in a very big wooden box and sent it off to Dearborn, Michigan, marking sent it off to Dearborn, Michigan, marking it plainly with his return address so that it plainly with his return address so that the Ford Motor Company would know the Ford Motor Company would know where to send the check.where to send the check.

12 weeks passed, and the farmer didn’t hear 12 weeks passed, and the farmer didn’t hear from Ford. Finally, he was just on the from Ford. Finally, he was just on the verge of writing them to find out what was verge of writing them to find out what was the matter, when he received an envelope the matter, when he received an envelope from them. It said, “We don’t know what from them. It said, “We don’t know what hit your car mister, but we’ll have it fixed hit your car mister, but we’ll have it fixed for you by the 15for you by the 15thth of next month.” of next month.”

Listen For…Listen For…

FarmerFarmer KansasKansas Tin roof on barnTin roof on barn Small tornadoSmall tornado 2 counties away2 counties away TwistedTwisted Friend and lawyerFriend and lawyer Ford Motor Co.Ford Motor Co. Good priceGood price

Ship the roofShip the roof Wooden boxWooden box Dearborn, MichiganDearborn, Michigan Return AddressReturn Address 12 weeks12 weeks Verge of writingVerge of writing Received envelopeReceived envelope Hit your carHit your car 55thth next month next month

RecallRecall

What did people remember most?What did people remember most?

Items at beginning and end of story… Items at beginning and end of story… called called serial position effectserial position effect

Serial Position EffectSerial Position Effect

Remembering Remembering first and last first and last items in list is items in list is easier than items easier than items in middle.in middle.

PrimacyPrimacy: Encode : Encode first by rehearsalfirst by rehearsal

RecencyRecency: Last are : Last are still in STM still in STM

Primacy-Recency TestPrimacy-Recency Test

PetPet BreadBread JailJail ShirtShirt OttomanOttoman TaxiTaxi FootballFootball CombComb

DollDoll BedBed CarCar BridgeBridge PursePurse DeskDesk FlowerFlower BookBook

Primacy-Recency TestPrimacy-Recency Test

PetPet BreadBread JailJail ShirtShirt OttomanOttoman TaxiTaxi FootballFootball CombComb

DollDoll BedBed CarCar BridgeBridge PursePurse DeskDesk FlowerFlower BookBook

Review Fill-In-BlankReview Fill-In-Blank

If we need to ___ info from LTM we can do If we need to ___ info from LTM we can do one of three things. ___ is looking at info one of three things. ___ is looking at info and deciding it its familiar or unfamiliar to and deciding it its familiar or unfamiliar to us. Reconstructing the info from the top of us. Reconstructing the info from the top of our head is ___. We must be careful not to our head is ___. We must be careful not to falsely fill in the blanks which is ______. falsely fill in the blanks which is ______. And finally, once we’ve learned something, And finally, once we’ve learned something, we can go back after a period of time and we can go back after a period of time and ___ that info much more quickly.___ that info much more quickly.

Review Fill-In-BlankReview Fill-In-Blank

If we need to If we need to retrieveretrieve that info, or get it out, that info, or get it out, we can do one of three things. we can do one of three things. RecognitionRecognition is is looking at info and deciding it its familiar or looking at info and deciding it its familiar or unfamiliar to us. Reconstructing the info unfamiliar to us. Reconstructing the info from the top of our head is from the top of our head is recall.recall. We must We must be careful not to falsely fill in the blanks be careful not to falsely fill in the blanks which is which is confabulation. confabulation. And finally, once And finally, once we’ve learned something, we can go back we’ve learned something, we can go back after a period of time and after a period of time and relearnrelearn that info that info much more quickly.much more quickly.

Random Retrieval Random Retrieval PhenomenaPhenomena

Déjà vuDéjà vu ““Seen before” Seen before” Current event provokes Current event provokes

similar retrieval cues, similar retrieval cues, but you haven’t done it.but you haven’t done it.

Jamais VuJamais Vu ““Never before”Never before” Event doesn’t match Event doesn’t match

earlier encoded clues, earlier encoded clues, but know you’ve done itbut know you’ve done it

Random Retrieval Random Retrieval PhenomenaPhenomena

Tip of the TongueTip of the Tongue Try to retrieve Try to retrieve

familiar piece of familiar piece of info but can’t quite info but can’t quite do itdo it

Blocking TheoryBlocking Theory Partial ActivationPartial Activation

Random Retrieval Random Retrieval PhenomenonPhenomenon

““I Froze”I Froze”

Stress hormones Stress hormones inhibit hippocampusinhibit hippocampus

Cognitive function Cognitive function and LTM retrieval and LTM retrieval failfail

Random Retrieval Random Retrieval PhenomenaPhenomena

Priming-Priming- Preparing networks to remember...Preparing networks to remember...

Hte plpae si edrHte plpae si edr

Grandma is buying an apple.Grandma is buying an apple. Hte plpae si edr.Hte plpae si edr. The apple is redThe apple is red

ForgettingForgetting

What is it?What is it?

Loss of info over Loss of info over timetime

Hermann Hermann EbbinghausEbbinghaus

Why do we forget things?Why do we forget things?

Simple Reasons:Simple Reasons: Not encoded/stored in first placeNot encoded/stored in first place Retrieval failureRetrieval failure Decay/fade over timeDecay/fade over time Don’t want to remember (repression)Don’t want to remember (repression) Something gets in the way (interference Something gets in the way (interference

theory)theory) Injury/Trauma (Amnesia)Injury/Trauma (Amnesia)

Why do we forget over Why do we forget over time?time?

Interference TheoryInterference Theory People forget info People forget info

because other learned because other learned info interferes.info interferes.

ProactiveProactive: Old info : Old info interferes with new interferes with new learninglearning

RetroactiveRetroactive: New info : New info makes people forget makes people forget old infoold info

Memory Impairment: Memory Impairment: AmnesiasAmnesias

Organic AmnesiaOrganic Amnesia Physical trauma to Physical trauma to

brain structure.brain structure.

AnterogradeAnterograde: Can’t : Can’t recall event after recall event after injuryinjury

RetrogradeRetrograde: Can’t : Can’t recall events that recall events that occurred beforeoccurred before

Memory Impairment: Memory Impairment: AmnesiasAmnesias

Functional AmnesiaFunctional Amnesia Due to Due to

psychological psychological traumatrauma

Psychogenic Psychogenic amnesiaamnesia

Dissociative Fugue: Dissociative Fugue: Forget “selves” for Forget “selves” for a time…identity, a time…identity, life, etclife, etc

Memory Impairment: Memory Impairment: AmnesiasAmnesias

Infantile AmnesiaInfantile Amnesia Remember very little Remember very little

about 1about 1stst years of life years of life

Why?Why? StructureStructure LanguageLanguage

Memories:Memories: 3/43/4thth birthday birthday Narrative 7yrsNarrative 7yrs

ClosureClosure

Identify two reasons why we forget Identify two reasons why we forget information:information:

Never stored, Poor retrieval, Decay, Never stored, Poor retrieval, Decay, Interference, Repression, AmnesiaInterference, Repression, Amnesia