Religious Turmoil in the Netherlands and England

Essential QuestionWhat was the impact of religious

turmoil on England and how was it connected to the international

conflict between Spain and England? What was the result of

this?

Course Themes

Pillars of Spanish Power – Phillip II1. New World Riches

– gold bullion from Spanish Colonies– Silver mines of Potosi

2. Increased Populations – widens economic gap between the

wealthy and the peasants• Castilian peasants = most taxed

people in Europe3. Efficient Bureaucracy and Military4. Mediterranean Control

– Mediterranean Sea battle against Turkey leads to the deaths of 30,000 Turks • Giving Spain control of the Mediterranean

– Suppressed Portuguese resistance

Revolt in the Netherlands Netherlands were the richest part of Europe Cardinal Granville – leader of the council

in the Netherlands, wanted to stop Protestant gains through church reforms

William of Orange –led revolt against Granville and had him removed from office

1564 - the Compromise a pledge by Philip II to Louis of Nassau (Orange’s brother) to reject the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition

revolt by the Protestants after they were called “beggars” by Regent Margaret is violently put down by Philip II ‘s , duke of Alba who executes thousands of suspected heretics

Revolt in the Netherlands

Independence for the Netherlands

William the Orange comes out of exile - leads the ind. movement against Spain

• takes over Calvinist strongholds in North• Alba is replaced by Don Luis de

Requesens

Spanish Fury – Spanish mercenaries leave 7,000 people dead in November 4, 1576 – the massacre unites Protestant and

Catholic Netherlands versus Spain under the Pacification of Ghent

Spain signs Perpetual Edict, Nov. 1577, calling for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands

The Spanish Fury

Southern provinces peace with Spain in the Union of Arras and make one last effort to control the country

William of Orange is assassinated and replaced by his son Maurice who with the help of England and France finally defeat Spain

Truce signed in 1609 Recognizes full independence of

the Netherlands in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia

Netherlands Independence Con’t

Religious Turmoil in EnglandHenry VIII

Started Ref. – Divorce issue

Church of Eng.– Head of Church – finally gets

divorced

Wobbles back and forth between protestant and catholic practices

Succession– Son Edward VI – short reign

(5 yrs) dies– Mary I – Bloody Mary– Elizabeth I – Greatest Tudor

Religious Turmoil in England

Mary I of England 1554 – Marries Phillip II

of Spain– Militant Catholicism

Lost Calais to the French Brought Inquisition to

England– Hundreds of

protestants were executed for heresy

Very unpopular – came to be known as Bloody Mary

Elizabeth I of England Came to the thrown after Mary

I’s death merged broadly defined

Protestant doctrine with traditional Catholic ritual, – Becomes the Anglican

Church all anti-Protestant legislation

repealed 1563 Thirty-Nine Articles is

issued making Protestantism the official religion of England

animosity grows between England and Spain over dominance of the seas

Catholic and Protestant Extremists radical Catholics wanted I Mary

Stuart, Queen of Scots on thrown.

Puritans – Protestants who wanted to purify the church of any “popery”, had two grievances about Elizabeth

1. the retention of Catholic ceremony in the Church of England

2. the continuation of the Episcopal system of church governance

Catholic and Protestant Extremists con’t

Presbyterians – Puritans creation of an alternative national church of semiautonomous congregations governed by representative presbyteries

Congregationalists -wanted every congregation to be autonomous– Conventicle Act of 1593 – conform

or die

Mary, Queen of Scots Catholic ruler of Scotland forced to

abdicate the throne and flee to England and her cousin Elizabeth I

Elizabeth puts Mary under house arrest for the fear of a Catholic England uprising , – uncovers two plots against her life

Mary is connected with the assassination attempts and is executed by Elizabeth on February 18, 1587

Ends all hope of a Catholic England and leads to the invasion of the Spanish Armada

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Sir Francis Drake of England, shells the Spanish port of Cadiz and raids Portugal delaying the invasion of the Spanish Armada

a huge Spanish fleet of 130 ships and 25,000 sailors is crushed by the swifter defending British navy (1/3 of the Armada never return to Spain)

Protestant resistance everywhere is given hope and Spain is never again a world power

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada