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Religion, Reformation & Counter-ReformationMartin Luther

Religion?What do I know about religion?

Why is so important?

Why is historically a fountain of conflict?

Why is religion so important for humankind?

Why is important “fear”?

✤ Control (thoughts & behavior of individuals).

✤ Order (society as a whole).

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Only two options?Let’s reform! let’s change!

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Reformation?How did this event change (alter) the path of History?

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Counter-Reformation?Why did the Catholics fight back Martin Luther’s ideas?

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Roman Catholic Church16th century, the only church in Europe after Muslims’ expulsion

Why is dangerous a unique interpretation?

Why a change? What should be changed? How was going to be the change?

4 main reasons

✤ Poorly educated rural clergy.

✤ The sale of “indulgences”.

✤ High positions in Church = wealthy, powerful, high status (not caring about evangelization and teaching).

✤ Corruption denounced by the Christian humanists..

Thomas MoreRenaissance humanist

Erasmus of RotterdamChristian humanist

Where did I hear his name before?

What is the main characteristic of the Humanism?

The sequence, step by step

Theocentrism

✤ Theo = God.

✤ Centrism = the center, the core.

Geocentrism

✤ Geo = earth.

✤ Centrism = the center, the core.

Heliocentrism

✤ Helio = the sun.

✤ Centrism = the center, the core.

Why were these 4 reasons so relevant for a change?

Indulgence?

✤ The full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven.

Evangelization?

✤ The process in the Christian religion which seeks to spread the Gospel (Lord’s word) and the knowledge of the Gospel throughout the world.

Why is the religious such a powerful tool?

✤ Control (thoughts & behavior of individuals).

✤ Order (society as a whole).

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Survey: “Do you believe in God? (2005)

Who is questioning the Pope’s authority?

Martin LutherA priest who changed the path of History with an idea.

1483-1546

John CalvinThe Reformation in France

1509-1564

Luther & Calvin

✤ They never met.

✤ Their ideas together formed the basis of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century in Europe.

✤ Lutheranism & Calvinism.

Henry VIII1491-1547

The creator of the Anglicanism

AngliaEngland.

Anglicanism = the Church of England.

What is the main reason for the Reformation in England?

The situation was “social”

✤ 6 marriages.

✤ 2 annulations.

✤ 2 divorces.

✤ 1 widower (his wife died).

✤ 1 widow (he died).

Henry VIII’s Reformation

✤ The King/Queen is the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

✤ The separation of the Church of England from the Pope’s authority.

✤ The Dissolution of the monasteries.

Back to the truly and really religious Reformation…

The basic ideas for a change…

✤ October 31st, 1517: Martin Luther nailed 95 theses on a church’s door in Wittenberg (Germany).

The consequence (1)

✤ The Pope:

✤ 1) did not accept Luther’s proposals.

✤ 2) excommunicated Luther (send him out).

The consequence (2)

✤ The division of the Christian religion:

✤ The Catholic Church.

✤ The Reformists.

✤ Different wars all over Europe.

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14 main ideas of the ReformationThe change

✤ Predestiny (God has decided our destiny for us).

✤ The Bible (the only authority; in local language and interpreted personally); rejection of the Pope’s authority.

✤ Rejection of episcopacy (Church of government).

✤ Rejection of all sacraments, except two: baptism & communion.

✤ The work ethics (work hard to prove your faith).

✤ Against indulgences (salvation through money).

✤ Rejection of the purgatory.

✤ Repudiation of the Catholic mass.

✤ No need of intermediaries to reach God.

✤ Salvation is only possible through the faith.

✤ No saints and relics.

The consequence of these ideas

✤ Charles I called Luther to the “Diet of Worms” (1521) to deny what he wrote and spread.

Luther defended himself…

✤ He was basing his arguments on his understanding of the Bible.

✤ “Here I stand, I can do no other, so help me God” was his famous sentence to Charles I.

The Emperor versus the common man

✤ “Diet of Augsburg” (1555) = double attempt but failed.

✤ Reunite both churches.

✤ Fight the Protestants.

✤ “Cuius regio, emus religio” (My territory, my religion).

The Council of Trent• Celebrated between 1545 and 1563. • Convoked by the Roman Catholic Church. • Goal: begin a counter-reformation by:

– Attacking the new protestant ideas. – Improving some internal reforms and changes.

• The most important treaty for the Catholic Church till the 20th century.

• It failed to resolve the problems between the Catholic Church and the Protestant Church.

The consequence

• Europe became a religious war scene for many decades.

• It became generally accepted that Europe was no longer a Roman Catholic continent.

The Reformation in the Basque Country

Kingdom of Navarre

• For a while, the official religion was Protestantism, influenced by the “Huguenots”.

Huguenot’s cross

Huguenots

• Members of the Protestant Church of France.

• John Calvin’s followers. • They believed that the ritual, images, saints,

pilgrimages, prayers, and hierarchy of the Catholic Church did not help anyone toward redemption.

More…• When Joanna III of Albret became protestant… • … she ordered Joanes Leizarraga to translate the

New Testament into Basque… • … so it was more understandable for more people

(many of them did not understand Latin).

• End of Protestantism: until Henry III of Navarre became Henry IV of France in 1589, when he converted to Catholicism.

Henry III of Navarre Henry IV of France