Religion and the Civic Core in the Netherlands
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Religion and the Civic Core
in the Netherlands René Bekkers
Center for Philanthropic Studies
VU University Amsterdam
December 8, 2011 1UCSIA Workshop Volunteering, Religion, and
Social Capital
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• Religious people do more of the total giving and volunteering in the United States, Canada, the Netherlands and Flanders.
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Religion in the Netherlands
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Giving in the Netherlands
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• Civic participation tends to be concentrated among a small group that does most of the giving and volunteering.
• Reed & Selbee (2001, NVSQ) call this group the ‘civic core’.
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• You can think of giving and volunteering as a natural phenomenon with a certain level of concentration.
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Like firebugs.
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• Firebugs tend to cling together.• In my own front garden I find them
especially on dry and sunny places.• Churches are like the sunny rocks in
my garden – a fertile environment for donors and volunteers.
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This is not what the bugs do.
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They concentrate -
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Into a core.
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So, why?
• Why is religious affiliation and activity associated with giving and volunteering?
• What is it in religion that makes people care about society as a whole?
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Popular dichotomies
• Conviction and community (Wuthnow, 1991)
• Intrinsic religious motivation (Cnaan et al., 1993) vs. associational ties (Jackson et al, 1995)
• Norms and networks (Ruiter & De Graaf, 2006)
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Volunteering and Giving
• Volunteering and charitable giving are two types of contributions to society
• They are both indicators of social capital, governed by similar principles
• With Pamala Wiepking I recently summarized the literature on charitable giving in a review article for Voluntary Sector Review (November 2011 issue).
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• In this formulation, religion is viewed as an external force that influences people.
• From religious communities, people ‘get’ their networks and convictions.
• Religious beliefs and prosocial values may vary from person to person.
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So, why?
• Why is religious affiliation and activity associated with giving and volunteering?
• What is it in religion that makes people care about society as a whole?
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So, why?
• Why is religious affiliation and activity associated with giving and volunteering?
• What is it in people that makes them care about religion and society as a whole?
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A stone in the pond…
• Going back to the firebugs, I wonder why bugs like sunny rocks.
• Why do donors and volunteers love going to church?
• Church attendance involves exposure to requests for contributions.
• For those who dislike contributing and/or being asked to do so, the church is not a fun place to be.
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Endogeneity
• Religion is increasingly a matter of choice.
• People with personalities and value systems that conflict with the church in which they were ‘born’ will leave.
• Social influence in religious communities is also to some extent the influence group members allow.
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Back on track: so what?
• This talk is mainly about how the concentration of giving and volunteering among religious groups in the Netherlands has changed over time.
• This is important because religion disappears from Dutch society.
• Will giving and volunteering decline along with secularization?
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Not…
• …if those who are ‘left behind’ in churches become more active citizens. this would lead to a higher level of concentration of giving and volunteering among the religious.
• …if another factor gains importance, such as education – but I am saving that for another occasion.
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The data
• All the ‘Giving in the Netherlands’ survey data that we have gathered biennially since 1997. Total n=9,696.
• The data are treated as separate cross-sections and then pooled into one file.
• Amounts are adjusted for inflation.
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Total giving by religion
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Religious giving
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Secular giving by religion
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Top quintile, 2009
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Doing their share?
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Growing inequality in secular giving over time
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Volunteer hours top quintile
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Increasing concentration
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Proportion of volunteers by total giving quintile
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Amounts donated by non-volunteers
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Amounts donated by volunteers
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Household giving: no-yes
Catholic 1.403*** 1.438***
Protestant 1.757*** 1.751***
Survey wave 1.116***
Catholic * wave 1.038***
Protestant * wave 0.985
Secondary education 1.166*** 1.191***
Tertiary education 1.618*** 1.673***
Secondary * wave 0.915***
Tertiary * wave 0.916***
Church attendance (4 categories) 1.180*** 1.182***
Attendance * wave 0.997
n 9,696 9,696
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Odds ratios in logistic egression of household giving, also including age (model 1) and age * wave (model 2),
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Amount donated in €
Catholic -109*** -111***
Protestant 216*** 215***
Survey wave 14***
Catholic * wave 7***
Protestant * wave 3
Secondary education 51*** 71***
Tertiary education 160*** 185***
Secondary * wave -17***
Tertiary * wave -21***
Church attendance (4 categories) 125*** 124***
Attendance * wave 2***
n 7,857 7,857
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Odds ratios in logistic egression of household giving, also including age (model 1) and age * wave (model 2),
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Volunteering: no-yes
Catholic 1.142** 1.146**
Protestant 1.723*** 1.709***
Survey wave 1.045***
Catholic * wave 0.999
Protestant * wave 1.025
Secondary education 1.190*** 1.245***
Tertiary education 1.613*** 1.695***
Secondary * wave 0.958***
Tertiary * wave 0.963***
Church attendance (4 categories) 1.333*** 1.326***
Attendance * wave 1.017***
n 9,030 9,030
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Odds ratios in logistic egression of household giving, also including age (model 1) and age * wave (model 2),
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Amount donated in € (logs, donors only)
Catholic -.063 -.097 -.098
Protestant .841*** .744*** .688***
Survey wave .111*** .106*** .085***
Secondary education .707*** .585*** .554***
Tertiary education 1.393*** 1.278*** 1.237***
Volunteering .389*** .235*** .159
Volunteering * wave .067*** .059*** .046***
Social responsibility .384*** .357***
Altruistic values .628*** .582***
Asked to volunteer .108* .058
Number of solicitations .214*** .161***
Requests * wave .015*
n 5,983 5,983 5,983
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Odds ratios in OLS regressions of log of total amount donated, also including age , age * wave, education * wave, religion * wave
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Secular amount donated in € (logs, donors only)
Catholic -.063 -.259*** -.296***
Protestant .283*** .098 -.064
Survey wave -.026*** .114*** .085***
Secondary education -.025 .585*** .522***
Tertiary education .554*** 1.278*** 1.304***
Volunteering .375*** .132
Volunteering * wave .054** .031
Social responsibility .357***
Altruistic values .643***
Asked to volunteer .057
Number of solicitations .165***
Requests * wave .018**
n 5,983 5,983 5,983
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Odds ratios in OLS regressions of log of total amount donated, also including age , age * wave, education * wave, religion * wave
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Additional results
• Concentration of giving among the elderly is due to their stronger religiosity.
• No significant changes in relationships with hours volunteered among volunteers.
• No changes in relationships of prosocial values with giving.
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Additional results
• Similar denominational differences in helping behavior as in volunteering.
• Helping is positively related to volunteering, both secular and religious.
• The relationship between secular volunteering and church attendance has become stronger over time.
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Conclusions
• The civic core is increasingly religious.
• The civic core is becoming less highly educated.
• The civic core becomes increasingly concentrated: volunteering and giving increasingly go together.
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Concentrating from
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To this core.
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A grim future?
• How can we create new forms of cohesion in society that bring people together?
• Creating opportunities to contribute time and money in groups with positive norms: sunny rocks
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Something else
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Contact
• ‘Giving in the Netherlands’, Center for Philanthropic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, VU University Amsterdam: www.geveninnederland.nl
• René Bekkers, [email protected]• Blog: renebekkers.wordpress.com• Twitter: @renebekkers
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