REMEMBER !REMEMBER !PLACEMENT TEST per i ritardatari contattate dott’ssa Eade: ceade@libero.it

RICEVIMENTO BOWLESLunedi 10-11, Venerdi 14-15

DIDATTICA WEB Lingua Inglese 1 LLEM“Files” e “Comunicazioni”

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What you need to pass the exam What you need to pass the exam if you are attending classesif you are attending classes

Material from “Files” (handout, powerpoint, documents, summaries)

Website

Regular study and practice every week2

What you need to pass the exam What you need to pass the exam if you are NOT attending classesif you are NOT attending classes

Material from “Files” (handout, powerpoint, documents, summaries)

WebsiteRegular practice every weekBooks in bibliography

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Bibliography (if you need to Bibliography (if you need to understand further/better) understand further/better) Roach, P. English Phonetics and

Phonology. Cambridge University Press

Carstairs-McCarthy A., An introduction to English morphology. Edinburgh University Press

Thomas, L. Beginning Syntax. Blackwell. 4

What you will find in the examWhat you will find in the exam

Written examQuestions on each lesson

- 50% phonetics/phonology- 20% syntax- 30% morphology

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2010-11 LINGUA INGLESE 1 modulo A/B2010-11 LINGUA INGLESE 1 modulo A/BIntroduction to English Linguistics mod.BIntroduction to English Linguistics mod.Bprof. Hugo Bowlesprof. Hugo Bowles

Lesson 3Morphology

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Structure UsePragmatics

Meaning (semantics)GrammarMedium of

Transmission

Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Lexicon Discourse

Structure of Spoken Language (from Crystal 1997)

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MorphologyMorphology

The study of the structure of words

or

how to analyse “elephant” and “supercalifrgilisticexpialidocios”

How are they related?How are they related?

GrammarSyntaxMorphology

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CLASSIFYING GRAMMARCLASSIFYING GRAMMAR

CLASSIFYING CLASSIFYING MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY

THE OVERALL PICTURETHE OVERALL PICTURE

simplesimple and and complexcomplex words words

Morphology helps you to distinguish between simple and complex words.

This lesson aims to help you do morpheme analysis so that you can divide words into their constituent parts

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MorphemesMorphemesa morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning

or grammatical function

distinction between free morphemes and bound morphemes

Free morphemesFree morphemescan stand by themselves as a single word e.g. grace

can be lexical (e.g. boy,elephant) or functional (e.g. and, but)

So a simple word is made up of one free morpheme

Bound morphemesBound morphemes

cannot stand alone but need to be “bound” to another morpheme, e.g. re-, -ful

prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes

TerminologyTerminology

boy, yes, elephant boy, yes, elephant

simple wordsbase formsroots

Simple or complex?Simple or complex?

Website exercise

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Identify core morphemesIdentify core morphemes

Website exercise

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Find the roots the following wordsFind the roots the following words unwholesome whole rulership rule underdeveloped develop overachiever achieve operational operate indispensable dispense

PREFIXESPREFIXES

e.g. un-, de-, super- e.g. un-, de-, super-

meaningful elements

come BEFORE base form

lexical role – allow for the construction of a large number of new words

SUFFIXESSUFFIXESe.g. –ness, -ed, -ere.g. –ness, -ed, -er

meaningful elements

2 types of suffix: DERIVATIONAL

INFLECTIONAL

DEFINING SUFFIXESDEFINING SUFFIXES

DERIVATIONALe.g. -ness, -ship, -able

change meaning of base formlexical role

INFLECTIONALe.g. -s, -ed, -er

no lexical meaninggrammatical role only

SUFFIXES

INFLECTION OF PLURALINFLECTION OF PLURAL

REGULAR FORM-s, -es, -ies

IRREGULAR FORMes. children

SINGULAR MEANINGes. scissors, binoculars

PLURALSinflection

INFLECTION OF VERBSINFLECTION OF VERBS

BASE FORM

3rd pers. sing.

-S FORM

gerund

-ING FORM

past tense, past part.

-ED FORM

TYPES OF INFLECTION

Two methodsTwo methods

Two methods can be used to represent morpheme analysis:

-

- Using a tree diagram

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Dividing by hyphens

Mehtod 1 – Dividing by hyphensMehtod 1 – Dividing by hyphensDividing by hyphens (trattini) is the

simplest and easiest method for doing morphological analysis.

How do you do it?

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Step 1 – Find the root !Step 1 – Find the root !

The root of the word is the base form to which other bound morphemes are attached.

Where is the root in: - teacher - paper

- truthfulness

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teachNo root ! It’s a base form

truth

Find the roots the following wordsFind the roots the following words unwholesome whole rulership rule underdeveloped develop overachiever achieve operational operate indispensable dispense

STEP 2 – Divide the bound morphemes STEP 2 – Divide the bound morphemes

from the root with a hyphen from the root with a hyphen root =

+ bound morpheme =

+ bound morpheme =

e.g. truthfulnesstruth

truth-fultruth

truthful truth-ful-ness

-ful

-ness

Answer = truth-ful-ness

Can you divide these words Can you divide these words with hyphens?with hyphens?

ColourfulHappinessUnbelievableTeacherMonsterRattlesnake

colour-fulhappi-nessun-believ-ableteach-ermonsterrattle-snake

Method 2 – tree diagramMethod 2 – tree diagramThis involves dividing the word in terms

of the grammatical functions of the morphemes and representing it as a tree.

This is more difficult !

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step 1 – divide the word using step 1 – divide the word using hyphenshyphens

truthfulness

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truth-ful-ness

step 2 – extract the words that step 2 – extract the words that are created by the morphemesare created by the morphemes

In the single word truthfulness we have actually found three words:

truthfulnesstruthful truth (root)

What is the grammatical function of these words?

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step 3 – analyse the grammar step 3 – analyse the grammar of each wordof each word

In the single word truthfulness we have actually found three words:

truthfulnesstruthful truth (root)

What is the grammatical function of these words?

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noun (N)adjective (A)noun (N)

step 4 – start the tree from the step 4 – start the tree from the rootroot

- -

N

Write the word at the bottomAttach the grammatical category of the root to the root

truth-ful-ness

step 5 – attach the grammatical step 5 – attach the grammatical category of the next word category of the next word

truth – ful - ness

N

A

step 6 – attach the grammatical step 6 – attach the grammatical category of the next wordcategory of the next word

truth – ful - ness

N

A

N

Another exampleAnother example

specificationspecification Step 1 – divide the word using hyphens

specification specif-ic-ation

step 2 – extract the wordsstep 2 – extract the words

specification specific specify (root)

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step 2 – extract the wordsstep 2 – extract the words

specification specific specify (root)

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step 3 – analyse the grammarstep 3 – analyse the grammar

specification (N) specific (A) specify (root) (V)

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step 4 – start from the rootstep 4 – start from the root

specif - ic - ation

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V

step 5 – add the next categorystep 5 – add the next category

specif - ic - ation

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V

A

Step 6 – add the next categoryStep 6 – add the next category

specif - ic - ation

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V

A

N

The structure is not always like thisThe structure is not always like this

The structure of the tree will depend on how the word has been morphologically constructed. Sometimes the root is in the middle of the word or at the end of the word. This will change the structure of the tree.

Let’s try unwholesome

step 1 – divide the wordstep 1 – divide the word

un-whole-some

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step 2 – extract the wordsstep 2 – extract the words

unwholesome wholesome whole (root)

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step 3 – analyse the grammarstep 3 – analyse the grammar

unwholesome (A) wholesome (A) whole (root) (A)

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step 4 – start from the rootstep 4 – start from the root

un – whole - some50

A

step 5 – add the next categorystep 5 – add the next category

un – whole - some

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A

A

step 6 – add the next categorystep 6 – add the next category

un–whole - some

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A

A

A

Draw tree diagrams for the Draw tree diagrams for the following wordsfollowing words

rul-er-ship

under-develop-ed

over-achiev-er

operat-ion-al

in-dispens-able