religiis sociologia -...

religiis sociologia

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia

postindustriuli (axali) sazogadoebis kvlevis centri

kaxa qecbaia

religiis sociologia

(leqciebi)

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2013

kaxa qecbaia

2

wignSi avtor-Semdgenlis mier ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-

xelmwifo universitetSi socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetze,

sociologiis mimarTulebaze `religiis sociologiaSi” wakiTxuli leqciebia

Tavmoyrili.

saleqcio Tematikas Tan erTvis saxvadasxva saxis sakiTxavi masalebi, Teo-

riuli da praqtikuli xasiaTis kiTxvebi da davalebebi, masalebi gansjisaTvis,

religiis sociologiis aqtualuri Temebi prezentaciebisa da esseebisaTvis,

agreTve religiis sociologiis klasikuri da Tanamedrove calkeul terminTa

ganmartebani da a. S.

wigni socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis bakalavriatis

programis studentebisa da, saerTod, religiis sociologiis Seswavlis dam-

wyebTaTvisaa gankuTvnili. wignis saSualebiT dainteresebuli mkiTxveli gaec-

noba religiis sociologiis klasikur da Tanamedrove Teoriebs; religiis so-

ciologiis ZiriTad cnebebsa da problemebs; religiisadmi sociologiuri mid-

gomis Taviseburebas, rligiisa da Tanamedrove sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTe-

bis arss da sxva.

imedia dainteresebul da gemovnebian mkiTxvels mravali kiTxva da kriti-

kuli mosazreba gauCndeba wignSi warmodgenili da ganxiluli sakiTxebis mi-

marT, rasac avtor-Semdgeneli keTilganwyobiT miiRebs, Tundac im ubralo mi-

zezidan gamomdinare, rom igi kvlav agrZelebs leqciebis kurss `religiis so-

ciologiaSi”.

redaqtori: anzor bregaZe

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

recenzentebi: Teimuraz fanjikiZe

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

manana gagoSiZe

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo

universitetis sociologiis profesori

garekanis I gverdze: rene magriti `mSvenieri samyaro”.

II gverdze: rene magriti `teritoria”.

© k.qecbaia, 2013

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2013

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E–mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-22-134-7

religiis sociologia

3

s a r C e v i

Sesavali _ (ratom swavloben sociologebi religias) ............. 7

I leqcia: religiis sociologiis sagani - (ra aris da

ras Seiswavlis religiis sociologia?) ......................................... 10

es sayuradReboa: henrix zimoni _ religiis sociologia —

ras Seiswavlis es mecniereba .............................................................. 21

masala gansjisaTvis: aris Tu ara cnebiTi azrovneba

religiuri rwmenis arsebobis piroba? ............................................ 24

sakiTxavi masala: k. qecbaia _ filosofiasa da religias

Soris dialogi u. jeimzis pragmatizmis farglebSi. .................. 25

IIleqcia: kvlevis meTodebi religiis sociologiSi

religiurobis dagena ............................................................................ 31

es sainteresoa: v. rozanovi ................................................................ 35

es sayuradReboa: Carlz gloki — religiurobis tipebi............. 38

es sainteresoa: eTnografiuli kvlevebis mniSvneloba

religiis sociologiaSi ...................................................................... 42

III leqcia: religiis sociologiis mokle istoria .................. 43

es sayuradReboa: marsel mosi ............................................................ 62

Tvalsazrisi: k. qecbaia _ religiuri ganaTlebis

zogierTi aspeqti saqarTveloSi........................................................ 63

IV leqcia: religiis sociologiuri definicia ....................... 67

es sayuradReboa: religiuri ritualebis Sesaxeb —

moweseoba .................................................................................................. 80

sakiTxavi masala: zigmund froidi religiis Sesaxeb .................. 81

sakiTxavi masala: s. avaliani, k. qecbaia _ filosofia

da religia ................................................................................................ 85

es sainteresoa: religiurobis Tanamedrove

sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi....................................................... 88

V leqcia: religiis struqtura da funqciebi............................ 89

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es sainteresoa: dakrZalvis egzotikuri ritualebi .................. 100

sakiTxavi masala: al. meni _ msoflio sulieri kulturis

saTaveebi — (religiuri cnobierebis Tavdapirveli

formebis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis problemebi) ........................ 107

VI leqcia: religiuri organizaciis formebi _

(religiuri institutebi) .................................................................... 122

sakiTxavi masala: mormonebi; unificirebuli eklesia ............... 134

VII leqcia: religiis ZiriTadi sociologiuri

Teoriebi _ adreuli klasika: konti da spenseri .................... 140

VIII leqcia: religiis klasikuri sociologiuri

Teoriebi _ emil diurkemis religiis sociologia

- funqcionalisturi paradigma ...................................................... 149

sakiTxavi masala: totemizmi ............................................................... 159

IX leqcia: religiis klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi

_ maqs veberis religiis sociologia - racionalisturi

paradigma ................................................................................................. 163

amonaridebi veberis naSromidan „protestantuli eTika da

kapitalizmis suli“ ............................................................................... 169

es sainteresoa: verner zombarti: kapitalizmi da religia ...... 173

sakiTxavi masala: protestantobis Sesaxeb .................................... 176

X leqcia: religiis klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi

_ karl marqsis religiis sociologia —

konfliqtologiuri paradigma ...................................................... 182

es sainteresoa: ganadgurebis rituali .......................................... 187

XI leqcia: religiis Tanamedrove sociologiuri

Teoriebi - pirveli nawili — struqturul-

funqcionalisturi da socialur-anTropologiuri

paradigma (b. malinovski da a. r. redklif-brauni) .................. 189

religiis Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebi —

nawili meore _ struqturul-funqcionalisturi

religiis sociologia

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paradigma (k. devisi da u. muri, t. parsonsi r. mertoni) ........ 193

es sayuradReboa: religiuri urTierTobebi. ............................... 203

es sainteresoa: n. rerixi _ kulti da kultura. ......................... 204

XII leqcia: religiis uaxlesi sociologiuri Teoriebi _

fenomenologiuri paradigma, neoevolucionizmi,

racionaluri arCevanis Teoria, religia da socialuri

gacvlis Teoria ..................................................................................... 205

es sayuradReboa: pier burdie _ religiis sociologiis

Sesaxeb ........................................................................................................ 214

masala gansjisaTvis: nugzar papuaSvili _ religia sabWoTa

da postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi .......................................................... 217

XIII leqcia: religia da sazogadoeba _ nawili I _

religia da politika, religia da ekonomika, religia

da socialuri stratifikacia, religia da socialuri

mobiloba, religia da ojaxi, religia da genderi ....................... 222

studentis TvaliT danaxuli islami (amonaridi

saprezentacio masalidan) _ qali, ojaxi da naTesauri

kavSirebi islamSi.................................................................................... 232

religia da sazogadoeba

nawili II _ religia transformirebad sazogadoebaSi ......... 240

neil smelzeri _ ekumenizmi .............................................................. 243

es sainteresoa: piter bergeri _ fragmentebi wignidan

`religia, rogorc socialuri realoba~ _ sekularizacia ..... 247

es sayuradReboa: sergi avaliani _ sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris socialur-politikuri

ideebi ......................................................................................................... 251

es sayuradReboa: vaJa gogoberiSvili _ religiis

problema sekularizebul sazogadoebaSi ...................................... 270

masala gansjisaTvis: kaxa qecbaia _ kidev erTxel religiuri

tolerantobis Sesaxeb ......................................................................... 275

es sainteresoa: religia da sporti................................................... 280

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XIV leqcia: globalizacia da msoflio religiebi ................. 283

sakiTxavi masala: kaxa qecbaia _ globalizacia da islami ....... 294

sakiTxavi masala: al. meni _ marTlmadideblobis

socialuri koncefcia .......................................................................... 299

XV leqcia: religiis momavlis sakiTxi klasikur da

Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi ......................................... 304

masala gansjisaTvis: kaxa qecbaia _ religiuri

pluralizmis Sesaxeb ............................................................................ 317

ZiriTadi religiebis mimdevarTa raodenoba (cxrili) .............. 325

saqarTveloSi arsebul religiebiSi, konfesiebsa da

denominaciebSi gaerTianebul morwmuneTa raodenoba .............. 326

sakiTxavi masala: neil smelzeri _ religia amerikaSi .............. 327

sakiTxavi masala: ioaxim vaxi _ religiis sociologia

(fragmenti), nawili I, meTodologiuri prolegomenebi _

Tavi I — meTodi ........................................................................................ 331

ZiriTadi cnebebi .................................................................................. 338

danarTi: religiebi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi ............... 340

msoflio religiuri ruka ................................................................ 376

pirTa saZiebeli .................................................................................... 377

.

vuZRvni Zvirafasi maswavleblis,

religiis sociologia

7

saqarTveloSi religiis sociologiis fuZemdeblis,

profesor oTar gabiZaSvilis naTel xsovnas.

Sesavali

(ratom swavloben sociologebi religias)

advili SesaZlebelia, rom Rrmad morwmune, religiur adamianebs

religiis sociologiaze saubari araseriozulad miaCndeT, iqidan ga-

momdinare, rom religia rwmenis saufloa, romelic mecnieruli disku-

ris miRmaa, xolo sociologia sazogadoebis Semswavleli erT-erTi kon-

kretuli da realuri mecnierebaa, romelic, erTi SexedviT, iq yofs

Tavs, sadac mas araferi esaqmeba.

sinamdvileSi es asec aris. saqme isaa, rom sociologias da arc erT

sxva mecnierebas ar ZaluZs, ar xelewifeba da arc evaleba religiur WeS-

maritebaTa arc uaryofa da arc aRiareba. am logikiT sociologia reli-

giur rwmenas aranair safrTxes ar uqmnis.

sociologebi ar akeTeben daskvnebs romelime religiis `avkargia-

nobis~ Sesaxeb. sociologiuri kvleva-Ziebis sferoSi religia im garemo-

ebis gamo Semodis, rom igi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs adamianis, ama

Tu im jgufisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. amitom SeuZlebe-

lia, rom sazogadoebis Semswavleli mecniereba — sociologia Sors id-

ges religiis analizisagan, radganac faqtia, rom ar arsebobs ureligio

sazogadoeba da ureligio adamiani. aseve ar arsebobs religia sazoga-

doebis, adamianTa gaerTianebis gareSe. Sesabamisad, am or fenomens So-

ris siRrmiseuli kavSiri arsebobs. sazogadoeba iseve Zvelia, rogorc

religia. ramdenadac religia CarTulia sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, amde-

nad igi sociologiuri analizis sferoSi Semodis.

religia sazriss aZlevs calkeuli adamianis an adamianTa jgufis

cxovrebas, arsebobas. mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs maT qcevas, moq-

medebas, msoflmxedvelobasa da RirebulebiT orientacias, riTac is am-

yarebs arsebul socialur wesrigs an xSirad Zveli, dromoWmuli socia-

luri sinamdvilis gardamqmnel erT-erT mZlavr faqtorad gvevlineba.

swored amaSi vlindeba religiis socialuri buneba, romelsac da rom-

lis gamoc Seiswavlian religias sociologebi.

zogadad, religiis sociologiis amocana religiis socialuri da

ara zebunebrivi sazrisis ZiebaSi mdgomareobs. religiis socialuri

sazrisis Zieba ki im rolisa da daniSnulebis garkvevaa, romelsac reli-

gia asrulebs sazogadoebaSi.

kaxa qecbaia

8

religia zebunebrivis (sakraluris) srwmenasTan da ritualebTan

asocirdeba yovelTvis. sociologia ki miwier cxovrebas, yoveldRiu-

robas Seiswavlis. yoveldRiuroba ki warmoudgenelia religiuri ritu-

alebisa da rwmenis gareSe. sociologias swored is ainteresebs, Tu ro-

gori iqneboda es yoveldRiuroba religiis gareSe da, Tavis mxriv, ro-

gori iqneboda religia yoveldriuri socialuri cxovrebis gareSe.

religiis sociologia sxva sociologiuri disciplinebisagan ara

mxolod Tavisi sagniTaa gamorCeuli, aramed imiTac, rom masSi erTma-

neTs xvdeba saero, samoqalaqo da zesaero, zesamoqalaqo da sakraluri

Rirebulebebi.

religiis sociologia miwieris da zeciuris, saeros, yoveldRiu-

ris, profanulisa da sakraluris Sexvedris adgilia. sakiTxi imis Sesa-

xeb, Tu rogor morigdebian es ori garegnulad dapirispirebuli feno-

menebi sociologiuri diskursis farglebSi, kidev ufro amZafrebs in-

teress religiis sociologiis mimarT.

frangi sociologis pier burdies sityvebiT Tu vityviT, religiis

sociologia aris veli sadac sakralurisa da profanulis Sexvedras

aqvs adgili. am SexvedraSi erT-erTi maTganis upiratesoba didwilad

gansazRvravs sazogadoebis ier-saxes. ase magaliTad, im sazogadoebebs

sadac sakraluria prioritetuli tradiciuls uwodeben, modernistul

sazogadoebaSi ki sakraluri meorexarisxovania. aqedan irkveva, rom sak-

ralurisadmi, wmindasadmi, zebunebrivisadmi damokidebuleba gan-

sazRvravs adamianTa erTobis tips da, piriqiT, zogjer adamianTa erTo-

ba gansazRvravs sakralurisadmi mimarTebaTa sxvadasxva tips. sakiTxis

am rakursiT analizi religiis sociologiis erT-erTi saintereso saqmi-

anobaa.

religiis sociologiuri analizisas sociologi absoluturad ar

exeba rwmenas, rogorc aseTs. rwmenis, rogorc aseTis, sociologiuri,

mecnieruli analizi uazroba iqneboda. sociologs ainteresebs is, Tu

ra rols asrulebs religiuri rwmena sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. amitom

ar unda SegvaSinos imis iluziam, rom SesaZlebelia religiisadmi socio-

logiurma midgomam rwmena dagvakarginos an im rwmenas rac gvaqvs raime

ziani miayenos. sociologia Sors dgas amgvari zraxvebisagan. amis maga-

liTia religiis sociologiis klasikosebis cxovreba, romlebic Zalian

kargad uTvasebdnen erTmaneTs TavianT religiur rwmenas da profesiul

sociologiur saqmianobas. maTTvis sociologobas xeli ar SeuSlia sa-

kuTari rwmenis SenarCunebaSi da piriqiT, Tavis mxriv arc maT religiur

rwmenas SeuSlia xeli sociologobaSi.

religiis sociologia

9

religiis sociologia empiriuli mecnierebaa, romelic Seiswavlis

religiur jgufebs da institutebs, adgens maTi warmoSobis, ganviTare-

bisa da funqcionierebis socialur Taviseburebebs. sociologebi ar-

kveven imas, Tu ra gavlenas axdens religia ekonomikaze, politikaze,

kulturaze, genderze da socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoze. ma-

galiTad religiis gavlena sportze da a. S.

religiisadmi sociologiuri midgoma religiuri fenomenis iseTi

aspeqtebis Seswavlas gulisxmobs, romlebic sxva mecnierebis kompeten-

ciaSi ar Sedis. sociologia religias gansakuTrebuli rakursiT ganixi-

lavs, rac religiuris socialuriT axsnaSi gamoixateba. mas ainteresebs

is, Tu ramdenad asazrisianebs socialur realobas religia.

cnobilia, rom socialuri sinamdvile uferuli, erTferovani da

rutinulia. Znelia mis absurdul da xSirad idiotur yofaSi cxovrebis

sazisisis amokiTxva. aseT viTarebaSi adamiani ibneva da uWirs yofiere-

bis orientirebis dagena. amitom religia evlineba mas mSvelelis rolSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, religia aferadebs am uferul realobas. maradiulobis

gancda Seaqvs masSi da sicocxlisunarians xdis sazogadoebas, am sazoga-

doebaSi individebisa da jgufebis moqmedebas. am Tavisi roliT religia

misda uneburad socialuri bunebis matarebeli xdeba da Sesabamisad so-

ciologebis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva.

laTinur enaze Sacred – wmindas niSnavs.

kaxa qecbaia

10

`adamiani — religiuri cxovelia~

a. kamiu

I leqcia

Tema: religiis sociologiis sagani

(ra aris da ras Seiswavlis religiis sociologia?)

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi

religia, sociologia, mecniereba, rwmena; religia, rogorc socia-

luri fenomeni, religiaTmcodneoba, religiis fsiqologia, religi-

is filosofia, religiuri anTropologia, Teologiuri religiis so-

ciologia, qristianuli (marTlmadidebluri, kaTolikuri, protes-

tantuli) religiis sociologia.

Sesavali

gansakuTrebulia religiisadmi sociologiuri midgoma. misi gansa-

kuTrebuloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sociologia religias ganixilavs

sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi; aanalizebs mis kavSirs socialuri sinam-

dvilis organizaciasTan. Sesabamisad, religiis Semswavleli sxva dis-

ciplinebisagan gansxvavebiT (magaliTad religiaTmcodneoba an religi-

is fsiqologia) sociologia religiis SigniT mimdinare procesebsac so-

cialuri kanonzomierebebiT xsnis.

sociologiuri analizis Sedegad Cvens winaSe religia warsdegba,

rogorc socialuri fenomeni. Tumca arc is unda vifiqroT, rom religi-

is is gansazRvreba, romelsac sociologia iZleva amomwuravi, yovlad

unaklo da srulyofilia, rom religiis kvleva misi socialuri aspeqte-

bis dadgeniTa da SeswavliT amoiwureba mxolod da a. S.

faqtia, rom religia aqturadaa CarTuli adamianebs Soris urTier-

TobaSi. igi saxes ucvlis, garkveul mimarTulebas aZlevs calkeuli ada-

mianebisa da socialuri jgufebis, socialuri erTobebis qcevas, ufro

Sinaarsians da sazrisiians xdis maTs cxovrebas. yovelive es ki imis sa-

fuZvels iZleva, rom sociologebma religia ganixilon rogorc socia-

luri fenomeni. Tumca kidev erTxel unda gavimeoroT, rom amgvari mid-

goma sulac ar akninebs religias da religiur rwmenas. arc erT socio-

logs ar mouva TavSi azri imis Sesaxeb, rom religias mxolod socialuri

aspeqtebi da buneba gaaCnia. amasTan dakavSirebiT sociologiis klasiko-

religiis sociologia

11

sis Fferdinand Tionisis perifrazirebas Tu movaxdenT, aRmoCndeba, rom

`sociologia religiis ara materialuri an sulieri, aramed socia-

luri arsis Seswavlaa. materialuri da sulieri arsebobs imdenad,

ramdenadac is socialurs ganapirobebs~. aqedan gamomdinare, religi-

is sociologias ainteresebs is, Tu ramdenad ganapirobeben religiuri

(sulier-goniTi) fenomenebi socialur sinamdviles da, piriqiT, ramde-

nad ganapirobeben socialuri fenomenebi religias, religiur jgufebs,

religiur organizaciebs, religiur procsebs da a. S.

Sahsei-vahseis Siituri rituali

religia sakraluris Sesaxeb warmoadgenaze bazirebs. sakralu-

risadmi rwmena iwvevs Tayvaniscemas, rac mTel rig religiur ritua-

lebSi da sakulto moqmedebebSi gamoixateba. am SemTxvevaSi adamianis

an jgufis moqmedeba religiuri rwmeniT aris gansazRvruli.

§1. religia, rogorc socialuri fenomeni

religiis sociologia dargobrivi sociologiuri disciplinaa,

romelic religiis socialur arss, socialur sinamdvilesa da socia-

lur moTxovnilebaze religiis zegavlenas, religiisa da sociumis ur-

TierTobebis aqtualur sakiTxebs ikvlevs. igi religiis Sesaxeb codnis

ori sferos _ sociologiisa da religiaTmcodneobiTi mecnierebebis

_ religiis istoriisa da religiis fsiqologiis, _ Serwymis bazaze Seq-

mnili mecnierebaa, romelic sociologiuri codnis suverenul dargad

XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda. misi fuZem-

deblebi sociologiis klasikosebi maqs veberi da emil diurkemi arian.

kaxa qecbaia

12

religia adamianis Sinagani samyaros siRrmiseuli fenomenia. reli-

giuri rwmena yovelTvis mniSvnelovania adamianisa da adamianTa jgufe-

bisaTvis. igi yvelaze Zvirfasi da wmindaTa wmindaa adamianisaTvis. amde-

nad religia sakraluri bunebis matarebelia, amitom religiur Temebze

diskusia yovelTvis mZafr kamaTs iwvevs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi

adamianebi TviTon irCeven imas, Tu ra unda iyos maTTvis sakraluri da

ra ara. religiuri warmoadgenebis eWvqveS dayeneba morwmuneebSi yovel-

Tvis did aRSfoTebas iwvevs, radganac es maTi wminda grZnobebis Sem-

laxvelia. am SemTxvevaSi religiuri rwmena pirovnebis maidentificire-

beli mZlavri faqtoria, ris gamoc religiuri Sexedulebeisadmi upativ-

cemulobas adamianebi sakuTari Rirsebis Selaxvad aRiqvamen xolme.

sociologia religiur rwmenas arasodes ar ayenebs eWvs qveS. soci-

ologisTvis ar arsebobs WeSmariti da mcdari religia. mas ainteresebs

religia, rogorc socialuri fenomeni, movlena, romlis safuZvelSi,

rogorc individualur aseve jgufis doneze, imTaviTve igulisxmeba

rwmenis, rogorc obieqturad arsebulis moTxovna, rac imas niSnavs, rom

zebunebrivze, sakralurze da idealurze moTxovnileba Tavidanve aqvs

mocemuli rogorc calkeul adamians aseve adamianTa jgufs.

religiis sociologia aris mecnieruli (sociologiuri) codnis

sistema religiisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis kanonzimiere-

bis Sesaxeb. igi Seiswavlis religiasa da adamianTa erTobebs Soris ur-

TierTkavSirs da eZebs im socialur faqtorebs, romlebic calkeuli

adamianebisa da socialuri jgufebis religiur moqmedebas ganapiro-

bebs. am azriT, sociologebi midian daskvnamde, rom rwmena socialuri,

erToblivi gamocdilebis Sedegia, rom religia sazogadoebrivi yofie-

rebis produqtia, rac SesaZlebelia miuRebeli iyos religiisadmi wmin-

da saRvTismetyvelo midgomisaTvis, magram sociologi ver iqneba

RvTismetyveli. misgan gansxvavebiT is yvelgan da yvelaferSi socialur

bunebas, sagnis Tu movlenis socialur Zirebs eZebs.

religiis sociologiuri analizi moiTxovs religiis, rogorc so-

cialuri fenomenis ganxilvas, rac distancirebul midgomas gulisxmobs

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli dominanti religiis standartebisagan da Ri-

rebulebebisagan. amitom sociologis insteresi sazogadoebaSi arsebu-

ili yvela religiuri jgufis TaviseburebaTa gagebazea fokusirebuli,

riTac SesaZlebeli xdeba mocemul sazogadoebaSi religiis faqtobrivi

mdgomareobis identifikacia.

religiis, rogorc socialuri fenomenis erT-erTi Tavisebureba

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi sazogadoebis wevrebis jgufuri identobis

religiis sociologia

13

gancdas ganapirobebs. religiuri warmodgenebi calkeuli socialuri

jgufis warmomadgenelTaTvis koleqtiuri cnobierebis fenomenebia.

xSir SemTxvevaSi religiuri Sexedulebebi socialuri mediaciis in-

strumentebadac gvevlinebian, romlebic individs uioleben masze soci-

umis mier Tavs moxveuli socialuri normebis, wesebis, Rirebulebebisa

da sxvadasxva socialuri konstruqciebis (enobrivi kategoriebi, siv-

rcis, drois, wesrigis da a. S.) miRebasa da gaTavisebas. am socialur nor-

mebsa da konstruqciebs adamiani socializaciis gziT iRebs, anu ubra-

lod rom vTqvaT, swavlobs, iTvisebs. asea magaliTad drois cnebis Sem-

TxvevaSi, romlis SinaarsSi cxovrebis ritmulobis principi devs, rac

Tavis mxriv religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebidan iRebs saTaves. drois

cikluri dayofa religiuri warmomavlobisaa. protestantulma religi-

am dro fulTan gaaigiva. gamoTqma `dro fulia~ protestantuli reli-

giis eTikur Rirebulebas gamoxatavs da drois sakraluri mniSvnelobis

obieqtivacias niSnavs. drois, yvelaze Zvirfasi saunjis xarjva protes-

tanobaSi fulis xarjvas utoldeba. dro sakraluri fenomenia, romelic

TiToeul adamians RmerTis samsaxurisaTvis eZleva. aqedan momdinare-

obs morwmune protestantis valdebuleba, rom emsaxuros RmerTs.

xSirad Cvens moqmedebebs eTikuri Rirebulebebi, kulturuli nor-

mebi, adaT-wesebi, sxvadasxva saxis religiuri ideebi da Sexedulebebi

gansazRvarven. magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi giganturi kompaniis

mflobelisa da misi rigiTi TanamSromlis saSobao sufraze TiTqmis er-

Ti da igive saWmel-sasmeli iqneba da miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi Semosav-

lebi gansxvavebulia, saSobao saCuqrebSic isini daaxloebiT erTnair

Tanxas daxarjaven, rac maTi religiuri mrwamsis, _ protestantizmis

moqmedebis principebiT aixsneba, romlis mixedviT, sakuTari Semosavle-

bis miuxedavad adamiani ubralod da ekonomiurad unda cxovrobdes, xo-

lo danarCeni fuli saqmeSi unda Cados. ase rom, am qveynebSi mdidruli

cxovreba ara maRali socialuri statusis, aramed uRirsi qcevis maCve-

nebelia. rasac protestantuli religia udevs safuZvlad.

Aaseve xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac religia individs an socialur

jgufs gamorCeulobis socialur statuss aniWebs. amgvari socialuri

tatusis safuZveli analogiuri religiuri gancdaa, romlis meSveobi-

Tac religiuri jgufi an calkeuli morwmune adamiani sakuTari Tavis

identificirebas axdens. magaliTad iudevelTa religiuri Temi RvTis

rCeulobis mesianisturi ideiT xasiaTdeba, rac maT sazogadoebis sxva

wevrebTan mimarTebaSi gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. Tanamed-

rove sociologiis enaze Tu viTyviT, am SemTxvevaSi religiuri niSniT

stigmatizaciasTan gvaqvs saqme.

kaxa qecbaia

14

religia socialuri fenomenia imdenad, ramdenadac is sazoga-

doebriv cxovrebaSi iRebs monawileobas.

sociologebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor aris organizebuli religiu-

ri Temebi, jgufebi; rogoria maTi struqturuli, funqcionaluri da in-

stitucionaluri arsebobis pirobebi; is normebi da Rirebulebebi, ro-

mlebsac aRiareben esa Tu is religiuri jgufebi, rogoria maTi roli in-

dividisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.

religiis sociologiis mier dasmuli saWirboroto kiTxvebia: ra-

tom arseboben religiebi, rogoria maTi arsebobisa da funqcionirebis

safuZvlebi, ris wyalobiT inarCuneben religiebi TavianT Tavs sazoga-

doebis istoriaSi? (e. gidensi).

sociologebi cdiloben gaigon, Tu ra gavlenas axdens religiuri

jgufisadmi kuTvnileba da religiuri identoba socialuri sinamdvi-

lis sxva aspeqtebze: magaliTad socialur poziciebze, ojaxur cxovre-

baze, profesiis arCevaze, ganaTlebaze, ekonomikur qcevaze, politikur

aqtivobebze, cxovrebis stilze da sxv. (n. smelzeri).

§2. religiis sociologiis sagani

Yyoveli dargobrivi sociologia Sesabamisi sferos socialur arss

da sazogadoebasTan mis mimarTebas adgens. am samoqmedo gegmis gaTva-

liswinebiT religiis sociologia religiis raobas da im etapebs gan-

sazRvravs, rac man Camoyalibebis dRidan gaira.

religiis sociologias ainteresebs religiuri kultisa da simbo-

loebis socialuri Zirebi. igi Seiswavlis religiuri jgufebis organi-

zebas da struqturas; ikvlevs religiuri normebisa da Rirebulebebis

socialur Taviseburebebs; religiis sociologiis gansakuTrebuli yu-

radRebis centrSi dgas sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb Tu ra rols asrulebs reli-

gia calkeuli adamianebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. erTi

sityviT, rom vTqvaT, religiis sociologiis sagania religiaze, sakra-

lurze adamianisa da sazogadoebis moTxovnileba da sazogadoebasa da

adamianze religiis zegavlena, religiisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmi-

marTebis problema.

religiis sociologiis kvlevis sferoSi Semodis religiebis Tana-

arsebobis formebis Seswavla. aq sakiTxi exeba imas, Tu ra mimarTebaSia

esa Tu is religia sxva konfesiebTan. religiebs Soris urTierTmimarTe-

ba ki tolerantobis analizs moiTxovs. amitom tolerantoba religiis

sociologiis aqtualuri problemaa. ismis kiTxva: ramdenad arian reli-

giebi erTmaneTis mimarT tolerantulni; tolerantobis xarisxi ki so-

religiis sociologia

15

ciologiuri gamokvlevebiT dgindeba. sociologebi arkveven gansxvave-

buli religiuri rwmenis mqone adamianebsa da jgufebs Soris urTier-

Tdamokidebulebas.

faqtia, rom sxvadasxva socialur erTobaTa warmomadgenlebs (kla-

sebi, fenebi, elitebi da sxv.) religiis mimarT TavianTi poziciebi aqvT.

xSir SemTxvevaSi es poziciebi ar emTxveva am erTobaTa sxva wevrebis po-

ziciebs, amitom empiriuli sociologiuri kvleva adgens Tu ra ganapi-

robebs erTobis wevrTa identur pozicias da ra iwvevs calkeuli indi-

videbis mxridan misgan gadaxras. am mimarTulebiT sociologiuri kvle-

vebis didi gamocdileba amerikel sociologebs aqvT.

religiis sociologia Seiswavlis religiisa da pirovnebis urTier-

TmimarTebis sakiTxs, ramdenadac Tavisi bunebiT religia pirovnebazea

orientirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi religiis Tanamedrove sociologiur Te-

oriebSi aqcenti religiis individisadmi damokidebulebaze keTdeba da

kvlevis rakursi mTlianad iseT kiTxvebzea mimarTuli, rogoricaa: 1.

religiisadmi mimarTebiT ramdenad gansxvavdebian individebi erTmane-

Tisagan. 2. ra ganapirobebs individTa gansxvavebul religiur orienta-

cias? 3. ra Sedegebs iwvevs individTa qcevaSi gansxvavebuli religiuri

orientaciebis qona?

religiis sociologia ikvlevs religiis gavlenas adamianTa qceva-

ze, iqneba es ojaxSi mis wevrTa mimarT, Tu ojaxis wevrebisa religiis mi-

marT. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa tradiciuli religiuri Rirebule-

bebisa da Tanamedrove ojaxis urTierdamokidebulebis problema. am mi-

marTulebiT Catarebulma sociologiurma kvlevebma aCvenes, rom, ro-

gorc wesi, uSvilo ojaxebi ufro morwmuneni arian da aqtiurad arian

CarTulni saeklesio cxovrebaSi vidre Svilianebi. sociologebi amtki-

ceben, rom es faqti imiT aixsneba, rom dauojaxebel da uSvilo indivi-

debSi ojaxisadmi sazrunavs eklesiisadmi zrunva cvlis, Tumca unda iT-

qvas, rom amgvari viTareba zogadi kanonzomiereba ar aris da umetes Sem-

TxvevaSi piriqiT xdeba xolme. amgvari viTareba imaze metyvelebs, rom

religiis sociologiis kvlevis sfero mTeli rigi `moulodnelobebiT~

aris aRsavse, rac misadmi interess erTiorad amZafrebs.

sociologiisaTvis mniSvnelovania religiis sxvadsxva mxareebis,

elementebis, magaliTad religiuri cnobierebis, religiuri kultis,

eTosis, religiuri urTierTobebisa da sxvadasxva saxis religiuri ga-

erTianebebis, _ socialuri parametrebis kvleva.

kaxa qecbaia

16

• religiis sociologia adgens religiis socialur arss.

• religiis sociologia religias ganixilavs rogorc socia-

lur fenomens.

• religiis sociologiis sagania religiis adgilis, rolisa da

mniSvnelobis dadgena sazogadoebaSi.

emil diurkemis sityvebiT:

• religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi sagania sakralurisa (wminda)

da profanulis (yoveldRiuri, saero) urTierTmimarTebis problema.

religiis sociologia religiur fenomenebs socialuri cnebe-

biTa da kategoriebiT xsnis.

§3. religiis sociologia da religiis Semswavleli

sxva mecnieruli disciplinebi.

religiis sociologis adgili socialur

mecnierebaTa sistemaSi

religiis is gageba, romelic aqvs sociologs gansxavavebulia re-

ligiis im gagebisagan, romelic gaaCnia fsiqologs, filosofoss anda is-

torikoss.

es imis msgavsia, TiTqos erTi da imave adamianis portreti sxvad-

saxva mimdinareobis warmomadgenel mxatvarT rom daexataT.

fsiqologi religias, rogorc fsiqikur fenomens ganixilavs, anu

mas ainteresebs ara is procesebi, rac sazogadoebaSi religiis gavleniT

xdeba (magaliTad is funqciebi rasac sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi reli-

gia asrulebs), aramed misi interesis sfero religiis subieqturi mxa-

rea, rac religiis adamianuri fsiqikis konteqstSi ganxilvas warmoad-

gens. amitom misi kavSiri religiis sociologiasTan udavoa. religiis

fsiqologias morwmuneTa fsiqologia ainteresebs. religiuri emociebi,

religiuri SiSebi, religiuri siyvaruli, religiuri grZnobebi da a. S.

misi ZiriTadi cnebebi da kategoriebia. miuxedavad kvlevis sagnisa da

xedvis rakursebs Soris gansxvavebisa religiis fsiqologia da religiis

sociologia ki ar ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs, aramed religiis Sesaxeb

codnas avseben da amdidreben.

sociologia religiis `socialur ganzomilebazea~ koncentrire-

buli. igi arkvevs Tu ra gavlenas axdens religia socialur qcevaze, moq-

religiis sociologia

17

medebaze. am SemTxvevaSi sociologi istoriul monacemebs unda daey-

rdnos. amitom religiis sociologias organuli kavSiri aqvs religiis

istoriasTan, magram sociologi istorikosi ver iqneba; istorikosisa-

gan gansxvavebiT mas ainteresebs socialuri qcevis, moqmedebis, religi-

uri motivaciis zogadi wesebi da ara is, Tu rodis warmoiSva esa Tu is

religia da analogiuri istoriuli sakiTxebi. bunebrivia, Tavis kvleva-

Si sociologi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi istoriuli mecnierebis monace-

mebs mimarTavs, magram am monacemebs is socialur parametrebSi moaqcevs

xolme.

religiis sociologiasTan kavSirSia iseTi mecnieruli disciplina,

rogoric religiis geografiaa. igi religias geografiuli mecnierebis

kategoriebsa da paramatrebSi (gavrcelebis are, ganviTarebis per-

speqtivebi da a. S.) aqcevs. Sesabamisad es mecnieruli disciplina reli-

giis sociologiuri analizisaTvis saWiro Zalze sayuradRebo da sain-

tereso monacemebs iZleva. sociologiaSi cnobilia geografiuli gare-

mos gavlena sazogadoebaze. am rakursiT danaxuli religia da sazoga-

doeba udavod sainteresoa sociologiisaTvis.

religiis sociologia gverds ver auvlis Teologiur codnas. Teo-

logia (`Teos~ - RmerTi, `logos” — moZRvreba. sityva sityviT RmerTis

Sesaxeb moZRvreba) religiisadmi mecnieruli midgomisagan gansxvavebiT,

RmerTis arsebobasa da `gamocxadebas~ emyareba. Tu mecniereba RmerTis

Sesaxeb codnidan amodis, Teologia RmerTis arsebobis rwmenas emyareba.

religiis sociologia religiur rwmenas ganixilavs, rogorc faqts da

mis socialur funqciebs eZebs. TeologiisaTvis religia zedroul gan-

zomilebas warmoadgens, maSin rodesac sociologi mas droiTi ganzomi-

lebis mixedviT ganixilavs, magram es xels ar uSlis Teologiasa da re-

ligiis sociologias Soris urTierTkavSirs.

religiis mkvlevar sociologTa Soris arian rogor religiuri,

aseve arareligiuri adamianebi, magram es xels ar uSlis maT Sesabamisi

kvlevebis CatarebaSi. profesiuli eTika avaldebulebs maT, rom ar gac-

dnen sazRvrebs, romelic mecniersa da Teologs anda religiis aTeist

kritikoss erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs. sociologi religiis analizi-

sas erTgvar profesionalur neitralobas inarCunebs, rasac religiis

sociologiaSi meTodologiur gnosticizms eZaxian. sociologiis kla-

sikosi maqs veberi am problemis mogvarebas mkvlevris `inteleqtualur

samarTlianobaSi~ xedavda, rac sociologis mxridan garkveul ostato-

bas moiTxovs. sabolood unda aRiniSnos, rom Teologia religiis arsis

religiur, saRvTismetyvelo axsnas iZleva, rac religiis socialuri bu-

nebis gasagebad udavod mniSvnelovania.

kaxa qecbaia

18

Teologiur codnasTan erTad religiis sociologiisaTvis Zalze

mniSvnelovania religiis Semswavleli iseTi mecnieruli disciplinis

monacemebi, rogoric religiaTmcodneobaa. igi Seiswavlis religiis ga-

movlenis Taviseburebebs sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv epoqaSi, religii-

sadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxebs sxvadasxva socialur da politikur

sistemaSi. igi Tavis ZiriTad problemebs saRvTismetyvelo dargebTan

akavSirebs da sakiTxebs saRvTo werilis obieqturi analizis safuZ-

velze ganixilavs. aCvenebs religiis gansakuTrebul rols kacobriobis

istoriaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, religiaTmcodneoba religiis Semswavleli

ZiriTadi, sabaziso mecnierebaa, amitom religiis sociologiasa da re-

ligiaTmcodneobas Soris organuli kavSiri arsebobs. ufro metic, arse-

bobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac religiis sociologia religiaT-

mcodneobis nawilad aris gamocxadebuli, rac arasworia. ramdenadac

religiaTmcodneoba, globaluri TvalsazrisiT, garegadamwvdomia re-

ligiis Sesaxeb arsebuli mecnierebebisaTvis SeiZleba religiis socio-

logia religiaTmcodneobiT dargebs mivakuTvnoT. Tumca sakuTrivi mo-

sazrebiT, sinamdvileSi religiis sociologia religiis Semswavleli

dargobrivi da empiriuli sociologiuri disciplinaa.

Tavis kvlevebSi religiis sociologia garkveulwilad religiis

filosofiis momacemebsac iTvaliswinebs. religiis filosofia religi-

is filosofiur arss Seiswavlis. misi kvlevis areSi iseTi sakiTxebis ana-

lizi Semodis, rogoricaa RmerTis arsebobis filosofiuri dasabuTeba,

RmerTisa da samyaros, RmerTisa da adamianis mimarTebis problema, ra-

cionalobisa da WeSmaritebis pirobebis dadgena da mravali sxva. arse-

bobs agreTve religiuri filosofiac, romlis amosavali principi Rmer-

Tis rogorc substanciad aRiarebaa. misi waromadgenlebi ara mxolod

religias aanalizeben, aramed im sakiTxebs ixilaven rac yofierebas (ar-

sebobas) da Semecnebas Seexeba. mis SigniT gamoiyofa Teisturi da aTeis-

turi mimdinareobebi. religiis sociologia, bunebrivia, gulgrili ver

iqneba religiis filosofiisa da religiuri filosofiis mimarT, magram

is am yovelives iyenebs imdenad, ramdenadac isini gamosadegni arian isev

da isev religiis socialuri bunebis dasadgenad.

religiuri filosofiis kvalobaze SesaZlebelia agreTve saubari

religiur sociologiazec. am SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTSi ar unda agverios

religiis sociologia da religiuri sociologia. religiuri sociolo-

gia erT-erTi Teoriuli mimarTulebaa sociologiaSi, romelic socia-

luri fenomenebis religizebas axdens. igi yovel socialur movlenas

religiuri Tvalsazrisidan ganixilavs, rac religiis sociologiuri

analizisagan Sors imyofeba. Tumca Teoriuli sociologiis am mimarTu-

religiis sociologia

19

lebis calkeuli debulebebi religiis sociologiisTvisac angariSgasa-

wevia.

religiis sociologia

§4. religiis sociologiis nairsaxeobani

religiisadmi sociologiuri midgoma araerTgvarovani SeiZleba

iyos, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu rogoria amosavali principebi da kon-

ceptualuri xedvebi. amas ganapirobebs agreTve isic, rom religia mra-

valwaxnagovani socialuri fenomenia, rac religiis sociologiaSi mis

nairsaxeobebze saubris pirobaa. am nairsaxeobebs Soris gamoyofen re-

ligiis istoriul sociologias, Teologiur (marTlmadideblur, kaTo-

likur da protestantul) religiis sociologias, antiTeistur religi-

is sociologias, religiis fenomenologias da sxv.

religiis istoriuli sociologia socialur-religiur proble-

mebs istoriul ganaserSi ganixilavs. Tu religiis sociologia aanali-

zebs religiisa da sazogadoebis mimarTebas ZiriTadad Tanamedrove

etapze, religiis istoriuli sociologia religiisa da socialuri

struqturebis, institutebisa da normebis mimarTebaTa sistemas isto-

riul (warsulis) ganzomilebaSi Seiswavlis. rac ar aris religiis isto-

religiis

fsiqologia religiaT-

mcodneoba

religiis

istoria

religiis

geografia

Teologia

kaxa qecbaia

20

ria, radganac religiisa da socimis mimarTebas Seexeba, rac sakuTriv

religiis sociologiaa.

Teologiuri religiuri sociologiisaTvis amosavali principi Te-

ologiuria, anu is RmerTis arsebobas da gamocxadebas aRiarebs. mis Sig-

niT gamoiyofa marTlmadidebluri (mama s. bulgakovi, al. meni, vl. so-

loviovi, n. berdiaevi da sxv.), kaTolikuri (fitCeri, xati, le-ple, fon

etieni da sxv. isini kaTolikur eklesias ganixilaven, rogorc mwyobr so-

cialur sistemas) da protestantuli (trelCi) religiis sociologia.

religiis antiTeisturi sociologiisaTvis amosavali principi

aTeisturia (magaliTad marqsi).

religiuri fenomenologiis mixedviT, religiis arsi ar unda mova-

ciloT religias, rogorc movlenas. igi religias arsisa da movlenis

filosofiuri kategoriebis WrilSi ganixilavs. magaliTad rodesac sa-

ubaria religiis arsze mxedvelobaSi aqvT eklesia, xolo rodesac sauba-

ria religiaze, rogorc movlenaze maSin mis socialur bunebas, anu mis

sazogadoebriv daniSnulebas gulisxmoben.

dasasruls unda iTqvas, rom religiis sociologiis zemoxsenebuli

dayofa mainc pirobiTia. es yvelaferi religiis sociologiis SigniT

xdeba da igi kvlav rCeba religiis Semswavlel erT-erT mowinave socio-

logiur disciplinad.

ZiriTadi literatura:

1. o. gabiZaSvili, religia, rogorc socialuri movlena, Tb., 1987.

2. n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.

(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.soci-

um.ge-ze. 3. e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).

kiTxvebi:

• raSi gamoixateba religiis socialuri buneba?

• ras Seiswavlis religiis sociologia?

• ra adgili ukavia religiis sociologias socialur da

religiis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa sistemaSi?

• ras niSnavs meTodologiuri gnosticizmi?

davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: sakraluri da profanuli

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.

• moamzadeT essei Temaze: risTvis religiis sociologia?

religiis sociologia

21

4. ed. kodua. religiis sociologia, wignSi: sociologia, nakv. II.

Tb., 1998.

damatebiTi literatura:

1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.

Tb., 2008.

2. j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.

3. o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1984.

4. o. gabiZaSvili, religiaTmcodneoba, Tb., 2002.

5. z. kiknaZe. eklesia guSin, eklesia xval. Tb., 2002.

6. ed. kodua. religia, kultura, sazogadoeba. wignSi: kulturis

sociologia, Tb., 2001.

es sayuradReboa!

***

henrix zimoni

religiis sociologia — ras Seiswavlis es mecniereba

religiis sociologia swavlobs imas Tu ra rols asrulebs da ra

adgili ukavia religias socialur urTierTobebSi, anu mas ainteresebs

religiasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTkavSiri. Emecnierebis es dar-

gi iswafvis gansazRvros religiis sazogadoebrivi formebi da Camoya-

libos religiuri moqmedebis zogadi Teoriia.

igi swavlobs ara uSualod religias, aramed religiurobas da mis

gamovlinebas yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. vladislav pivovarskis (1929-

2001) gansazRvrebiT, `religiis sociologiis sagania specifikuri soci-

aluri movlenebi, romlebic SeiniSneba konkretul religiebSi, konfesi-

ebsa da seqtebSi, aseve religiisa da socialuri sinamdvilis sxva sfero-

ebs Soris urTierTobaSi~. religiis sociologia, romelic erTdrou-

lad klasificirdeba rogorc sociologiuri sub-disciplina da reli-

giaTmcodneobiTi mecniereba, zogadi sociologiis mier SemuSavebul

cnebebs, Teoriebsa da meTodebs iyenebs.

sociologiuri mecnierebis winamorbedebad, iseve rogorc reli-

giis sociologiisa miiCnevian monteskie, sen-simoni, konti, spenseri.

mecnierul xmarebaSi termini `religiis sociologia~ Semoitana ge-

org zimelma. religiis sociologiis Semqnelebad emil diurkemi, maqs

kaxa qecbaia

22

veberi da ioaxim vaxi miiCneva. vaxs miaCnda, rom religiuri gamocdileba

vlindeba Teoriis sferoSi (doqtrina), praqtikis sferoSi (kulti) da

socialur cxovrebaSi (religiuri organizaciebi da jgufebi).

amerikeli sociologi Carlz iang gloki religiurobis 5 ZiriTad

faqtors gamoyofs:

• ideologiuri (religiuri msoflmxedveloba).

• inteleqtualuri (religiuri codna).

• ritualuri (religiuri praqtikebi).

• gancdiseuli (religiuri gamocdileba).

• qceviTi (moraluri ganwyobebi).

religiis sociologiis klasikosebi (diurkemi, veberi, trelCi, ma-

linovski, vaxi) dainteresebuli iyvnen damwrelobamdeli xalxebis re-

ligiiT, ramdenadac cdilobdnen epovaT kanonzomiereba, romelic saer-

Tod religiis, da kerZod, Tanamedrove sociumebis religiebis arss ga-

gavagebinebda. dReisaTvis religiis sociologia, pirvel rigSi, dakave-

bulia Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebaSi arsebuli konkretuli

religiebisa da rwmenebis analiziT (igulisxmeba evropuli da Crdilo-

eT amerikuli sazogadoebebi). dResaTvis religiis sociologia yvelaze

metad mizanmimarTulad ganviTarebadi disciplinaa amerikis SeerTebul

Statebsa da evropaSi.

sxva danarCen sakiTxebTan erTad, religiis sociologia Seswavlis:

• religiis zemoqmedebas socialuri sinamdvilis iseT sferoeb-

ze, rogorebicaa: ojaxi, eri da saxelmwifo; aseve socialur movlena-

Ta gavlenas religiaze, religiur cnebebze, religiur cxovrebasa da

praqtikaze.

• religiuri organizaciis tipebs (eklesia, denominacia, seqta,

religiuri da para-religiuri moZraobebi). aanalizebs maTi warmo-

Sobis, ganviTarebis, struqturisa da organi-

zaciis sakiTxebs.

• religiuri liderebis tipologias re-

ligiis formirebis sakiTxSi maT mier Sesru-

lebuli rolis mixedviT. religiur jgufSi

lideris socialur funqciebs.

• religiis kavSirs kulturasTan, poli-

tikasTan, ekonomikasTan, moralTan da sxv.

• religiis socialur funqciebs (magaliTad sazogadoebasTan

mimarTebaSi maintegrirebeli da madezinegrirebeli).

religiis sociologia

23

• religiurobis Caqrobis mauwyebel fenomenebs (deqristianiza-

cia, sekularizacia, laicizacia) da religiurobis aRorZinebas; re-

ligiis privatizacias da marginalizacias, religiuri aqtivobis axl

fenomenebs.

• religiuri qcevis stabilur formebsa (religiurobis maCve-

neblebi) da socialur garemos Soris kavSirs (magaliTad qalaqi da

sofeli); religiis kavSirs socialur warmomavlobasa da profesiul

saqmianobasTan. industrializaciisa da urbanizaciis gavlenas re-

ligiur cxovrebaze.

• religiis mimarTebas mediasTan (presa, kono, radio, televizia,

interneti).

• mrevlis struqturasa da socialur cxovrebas.

wignidan - `mecniereba da religia sazogadoebis sulier aRorZine-

baSi~, kievi, 2006.

* * *

`religiuroba adamianis bunebis Tvisebaa, romelic sxvadasxva

formiT vlindeba da romelic sxvadasxva socialur cvlilebaTa

gamomwvevi mizezia.

T. lukmani

kaxa qecbaia

24

masala gansjisaTvis

aris Tu ara cnebiTi azrovneba religiuri rwmenis arsebobis piroba?

religiis sociologiis mkvlevrebi, eTnosociologebi, socialuri

da lingvisturi anTropologiis warmomadgenlebi yovlismomcveli sak-

ralurobis wminda formad da gamovlinebad amazonis junglebSi mcxov-

reb indielebs — piraxanis tomis warmomadgenlebs miiCneven. junglebSi

Cakargul am adamianebs ar gaaCniaT miTebi da legendebi samyarosa da sa-

kuTari warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da, saerTod, maT ar ician ra aris warsu-

li an momavali. maT enaSi ar arsebobs iseTi ricxviTi saxelic ki rogo-

ric erTi an oria. protestanti misionerebis yovelgvari mcdeloba maT-

Tvis aexsnaT qristianobis arsi yovelTvis marcxiT damTavrda, im mize-

ziT, rom maTs enasa da kulturaSi amisTvis saWiro cnebebi ar moipoveba.

miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, piraxanis tomis warmomadgenlebs cxoveli

urTierToba aqvT sulebTan. isini sulebs, rogorc cocxal adamianebs,

esaubrebian. Tumca maTTan mcxovrebma eTnologma da lingvistma msgavsi

ram versad ver aRmoaCina. xolo rodesac mas indielebi sulis gacnobas

dapirdnen, misken uzarmazari iaguari gamoemarTa, romelsac is Zlivs

gadaurCa cocxali. piraxanis indielTa tomi mTels msoflioSi yvelaze

uSfoTvel xalxad aris miCneuli. yovelive es kidev erTxel metyvelebs

imaze, rom religiuri rwmena abstraqtuli, cnebiTi azrovnebis gareSec

SeiZleba arsebobdes da, rom igi cnebiT azrovnebasTan mimarTebaSi ma-

radiuli da pirveladia. am SemTxvevaSi sociologebi yuradRebas aqce-

ven imas Tu, ra ufro aucilebelia religiis arsebobisaTvis abstraqtu-

li, cnebiTi azrovneba Tu adamianTa erTad yofna?

SeecadeT, rom Tqvenc gasceT pasuxi sociologebisaTvis sain-

tereso kiTxvas:

ra ufro aucilebelia religiis arsebobisaTvis abstraqtuli,

cnebiTi azrovneba, Tu adamianTa erTad yofna? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

religiis sociologia

25

sakiTxavi masala

kaxa qecbaia

filosofiasa da religias Soris dialogi

u. jeimzis pragmatizmis farglebSi

filosofiasa da religias Soris dialogi yovel epoqaSi iyo filo-

sofiuri gansjis sagani. sakacobrio azrovnebis istoria adasturebs, rom

es dialogi xSir SemTxvevaSi ara Tu ver Sedga, aramed dilemad darCa. arc

erTi didi moazrovne gulgrili ar darCenila am sakiTxis mimarT. yoveli

maTgani sakuTari filosofiuri poziciebidan ganixilavda problemas.

maT Soris originaluri pragmatistuli poziciiT gamoirCeva u. jeimzi,

romelmac filosofiasa da religias Soris dialogis aucileblobaze da

mis praqtikul sargeblianobaze miuTiTa. vfiqrobT, aRniSnul sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT u. jeimzis mosazreba aqtualuria dResac.

u. jeimzis mier edinburgis universi-

tetSi `bunebrivi religiebis~ kaTedraze

wakiTxulma leqciebis kursma SemdgomSi

Seadgina erTi didi wigni saxelwodebiT:

`religiuri gamocdilebis mravalgva-

roba (1902 w.), romelic religiis fsiqo-

logiaSi dResdReobiT erT-erT fundamen-

tur gamokvlevad iTvleba. masSi adamianis

religiuri miswrafebis fsiqologiuri

analizia mocemuli. religiis sakiTxebs eZ-

Rvneba agreTve, am leqciebis kursis baza-

ze Seqmnili misi wigni: `popularuli fi-

losofiis cdebi~, romelSic ganxilulia

rwmenisa da nebis urTierTmimarTebis

problema, religiuri rwmenis filosofi-

uri gamarTleba. religiuri da filosofi-

uri problemebis ganxilva mocemulia u. jeimzis naSromebSi: `adamianu-

ri ukvdavebis Sesaxeb~ (1901); `SeiZleba Tu ara gardacvlilTan urTi-

erToba~ (1911); igive problematikas exeba misi erT-erTi statia `cxov-

rebis sazrisi~ da sxva. am Sromebze Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac Cans, rom

Zalze mravalferovania u. jeimzis religiur-filosofiuri Sexedule-

bani, romelTagan gamovyofT mxolod erT konkretul sakiTxs, u. jeim-

zis Tvalsazriss religiisa da filosofiis urTierTdamokidebulebis

Sesaxeb. yvela zemoaRniSnul SromaSi am sakiTxs erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

adgili uWiravs, magram amjerad Cven veyrdnobiT mis naSroms `religiu-

u. jeimzi

(1842-1910)

kaxa qecbaia

26

ri gamocdilebis mravalgvaroba~. am SemTxvevaSi avtori gamodis ro-

gorc religiis damcveli da ganixilavs mas rogorc adamianis fsiqolo-

giur funqcias, romlis safuZveli devs individis qvecnobier, iraciona-

lur cdaSi, romlis mizezi aris RmerTi.

u. jeimzi, rogorc pragmatisti da empiristi, religiis pragmatis-

tul dafuZnebas cdilobs da mas vrcel fsiqologiur analizs uZRvnis,

romlis amosavali debuleba is aris, rom `religiuri cda~ adamianuri

cdis erT-erTi moucilebeli komponentia, xolo religiuri Rirebule-

bebi aucilebel rgols qmnis RirebulebaTa saerTo sistemaSi.

religiuri cda, u. jeimzis mixedviT, iseve realuri da sasar-

gebloa, rogorc nebismieri cxovrebiseuli an mecnieruli cda, amitom

religiuri dogmebi imdenadaa WeSmariti, ramdenadac sasargebloa.

`Tu daveyrdnobiT religiur moZRvrebebs da rwmenis faqts, _ am-

bobs jeimzi, _ unda vTqvaT, rom maT Sinaarss uxilavis arseboba warmo-

adgens. arsebobs raRac uxilavi wesrigi, romelic unda virwmunoT, rom

xilul sinamdviles azri mieces~.1 igi aris rwmenis Sinaarsis ganzogade-

ba, Tumca uxilavi raRacis moxmareba cdiseul sinamdvilesac axasia-

Tebs. magaliTad, ontologiuri unarisaTvis ucxo ar aris zogadi cnebe-

bi da uzogadesi kategoriebi, isini realurad, xiluli saxiT ar arse-

bobs, magram gacilebiT met reaqcias iwvevs CvenSi, vidre xiluli sagne-

bi. oRond am SemTxvevaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs im uxilav raRacas, rac

rwmenis sferoa. kantisaTvis, _ ambobs jeimzi, _ es `TavisTavadi nivTe-

bis~ sferoa, magram kantis gamonaTqvamebi uxilavi samyaros Sesaxeb iseve

funqciobs, rogorc xilulis Sesaxeb.

u. jeimzis azriT, tradiciuli filosofiis nakli aris is, rom man

eWvis qveS daayena uxilavis realuroba. aq aucilebelia grZnobadi faq-

tebis minimaluri gancda, radganac logikuri daskvnebi da racionaluri

xerxebi zebunebrivis wvdomisTvis sakmarisi ar aris.

RmerTTan kontaqtiT azri unda mieces Cvens arsebobas, amitom je-

imzs Semoaqvs hipoTeza RmerTis realobis gancdisa da masTan Cveni kon-

taqtis pirobebis Sesaxeb. am pirobebis Seswavla mecnierebis, kerZod,

fsiqologiis saqmed miaCnia mas. u. jeimzis mixedviT, grZnobadi monace-

mebi erTaderTi saimedo masalaa, radgan isini faqtobriv viTarebas exe-

ba. Cveni cxovreba aris imis aRqma, rom arsebobs raRac sxva, mistikuri

(gancda) cda, sadac arsebobis ganmcdelis nebisyofa nulamdea dayvani-

li. amiT igi Tavs grZnobs RmerTze damokidebulad da ar ZaluZs masTan

1 XX saukunis burJuaziuli filosofia, Tb., 1966,gv. 125. redaqtori: TevzaZe g.

religiis sociologia

27

gaTiSva. adamianis sulieri samyaro imaze metia, rac Cven masze viciT.

Cveni me aris gagrZeleba ufro didi `me~-si da Cveni yofnis sazRvrebi

grZnobadi da intuiciuri wvdomis samyaros miRmaa, saidanac modis Cveni

idealuri, sulieri miswrafebebi. amitom Cven maTiT ufro vcxovrobT,

vidre xiluli sinamdviliT. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven am uxilavis da ma-

radiuli samyaros moqalaqeebi ufro varT! yovelive es ki, jeimzis mi-

xedviT, aris mistikuri samyaros realobis mtkiceba. RmerTis arsebobas

adasturebs misi arsebobis gancda, grZnoba. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi pi-

rovnebaze da mis Tavisufal arCevanzea damokidebuli.2 amitom, _ ambobs

jeimzi, _ rwmena ar SeiZleba lokalizebul iqnes romelime seqtaSi,

fenaSi an rasaSi; is individualuri fenomenia. religia es aris pira-

di gancdis, SegrZnebis uSualo faqti, rac jeimzs aZlevs imis safuZ-

vels, rom isaubros pirovnul religiaze. magram religiuri grZnoba ar

aris damokidebuli organul gansazRvrulobaze, radganac igi religiis

sulier Rirebulebas daakninebda. amitom jeimzi iziarebs religiis ze-

bunebrivi, RvTaebrivi warmoSobis Teorias. religia aris pirovnuli,

uSualo gancda, SegrZneba, magram mizezi da piroba am SegrZnebisa aris

RmerTi. u. jeimzi akritikebs e. w. samedicino materializms, romlis mi-

xedviT, mociqul pavles gamocxadeba damaskos gzaze gagebuli iyo ro-

gorc epileptikuri movlena, xolo wm. francisk asizeli miCneuli iyo

Wkuanaklul adamianad. maT mixedviT, aseTi mdgomareobebi daavadebaa da

meti araferi. jeimzi fiziologic iyo da amdenad am Tvalsazriss TviT

fiziologiis miRwevebis gamoyenebiT araseriozuls uwodebda (igi akri-

tikebda agreTve religiis warmoSobis e. w. seqsualur Teorias).

religiis sfero imdenad rTulia, _ ambobs jeimzi, _ rom saWiroa

misi kvlevisas raRac sferoTi SemovifargloT. es sfero aris pirovnu-

li religia. jeimzis mixedviT, religias arsebobis ori forma aqvs: Sina-

gani da garegani. maT Soris ufro mniSvnelovania Sinagani. religia arse-

bobs rogorc dawesebuleba, organizacia (instituti) da rogorc pira-

di, individualuri gancda, SegrZneba. pirveli gulisxmobs msaxurebas

(kults), Teologiur sistemas, saeklesio organizacias da a. S. rac re-

ligiisaTvis aucilebelia. aq religia mocemulia rogorc qmedeba, rom-

lis mizania RvTis wyalobis mopoveba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs pi-

rovnuli, individualuri religia, romlis qveS igulisxmeba adamianis

Sinagani gancda, SegrZneba, misi sindisi da sruli martooba yofierebis

usasrulobis winaSe, romlis mizani siwmindis miRwevaa. amitom jeimzi ar

2 TevzaZe g., XX s-is filosofiis istoria, Tb., 2002, gv. 575.

kaxa qecbaia

28

saubrobs eklesiasa da Teoriul RvTismetyvelebaze. Tvlis, rom piradi

rwmena, pirovnuli religia aris religiis safuZveli. aqedan unda daiw-

yos religiuri cxovreba. TviT eklesiac pirad damoukideblobaze, av-

tonomiurobazea damokidebuli, amas mowmobs didi qristianuli saidum-

loebebis individualuri xasiaTi. ziarebis aqti pirovnuli, individua-

luria da ara koleqtiuri. religia aris cdiseuli adamianis, pirovnebis

grZnobebisa da gancdebis erToblioba, rasac jeimzi empiriuli gamok-

vlevebiT adasturebs. religiis wyaro aris grZnoba, amitom rwmena aris

cocxali grZnoba; rom gwamdes unda igrZno, ganicado da es niWi rwmenisa

imitom ki ar gveZleva RmerTis mier, rom adamianebi davyoT mar-

Tlmorwmuneebad da eretikosebad, aramed imitom, rom Cven ubralod

vicxovroT misi meSveobiT.3 arsi Cveni cxovrebisa is aris, rom vic-

xovroT ise, rom Cveni rwmena ar iyos gansazRvruli dogmebiT. yvelaze

saintereso adamiansa da erSi aris misi rwmena, religia. u. jeimzi mor-

wmune qristiania. mis arc erT SromaSi marTlmadidebloba an sxva rome-

lime religia arsad augad ar moixsenieba. piriqiT, igi pativiscemiTaa

ganmsWvaluli yoveli religiis mimarT. religiur cdasTan SedarebiT,

mecnieruli cda, jeimzis mixedviT, xelovnuria, Tumca ar ewinaaRmdege-

ba mas. marqsistebi u. jeimzs fideistad Tvlidnen, rac ar aris swori.

jeimzis mixedviT, religia da mecniereba ar ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs.

religia adamianis xsnas emsaxureba, mecniereba ki mis keTildReobas. isi-

ni samyaros saidumlos or gasaRebs warmoadgens. maT Soris winaaRmde-

goma maSin gvaqvs, roca mecnierebis qveS gulisxmoben mxolod imas, rac

fizikur sinamdviles Seexeba, xolo religiis qveS mxolod dogmebi es-

miT, rac ara swori poziciaa. xeze misi nayofis mixedviT msjeloben (sa-

xareba), aseve nayofi religiisa da mecnierebisa adamianis bednierebaa.

amitom maT Soris winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs. Tu vinme laparakobs amis

Sesaxeb, es aris e. w. fsevdowinaaRmdegoba. religia grZnobadobaa, mecni-

ereba ki gonebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

religiuri cda mravalgvaria, ambobs jeimzi, ramdenadac mraval-

gvaria TviT individebi. religiaTa mravalferovnebis safuZveli swo-

red aq aris saZebni. religia pirovnuli cxovrebaa pavle mociqulisaT-

vis, netari avgustinesaTvis da a. S. roca adamiani iTxovs gadarCenas, mas

eubnebian `Senma rwmenam gadagarCina Sen~. am SemTxvevaSi calkeul pirov-

nebaze, individzea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli, mis religiur grZnobasa

3 gogoberiSvili v., pragmatizmis filosofia, Tb., 1966, gv. 130.

religiis sociologia

29

da gancdaze. amitom jeimzis xatovani TqmiT, suli religiisa aris

grZnoba, xolo sxeuli _ dogmebi da eklesia.

u. jeimzi Tvlis, rom RmerTis arsebobis religiur gancdas filo-

sofiam unda misces sanqcia, rac aqrobs imis molodins, rom rwmena mxo-

lod religiis saqmea. ara, rwmena Tanabradaa religiisa da filosofiis

saqme. swored am konteqstSi ikveTeba filosofiasa da religias Soris

dialogis aucilebloba, romelsac maradiuli dialogi SeiZleba ewo-

dos, imitom, rom religiuri SinaarsisaTvis (rwmenisaTvis) filosofiu-

ri formis moZebna adamianuri gonebis Rrma SreebSia Cadebuli da mas

adamiani verasodes ver moicilebs. garda amisa, religia iSviaTad ake-

Tebs (gonebis) filosofiis sawinaaRmdego daskvnebs. religia yovelTvis

saWiroebs sakuTari religiuri grZnobis filosofiur-msoflmxedve-

lobriv gadamuSavebas, radganac grZnoba SesaZlebelia gansazRvruli da

susti iyos. igi yovelTvis kmayofildeba imiT, rom misi miRwevebi sai-

dumlo da gamoucnobia. amitom filosofiam religiur grZnobas unda ga-

mostacos is, rac gaugebari da iracionaluria da gasagebi gaxados. u.

jeimzis mixedviT am amocanis Sesrulebaze `filosofia arc erT epoqaSi

ar ityvis uars~. am saqmis realizaciis erT-erT warmatebul mcdelobad

u. jeimzi Tavis leqciebis kurss miiCnevda.4 Tumca religiis logikuri

dafuZnebas SeuZlia moklas religia. gamodis, rom saboloo jamSi gansja

aris zedapiruli gza RmerTisaken. ismis kiTxva: aseT viTarebaSi ra unda

gaakeTos filosofiam? aq jeimzi kants mimarTavs. kantis transcenden-

turi apercefcia niSnavs imas, rom yovel azrobriv obieqts potenciu-

rad an aqtualurad Tan axlavs imis codna, rom `Cemi me mas iazrebs~. kan-

tamde es individualur pirovnebasTan iyo gaigivebuli. kantTan mas ab-

straqtuli xasiaTi aqvs, oRond ara Teologiuri. ganyenebul, upirovno

cnobierebas anu samyaros suls, romelTanac mimarTeba aqvs Cvens cnobi-

erebas did yuradRebas aqcevdnen kantis mimdvrebic. u. jeimzi aRniSna-

avs, rom hegelis skolis mixedviT, samyaro aris `arena~, sadac sagnebi

erTmaneTs gverdigverd mihyvebian, xolo azrovneba aris xidis gadeba

erTi sagnidan meoreze. kantis es Teoria jeimzs imisaTvis dasWirda, rom

igi yovelgvari WeSmaritebis SesaZleblobas daukavSiros da gaaigivos

cocxal _ pirovnul RmerTTan. filosofiis amocana am SemTxvevaSi

RmerTis Sesaxeb msjelobidan SemTxveviTisa da kerZos gamoricxvaSi

mdgomareobs. mas SeuZlia rwmenis ganTavisufleba istoriuli naSreve-

bisagan. amitom filosofia unda gaxdes Suamavali sxvadasxva religiebs

4 Джеимс У., Многообразие религиозного опыта, М., 1910, XVIII лекция.

kaxa qecbaia

30

Soris, rac Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi filsofiis rols kidev ufro

damajerebels gaxdis. filosofiam unda Seajeros da SeaTanxmos sxva-

dasxva religuri Tvalsazrisebi, rasac igi dialogis gziT miaRwevs. am

saqmianobis warmateba garantirebuli iqneba maSin, rodesac gansja ar

gascdeba cocxal realobas, konkretul cxovrebas da ar gadava pragma-

tizmis farglebs gareT. realur cxovrebaSi yovelTvis aris raRac, rac

yovelTvis rCeba gonebisa da refleqsiis, Tundac religiuri grZnobis

miRma. aravin ise kargad ar icis es, rogorc filosofosma. amitom filo-

sofosi unda Caswvdes sinamdvilis cocxal qsovils, es misi mowodebaa!

Tundac icodes, rom igi verasodes ver miaRwevs amas. filosofia yovel-

Tvis miuTiTebs, gzas gaukvlevs religiur WeSmaritebas, magram rwmenis

swavleba mas ar SeuZlia da arc evaleba.

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan SesaZlebelia u. jeimzis mravali Sexe-

duleba paradoqsuladac ki mogveCvenos, magram erTi ram savsebiT cxa-

dia, mravali mwvave zogadsakacobrio problemis racionaluri gadawyve-

ta savsebiT SesaZlebelia filosofiasa da religias Soris dialogis

gziT; `dRes, ise rogorc arasdros, kacobrioba erTian mTels warmoad-

gens, magram ara imdenad sulierad, ramdenadac ekonomikurad da samar-

Tlebrivad~5. vfiqrobT, rom am problemis gadawyvetaSi did rols Seas-

rulebs dialogi filosofiasa da religias Soris. filosofias SeuZlia

am globalur diskusiaSi monawileebs tolerantoba aswavlos.

u. jeimzis Tvalsazrisi filosofiisa da religiis Sesaxeb gaziare-

bulia bevri Tanamedrove mkvlevris mier.

5 TevzaZe g., XX s-is filosofiis istoria, Tb., 2002, gv. 575.

religiis sociologia

31

`rac ufro Rrmad veuflebi mecnierebas,

miT ufro morwmune vxdebi~

l. pasteri

II leqcia

Tema: kvlevis meTodebi religiis sociologiSi

religiurobis dagena


religiurobis xarisxi, religiuri motivaciis done, religiuri qce-

vis Sesrulebis sixSire, religiuri qcevis empiriuli indikatorebi,

dakvirveba, piradi saubari, anketireba, interviu, kros-kulturuli

analizi, religiurobis ravalganzomilebiani modeli (Carlz gloki

da robert starki)

Sesavali

religiis sociologiaSi codnis sul mcire sami donis gamoyofa Se-

iZleba.

1. fundamentur debulebaTa sistema, romelic religiis arsis ax-

snas cdilobs da sxva socialur institutebTan religiis damokidebu-

lebas arkvevs (magaliTad sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistema da reli-

gia), eZebs religiis socialur Zirebs.

2. codnis sistema, romelic aanalizebs religiis struqturas,

religiuri cnobierebis doneebs, religiuri kultis xasiaTs, religiur

gaerTianebaTa specifikas da sxv.

3. codnis sistema, romelic xsnis iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa `reli-

giuroba~, `religiurobis kriteriumebi~, `religiisadmi damokidebule-

ba~, `religiurobis mdgomareoba~ da sxv.

am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs religiis socio-

logiis codnis struqturis mesame dones, radganac masSi religiisa da

religiurobis empiriuli, konkretul-sociologiuri kvleva igulis-

xmeba. aq sakiTxi imas Seexeba, Tu ra gzebiTa da saSualebebiT ikvleven

sociologebi religias? rogoria religiis sociologiuri analizis me-

Todika da teqnika? ubralod rom vTqvaT, saqme religiis sociologis,

rogorc damoukidebeli mecnieruli disciplinis kvlevis meTodebs See-

xeba.

Tuki mxedvelobaSi im faqts miviRebT, rom sociologia religias,

rogorc socialur fenomens ganixilavs, maSin, bunebrivia, rom religiis

kaxa qecbaia

32

kvleva yvela im meTodis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs, romelTac sociolo-

gebi sxva socialuri movlenebis kvlevisas iyeneben. religiis kvlevis

SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad es meTodebia: gamokiTxva da statistikuri anali-

zi, dakvirveba da eqsperimenti, kros-kulturuli SedarebiTi analizi,

dokumentebis analizi, kontent-analizi da sxv.

§1. kvlevis meTodebi religiis sociologiSi∗

• gamokiTxva: religiis sociologiuri analizis dros erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani meTodia gamokiTxva — standartizirebuli intervius anda

sulac respondentebis mier anketis werilobiTi Sevsebis meSveobiT. am

SemTxvevaSi respondentebs eZlevaT kiTxvebi maTi religiuri identobis

Sesaxeb; imis Sesaxeb Tu ramdenad xSirad dadian eklesiaSi; ra doneze ici-

an saRvTi sjuli da ra damokidebuleba aqvT mis calkeul momentebTan.

magaliTad sjeraT Tu ara sikvdilis Semdgomi sicocxlis, sjeraT Tu ara,

rom arsebobs eSmaki da a. S. anu gamokiTxvis meTodis saSualebiT socio-

logebi adgenen calkeuli individis an jgufis religiurobis intensivo-

basa da xasiaTs. gamokiTxvis meTodi Sedegiania maSin rodesac religiu-

robis sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebs Soris korelaciis dadgenaa aucilebeli

(magaliTad religiurobis motivaciasa da religiuri ritualebis Sesru-

lebas Soris korelacia, morwmuneTa socialur ganwyobasa da religiu-

robas Soris damokidebuleba da sxv.); xolo ufro siRrmiseuli mizezob-

rivi kavSirebis dasadgenad damatebiTi monacemebia saWiro, romlebic

statistikuri analiziT, dakvirvebiTa da eqsperimentis meTodebiT mii-

Reba. Zalze mniSvnelovania agreTve gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli in-

formaciis interpretacia. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom religiis sociolo-

giur kvlevaSi udavod didia intervius meTodis gamoyenebiTi mniSvnelo-

ba. magaliTad standatrizirebuli interviu da sxv.

• dakvirveba: religiis kvlevisas dakvirveba SeiZleba iyos stan-

dartizirebuli, rodesac sociologi kvlevis gansazRvruli, winas-

wargaTvlili programiT xelmZRvanelobs da ise akvirdeba religiur

procesebs, religiuri Temis socialur cxovrebas, urTierTobas reli-

∗ imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom im studentebs, romelTac religiis sociologiis kursi

ekiTxebaT sociologiuri kvelvis meTodebze garkveuli warmodgena ukve aqvT,

amdenad aq religiisa da religiurobis, saerTod, religiuro cxovrebis kvlevis

ZiriTadi meTodebis mxolod zogadi mimoxilviT SemovifarglebiT.

amasTan aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sociologiis mTeli mTeli rigi dargebi im

meTodebiT sargebloben riTac saerTod sociologiuri mecniereba sargeblobs.

religiis sociologia

33

giuri Temis wevrebs Soris da a. S. am da msgavs SemTxvevaSi sociologebi

rogorc CarTuli (faruli) ise Ria dakvirvebis meTodebiT xelmZRvane-

loben. religiis kvlevaSi CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodi bolo xanebSi ga-

moiyenes amerikelma sociologebma, rodesac isini axali religiuri moZ-

raobebisa da novaciebis SeswavliT dainteresdnen. am SemTxvevaSi Car-

Tuli dakvirvebis meTods is upiratesoba aqvs, rom igi saSualebas iZle-

va religiuri cxovrebis iseTi niuansebi iqnas gamovlenili da Sesawvli-

li, romlebic mxolod am procesebSi CarTvisas, uSualo monawileobisas

xdeba xolme xelSesaxebi. SeiZleba erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebodes is, ra-

sac morwmuneebi gamokiTxvisas sociologs eubnebian da is, rasac socio-

logi uSualod, piradad xedavs. amdenad dakvirvebis meSveobiT Zalze

zusti da siRrmiseuli informaciis mopovebaa SesaZlebeli. Tumca kvle-

vis es meTodi sociologisagan kvalifikaciis maRal dones moiTxovs. am

SemTxvevaSi sociologi unda gamoirCeodes adamianebTan urTierTobe-

bis mTeli rigi niuansebis codniT, obieqturobiT (unda SeeZlos miRebu-

li informaciis daxarisxeba, ZiriTadisa da umTavresis meorexarisxova-

nisagan gamorCeva da a. S.). amasTanave unda gavxsovdes, rom CarTuli dak-

virvebis meTodi religiis mkvlevari sociologis mxridan gamoricxavs

kvlevis obieqtis kontrolirebas, ramdenadac msgavsi ram sociologis

funqciebSi ar Sedis.

• eqsperimenti: rac Seexeba eqsperiments, rogorc sociologiuri

kvlevis meTods, igi socialuri realobis sxva sferoebis kvlevisas uf-

ro metad gamoiyeneba, vidre religiis sferoSi. religiis sociologiu-

ri analizis SemTxvevaSi igi iSviaTad gvxvdeba, im martivi mizezis gamo,

rom religia erTob pirovnuli fenomenia, romelic individis Sinagan

samyarosTan aris dakavSirebuli da Sesabamisad, araeTikuria nebismieri

miznebidan gamomdinare misiT manipulireba. aArc Tu xSirad, margam zog-

jer aris situaciebi, rodesac garkveuli mizezebidan gamomdinare indi-

videbi, eTikuri problematikis miuxedavad, Tanaxmani arian eqsperimen-

tebSi monawileobis miRebaze (magaliTad uCveulo unarebis demonstri-

rebisas — eqstrasensi, mkurnali, Samani da sxv.), anda religiuri ganaT-

lebis specialuri programis danergvisas misi efeqturobis Cvenebis

mizniT da a. S.

• kros-kulturuli analizi: kvlevis es meTodi gamoiyeneba sxva-

dasxva kulturul da socialur pirobebSi mcxovrebi individebis an

jgufebis religiuri fenomenebis (religiuri cxovrebis wesi) Seadrebi-

kaxa qecbaia

34

sas.∗ msgavsi kvlevis magaliTi mogvca religiis sociologiis klasikosma

maqvs veberma. mMan erT-erTma pirvelma xsnis ideis mixedviT erTmaneTs

Seadara qristianoba da aRmosavluri religiebi. Sedarebisas amosavali

iyo ara rwmenis dogmatebi, aramed qristianul da aRmosavlur kultu-

rebSi arsebuli xsnis idea.

• dokumentebis analizis meTodi: istoriuli monacemebis anali-

zi, werilobiTi wyaroebis da dokumentebis analizis sociologiuri me-

Todi gamoiyeneba religiuri organizaciebis tipologiisas, religiisa

da sazogadoebis evoluciis etapebis analizissas (magaliTad protes-

tantobis gavlena kapitalisturi ekonomikis ganviTarebaze da sxv.).

• kontent-analizi: religiis sociologiaSi Zalze nayofierad ga-

moiyeneba sxavadsxva saxis religiuri teqstebis Sinaarsobrivi analizi

anu kontent analizi (ingl. Content – Sinaarsi). magaliTad am meTods iye-

neben qadagebaTa (romelic calkeul maqadagebelTaTvis an sxvadasxva

religiur organizaciaTaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli), teqstebis gasaana-

lizeblad. agreTve es SeiZleba iyos popularuli religiuri litera-

turis an oficialuri saeklesio dokumentebis analizi. am SemTxvevaSi

religiur teqstebSi calkeuli socialuri elementebis fiqsireba xdeba

(magaliTad socialuri uTanasworoba religiur teqstSi, ama Tu im re-

ligiis socialuri doqtrina da mravali sxva), oRond am SemTxvevaSi teq-

stis calkeuli elementebi ki ar fiqsirdeba, aramed yuradReba eqceva

maTi ganmeorebis sixSires (magaliTad saeklesio ierarqebis gavlenis

sixSire sazogadoebaze an mediaze da a. S.). cnobili rusi moazrovne vasi-

li rozanovi amgvar kvlevebSi yuradRebis gamaxvilebas imaze iTxovda,

Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis socialur cxovrebaSi `naTelisa~ da

`bnelis~ cnebis sxvadasxva religiur gagebas da a. S.

erTi sityviT, religiis sociologiuri analizi meTodikisa da teq-

nikis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba mravaferovani iyos, magram am SemTxvevaSi

erTi ram aris umTavresi, TiToeuli maTgani saSualebas gvaZlevs da

gvexmareba religia gavigoT, rogorc socialuri fenomeni, rogorc so-

cialuri realobis moucilebadi da maradiulad Tanamdevi erT-erTi Zi-

riTadi elementi.

∗ religia TavisTavad cxovrebis wess gulisxmobs. erTmaneTisagan gansxavavdeba

religiur da arareligiur adamianTa cxovrebis wesi da moqmedeba.

religiis sociologia

35

§2. religiurobis dadgena

religiis sociologiuri analizi mis empiriul kvlevas gulis-

xmobs, rac pirvel rigSi, religiis socialuri parametrebisa da maCve-

neblebis (morwmuneTa raodenoba sazogadoebaSi, religiurobis done da

mravali sxva) daaxloebiT swor dadgenaSi mdgomareobs. Tavisi funqcie-

bidan gamomdinare religia garkveul socialur sistemaTa jgufs mie-

kuTvneba, romelic garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, sazogadoebrivi urTier-

es saintresoa

v. rozanovi rusuli religiuri filo-

sofiis erT-erTi yvelaze saukeTeso warmo-

madgenelia. marTalia igi religiis socio-

logi ar yofila, magram misi rogorc reli-

giuri mozarovnis (Seudarebeli stilistis,

genialuri essebis avtoris, romelic gamor-

Ceulia orginaluri filosofiur-Teolo-

giuri moZRvrebiT), Semoqmedeba saintersoa

sociologiuri kuTxiTac. gansakuTrebiT

mis Sexedulebebi qsesze da ojaxze.

rozanovma ramdenjerme Seicvala re-

ligiuri mrwamsi. Tanmimdevrulobis gan-

cda arc mis politikur Sexedulebebs axa-

siaTebda. 1906 wlamde igi marTlmadideb-

luri qrstianobis erTguli iyo, SemdgomSi ki mwvaved gailaSqra

qrstianobis winaaRmdeg. mas ar moswonda qristianuli asketizmi, ami-

tom didad afasebda warmarTul religiebs, gansakuTrebiT nayofiere-

bis (falosis) kults. msoflio religiebSi ki iudaizms. rogorc si-

cocxlis filosofiis warmomadgeneli, v. rozanovi maTSi xedavda si-

cocxlis religiebs, sadac gamefebulia ojaxis, patriarqaluri yofis

kulti, sadac RmerTi da sqesi erTmaneTisagan gaTiSuli da erTmaneTs

dapirispirebuli ar aris. sicocxlis religiebis didi cxovrebiseuli

mniSvneloba swored amaSi mdgomareobs. Tumca sicocxlis bolos v.

rozanivi qristianobas daubrunda da sikvdilis win qristianuli

mrwamsis WeSmariteba aRiara. `sikvdilis sunTqvam igi kvlav qristia-

nobsken Semoabruna~.

v. rozanovi

(1856-1919)

kaxa qecbaia

36

TobiTaa determinirebuli: aqvs rTuli struqtura, garkveuli adgili

ukavia sazogadoebaSi, asrulebs mTel rig naTlad gamokveTil funqci-

ebs da a. S. yovelive amis naTlad warmosadgenad religiis sociologiaSi

religiurobis konkretul sociologiur kvlevebs mimarTaven (am kvle-

vebis SemTxvevaSi kvlevis zemoxsenebuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba). religi-

is sociologiaSi `religiurobis~ cnebiT individis, jgufis an mTlianad

sazogadoebis cnobierebasa da qcevaSi religiis konkretuli gamovline-

ba aRiniSneba. igi adamianis, jgufis cxovrebaSi religiis mniSvnelobas

gulisxmobs.

religiuroba calkeuli adamianis, socialuri jgufis an mTlia-

nad sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi religiis mniSvnelobas niSnavs.

religiuroba kavSirSia `religiurobis xarisxTan~, rac individis,

jgufis an mTlianad sazogadoebis religiur TvisebaTa intensivobis

dones niSnavs. religiurobis dafiqsireba rigi kriteriumebis mixedviT

xdeba. magaliTad igi dgindeba individis cnobierebaSi religiuri idee-

bis arsebobiT, religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebis an religiuri Temis

wevrobis mixedviT, religiuri rwmenis xarisxiT. religiuri motivaciis

done, religiuri informirebulobis xarisxi da religiuri ritualebis

Sesrulebis sixSire religiurobis zomaze miuTiTebs. religiurobis

kriteriumi ar SeiZleba iyos mxolod `intensivoba~, `done~, `sixSire~,

`moculoba~ da sxva. yoveli maTgani mis xarisxze miuTiTebs mxolod. ad-

reul etapze religiis sociologiaSi religiurobis tipologiis Semde-

gi sqema arsebobda:

• mtkice morwmuneebi, romlebic TavianT Sexedulebebs aqtiurad

avrceleben.

• mtkice morwmuneebi, romlebic TavianT Sexedulebebs ar avrcele-

ben.

• meryevi morwmuneebi.

• indiferentulebi.

• aTeistebi.

sadaoa agreTve am sqemasTan kavSirSi myofi religiuri adamianis

tipologiac:

• morwmune, romlis cxovrebiseuli orientaciis ganmsazRvrelia

religia da religiuri rwmnena.

religiis sociologia

37

• morwmune, romlis cxovrebiseul orientaciaSi religia mniSvne-

lovania, magram ara ganmsazRvreli.

• morwmune, romlis religiuri orientacia arareligiurobazea

damyarebuli.

• rwmenasa da urwmunoebas Soris meryevi adamianebi.

zogadad, unda iTqvas, rom religiurobis amgvari tipologia ar

aris universaluri da misi sxva versiebic arsebobs. garda amisa es yvela-

feri, rasac sociologiuri gazomvebi da kvlevebi Seexeba religiis ze-

dapiruli Sre SeiZleba iyos, misi garegani, socialuri garsi, romelic

misawvdomia mecnieruli analizisaTvis, sxva mxriv religiisa da religi-

uri rwmenis siRrmiseuli analizi, albaT, Znelad warmosadgenia. amitom

religiis mkvlevarma sociologma es garemoeba yovelTvis unda gaiTva-

liswinos da mis daskvnebs am sferoSi `ukanaskneli rigis WeSmaritebis~

pretenzia ar unda hqondes.

§3. religiurobis mravalganzomilebiani modeli

(Carlz gloki da robert starki)

Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi cnobilia Carlz glokisa da

robert starkis religiurobis mravalganzomilebiani modeli. am mo-

dels amgvari saxelwodeba imitom hqvia, rom adrindeli tardiciisagan

gansxvavebiT religiurobis cnebis dasadgenad ara erT romelime amosa-

val principzea agebuli da damyarebuli, aramed mis pluralistur, mra-

valganzomilebian gagebas eyrdnoba.

Carlz glokis mixedviT, religiurobis gazomva 5 sxavdasxva ganzo-

milebiTaa SesaZlebeli da aucilebli. esenia:

• religiuri gamocdileba;

• religiuri rwmena;

• religiuri kulti;

• religiuri codna-informacia;

• `religiurobis Sedegebi~ arareligiuri qcevis SemTxvevaSi.

glokis xelmZRvanelobiT mTeli rigi kvlevebi iqna Catarebuli

amerikuli sazogadoebis religiurobis dasadgenad. mMisi sayvareli ter-

minia `empiriuli religiuroba~, rac romelime religiuri organizacii-

sadmi kuTvnilebis aRsanisnavad gamoiyeneba. es maCvenebli amerikis maga-

liTze regionebis mixedviT sxvadasxvagvaria.

kaxa qecbaia

38

Tanamedrove religiis sociologaiSi glokma religiurobis sxva-

dasxva tipebzec gaamaxvila yuradReba. MmagaliTad:

• ritualuri religiuroba wirva-locvaSi monawileobasa da ek-

lesiaSi siarulis sixSires aRniSnavs.

• ideologiuri religiuroba ki individis mier religiuri doq-

trinisadmi rwmenis sixSires aRniSnavs.

• Tanmimdevruli religiuroba aCvenebs imas, Tu ramdenad vlin-

deba religiuri ideebisa da Sexedulebebis gavlena adamianTa yovel-

dRiur cxovrebaze.

• inteleqtualuri religiuroba religiuri ganaTlebis (saku-

Tari religiis istoriisa da dogmatikis codna) dones gulisxmobs.

religiurobis gansazRvra arc ise ioli saqmea, radganac Cven SeiZ-

leba erTi romelime parametris mixedviT Zalze religiuri adamiani vi-

yoT, maSin rodesac sxva parametris mixedviT es ase ar iyos. rodesac

zrdasrul amerikelebs amis Sesaxeb pirdapir ekiTxebian, maTi 86% pasu-

xobs, rom RmerTis arseboba swams, magaram maTi procentuli maCvenebe-

li, romelTac sjeraT RmerTis arseboba da amaSi eWvi ar eparebaT mxo-

lod 61% Seadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelebis umravlesoba xazs

usvams sakuTar religiurobas, mTlianobaSi namdvil morwmuneTa maCve-

nebli 33% ar scdeba. G glokis kvlevebma aCvena, rom amerikaSi sxvadasxva

sqetebis warmoamdgenlebi arian ufro morwmuneebi, maT mosdeven kaTo-

likebi da protestantebi. rogorc wesi SedarebiT ufro morwmuneebi

moxucebi da qalebi arian, vidre axalgazrdebi da Sromisunariani mamaka-

cebi. samwuxarod, CvenSi msgavsi klevebi ar tardeba. am mxriv momaval

soiologebs win saintereso saqmianoba elodeba.

E

es sayuradReboa!

Carlz gloki — religiurobis tipebi

Carlz gloki (daibada 1919 w.) cnobili amerikeli sociologia. ka-

liforniis universitetis profesori. igi `religiisa da sazogadoebis

kvlevis centris~ xelmZRvanelia kaliforniis universitetSi. XX sau-

kunis 50-iani wlebidan is intensiurad muSaobs religiurobis empiri-

ul-sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologiisa da meTodikis problemeb-

ze. dRes igi religiis sociologiiis msoflioSi aRiarebuli mkvleva-

ria. gloki erT-erTi pirvelia amerikel sociologTa Soris, romelic

religiurobis empiriuli kvlevebiT dainteresda da ganaxorciela ki-

religiis sociologia

39

dec. kvlevis miseuli modeli axlosaa lenskisa da fukuiamas modeleb-

Tan, romlebic empiriul kvlevebSi mravalganzomilebin skalebs iye-

nebdnen. Tavis SromebSi: `religiuri orientaciis tipologiisaTvis~

(1954), religiis sociologia~ (1959), `religiuri rwmenis Seswavli-

saTvis~ (1962) man religiurobis tipologia moaxdina. 1965 wels star-

kTan erTad gamocemul wignSi” `religia da sazogadoeba daZabuloba-

Si~ man am tipologiis detalizeba moaxdina da religiurobis xuT-

ganzomilebiani modeli SeimuSava, romlic Tanamedrove religiis so-

ciologiaSi glokisa da starkis modelis saxliTaa cnobili da rome-

lic gamosadegia nebismieri religiis analizisaTvis. glokisa da star-

kis mier Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvenes, rom religiuroba damokidebu-

lia iseT socialur faqtorebze, rogorebicaa: ganaTleba, asaki, sqesi,

socialuri mdgomareoba da mTeli rigi socialur-demografiuli, po-

litikuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebi. aqedan gamomdinare religiuroba

erTob kompleqsuri cnebaa.

wignSi `religia da sazogadoeba daZabulobaSi~ glokma religi-

uri gamocdileba or urTierTsapirispiro klasad dayo: RvTaebrivisa

da demonuris aRqmis gamocdilebad dayo. es klasebi TviTidentifika-

ciis meSveobiT yalibdebian anu, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor afaseben res-

pondentebi TavianT religiur gamocdilebas: rogorc keTil ZalebTan

Sexvedras, Tu rogorc borot ZalebTan urTierTobas. ufro gavrce-

lebulia religiuri gamocdileba, romelic cnobilia saxelwodebiT

`damadasturebeli~, rac imas niSnavs, rom garkveuli situacia an obieq-

ti siwmindis gancdas iwvevs. religiuri gamocdilebis msgavsi tipi wa-

xalisebulia sociumisa da religiuri organizaciebis mxridan. saekle-

sio ritualuri moqmedebebis umravlesoba am gancdis gamowvevas isa-

xavs miznad, magram religiuri gamocdilebis es tipi yvelasaTvis ro-

dia damaxasiaTebeli. arsebobs religiuri gamocdilebis `reaqtiuli~

tipi. am tipTan maSin gavqvs saqme, rodesac vinme aSkarad grZnobs `RvTa-

ebrivTan Sexvedras~ da darwmunebulia, rom RmerTic xedavs mas. reli-

giuri gamocdilebis es tipi sam safexurs moicavs: pirvel xsnis safe-

xurze adamiani grZnobs sakuTar siaxloves RmerTTan, meore — saswau-

lebriv - safexurze adamiani grZnobs im feriscvalebas rasac Rmer-

TTan siaxloviT ganicdis misi sxeulebrivi mdgomareoba; mesame — dama-

dasturebel — safexurze adamiani grZnobs RmerTis monawileobas mis

cxovrebaSi. religiuri gamocdilebis es tipi religiur institutebs

axasiaTebs da Sesabamisad maT mier aris waxalisebuli. Tuki es tipi de-

monur ZalebTan urTierTobis gamocdilebas Seexeba, maSin mis im qve-

tipzea saubari, romelic sam cdunebasTan aris dakavSirebuli: is vinc

kaxa qecbaia

40

izolaciaSi da codvis Cadenis cdunebis winaSe dgas; is vinc dawyevli-

lia da borotebisTvis jildos iRebs da is vinc dawyevlilia da boro-

tebis klanWebidan ver gamodis. religiuri gamocdilebis es tipi dakav-

Sirebulia Sav magiasTan, jadoqrobasTan da aTasgvar mCxibaobasTan.

religiurobis mesame tipi aris eqstatikuri (demonuris SemTxvevaSi sa-

zareli). am SemTxvevaSi Zalze didia RvTaebrivTan pirovnuli kavSiris

SegrZneba. religiurobis es tipi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli da, Sesa-

bamisad, naklebad aris waxalisebuli sazogadoebis mxridan. bolo tipi

romelzec saubrobs gloki Seexeba iseT adamianebs, romlebic gando-

bilni xdebain. isini TavianT Tavs keTili an boroti Zalebis piradpir,

uSualo warmomadgenlebad miiCneven. aseTi adamianebi RmerTis an demo-

nebis saxeliT laparakoben da naklebad emorCilebian arsebul religi-

ur institutebs.

Tavisi kvlevebiT gloki Seecada kidev ufro Rrmad SeeRwia mor-

wmune adamianis an morwmuneTa jgufis religiur cxovrebaSi. rac ufro

siRrmeebisaken midioda kvleva, miT ufro rTuli xdeboda glokis kon-

ceptualuri sistema. glokma Tavisi kvlevebiT bevri iseTi ram aCvena,

rac mecnieruli, sociologiuri diskursisaTvis manamade dafaruli iyo

kiTxvebi:

• ra igulisxmeba religiurobis cnebaSi?

• kvlevis romeli meTodebi gamoiyeneba religiis sociologi-

aSi?

• ra gansxavavebaa religiurobis mravaganzomilebian da reli-

giis sociologiaSi arsebul religiurobis adrindel modelebs So-

ris?

davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religiuroba Tnamedrove

qarTul sazogadoebaSi.

• moamzadeT essei Temaze: rogor vikvlioT religiebi?

• SeadgineT religiurobis kvlevis programa.

religiis sociologia

41







Tb., 1998.

5. k. noniaSvili, kvlevis meTodebi empiriul da gamoyenebiT soci-

ologiaSi, Tb., 2010.

6. l. wulaZe, raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebi socialur mecnie-

rebebSi. Tb., 2008.

7. T. zurabiSvili, Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi. Tb.,

2006.



Tb., 2008.


2004.



agreTve glokis Sromebis internet-versia:

1. Towards a Typology of Religious Orientation. N.Y.1954; Religion and Society in Tension (with R.Stark).Chi.1965;

2. The New Denominationalism (with R.Stark) //Review of Religious Research. 1965, №7;

3. Survey Research in Social Sciences. Hardcover.1967; 4. Christian beliefs and Anti-Semitism (with R. Stark). N.Y. 1966; 5. American Piety: The Nature of Religious Commitment (with R. Stark).

Berk.,1968; 6. Beyond the Classics? Essays in Scientific Study of Religion (ed.) N.Y.

1973; 7. Religion in Sociologoical Perspective: Essays in the Empirical Study of

Religion (ed.). Belmont.1973; 8. The New Religious consciousness (ed. with R. Bellah). 1985;

kaxa qecbaia

42

E es sainteresoa

b. malinovski axal gvineaSi trobrianis kunZulis aborigenTa Soris*

eTnografiuli kvlevebis mniSvneloba religiis sociologiaSi

religiis sociologiaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs eT-

nografiul kvlevebs. amgvari kvlevis klasikur magaliTad miCneulia

cnobili sociologis, anTropologisa da eTnografis bronislav mali-

novskis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi CarTuli dakvirevbis meTodiT.

msgavsi kvleva-Ziebis saukeTeso magaliTia malinovskis wigni: `wynari

okeanis dasavleT nawilis argonavtebi~, romelic 1922 wels gamovida

da romelic savele gamokvlevebis safuZvelzea dawerili. malinovskim

eTnografiuli kvlevis miznebi calke gamoyo. Eesenia

• aborigenTa tomis organizacia da misi kulturis anatomia mTe-

li sisruliT unda iyos ganxiluli. amasTanave statikuri dokumenti-

rebis meTodi aris is saSualeba, romliTac dasaxuli amocana unda iq-

nes miRweuli.

• tomis wevrTa qcevisa da moqmedebis iseTi formebze dakvirveba,

romelTac SemTxveviTi xasiaTi aqvT.

• aborigenTa folkloruli elementebisa da magiuri moqmedebebis

amsaxveli masalebis Segroveba.

malinovskis kvlevebma naTeli gaxada traibalur sazogadoebaSi

socialuri moqmedebebis religiuri, magiuri ritualebiT ganpirobe-

bulobis meqanizmebi da aCvena, Tu ra gavlenas axdens sakulto moqmede-

bebi tomis organizaciaze, mis funqcionirebaze.

* trobrianis, igive kirivinis, kunZulebi wynari okeanis samxreT-da-

savleT nawilSi mdebareobs da papua-axali gvineis kuTvnilebaa.

religiis sociologia

43

`mecniereba Semoqmedis azrebis adamianTa

enaze Targmnaa~

J.l. agasisi

III leqcia

Tema: religiis sociologiis mokle istoria


religiis sociologia, sazogadoebis modernizacia, eklesia, saxel-

mwifo, gonebis primati, deizmi, sekularizacia, diurkemi, veberi, mar-

qsi, bela, lukmani, gloki, starki, bergeri, grili, koqsi, le bra, vaxi.

Sesavali

samecniero disciplinis saxiT arsebobas religiis sociologia XIX

s-is Suaxanebidan iwyebs. bevri sxva dargobrivi sociologiis msgavsad

misi warmoSoba evropul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare mTelma rigma socia-

lurma, politikurma da ekonomikurma procesebma ganapirobes. pirvel

rigSi evropuli sazogadoebis racionalizaciisa da gaRiavebis, samoqa-

laqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis procesebma mZlavri biZgi misces re-

ligiis sociologiis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas. Tumca codnis damou-

kidebel dargad misi Camoyalibeba cariel niadagze ar momxdara. xan-

grZlivi da mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze bevrma gamoCenilma

moazrovnem araerTi sayuradRebo mosazreba gamoTqva ara marto reli-

giis raobaze, aramed misi socialuri daniSnulebis Sesaxebac. Ees mosaz-

rebani Tavis mniSvnelobas dResac ar kargaven, rac, Tavis mxriv, saSua-

lebas gvaZlevs religiis sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis winaisto-

riul wanamZRvrebze gavamaxviloT yuradReba.

§1. religiis sociologiis winaistoriuli wanamZRvrebi

Teoriuli wanamZRvrebi

religiis sociologiis erT-erT winaistoriul wanamZRvrad miCne-

ulia tradiciuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur urTi-

erTobaTa sistemis (eklesia da sazogadoeba) kritika. am mxriv XVIII s-is

franguli filosofiis warmomadgnlebi gamoirCevian. Eevropuli sazoga-

kaxa qecbaia

44

doebis racionalizaciam dRis wesrigSi eklesiasa da sazogadoebas So-

ris arsebuli urTierTobebis axleburad mowesrigebis aucilebloba

daayena (Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli es urTierTobebi Teologize-

buli iyo). Sesabamisad, am drois moazrovnebi (magaliTad hobsi, loki,

hiumi da sxv.) religiis kritikiT gamoirCevian. isini kaTolicizms Zveli,

tradiciuli sazogadoebis dasayrden Zalad miiCnevdnen da amitom gamo-

diodnen mis winaaRmdeg. maT mixedviT, religiis adgili gonebas unda da-

ekavebina; is unda gamxdariyo uzenaesi kanondebeli (frangi ganmanaT-

leblebi). Tumca maT Sorisac iyvnen zomieri poziciis mimdevrebi, rom-

lebic religiis socialur srgeblianobaze akeTebdnen aqcents. am Sem-

TxvevaSi isini gulisxmobdnen, rom sazogadoebas ara mxolod kargi ka-

nonebi, aramed kanonmorCili adamianebi sWirdeba, rac Sesabamis norma-

tiul sistemas gulisxmobs. am saqmeSi ki religiis roli ganuzomlad di-

dia. P

problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom axali drois gariJraJze evro-

paSi religia mTeli rigi konfliqtebis wyarod iyo miCneuli. adamianebs

egonaT, rom igi xels uSlida mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas, amitom saWi-

ro gaxda religiisaTvis iseTi funqcia moeZebnaT, romliTac igi saf-

rTxes ar Seuqmnida socialur wesrigs (sinamdvileSi es yvelaferi evro-

puli sazogadoebis zneobrivi ukuRmarTobis brali ufro iyo, vidre re-

ligiis, Tumca religiuri faqtorebis uaryofac ar SeiZleba). amisaTvis

religiaze e. w. arareligiuri Sexedulebebi iqna SemuSavebuli. religias

mxolod saero funqciebi mieniWa anu, Tanamedrove terinologiiT rom

vTqvaT, misi racionalizaciis moTxovna dadga. Aamgvari Sexedulebebis

mTavari ideologi jon loki iyo. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTma

Teoretikosma `religiis privatizeba~ moaxdina, anu saxelmwifosagan

mis gmoyofas dauWira mxari. religia morwmunis `pirad saqmed~ iqna miC-

neuli. amasTanave aRiarebul iqna misi roli socialuri stabilurobisa

da samoqalaqo mSvidobisa da wesrigis damyarebis saqmeSi.

problemis gadawyvetis sxva varianti rusos mier iqna warmodgeni-

li. traqtatSi `sazogadoebivi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb~ (1762) rusom re-

ligaias sazogadoebis maitegrirebeli roli mianiWa: `saxelmwifosaTvis

mniSvnelovania, rom mis yovel moqalaqes hqondes religia, romelic maT

TavianT movaleobaTa siyvaruls aiZulebs~. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi ruso

ara romelime istoriul religias ki ar gulisxmobda, aramed mas samoqa-

laqo religia hqonda mxedvelobaSi. samoqalaqo religiis dogmati ki

Zalze martivia. misi amosavali principi deisturi triadaa: RmerTis ar-

religiis sociologia

45

sebobisa da ukvdavebis rwmena, romelic sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebasa

da kanonebs amyarebs.∗ gaTanamedroveobis gzaze mdgar evropul sazoga-

doebaSi religiis rolisa da adgilis Ziebam yvela arsebuli religiuri

tradicia da samyarosa da sazogadoebis religiuri suraTi Tavdayira

daayena.

religia, rogorc gansakuTrebuli saxis fenomeni — sakraluri in-

stancia, romlis prerogativad sazogadoebaSi sulieri Zalauflebis

qona gamocxadda, - sxva socialuri institutebisagan iqna gamoyofili.

masTan mimarTebaSi socialuri realiebi miCneul iqna, rogorc samoqa-

laqo da profanuli. erT mxares aRmoCnda eklesia, xolo meore mxares

saxelmwifo. maTi arc Tu ise tolerantuli Tanaarsebobis istoriis

erT-erT damaxasiaTebel process sekularizacia (sazogadoebaze saero

kulturis, ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da racionalobis gavlenis zrda)

warmoadgens, romelic Znelad, magram mainc jiqur miikvlevda gazas win.

msgavsma viTarebam religiis Sesaxeb iseTi arareligiuri warmodgenis

gaCenas Seuwyo xeli, romelic gonebis primatze iyo damyarebuli.

religiuri rwmena pozitiuri emociebis uzarmazari wyaroa.

∗ XVII s-Si inglisSi Seiqmna religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelsac deizmi hqvia.

igi safrangeTSi revoluciis periodSi saxelmwifo religiis statusitac ki

sargeblobda (e. w. gonebis religia). deistebi iyvnen volteri, didro da sxva cnobili

ganmanaTleblebi. deizmis mixedviT, arsebobs dues, srulyofili arseba — RmerTi,

romelmac Seqmna es samyaro. oRon Seqmnis Semdeg igi ar ereva mis cxovrebaSi. amieridan

igi mis gareT dgas da sruliad Seucnobelia adamianisaTvis. RmerTis mier Seqmnili

samyaro saaTis srulyofili meqanizms emsgavseba, romelic Tavis Tavs aris mindobili da

misi Semqmnelis Carevis gaeSe muSaobs. aseT RmerTTan adamiani veranair kotaqts ver

amyarebs da, amdenad, gamoiricxeba mTeli rigi religiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli locva,

msxaureba da saidumloebaTa aRsruleba. aseT RmerTTan adamiani verasodes ver Seva

dialogSi, ver mimarTavs mas SenobiT. dues samyarosa da adamianis mimarT absoluturad

transcendenturia. deistisaTvis RmerTis umTavresi saCuqari adamianisaTvis aris ara

religia, aramed goneba da azrovnebis unari. deistebi religiaSi wmindas ver xedavdnen

da miaCndaT, rom eklesia saeklesio pirebis mier iyo korumpirebuli, romlebic mrevliT

manipulirebdnen.

kaxa qecbaia

46

sekularizacia aris procesi, rodesac religiuri azrovneba,

praqtika da organizaciebi TavianT socialur gavlenasa da mniSvnelo-

bas kargaven. veberis mtkicebiT, mecnieruli codna da racionaluri

azrovneba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi magiaze da mistikaze dafuZne-

bul religiur rwmenas enacvleba. sekularizaciis indikatorebad ek-

lesiaSi, religiur ritualebSi monawileTa raodenobis Semcirebas mi-

iCneven. agreTve yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi religiis, eklesiisa da reli-

giuri liderebis Zalauflebis Sesustebasac. Tumca es maCvenebeli

mTlad sando ar aris, gamomdinare iqidan, rom bevri religiuri praqti-

ka registrirebuli da statistikurad aRricxuli ar aris. es e. w. `uxi-

lavi~ religiuri aqtebia. MmagaliTad adamianebis mier RvTismsaxurebis

Sesruleba saxlSi mowyobil `saeklesio kuTxeebSi~, religiuri xasia-

Tis satelevizio programebSi CarTuloba da sxva. `uxilavi religiu-

robis~ gamoxatulebaa faruli seqtebis arseboba. agreTve gasaTvalis-

winebelia, rom bevr sazogadoebaSi eklesia kvlav rCeba ara mxolod re-

ligiur, aramed gavlenian politikur da ekonomikur Zalad, xolo rig

mowinave da ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi religiuri jgufis

wevrTa ricxvi ki ar mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba. sekularizaciis proce-

sis kritikosebi eWvis qveS ayeneben e. w. `religiis oqros xanis~ arsebo-

bas da askvnian, rom dRes religiurma institutebma TavianTi gavlena

ki ar dakarges, armed ufro metad specializebulni gaxdnen da mniSvne-

lovani funqciebic SeinarCunes (parsonsi).

unda davimaxsovroT, rom sekularizacia sazogadoebaze saero

kulturis, ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da racionalobis gavlenis

zrdas niSnavs.

magaliTad kants miaCnda, rom racionalurad mcxovreb adamians

`racionaluri religia~ sWirdeba. ∗ kantis mixedviT, mxolod raciona-

luri religia daexmareba adamians dogmatizmisagan, fanatizmisgagn da

rwmenis sakiTxebSi konfesionaluri diqtatisagan ganTavisuflebaSi.

namdvili racionaluri religia `moraluri religiaa~, romelic goneba-

zea damyarebuli. moraluri qcevis safuZveli aris goneba. misi meSveo-

biT acnobierebs adamiani `kategoriul imperativebs~. kanti adamianuri

gonebis TavisTavadobas amtkicebs da istoriulad arsebuli religiebis

formirebas axdens, aqcevs ra maT gonebis farglebSi. amiT kantma misda

∗ ix. kantis naSromi: `religia mxolod gonebis sazRvrebSi~.

religiis sociologia

47

uneburad religiis funqcionalur ganxilvas Cauyara safuZveli, mia-

kuTvna ra mas sazogadoebis moraluri wesrigis SenarCunebis funqcia.

sociokulturuli wanamZRvrebi

religiis sociologiis sociokulturul wanamZRvrad is socialu-

ri da kulturuli procesebi miiCneva rasac evropaSi modernistuli sa-

zogadoebis formirebisas hqonda adgili. pirvel rigSi es aris socia-

luri institutebis diferenciacia da sazogadoebis segmentacia, plu-

ralizmis zrda. am konteqstSi gaCnda sakiTxi religiis adgilisa da ro-

lis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis iseT avtonomiur sferoebTan mimarTebaSi,

rogorebic ekonomika, politika, ganaTleba da ojaxia. xolo sazogadoe-

bis institucionalizaciis procesma gaaqtiura sakiTxi sazogadoebaSi

mimdinare procesebisadmi religiis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. mwvaved

dadga religiisa da mecnierebis mimarTebis problema. Ppozitivizmis epo-

qaSi, rodesac samyaros mecnierulma suraTma dasrulebuli saxe miiRo

(XIX s-is Suaxanebi) da darvinis evoluciuri ganviTarebis Teoria gaCnda

mecnierebasa da religias Soris urTierToba gamwvavebuli urTierToba

imiT dasrulda, rom e. w. `pozitiuri religiis~ cneba gaCnda (konti). yve-

lafer amas foierbaxisa da marqsis mier religiis mZafri kritika daema-

ta, romelic religias progresis damamuxruWebel Zalad miiCnevda.

§2. religiis sociologiis Zirebi∗

religiis sociologiis istoriaSi pirveli nabijebi adamianis re-

ligiuri qcevis, sazogadoebaSi religiis adgilisa da rolis sociolo-

giuri kuTxiT Sesawavlis saqmeSi ogiust kontma da herbert spenserma

gadadges.

religiis sociologiis Semqmneli konti ar aris, magram man kargi

niadagi moamzada misTvis. kontis naazrevidan religiis sociologiis

kuTxiT sayuradReboa is, rom man religia ganixila, rogorc tradiciu-

li sazogadoebis socialuri struqturis nawili, romelsac sazogadoe-

baSi pozitiuri rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia. man aCvena, rom religiis ga-

reSe irRveva socialuri kavSirebi.

∗ kontis, spenseris, veberis, diurkemis da sxva sociologebis religiis

sociologiuri koncefciebi calke ganxilvis sagani iqneba. maT calke leqciebi

daeTmoba, sadac ukeT iqneba warmodgenili TiToeuli maTganis wvlili religiis

sociologiaSi. Amjerad maT Sesaxeb saubari religiis sociologiis warmoSobisa da

ganviTarebis zogad konteqstSia warmodgenili mxolod.

kaxa qecbaia

48

sociologTaTvis kargad nacnobi herbert spenseri saxelmwifosa

da eklesiis urTierTmimarTebis problemis SesawavliT iyo dainterese-

buli. Tumca socialuri wesrigis garantad religiis aRiareba socialu-

ri sistemis organuli erTianobis ideisaTvis maincdamainc mizmidevli

ar aRmoCnda. aq politikur moRvaweobasa da bazars eqceoda ufro meti

yuradReba, religia ki adamianis moRvaweobis erT-erT uwyinar sferod

iyo miCneuli. miuxedavad amisa spenserma gansazRvra religiis roli in-

dustrial sazogadoebaSi arsebul sabazro urTierTobebSi da religias

socialuri kontrolis funqcia mianiWa.

religiis sociologiis fuZemdeblebi

religiis sociologiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli sociologiis kla-

sikosi emil diurkemia. misi mTavari naSromi sociologiis am sferoSi

`religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebia~ (1912). diurkems ainte-

resebda sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ris gamo aris religia religia anu, ra

aqcevs religias religiad? am mizniT is religiis pirvelelementebs, im

myar struqturebs eZebda, romelic yvela religiaSia da droTa gan-

mavlobaSi ucvleli rCeba. religiis sociologiisaTvis ganuzomlad di-

di mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom diurkemma religia ganixila da warmoadgi-

na, rogorc socialuri fenomeni. Tavis cnobil wignSi man Catarebuli

kvlevis Sedegebi urTierTdakavSirebuli codnis sami donis saxiT war-

moadgina: 1. sazogadoebis zogadi Teoria, romelSic religia warmodge-

nilia, rogorc sazogadoebis maintegrirebeli faqtori; igi uzrunvel-

yofs solidarobas. 2. religiis Teoria, romelic mas ise ganixilavs, ro-

gorc socialur fenomens; mis safuZvlad sakralurisa da profanulis

diqotomia devs. 3. totemizmis Teoria, romlis mixedviT, yvela religia-

Sia saerTo da ucvleli pirvelelementebi, romlebic droTa ganmavlo-

baSi narCundeba. diurkemis mosazrebani sazogadoebaSi religiis fun-

qciisa da struqturis Sesaxeb angariSgasawevia dResac.

religiis sociologiis erT-erTi klasikosia marqsi. igi religii-

sadmi konfliqtologiuri midgomis momxrea, rac imas niSnavs, rom reli-

gia iseT socialur institutad unda iqnas ganxiluli, romelsac adamia-

nebis mimarT maiZulebeli gavlena aqvs. religia marqsis mixedviT, kla-

sobriv sazogadoebaSi soialuri uTanasworobis gamyarebas uwyobs xels,

amitom igi religiis erT-erTi kritikosad gvevlineba. misi kritikis sa-

boloo punqtia religiaze, rogorc iluziaze uaris Tqmis moTxovna,

Tumca im koncefciis konteqstidan gamomdinare, romliTac marqsi re-

ligiis socialur funqciaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas, religiis winaaR-

mdeg brZola da aTeisturi Sexedulebebi uazrobaa.

religiis sociologia

49

Ffaqtobrivad, religiis sociologiis fuZemdebeli diurkemTan er-

Tad aris maqs veberi. Tavis SromebSi veberma gaanaliza Tu ra gavlenas

axdens religiuri rwmena adamianis moqmedebaze, qcevaze socialuri

cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi da sxvadasxva kulturaSi. religiis soci-

ologiaSi misi klasikuri, fundamenturi naSromebia: `protestntuli

eTika da kapitalimis suli~ (1905), `msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTi-

ka~ (1916-1919) da `rCeuli Txzulebebi religiis sociologiaSi~ (1920).

ganuzomlad didia veberis wvlili religiis sociologiaSi. Mmisi sayva-

reli Temebia: sazogadoebis racionalizacia, `ganjadoeba~ da `sekula-

rizacia~, romlis drosac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba aqtoris Ri-

rebulebiT orientacias da mizanracionalur socialur moqmedebas;

teqnologiebisa da biurokratiis gavlenas sazogadoebaze da religiu-

ri da poeturi Zalebis qrobas; veberi ernst trelCTan erTad religiu-

ri organizaciis tipologiis sakiTxebs amuSavebda. magaliTad diqoto-

mias: eklesia-seqta; veberis mixedviT, religia socialuri garadqmnebis

mZlavri stimulatoria; unda iTqvas, rom im cnebiTi aparatis udidesi

nawili, romliTac amJamad religiis sociologia operirebs veberis mier

aris Seqmnili.

religiis sociologiaSi mniSvnelovani wlili aqvT Setanili ingli-

suri socialuri anTropologiis warmomadgenlebs bronislav malinov-

skis da alfred-rejinald redklif-brauns. malinovski religias gani-

xilavda rogorc kulturis instituts da mis umTavres daniSnulebad

krizisuli socialuri situaciebis mogvarebas miiCnevda.

religiis sociologiur analizSi metad sayuradReboa srtuqtu-

rul-funqcionalisturi sociologiuri skolis wamomadgenlebis, didi

sociologebis talkot parsonsisa da robert mertonis calkeuli soci-

ologiuri ganazrebani religiis socialuri rolisa da mniSvnelobis Se-

saxeb.

Tavisi warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis klasikuri periodidan moyo-

lebuli dRemde religiis sociologia nayofierad viTardeba. Drom da sa-

zogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebma misi kvlevis sferoSi mravali axa-

li sakiTxi da problema Semoitana. mis SigniT mTeli rigi mimarTulebebi

gaCnda, romlebic originalur pasuxs scemen religiis sociologiis

klasikur da Tanamedrove kardinalur kiTxvebs.

kaxa qecbaia

50

religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove warmomadgenlebi∗

religiis sociologiis msoflioSi cnobili Tanamedrove warmo-

madgenelia robert nil bela (daibada 1927 w.). igi religiisadmi evolu-

cionisturi da funqcionalisturi midgomiTaa cnobili (kaliforniis

berklis universitetis sociologiis profesori). religiis sociolo-

giis sferoSi misi mTavari Sromebia `religiuri evolucia~ (1964) da `sa-

moqalaqo religia amerikaSi ~ (1967), xolo bolodrondeli Sromebi eZ-

Rvneba amerikul sazogadoebaze religiuri Temis gavlenis Seswavlas.

parsonsis gavlenis qveS myofi bela religiur cvlilebebs sazogadoe-

bis struqturuli diferenciaciis procesebs ukavSirebda. man religiu-

ri evoluciis Teoria SemuSava. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, socialuri evo-

luciis gzaze religia mTel rig cvlilebebs ganicdis, romelic socia-

lur institutebs amyarebs da mTlianobaSi sazogadoebis ganviTarebas

uwyobs xels. robert nisbetis (amerikeli sociologi) darad belac re-

ligias ganixilavs sazogadoebisa da kulturis fuqcionalurad auci-

lebel Semadgenlad. belas mixedviT, `religia simboluri formebisa da

moqmedebebis erTobliobaa, romlebic adamians misi arsebobis zRvrul

pirobebs akuTvneben~. belam kacobriobis religiuri evoluciis tipo-

logia SeimuSava.

Tanamedrove religiis sociologiis erT-erTi gamoCenili warmo-

madgenelia amerikeli sociologi piter bergeri (daibada 1929 w.). igi jer

kidev filadelfiis luTeranul seminariaSi swavlisas daeWvda qristia-

nuli religiis luTeranuli interpretaciis WeSmaritebaSi. dRes igi

bostonis universitetSi ekonomikuri kulturis Semswavleli institu-

tis direqtoria. man Tomas lukmanTan erTad SemuSava codnis fenomeno-

logiuri sociologia, rogorc socialuri Semecnebis meTodologia. misi

sociologiuri naazrevi da Sexedulebebi ganpirobebulia Sutcis feno-

menologiuri sociologiiT, midis insteraqcionizmiTa da veberisa da di-

urkemis sociologiuri tradiciebiT. mTels msoflioSi cnobilia misi

wigni `mowveva sociologiaSi~ (1963), romelSic am mecnierebis miznebi,

amocanebi, eTikuri principebi da ZiriTadi problemebia gadmocemuli.

man bolo oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze didi wvlili Seitana religiis so-

ciologiis ganviTarebaSi. bergerma SeZlo religiis ganviTarebis mniSvne-

∗ religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove warmomadgenelTa Teoriebis ganxilvas calke

leqcia daeTmoba, amitom amjerad am Teoriebze da maT avtorebze zogadi saubriT

SemovifarglebiT mxolod, im miznidan gamomdinare, rom studentebs garkveuli

warmodgena hqondeT imaze, Tu vin arian religiis sociologiis Tnamedrove

warmomadgenlebi da ra Teoriebi Seqmnes maT, Tu rogor ganaviTares veberisa da

diurkemis mier Seqmnili sociologiis es dargi?

religiis sociologia

51

lovani principebis analizi. siRrmiseulad Seiswavla sekularizaciis sa-

kiTxebi da Taviseburi `uxilavi religiis~ warmoSoba Tanamedrove sazo-

gadoebaSi. misi religiis sociologiuri Teoria Camoyalibebulia wignSi

`wminda safari~ (1967), romelSic igi iswrafvis aCvenos religiasa da ada-

mianis mier socialuri realobis konstruirebas Soris kavSiri.

piter bergeri yovelTvis moiazreba Tomas lukmanTan (daibada

1927 w.) erTad TavianTi erToblivi sociologiuri Teoriis gamo. igi

bergerTan erTad codnis fenomenologiuri sociologiis wamyvani war-

momadgeneli da (konstancis universitetis profesori) Sutcis fenome-

nologiuri sociologiis Riresuli gamgrZelebelia.

Tomas lukmani

T. lukmanis ZiriTadi naSromi religiis sociologiaSi aris 1963

wels germanul enaze gamocemuli wigni `religiis problema Tanamed-

rove sazogadoebaSi~, inglisurad es wigni 1967 wels gamoica saxelwo-

debiT `uxilavi religia~. misi amosavali principia imis mtkiceba, rom

religiis sociologia sociologiis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia da Tana-

medrove samyaroSi adamianis adgilis Sesaxeb sakiTxi `simboluri uni-

versumis~ Sesaxeb sakiTxTan anu, religiasTanaa kavSirSi. lukmani ik-

vlevda sekularizaciis indikatorebis problemas. mis mixedviT, reli-

gia `simboluri universumebis institucionalizebaa. es simboluri uni-

versumebi mniSvnelobaTa socialurad obieqtivirebuli sistemebia,

romlebic, erTi mxriv, yoveldRiur cxovrebas miekuTvnebian, xolo meo-

re mxriv, im samyaroze mianiSneben romlis gamocdilebis transcendire-

bas yoveldRiuri cxovreba axdens. religiis, rogorc simboluri uni-

kaxa qecbaia

52

versumis mniSvneloba transcendenturTan mimarTebaSi gamoixateba, ro-

melic nebismieri yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis sazRvrebs gareT gadis.

religiurobis kvlevis saqmeSi Tanamedrove religiis sociologia-

Si did rols asrulebs Carlz glokis (daibada 1919 w.) kvlevebi (cnobi-

li amerikeli sociologi. kaliforniis universitetis profesori).

religiis sociologiis amerikel warmomadgenlebs Soris sayurad-

Reboa endriu grilis (daibada 1928 w.) naSromebi. igi Cikagos universi-

tetis sociologiis profesoria, amave dros aris `New York Taimes~-is

eqsperti saeklesio da religiur sakiTxebSi, romelic Tanamedrove ame-

rikuli sazogadoebis religiur problemebs ganixilavs. misi Sromebia:

`religia da kariera: kolejebis kursdamTavrebulTa Sesawvla~ 1963);

`ra gvwams Cven? religia amerikaSi~ (1968); `religia 2000 wels~ (1969); `sa-

suliero pirebi aSS-Si~ (1971); `denominaciuri sazogadoeba~ (1972); `ka-

Tolikuri eklesiis sasuliero pirebi aSS-Si: sociologiuri gamokvle-

va~ (1972) da mravali sxva. grils ainteresebs religiuri ganaTlebis sa-

kiTxebi; mrevlisa da sauliero pirebis tipologia; sociokulturul da

religiur faqtorebs Soris kavSirebi. misi azriT, religiis sociologi-

aSi unda dominirebdes empiriuli da ara Teoriuli kvlevebi. grili ga-

mudmebul polemikaSia religiis sociologiis sxva Tanamedrove avto-

rebTan sakuTari mosazrebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom dRes institucionaluri

religia krizisSia. mas miaCnia, rom es ase ar aris; rom dRes adamiani nak-

leb religiuria vidre adre. religia, grilis mixedviT, rogorc adamia-

nis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis moucilebeli nawili, ufro metia vidre `sa-

eklesio atributebi~. religia, rogorc simboluri sistema (ùzenaesi

siboloebisa da Rirebulebebis~ erToblioba) xangrZliv ganwyobebsa da

motivacias warmoSobs romlebic adamianis arsebobis principebia. am

principebs grili àdamianuri pirovnebis birTvs~ uwodebs. am SemTxveva-

Si ki SesaZlebelia saubari `saero~ da `wminda~ religiebze. `wminda~

grils diurkemiseburad aqvs gagebuli. rac iseTi ramea, romelic yo-

veldRiuri gamocdilebis farglebs gareT gadis da romlis meSveobiT

adamiani uzenaes realobasTan amyarebs kavSirs, oRond diurkemisagan

gansxvavebiT wmindas is upirispirebs ara saeros, aramed saeklesios. èk-

lesia religiis rezultati ufroa, vidre misi mizezi~. es ar niSnavs imas,

rom grili eklesiis rols uaryofs. ara, igi miiCnevs, rom formaluri

religiuri institutebi aucilebelia, ramdenadac maTi meSveobiT ya-

libdeba is konteqsti, romelSic individualuri da ojaxuri religiuri

ìstoriebi~ Cndeba. oRond, religiuri socializaciis saqmeSi eklesiaze

ufro metad ojaxia mniSvnelovani. religiis sociologiis amocana re-

ligiis definicia ki ar aris, aramed religiis sazrisuli struqturis

religiis sociologia

53

dadgena da gagebaa. es ki imas niSnavs, rom gagebul iqnas is simboluri

kodebi, romlebic individualur biografiebs asazrisianebs. am zriT,

grili gagebiTi religiis sociologiis warmomadgenelia. religias is

uyurebs ara rogorc istorias, naracias da zRapars, aramed rogorc

saswaulis, idumalebisa da zeciuri wyalobis gancdas, romlis gareSe

warmoudgenelia adamianis cxovreba. amasTan ar unda dagvaviwydes is,

rom grili sociologia, romelic verafers ver gvetyvis religiis meta-

fizikuri bunebis Sesaxeb, amitom mas rogorc sociologs ainteresebs

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra emarTebaT adamianebs religiuri rwmenis Se-

degad anu, rogoria maTi yoveldRiuri moqmedeba maTze sakraluri fe-

nomenebis gavleniT? grils ainteresebda pasuxi gaeca kiTxvaze, Tu ro-

goria religiis momavali aSS-Si? am kiTxvaze pasuxi man mogvca naSromSi

`religia 2000 wels~ (1969). aq man sxvadasxva saxis empiriuli da istori-

ul-sociologiuri masalebis safuZvelze detalurad gaanaliza Tana-

medrove aSS-s religiuri situacia da yalbi uwoda im sociologebis

(bergeris, glokis, starkis da tomasis) daskvnebs romlis mixedviT, re-

ligiam Tavisi Tavi amowura. grilis azriT, XXI saukuneSi kidev ufro me-

tad gaRrmavdeba sazogadoebis sakralizaciis procesi; religia ar da-

kargavs Tavis gavlenas sazogadoebaze, arc eklesias moakldeba mrevli

da sakralurs veranairad ver Caanacvlebs profanuli. grilis mosazre-

bebi denominaciebis Sesaxeb angariSgasawevia Tanamedrove religiis so-

ciologiaSi. naSromSi `amerikeli xalxis uzenaesi Rirebulebebi~ gril-

ma amerikelTa religiurobis interpretaciuli sqema SeimuSava, romel-

sac rikertis tipologia daudo safuZvlad (`borotebis simbolika~),

romlis mixedviT sikeTisa da borotebis fundamentalur kiTxvaze 4 Zi-

riTadi pasuxi arsebobs: 1. optimisturi (egvipturi religia); 2. pesimis-

turi (mesopotamuri religia); 3. fatalisturi (posthomerosiseuli

berZnuli religia); 4. manugeSebeli (ebrauli religia). grils qristia-

noba manugeSebel religiebSi Sehyavs.

religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove proble-

mebis damuSavebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvs Seta-

nili amerikel Teologs, `radikaluri Teologiisa~

da `postmodernis Teologiis~ warmomadgenel harvi

koqss (daibada 1929 w.). misi mecnieruli kvlevis sfe-

roebia: modernizacia, urbanizacia, sekularizacia,

religia da adamiani Tanamedrove msoflioSi, reli-

giuri cnobierebis cvlileba, saeklesio praqtikis

sakiTxebi da mravali sxva. misi azriT, Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi religia ukve ar aris adamianis yo- harvi koqsi

kaxa qecbaia

54

veldRiuri cxovrebis moraluri winamZRoli. amieridan igi èsTetikuri

tkbobisa~ da `nacionaluri identobis~ formiT arsebobs. religiis am-

gvar transformacias igi zogadad sazogadoebis postmodrenul tran-

sformacias ukavSirebs. naSromSi `saero qalaqi~ is wers: `samyaros Seq-

mnis momentidan daiwyo bunebis ganjadoeba, egviptidan gamosvlis

droidan — politikuri xelisuflebis desakralizacia, xolo sinas kav-

Siridan (gansakuTrebiT kerpebis Tayvaniscemis akrZalvidan) — saero Ri-

rebulebaTa warmoSoba~. `saero qalaqs~ koqsi Tanamdrove `teqnopolis-

Tan~ aigivebs, romlis socialur ier-saxes ànonimuroba~ da `gadaadgi-

leba~ qmnis. Tanamedrove teqnopolisis am or niSan-Tvisebas adamianuri

arseboba bibliur rwmenasTan mohyavs SesabamisobaSi. qalaqSi adamianis

cxovreba anonimurobis niSans atarebs. is or nawilad: pirad da sajaro

sferoebadaa dayofili. mas am or frontze uwevs brZola da Tvis Senar-

Cuneba. didi qalqis anonimuroba tradiciebisagan ganTavisuflebaSi ga-

moixateba. amas urbanuli cxovrebis wesi uwyobs xels. rac Seexeba gada-

adgilebas, romelic Tanamedrove saqalaqo cxovrebis uaryofiT mxared

ganixileba, igi cvlilebebisadmi midrekilebas da axali ideebisa da Se-

saZleblobebisaken swarfvas uwyobs xels. geografiuli gadaadgileba

kavSirSia, rogorc socialur, ise profesiul mobilobasTan uromliso-

dac warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove qalaqi. aAmgvari ram srul TanxmobaSia

bibliur tradiciasTan, romlis mixedviT, RmerTi yvelganaa. koqsis mi-

xedviT, gadaadgileba arc ise saSiSia, Tumca mas erTi negatiuri mxare

mainc aqvs. is SeiZleba upasuxismgeblobis mizezad iqces. `gadaadgile-

bis maRali tempi xsnis garantia rodia, magram arc winaaRmdegobaa rwme-

nisaTvis~. Tanamedrove saqalaqo cxovrebis tempebi Tavbrus uxvevs ada-

mians da mis desakralizebas axdens. Sesabamisad yalibdeba saero qalaqis

kulturuli saxe, Sesabamisi RirebulebebiTa da sazrisebiT, romelTa-

gan prioritetulia `pragmatizmi~ da `profanuloba~. pragmatizmSi koq-

si Tanamedrove sekularizebuli adamianis saqmianobis nebismier sfero-

Si saboloo praqtikuli Sedegebis misaRwevad swarafvas gulisxmobs.

profanulobaSi ki mis miwier interesebs da maT Sesabamis RirebulebiT

orientacias gulisxmobs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, profanuloba ara-

religiurobaa, xolo profanuli adamiani àma soflis kacia~, rom-

lisTvisac ucxoa zebunebrivis rwmena. amasTan ditrix bonxeferis

msgavsad (ditrix bonxeferi (1906-1945) luTerani pastori da Teologia,

romelic antinacisturi SeTqmulebis monawile iyo), koqsi miiCnevs, rom

Seqmnili situaciidan gamosavali mainc arsebobs. kerZod teqnopolisis

moqalaqeebs TavianTi pragmatizmis wyalobiT SeuZliaT dainaxon saxare-

bis WeSmariteba. saxareba, - ambobs koqsi, - sulac ar gvaswavlis warsuli

religiis sociologia

55

droebis gamo vaebas da miwieri problemebis mogavarebaze uaris Tqmas,

aramed mogviwodebs am problemebis simZime sakuTar Tavze aviRoT, ro-

gorc RmerTis saCuqari da bolomde SevinarCunoT adamianoba. koqsi

mogviwodebs, rom teqnikuri civilizaciis araadamianuri samyaro yve-

las namdvil saxlad vaqcioT.

F

D ditrix bonxeferis gamosaxuleba germanul safosto markaze

1969 wels rodesac dasavlur kulturaSi rwmenisa da religiis sa-

kiTxebi mwvave polemikis sagani iyo gamovida harvi koqsis wigni `xumare-

bis dResaswauli~. wigni kargad miesadageba dasavleTis insteleqtua-

lur wreebSi arsebul ganwobilebas. is kardinalurad gansxvavdeba koq-

sis pirveli wignisagan. `saero qalaqi~ apolonuri wignia, xolo `xumare-

bis dResaswauli~ dionisuri. misi mizania cxovrebisadmi mxiaruli, kar-

navaluri damokidebulebis gaqrobis mizezebis dadgena. amgvari ganwyo-

bileba ki qreba maSin rodesac adamiani mowydeba RmerTs, rodesac mas

qriste ar uxmobs da sakuTari Tavis anabaraRa rCeba. Tavisi bunebiT ada-

miani - homo festivus-ia. Aamitom dResaswaulebi yvela kulturaSi arse-

bobda. fantazia da dResaswauli nebismier religiaSia. fantazia aq war-

mosaxvas ar niSnavs. koqsis azriT, fantazia socialuri yoveldRiurobi-

dan gareT gasvlaa. misi wyalobiT SeuZlebeli SesaZlebeli xdeba. igi Se-

saZlebels xdis warmoqmnas xvalindeli dRis `cocxali liturgia~ ara

eklesiaSi, aramed saero dResaswaulebSi. koqsis mosazrebebi religiis

kaxa qecbaia

56

sociologiis ZiriTad kiTxvebze umeteswilad Zalze paradoqsulia, mag-

ram mkvlevris da maZiebeli adamianis poziciebidan sainteresoa dResac.

rodesac religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove warmomadgenlebzea

saubari gverds ver avuvliT im moazrovneebs, romelTa naazrevma didi

gavlena moaxdina religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove Teoriebis Camoya-

libebaze. am moazrovneTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgili `religiuri so-

ciologiis~ fuZemdebelsa da religiis sociologiis franguli skolis

warmomadgenel gabriel le bras (1891-1970 ww.) ukavia. man daafuZna Jur-

nali `socialur mecnierebaTa religiuri arqivi~. misi damsaxureba re-

ligiis sociologiaSi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom religiurobis empiriuli

Seswavla erT-erTma pirvelma man daiwyo evropaSi, riTac gadalaxa wina-

aRmdegoba, romlis mixedviT, rwmenis sociologiuri analizi dauSvebe-

lia. 1955 wels gamovida misi wignis `religiuri sociologiis etiude-

bis~ pirveli tomi. wigni mTlianad empiriuli masalebis analizis mixed-

viTaa dawerili. es masalebi Seexeba religiurobas, mrevlis aqtiurobas

socialur cxovrebaSi, saeklesio aqtebsa da Canawerebs, qorwinebisa da

dakrZalvis religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebas da a. S. religiis socio-

logiuri analizisas le bra upiratesobas aniWebda `Signidan~ kvlevas. am

SemTxvevaSi kvlevis meTodia sociografia, CarTuli dakvirveba, doku-

mentebis analizi da sxva. yovelive amis Sesabamisad man safuZveli Cauya-

ra `religiur sociologias~. le bra kvlevebma SemdgomSi religiis so-

ciologiaSi aqtualuri gaxada `saeklesio aqtivobisa~ da `socialuri

stratifikaciis~ mimarTebis sakiTxi. garda amisa, man didi roli Sesaru-

la religiis sociologiis kvlevis meTodikisa da teqnikis daxvewis saq-

meSi.

XX s-is religiis sociologiis warmomadgenelTa Soris sayuradRe-

boa germaneli protestanti religiaTmcodnis ioaxim vaxis Semoqmedeba.

vaxi amave dros cnobilia, rogorc religiis is-

torikosi, fenomenologi da sociologi. mis mixed-

viT, religiis istorias ori: istoriuli da sistemu-

ri, ganzomileba aqvs. istoriuli ganzomileba reli-

giis zogad istorias gulisxmobs, romelic religiis

gamovlinebis specifikur formebs swavlobs. magali-

Tad somboloebs, ritualebs, aseve totemizms, feti-

Sizms, animizms da msoflio religiebs; sistemuri

ganzomileba ki religiuri fenomenebis klasifikaci-

as axdens da maTi warmoSobis socialur, istoriul

da fsiqologiur kanonzomierebaTa klasifikacias

axdens. religiis istoria kavSirSia religiur an-

ioaxim vaxi

(1898-1955)

religiis sociologia

57

TropologiasTan. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT adamianis bediswera, misi bune-

ba, unda SeviswavloT misi tradiciebi, wes-Cveulebebi da ritualebi, ra-

sac religiuri anTropologia akeTebs. religiuri anTropologia ki

mWirdodaa dakavSirebuli religiur erTobebTan da, masasadame, religi-

is sociologiasTan. vaxi ikvlevda religiuri Temisa da sazogadoebis

mimarTebis problemas. igi gemainSaftis or ganzomilebaze: urTierTo-

basa da erTobaze akeTebda qcents. religiur TemSi religiuri grZnobis

gamovlinebaa religiuri komunikacia. religiuri komunikaciis intensi-

voba religiuri iniciativebis ukuproporciulia — religiur TemSi rac

ufro mWidroa komunikacia, miT ufro nakleb mniSvnelovania individua-

luri msaxureba da rac ufro sustia komunikacia religiur TemSi, indi-

vidualuri masxureba miT ufro Zlieria. religiuri Temis safuZveli

uzenaes realobasTan, sakralurTan kavSiria, romelic Tavis gamoxatu-

lebas religiur gamocdilebaSi poulobs. am SemTxvevaSi uzenaesi rea-

loba gagebulia, rogorc transcendenturi Zala, romelzec adamianis

arsebobaa damokidebuli.

religiis sociologia, vaxis mixedviT, religiis Sesaxeb codnis

erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. amitom vaxis SemoqmedebaSi didi yurad-

Reba eTmoba am mecnierebis amocanebisa da kvlevis meTodebis gan-

sazRvras. meTodebis SemTxvevaSi didad afasebda aRweriT meTodebs. mi-

si azriT, religiis sociologiis sagania ara `wminda~ religia, aramed mi-

si empiriuli formebi. religiis sociologiam religiebisadmi Sefase-

biT damokidebulebas unda moaridos Tavi. religiis sociologiis amo-

cana ki religiasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTmimarTebis dadgenaSi

mdgomareobs. es gavlena Seswavlil unda iqnes jgufis, klanis, ojaxisa

da naciis doneze. aseve gamovlenili unda iyos sxavadsxva socialuri

organizaciebis kavSiri religiasTan da piriqiT. religiis sociologiis

ZiriTadi amocana unda iyos religiuri jgufebis, erTobebisa da gaer-

Tianebebis individualuri, tipologiuri da SedarebiTi analizi. reli-

giis sociologiuri analizi naTels unda fendes sakiTxs mis Sesaxeb, Tu

rogor vlindeba religiuri gamocdileba sazogadoebaSi. vaxi akriti-

kebda religiis sociologiis amerikel warmomadgenlebs, romlebic mi-

iCnevdnen, rom sociologia religiis analizSi Seudarebeli da univer-

saluria. is religiisadmi sociologiuri midgomis universalizaciis

winaaRmdegi iyo da ambobda, rom sociologiam religiasTan mimarTebaSi

rac unda gaakeTos, aris is, rom gvaCvenos religiis sociokulturuli

mniSvneloba. religia vaxs esmoda, ara rogorc saeklesio dogmebi da

kulti, aramed rogorc is, rac adamians namdvilad swams da mTeli Tavisi

arsebiT uyvars, rac ganagebs mis beds, rac yvelaze da yvelaferze aRma-

kaxa qecbaia

58

tebulia~. vaxis religiis sociologiuri ideebi didad aris davalebuli

germanuli saazrovno tradiciebiT. mis koncefciaSi arc Tu iSviaTia

lainbicis, goeTes, Seleris, dilTais, veberis, Sleiermaxeris, hum-

boldtis, rankes, rikertis da sxva moazrovneTa koncefciis siluetebi.

religiis sociologia saqarTveloSi

religiis sociologiis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi zogadad socio-

logiis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas ukvSirdeba. amis Sesaxeb studen-

tebma unda icodnen, rom saqarTveloSi sociologiuri azrovneba XX sa-

ukunis dasawyisidan iRebs dasabams. CvenSi sociologiuri azrovneba ev-

ropuli sociologiiT sazrdoobda mudam. unda iTqvas, rom msoflioSi

aRiarebuli sociologiuri Teoria saqarTveloSi ar Seqmnila da, Sesa-

bamisad, veberis, Tionisis, mertonis an parsonsis msgavsi sociologebi

Cven ar gvyolia. rasac Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi gaaCnia. Tumca es yove-

live srulebiT ar amcirebs imas, rac sociologiis sferoSi saqarTve-

loSia gakeTebuli da amJamad keTdeba.

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faqtia, rom sociologia ver gaCndeba da

ganviTardeba iq sadac adamiani da sazogadoeba yovelmxriv SezRudu-

lia; sadac sazogadoebis bunebriv ganviTarebas uamravi xelSemSleli

faqtorebi eRobeba win. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi swored, rom msgavs vi-

TarebasTan gvaqvs saqme. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiam Ria, demok-

ratiuli mecnierebis _ sociologiis ganviTareba sagrZnoblad Seafer-

xa. xolo sabWoTa diqtaturis wlebSi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecniereba

yalbi istoriul-materialisturi TeoriebiT iqna Canacvlebuli. Tumca

qarTveli mecnierebi sakuTari riskis fasad mainc axerxebdnen socio-

logiuri problemebis damuSavebas da safuZvels uyridnen sociologi-

is, rogorc sazogadoebis Semswavleli damoukidebeli mecnierebis sau-

keTeso tradiciebs saqarTveloSi.

sadavoa sakiTxi qarTuli sociologiis, rogorc suverenuli saaz-

rovno fenomenis Sesaxeb, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

ubralod erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT calkeul moazrovneTa socialu-

ri Sexedulebebi da sakuTriv sociologiuri Teoriebi. socialuri Sexe-

dulebis qona sociologobas ar niSnavs. es rom ase iyos, maSin adamianTa

umravlesoba sociologi iqneboda. erTia calkeuli Sexedulebebis qona

sazogadoebaze da meore mecnierulad dasabuTebuli Teoria mis Sesaxeb.

saqarTveloSi sociologia imTaviTve ori _ akademiuri da sauni-

versiteto mimarTulebiT viTardeboda.

1925 wels saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis mier

ideologiur sakiTxebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegad sociolo-

religiis sociologia

59

gias seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi Seeqmna. xolo 1930 wels sociologiis

sakiTxebze gamarTul diskusias sociologiis sruli ignorireba mohyva.

Sesabamisad Tbilisis universitetSi sociologia amoRebul iqna sas-

wavlo disciplinebidan.

sociologiisaken xelaxali Semobruneba `xruSCovis droidan~ iwye-

ba. kerZod 1962 wlidan sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT sociologiis rea-

biltacia moxda. im xanad leningradSi gaxsnili sociologiis institu-

tisa da leningradis universitetis sociologiis laboratoriis saqmia-

nobas specialurad gaecno cnobili qarTveli mecnieri venor qvaCaxia.

swored misi TaosnobiT sabWoTa kavSirSi pirvelad Tbilisis saxelmwi-

fo iniversitetSi gamoyenebiTi sociologiis laboratoria Seiqmna,

romlis bazaze 1968 wels konkrteul-sociologiuri kvlevis kaTedra

Seiqmna. misi xelmZRvaneli profesori venor qvaCaxia iyo. igi nayofie-

rad, Rrmad da safuZvlianad ikvlevda sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis

formebis interdisciplinaruli, sistemuri gaazrebis problemebs. 1982

wels venor qvaCaxias gardacvalebis Semdeg zemoTxsenebuli kaTerdis

gamge profesori eduard kodua gaxda, romlis TaosnobiT 1989 wels iva-

ne javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filo-

sofiis fakultetze sociologiis specialoba gaixsna, romelic mogvia-

nebiT sociologiis ganyofilebad gadakeTda, xolo kaTedras sociolo-

giis kaTerda, fakultets ki filosofiisa da sociologiis fakulteti

ewoda. saqarTveloSi sociologiis dargis ganviTarebas didi Rvawli da

amagi dasdo profesorma eduard koduam. sociologiuri mecniereba man

axal simaRleebamde aiyvana.

saqarTveloSi sociologiis ganviTarebis saqmeSi didi wvlili mi-

uZRvis sociologiis akademiur skolas, romelsac adre saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis sistemaSi Semavali demografiisa da sociologi-

is instituti warmoadgens (amJamad demografiisa da sociologiis in-

stituti faqtobrivad aRar arsebobs). instituti socilogiuri kvlevis

mdidari tradicebis matarebelia saqarTveloSi.

sociologiis ganviTarebaSi erTgvari gardatexa erovnuli xeli-

suflebis droidan moxda, rodesac igi mTlianad ganTavisuflda yalbi

ideologiisa da stereotipebisagan da Tavisufali ganviTarebis aspare-

zi mieca. am droidan moyolebeuli sociologiis swavlebisadmi SiSi da

undobloba gaqra. sazogadoebam Seigno misi aucilebloba Tumca socio-

logiuri codnis kulturas saqarTveloSi saTanado donemde jer kidev

ver miuRwevia.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, sabWoTa diqtaturis wlebSi sociologiis

qveS sazogadoebis Sesaxeb yalbi marqsistul-leninuri moZRvreba — is-

kaxa qecbaia

60

toriuli materializmi moiazreboda, romlisgan Tavis daRwevas qarTve-

li mecnierebi sociumis Sesaxeb filosofiuri TeoriebiTa da doqtrine-

biT cdilobdnen, anu sociologiuri problemebis analizi filosofiur

sibrtyeze gadahqondaT. ramac meore ukiduresobaSi gadavrdna gamoiw-

via _ sociologiam filosofiuri Seferiloba miiRo. AdRes saqarTvelo-

Si sociologia TavisTavadobas iZens da am mdgomareobidan gamodis. swo-

red am istoriul da inteleqtualur velSi mouwia religiis sociolo-

gias saqarTveloSi Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba.

erT-erTi pirveli, romelmac saqarTveloSi, kerZod ivane javaxiS-

vilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi sociologiis am dargSi leq-

ciebis kiTxva daiwyo profesori oTar gabiZaSvilia, Sesabamisad CvenTan

am mecnierebis fuZemdeblad swored mas miviCnevT. am mxriv sayuradRe-

boa misi wignebi: `religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi~ (1984) da `religia

rogorc socialuri movlena~ (1987). o. gabiZaSvilma moamzada pirveli

leqciebis kursi religiis sociologiaSi, romelic gamoucemeli darCa.

***

`[...]rwmena urTulesi da mravalmxrivi movlenaa. misi saTaveebi

racionalur ZiebebSi ki ar imaleba, aramed intuiciur gamocxade-

bebSi. swored cocxali intuiciis gziT xerxdeba rom religiuroba

damaxasiaTebelia rogorc ubralo, gaunaTlebeli adamianisaTvis,

aseve RrmadganaTlebuli mecnierisaTvis. elinisturi samyaros ga-

moCenili filosofosi platoni amasTan dakavSirebiT ambobda: `ro-

ca Cven RmerTs vxedavT, vxedavT mas ara gonebiT, aramed ufro umaR-

lesiT, vidre gonebaa~. religiuri gancda ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT

sulieri cxovrebis romelime sxva sferosTan, igi yvelaze metad Se-

iZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc gansakuTrebuli mowiweba uzenaesis

mimarT [...]~

O oTar gabiZaSvili

sayuradReboa agreTve profesor eduard koduas naSromi saxelwo-

debiT `religiis sociologia~, wignSi sociologia, (nakv. II. Tb., 1998),

romelSic am dargobrivi mecnierebis kardinaluri sakiTxebi

sumirebuli saxiTaa gadmocemuli.

sayuradReboa agreTve ilias universitetis sociologiis profe-

soris emzar jgerenaias leqciebis kursi religiis sociologiaSi (in-

ternet versia).

religiis sociologia

61

dRes religiis sociologiis kursi saqarTvelos yvela im umaRles

saswavlebelSi ikiTxeba, romelsac sociologiis mimarTuleba gaaCnia.

CvenSi sociologiis am dargis warmateba didad aris damokidebuli sa-

zogadoebis gaRiavebasa da demokratizaciaze, sociologiuri codnis

maRal kulturaze da a. S.





um.ge-ze.

3. e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).


Tb., 1998.



2004.


3. religiis sociologia, wignSi amerikuli sociologia, (rus. ena-

ze), m. 1972.

4. religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, (rus. enaze), m. 1996.

kiTxvebi:

• vin arian religiis sociologiis FuZemdeblebi?

• ra igulisxmeba religiis sociologiis sociokulturul wa-

namZRvrebSi?

• ras niSnavs religiis privatizeba?

• ra igulisxmeba religiis sociologiis Teoriul wanam-

ZRvrebSi?

• problematikis TvalsazrisiT, ra gansxvavebaa religiis so-

ciologiis klasikur da Tanamedrove warmomadgenlebs Soris?

davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religiis sociologiis kla-

sikosebi.

• moamzadeT essei Temaze: religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove

amerikeli warmomadgenlebi?

kaxa qecbaia

62

E es sayuradReboa!

religiis sociologiaSi di-

urkemTan erTad mis disSvils,

cnobil eTnograf da sociolog

marsel moss (1872-1950) moixsenie-

ben xolme. pirvelyofili religi-

ebis mimarT interesi man jer kidev

axalgardobaSi gamoavlina. mosma

traibalur sazogadoebaSi urTi-

erTobis iseTi formis specifika

Seiswavla, rogoricaa gacvla (ma-

terilauri sagnebis gacvla — sak-

vebi, Sromis iaraRebi, aseve qalebi

da sxv.). misma kvlevebma aCvena, rom

gcvlas taribalur sazogadoebaSi

moraluri sazrisi aqvs. man erT-erTma pirvelma aCvena, rom sxvadasxva

sociumebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia specifikuri fizikuri, fiziolo-

giuri gamovlinenebi `sxeulis teqnikisa~. mosis ideebma religiis

kvlevis saqmeSi SesaZlebeli gaxada religiis rolisa da religiur

simboloTa gamoyenebis Sesaxeb arsebuli erTob sociologiuri gage-

bidan mTlianad adamianuri azrovnebis Seswavlaze gadasvla. misi mra-

valricxovani naSormebidan religiis sociologiis TvalsazrisiT

mniSvnelovania: `narkvevi msxverplSewirvis bunebisa da funqciis Sesa-

xeb~ (1899); `klasifikaciis pirvelyofili formebis Sesaxeb~ (1903) (di-

urkemis TanaavtorobiT); `narkvevi magiis zogadi Teoriis Sesaxeb~

(1904) (a. iuberis TanaavtorobiT); `narkvevi eskimosTa sazogadoebaSi

sezonuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb~ (1906) (a. beSis monawileobiT); `gac-

vlis formebi da safuZvlebi arqaul sazogadoebaSi~ (1925); `sikvdi-

lis Sesaxeb koleqtiurad STagonebuli azrebis fizikuri zemoqmedeba

individze~ (avstralia, axali zelandia) (1926); `sxeulis teqnikebi~

(1935);

marsel

mosi

religiis sociologia

63

Tvalsazrisi

religiuri ganaTlebis zogierTi aspeqti saqarTveloSi

mozardi Taobis sworad aRzrdis saqmeSi sxva humanitarul mec-

nierebaTa Soris istoriul mecnierebas erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli

adgili uWiravs. amis Sesaxeb araerT gamoCenil moazrovnes Tu ekle-

siis mamas gamouTqvams sakuTari Sexeduleba. mag., hegelis azriT,

warsulis magaliTebs didi mniSvneloba aqvT bavSvis sulieri amaRle-

bisaTvis, Tumca, igi iqve istoriuli mecnierebis obieqturobaze

amaxvilebs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas _ istoria obieqtur viTare-

bas unda asaxavdes da yovlad dauSvebelia misi gayalbeba. swored, is-

toria unda iyos is safuZveli, romelzec ukeTesi momavali unda

aSendes. amitom, istoriis swavlebisas didi yuradReba da sifrTxi-

lea saWiro. aq daSvebuli mciredi Secdomac ki sabediswero zianis

momtani iqneba momavalSi. istoriam unda aCvenos moswavles sazoga-

doebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonzomierebani. mi-

si swavlebisas, bunebrivia, gverds ver avuvliT religiur sakiTxebs.

am SemTxvevaSi gamonakliss arc saqarTvelos istoria warmoadgens,

ramdenadac qarTveli eris istoria _ es qristianobisaTvis brZolis

istoria.

saqarTvelos istoriis gakveTilebi, pirvel rigSi, moswavleTa

sulieri aRzrdis funqcias unda asrulebdnen. maT erTgvari Terapi-

uli funqciac ki ekisrebaT. amdenad, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

iZens msoflio religiebisa da marTmadidebluri qristianuli reli-

giis saTanado donaze Seswavla, imisaTvis rom Rrmad iqnes gacnobie-

rebuli istoriis religiur-filosofiuri da istoriul movlenaTa

mistikuri arsi. yovelive es sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas iZens Tanamed-

roveobis fonze, radganac me-20 saukunu qarTveli eris istoriaSi

yvelaze tragikuli aRmoCnda. erma Tavis Tavze iwvnia aTeizmi da fi-

zikuri ganadgurebis umZimesi safrTxe. amas zed daerTo fsevdore-

ligiui orientaciebis zrda; adamianTa gaxdoma xorciel vnebaTa mo-

nebad. yovelive aman didi gavlena moaxdina mozardi Taobis cnobie-

rebaze.

dRes, rogorc arasdros, saWiroa gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

mieqces yovelive amas. aqve SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi am

aspeqtiT mravali sasikeTo ram keTdeba... Tundac is, rom Sendeba taZ-

rebi. magram arsebobs safrTxe, rom xvalindel Taobas es taZrebi, Se-

iZleba, arc dasWirdes, radgan maT sulSi asaSenebel taZars kargi sa-

kaxa qecbaia

64

fuZveli namdvilad ar eyreba.

imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma kargad iswavlon saqarTvelos is-

toria, kargi saxelmZRvaneloa saWiro. warmoudgenelia, rom ivane ja-

vaxiSvilis qveyanaSi am mxriv deficiti iyos, miTumetes, roca saqar-

Tvelos istoriuli mecnierebis Zalze Zlieri da mdidari tradicie-

bi aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos istoriis saskolo saxel-

mZRvaneloebi religiur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT mravali uzusto-

bis Semcvelia (Cveni amocana namdvilad ar aris vinmes kritika. aq im

problemebzea msjeloba, romlebic pedagogiurma praqtikam gamoav-

lina).

didi xnis manZilze istorias, rogorc sagans, qarTul skolebSi

Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT aswavlidnen: Zveli msoflios, ruseTis, sa-

Sualo saukuneebis da saqarTvelos istorias, romelic Seicavda

arafrismTqmel mSral informacias. dReisaTvis mdgomareoba am mxriv

TiTqos gamosworda: gamoica saqarTvelos istoriis `ganaxlebuli~

saxelmZRvanelo, romelic garegnulad Zalian kargia. mas taZris ga-

mosaxuleba _ wina mxares, da ukana mxares _ wm. giorgis gamosaxule-

ba amSvenebs. wignSi uxvadaa xatebisa da freskebis reproduqciebi. ga-

redan rom Sexadav gagixardeba, magram wakiTxvis Semdeg, namdvilad

cud gunebaze dadgebi kaci. wigni isev marqsistul yaidazea daweri-

li, oRond `marqss axla xelSi sanTeli uWiravs da xatis win daCoqili

isev `kapitals~ wers~. mxolod ieri Seucvlia da meti araferi (aq ara-

fers vambobT wminda istoriuli da socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis

sakiTxebze, vexebiT mxolod religias). ismis kiTxva: rogor aris war-

modgenili saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi da rogor as-

wavlian moswavleebs erTerT yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, romelic

exeba religiis warmoSobas? aris ki am mxriv progresi?

jer erTi, sakiTxi ganxilulia erT-erT yvelaze mcire moculo-

bis mqone paragrafSi da mitmasnilia pirvelyofili adamianis cxov-

rebasTan. sakiTxi religiis warmoSobis Sesaxeb warmodgenilia natu-

ralistur-animisturi Teoriebis mixedviT, saidanac irkveva, rom re-

ligiis gaCena dakavSirebulia pirvelyofili adamianis warmodgeneb-

Tan mis garemomcvel samyaroze (msgavs Tvalsazriss saqarTvelos is-

toriis nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi ipovis kaci). unda iTqvas isic,

rom am Teoriebis garda religiis warmoSobis Sesaxeb sxva, ufro sa-

yuradRebo Teoriebic arsebobs, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis araaTeis-

turi, xolo rac Seexeba religiis warmoSobis naturalistur da ani-

mistur Teorias, maTi aTeisturi bunebis Sesaxeb religiaTmcodneni

ar daoben. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis mokled SevexoT TiToeul maTgans:

religiis sociologia

65

a) naturalisturi Teoria (laT. natura _ buneba) jer kidev (I

s-Si qrites Sobamde) romaeli poetisa da filosofosis lukreciusis

mier iyo gamoTqmuli (lukreciusi materialisturi filosofiis war-

momadgenelia). mis mixedviT, RvTaebis idea da religia warmoSva bune-

bis movlenaTa winaSe aRZrulma SiSma, radgan adamianebma ar icodnen

bunebis kanonebi (am Sexedulebas eTanxmeba saxelmZRvaneloebSi ga-

moTqmuli azri). unda iTqvas, rom adamianebs marTlac eSinodaT mra-

vali ramis magram, amis miuxedavad, Tayvaniscemis sagani iseTi ram

iyo, rac misTvis sruliad uvnebels warmoadgenda (mag.: qva an xe) ase,

rom maT mimarT religiuri damokidebulebis mizezi SiSi namdvilad

ar iZleba yofiliyo. bunebis mrisxane movlenebi religiurobis sa-

fuZvels aucileblad ar warmoadgendnen da arc adamiani yofila

odesme am movlenebiT mTlianad daTrgunuli da es daTrgunvac ara-

sodes yofila absoluturi. aq arc e.w. pirvelyofili adamianis go-

nebrivi ganviTarebis dabali donis aRiareba gamodgeba religiis war-

momSob Zlier argumentad, ramdenadac, `es adamiani~ uSualo kavSirSi

iyo bunebasTan da Tavis Semecnebas subieqturad ufro metad Seig-

rZnobda. garda amisa, es Teoria ver xsnis, Tu rogor SeZlo materia-

luri samyaros winaSe aRZrulma SiSma, principulad sxva _ uxilavi

samyaros yofierebis Sesaxeb ideis warmoSoba.

b) animisturi Teoria _ (laT. anima _ suli). (misi mimdevrebi

iyvnen: teilori, spenseri, liperti). RvTaebis ideis warmoSoba dakav-

Sirebulia iseT subieqtur movlenebTan, rogoricaa sizmari, halu-

cinaciebi, sikvdili da sxva. Tumca kritikas arc es Teoria uZlebs.

nuTu adamiani imdenad gonebasusti aRmoCnda, rom cxadi da sizmari

erTmaneTisagan ver gaarCia. Tanac Znelia imis dajereba, Tu rogor

`amaRlda~ aseTi dabali donis cnobiereba im doneze, rom zemoT aR-

niSnul movlenebze dayrdnobiT SeiZina Zala absolutis _ RmerTis

ideamde misuliyo. maSin, roca raimes arsebobis aRiarebidan mis mi-

marT religiur damokidebulebamde uzarmazari manZilia, rasac es

Teoria ar iTvaliswinebs. nakli am Teoriisa imdenad udaoa, rom man

TviT aTeistebs Sorisac ki dahkarga ndoba da maTi seriozuli kriti-

kis sagani gaxda. revoluciamdeli droidan moyolebuli ruseTSi re-

ligiis warmoSobis Teoriebidan, swored es Teoria iyo gabatonebuli

da misi lideris, bogdanovis, azriT, religiis gaCenaSi gadamwyveti

roli Seasrula e.w. `velurma filosofosma~. Zalze sawyenia, rom es

Teoria (ufro sworad, naturalistur-animisturi Teoriebis Tavise-

buri narevi) TavSesafars saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi

poulobs. amitom, sasurvelia, rom moswavleebs miewodos religiis

kaxa qecbaia

66

warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebidan ufro damajerebeli da

religiuri poziciidan gamarTlebuli Teoria, romelic winaaRmde-

gobaSi ar iqneba saRmrTo werilTan da es unda gakeTdes dauyov-

nebliv, raTa mozardi Taoba daRupvas gadarCes, rameTu: `saRmrTo

werilis winaaRmdegni aravin gadarCenila RvTisagan dausjeli~ (sju-

lis kanoni, karTagenis krebis me-5 kanoni), saRmrTo kanonebi ki aris

`sameufo gza~, sasufevlisaken mimavali. aqedan gamomdinare, saxel-

mZRvanelos mixedviT, moswavles jer gonebas vuSxamavT da ZirSive

varRvevT mis rwmenas aTeisturi TeoriebiT da mxolod amis Semdgom

vexebiT qristianul religias.

Zalze ususuradaa warmodgenili qristianuli religiis warmo-

Sobis sakiTxi. saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT: `qristianoba Tavidan Cag-

rulTa religia iyo, romelic Tavis mimdevrebs uqadagebda moTmine-

bas, amqveyniuri gaWirvebis udrtvinvelad atanas, rom ar gaewiaT wi-

naaRmdegoba borotebisaTvis, Seguebodnen gasaWirs ...~ (kvietizmis

qadageba).

netav, ram gaaZlebina ase `sacodavad daxatul da CagrulTa Zon-

ZebSi~ gaxveul qristianobas, romelic ager ukve ocdaerTi saukunea

arsebobs? anda, ra gauWirdaT romael didebulebs iseTi, rom Tavi-

anT warmarTobaze uari Tqves.

ase, rom aRniSnul wignSi uxvadaa RvarZlis Tesli, romelic

nelnela Rvivdeba mozardis gonebaSi da WeSmaritebisaTvis eklis

zRuded iqceva.

nuTu SeiZleba, eklesiis istoria da `qarTlis cxovreba~ legen-

debisa da zRaprebis krebulad warmovudginoT moswavleebs?

am sakiTxze dausrul;eblad SeiZleba msjeloba, magram imis ime-

di, rom amiT rame gamoswordeba, Zalze cotaa... aqve unda aRvniSnoT,

rom aseT savalalo mdgomareobaSia ara marto saqarTvelos istoriis

saxelmZRvanelo, aramed sxva saskolo wignebic.

TiTqmis yvela sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba materialisturad

da aTeisturad iswavleba, isisni jer kidev ar gamosulan aTeizmis

burusidan (biologia, fizika, qimia da sxv.).

aseT pirobebSi mozard Taobas uflis mimarT rwmena ekargeba.

igi sulierad gaorebulia. arada moswavleebma unda icodnen, rom re-

ligiis Zala _ rwmena da siyvarulia, iaraRi _ locva da simarTle,

fari _ jvari da wmindanebi, imedi _ ufali ieso qriste da deda ek-

lesia.

k. qecbaias wignidan `ganaTlebis sociologia (problemebi),

Tb., 2002. gam. `ganTiadi~.

religiis sociologia

67

`ufleba ar gvaqvs religiis adamianuri sazomiT gazomvisa, vina-

idan is RvTiuri warmoSobisaa da Cven sulis gamocxadebiT gveZleva

is, risi wvdomac adamianis arsebas ar SeuZlia ...~

z. froidi

IV leqcia

Tema: religiis sociologiuri definicia


religia, rwmena, magia, socialuri praqtika — ritualebi; religiuri

Temi — morwmuneTa gaerTianeba; religiis sociologiuri da arasoci-

ologiuri definicia, diurkemi, veberi, lenski, jonstouni, bergeri

da lukmani.

Sesavali

religiuri rwmenebisa da organizaciebis mravalferovneba reli-

giis erTiani gansazRvrebis SemuSavebis sakiTxSi seriozul sirTuleebs

qmnis. xSirad religias monoTeistur sistemebTan: budizmi, iudaizmi,

qristianoba da islami, aigiveben, sadac erTi RmerTis idea figurirebs,

rac Secdomaa (religia mxolod monoTeizmi ar aris — e. gidensi). amgvari

ram eTnocentristuli poziciaa. fridrix nicSes cnobili Tezisi Rmer-

Tis sikvdilis Sesaxeb (nicSes ekuTvnis gamoTqma `RmerTis mokvda~, rac

sociologiuri gagebiT, misi socialuri gavlenis Sesustebis procesis

— sekularizaciis momaswaveblad SeiZleba miviCnioT) dasavleTis reli-

giuri ideebis, rogorc prioritetuli religiuri sistemebis, eTnocen-

tristul ganxilvasTanaa dakavSirebuli. bevr religiaSi DdResac mraval

RvTaebaTa panTeoni arsebobs (magaliTad induizmi). miuxedavad imisa,

figurirebs Tu ara masSi RmerTis idea, yvela religiaSi arsebobs iseTi

ram, rac mowiwebisa da Tayvaniscemis grZnobas iwvevs. aris religiebi, sa-

dac saerTod ar figurirebs RmerTis cneba da sakraluri Tvisebebi, ro-

gorc RvTaebrivi Tayvaniscemis obieqts, iseT personebs, romlebic Ta-

visTavad RvTaebas ar warmoadgenen (magaliTad budizmSi — buda), an ab-

staraqtul `RvTaebriv Zalebs~ an, eTikur Rirebulebebs miewereba. arc

erTi maTgani personificirebul RvTaebas ar gulisxmobs, amitom ento-

ni gidenisis mixedviT, ar SeiZleba religia gavaigivoT monoTeizmTan an

eTikur RirebulebebTan. religiisadmi amgvari midgoma religiis soci-

ologiuri definiciis amosavali principia (e. gidensi).

kaxa qecbaia

68

saerTod religiis definicia Zalze rTuli saqmea, gamomdinare

iqidan rom misi uamravi ganmarteba arsebobs. imisaTvis, rom religiis

cnebis mravalgvar ganmartebaTa qselSi ar gavixlarToT (kulturis

cnebis msgavsad religiis cnebis 200-ze meti sxvadasxva ganmarteba arse-

bobs), mis sociologiur definiciaze unda gavanaxviloT yuradReba,

Tumca amasTan erTad misi sxva, arasociologiuri gansazRvrebebic ar

unda gamogvreCes mxedvelobidan.

§1. religiis sociologiuri definicia

sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Tu mimdinareobis warmomadgeneli soci-

ologebi sxvasxvanaiarad gansazRvraven religias. magaliTad socio-

kulturuli paradigmis warmomadgeneli gerhard lenski miiCnevs, rom

religia aris im ZlebTan dakavSirebuli rwmenebis sistema, romlebic

adamianis beds warmarTaven da am sistemis Sesabamisi ritualebi, romel-

sac garkveuli jgufis wevrebi asruleben. religiis amgvari ganmarteba

sakmaod farToa, radganac masSi rwmenis sxva sistemebic SeiZleba Sevi-

des. magaliTad iseTi rogoricaa socializmi, komunizmi, saero humaniz-

mi da sxva. SesaZlebelia TiToeuli maTgani adamianis cxovrebaSi mniS-

vnelovan rols asrulebdes, magram isini religiis Sesaxeb arsebul aRi-

arebul warmodgenebs ar Seesabamebian.

sityva `religia~ momdinareobs laTinuri zmnidan religare rac

kavSirs niSnavs. igulisxmeba adamianis kavSiri uzenaes realobas-

Tan, RmerTTan. morwmune adamiani religiis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba

RmerTs. misi safuZvelia uzenaesi realobis rwmena. imis mixedviT,

Tu ra swamT da rogoria am realobasTan urTierTobis formebi re-

ligiis gargnuli maxare — religiuri praqtika iqmneba.

A am azriT, ufro adekvaturad sociolog ronald jonstounis de-

finicia gamoiyureba, romlis mixedviT, religia sakralurTan dakavSi-

rebuli rwmenebis, somboluri formebisa da ritualebis (praqtikebis)

sistemaa, romlis meSveobiT jgufi (religiuri Temi) reagirebs imaze,

rasac wmindad da RvTaebrivad miiCnevs. jonstouni xuT ZiriTad kompo-

nents gamoyofs, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia rwmenebis sistemis,

rogorc religiis identifikacia movaxdinoT. esenia:

• morwmuneTa jgufi,

• sakraluri (wminda, RvTaebrivi),

religiis sociologia

69

• saswaulebrivi movlenebi (romlebic yoveldRiuri realobis

sagnebisagan gansxvavdebian) da maTTan dakavSirebuli simboloebis

sistema,

• sakraluris Sesaxeb arsebuli rwmenebisa da warmodgenebis er-

Toblioba,

• ritualebis (gansakuTrebuli moqmedebebi) erToblioba da ri-

tualur moqmedebaTa maregulirebeli normebis erToblioba, anu

marTali, swori cxovrebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis qona.

Tuki es elementebi saxezea, maSin jonstounis mixedviT, SesaZlebe-

lia vTqvaT, rom Cven saqme gvaqvs religiasTan. misi pirveli komponenti

socialuria, romelic jgufis saxiTaa warmodgenili. religia jgufis,

morwmuneTa erTobis arsebobas gulisxmobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom reli-

giuri Rrmad individualuria, igi amasTanave socialuri bunebis matare-

belia, im azriT, rom religiuri jgufis wevrobis gansakuTrebuli emo-

ciuri mdgomareobidan amoizrdeba da am mdgomareobis gaZlierebisaken

aris mimarTuli. ramdenadac religiuri rwmena sakralurs ukavSirdeba,

SeuZlebelia rom igi mxolod erTi adamianis kuTvnileba iyos. igi indi-

vidualur gamocdilebaze maRla imyofeba da masTan mimarTebaSi ufro

globaluri, masStaburi da erToblivi gamocdilebis Sedegia. amitom

sociologebs miaCniaT, rom religia erTi pirovnebis gamocdilebis saz-

RvrebSi ar SeiZleba rom warmoqmniliyo, aramed igi warmoSva mxolod iq

sadac adamianTa jgufi ikribeba. amis gamo sociologias religiuri jgu-

febi da am jgufebis adamianTa sxva saxis gaerTianebebisagan ganmasxvave-

beli niSan-Tvisebebi ainteresebs. religiis sociologiuri analizi kon-

kretuli religiuri erTobebisa (magaliTad kaTolikebis, protestante-

bis, iudevelebis, induistebis, musulmanebis, budistebis da a. S.) da re-

ligiuri organizaciebis sxvadsxva formebis (seqtebi, kultebi, denomi-

naciebi) Seswavlazea orientirebuli.

termini religia pirovnul-subieqtur (religia, rogorc indi-

vidis rwmena) da zogad-obieqtur (religia, rogorc instituciuri

movlena _ konfesia, rjuli da misT.) sazriss gulisxmobs.

kaxa qecbaia

70

rituali laTinuri sityva — ritus -dan momdinareobs da wess, sa-

zeimo ceremonias niSnavs. igi simboluri qcevebisa da moqmedebebis

sistemaa, romelic garkveuli saxis urTierTobebs gamoxatavs. re-

ligiuri ritualebi adamianis cnobierebaSi Sesabamisi religiuri

rwmenisa da warmodgenebis ganmtkicebas iasaxaven miznad. adamianis

mier statusis Secvla garkveuli ritualiT aRiniSneba. magaliTad

iniciacia, qorwineba, dakrZalva da sxva. erToblivi locva uricxvi

raodenobis adamianebisa aseve ritualiT gamoixateba. magaliTad

wirva, liturgia. calkeul religiebSi presonaluri ritualebic

arsebobs. magaliTad aRsareba.

religiuri ritualebi religiur ritualur simbolebTan aris

dakavSirebuli. ritualuri aqtis Semsrulebeli aris Suamavali ze-

bunebriv Zalebsa da adamianebs Soris. religiis mkvlevari socio-

logebis azriT, religia magiisagan koleqtiuri ritualebis arse-

bobiT gansxvavdeba. religiuri ritualis saSualebiT adamiani

grZnobs, rom is marto ar aris, amiT mas umyardeba jgufuri idento-

bis gancda. amitom igi religiis sociologebis sayvareli Temaa. ma-

Ti daskvnebiT, traibalur sazogadoebaSi rituals gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba aqvs. arqauli koleqtivebis cxovrebis mizans da arss

ritualebi warmoadgendnen. am tipis sociumis wevris moqmedebas

ritualebi aregulirebdnen.

rituali gansxvavdeba adaTisagan, romelic masTan SedarebiT

ufro faro mniSvnelobis cnebaa. adaTi memkvidreobiT miRebuli

qcevis formaa, romelic Taobidan TaobaSi meordeba. aqedan tradi-

ciamde erTi nabijia.

cnobili religiaTmcodne mirCa eliades ganmartebiT, ritua-

li maradiuli dabrunebis ideis anu, samyaros regularuli daSlis

da misi mowesrigebis axali aqtis gamoxatulebaa.

religiis definiciis meore komponenti sakraluris cnebaa. Usakra-

lur-profanulis opozicia uklebliv yvela religiaSia mocemuli. sak-

raluris meSveobiT erTmaneTisagan gamijnulia yoveldRiuri cxovre-

bis sagnebi da araCveulebrivi movlenebi — saswaulebi. magaliTad saswa-

ulebrivis rigs miekuTvneba qristianobaSi macxovris mier kanas qor-

wilSi wylis Rvinod gadaqceva, brmisTvis locviT Tvalis axela, dav-

rdomilis gankurneba da uamravi sxva qmedeba, romelsac Cveulebrivis

kategorias ver mivakuTvnebT. es movlenebi RvTaebrivis statuss imitom

iZenen, rom iseT ZalebTan, an arsTan arian dakavSirebuli romelTa Se-

religiis sociologia

71

saZleblobebic bunebrivi, an fizikuri samyaros kanonzomierebebiT ar

aris SezRuduli. sxvadasxva religiaSi sakralur saganTa da movlenaTa

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli nakrebi arsebobs. indusisaTvis Zroxa

wminda saganTa kategorias miekuTvneba, radganac igi RvTaeba viSnus (in-

duisturi samebis — trimurti, erT-erTi RmerTi, oTxxeliani, borote-

basTan mebrZoli da kanonierebis aRmdgeni (mfarveli _ viSnu, Semoqmedi

— brahma, gamanadgurebli — Siva), simbolos warmoadgens, amitom hari

kriSnas seqtis warmomadgenlebs tyavis fexsacmlis tareba ekrZalebaT.

induisti Tayvans scems Zroxas

religiuri rwmeniT sakraluris uSualod xilva SeuZlebelia. mas-

Tan kavSiri yovelTvis sakraluri simboleoebis meSveobiTaa gaSualebu-

li. sakraluri, wminda simbolo RvTaebrivis, zebunebrivis niSania, rome-

lic mis reprezentirebas, obieqtivacias anu gasagnebas axdens, rac wmin-

da realobis Tanafardi ki ar aris, aramed masze mianiSnebs, misi referen-

tia. traibalur sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamianebi klanebad cxovroben

aseT simbolos totemi: _ mcenare an cxoveli, romelic am klanis pir-

vel winapars, mis fuZemdebels, damcvelsa da mfarvels, _ warmoadgens.

religia rwmenebis garkveul erTobliobas gulisxmobs. es rwmenebi

adamianur bunebas, garemomcvel samyaros da im uCveulo Zalebs exeba,

romlebic sakraluradaa aRiarebuli. magaliTad nihirenis seqtis mimde-

var budistebs swamT, rom adamianis suls srulyofilebis miRweva mud-

miv garadasaxvaTa mSveobiT SeuZlia, amitom samyaros mravalferovneba-

kaxa qecbaia

72

Si mwerebic aranakleb mniSvnelovani arsebebia, vidre adamianebi. reli-

gia gansakuTrebul moqmedebaTa anu ritualebis sistemas gulisxmobs. es

ritualebi sakralurTan dakavSirebuli qcevis nimuSebia.

e. diurkemi ritualebs ganixilavs, rogorc im Rirebulebebs, rom-

lebic sakralur obieqtebTan mimarTebaSi adamianis qcevas aweseben. ma-

galiTad eklesiaSi misvlisas qristiani pirjvars iwers da locvas iw-

yebs, musulmanebi locvis dros piriT iqiTken mibrundebian, saiTkenac

maTi wminda qalaqi meqa mdebareobs. meCeTSi Sesvlisas wminda adgilisad-

mi mowiwebis niSnad muslimi aucileblad fexsacmels ixdis; islamis mim-

devar qalebs maTi seqsualuri mimzidvelobis dasafarad, romlis saja-

ro demonstrireba am religiiT mkacrad reglamentirebulia, Tavsabu-

ravis tareba evalebaT. rituali Tavis Zalas da mniSvnelobas sakraluri

obieqtis gamoxatviT iZens. magaliTad erT SemTxvevaSi wyali SeiZleba

yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagani iyos, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki sakraluri Si-

naarsis matarebeli fenomeni. naTlisRebis dros, rodesac iniciaciis

qristianuli rituali sruldeba wyali sakralur, wminda mniSvnelobas

iZens da religiur erTobaSi axali wevris miRebisa da pirvelcodvisagan

ganwmendis simbolo xdeba. daaxloebiT igive iTqmis sxva sagnebzec. maga-

liTad sanTeli, kvercxi, puri da Rvino da a. S.

religia garkveuli saxis warmodgenebs gulisxmobs swori anu mar-

Tali cxovrebis Sesaxeb (swor cxovrebaSi zneobrivi, uflis dari cxov-

reba igulisxmeba). es warmodgenebi religiuri normebis saxiT aris Camo-

yalibebuli. Aase Seqmnili religiuri normebi adamianTa moqmedebebs are-

gulireben, gansazRvraven morwmuneebis qcevas sxvadasxva situaciaSi.

magaliTad aTi mcneba da sxva.

religiis definicia magiasTan mis Sedarebas moiTxovs. magiac rwme-

nebis sistemaa, Tumca misgan Tvisebrivad gansxvavebulia. religia adami-

anis arsebobas ontologiur, egzistencialur usafrTxoebas uqmnis da

sazriss aZlevs mas. misgan gansxvavebiT magias sxva miznebi aqvs. magia

sxvadasxva ritualebis meSveobiT individis an jgufis konkretuli amo-

canebis gadaWrazea orientirebuli. Amis mixedviT, arsebobs sayofac-

xovrebo, sameurneo da sxva saxis magiuri ritualebi. TiToeuli magiuri

rituali ama Tu im problemis gadaWrazea orientirebuli (uiRblo siy-

varuli, ufuloba, siuxvisa da baraqis nakleboba da a. S.).

cnobilma sociologma da anTropologma bronislav malinovskim

Tavis gamokvlevaSi „magia, mecniereba da religia” wynari okeanis kunZul

trobrianis mcxovrebi tomebis magiuri ritualebi aRwera, romlebsac

isini sarisko saqmianobebis an mogzaurobis dros (saxifaTo adgilebSi

TevzWera, xangrZlivi mogzauroba okeaneSi, nadiroba saSiS mtaceblebze

religiis sociologia

73

da a. S.) am saqmeSi warmatebis mizniT atarebdnen. koleqtiuri rituale-

bis arseboba ganasxvavebs religias magiisgan, Tumca maT Soris mkveTri

zRvaris gavleba yovelTvis mainc ar aris SesaZlebeli. magia moqmedebe-

bis erTobliobaa, romelic bunebis movlenebze gavlenis moxdenis miz-

niT sxvadasxva saSualebebisa da xerxebis gamoyenebiT (Selocvebi, ja-

dosnuri formulebi, Tu gansakuTrebuli ritualebi) sruldeba. xSiria

amgvari moqmedebebi iseT profesiebSi, sadac warmateba umeteswilad

SemTxveviTobis faqtorzea damokidebuli, aseve gazrdil riskTanaa da-

kavSirebuli (magaliTad Soubiznesis warmomadgenlebi, sportsmenebi,

meSaxteebi, meTevzeebi, da a.S), xSiria agreTve stresul situaciebSi

msgavsi ritualuri wesebis Sesruleba, an Tilismebis tareba. magaliTad,

CogburTeli an moTxilamure ucnauri rgolebiTa da samkaulebiT gamo-

dian mniSvnelovan matCze, Tumca sportuli wesebis mixedviT, es akrZa-

lulia, radgan damatebiT safrTxes uqmnis sportsmenis sicocxles.

b. malinovskim religiis funqciebi magiasTan misi Sedarebis safuZ-

velze gansazRvra. igi aRniSnavda, rom adamianebi magias maSin mimarTaven,

rodesac zebunebrivi movlenebis saTavisod gamoyenebas cdiloben. maga-

liTad aborigenebis magiuri ritualebi miT ufro rTuli da xangrZli-

via, rac ufro metad sariskoa is saqme, romlis Sesrulebac maT uwevT.

magiisgan gansxvavebiT adamianebi religiur rwmenas ufro siRrmi-

seuli mizezis gamo mimarTaven, rac cxovrebis sazrisis Ziebasa da samya-

roSi sakuTari bedis Sesaxeb SfoTvasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

malinovskis mixedviT, religia sxva adamianze zrunvidan, misadmi

siyvarulidan da sikvdilis Semdgomi cxovrebis gacnobierebidan Cndeba.

amitom TiTqmis yvela religiaSia warmodgenebi saiqio cxovrebaze, uk-

vdavebaze da sulis cxonebaze. qristianobis mixedviT, adamiani samoTxe-

Si an jojoxeTSi xvdeba da sxva. religias sazrisi Seaqvs adamianuri

cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi. rodesac adamianebs ubedureba emarTe-

baT, isini svamen maradiul kiTxvas: ratom SememTxva es maincdamainc me?

adamianebs SeuZliaT dasvan es kiTxva xumrobiT, magaliTad, rode-

sac maT fexsacmels qusli moZvra, an seriozulad, rodesac cxovrebaSi

raRac katastrofa xdeba. gamoTqma, rom „aTeizmi mwuxarebaSi ver gviS-

velis” naTlad asaxavs religiis mniSvnelobas adamianis cxovrebaSi. re-

ligia exmareba adamianebs ipovon pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom emarTebaT

maT esa Tu is SemTxveva. religia aZlevs sazriss situaciebs, romlebic

sazriss moklebulia da usamarTlod gveCveneba.

sociologebis azriT, religia adamianebs iseTi usamarTlobis ga-

datanaSi exmareba, rogoricaa siRaribe, avadmyofoba, uTanasworoba. re-

ligia adamianebs tanjvis dros imedis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, amitom mi-

kaxa qecbaia

74

si, rogorc socialuri institutis gaqroba SeuZlebelia. qristianebs

religia ukeTesi cxovrebis SesaZleblobisaTvis imeds aZlevs; cnobilia

bibliuri gamoTqma, rom „netar arian morwmuneni, rameTu maT daim-

kvidron qveyana”. aRmosavlur religiebSi fizikuri tanjvis gadalaxva

sulieri gasxivosnebiTaa SesaZlebeli.

didma fsiqolgma zigmund froidma religiis sxva socialuri fun-

qciac gamoavlina. froidis azriT, religia adaminebs ususurobis SiSis-

gan icavs, romelic maT bavSvobaSi ganicades. rogorc bavSvia daculi

mSoblis xelSi, aseve mozrdilebic nugeSiscemas mosiyvarule RmerTis

saxiT pouloben. froids miaCnia, rom religiur warmodgenebs fesvebi

adamianis fsiqikaSi aqvT gadgmuli da WeSmaritebisa da mcdarobis kri-

teriumebis mixedviT maTi gazomva ar SeiZleba. froidi ambobs, rom re-

ligiuri warmodgenebi socialuri iluziebia. xolo socialur iluzieb-

ze moTxovna yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. es iluziebi fsiqologiur

moTxovnilebebs efuZneba, romlebic Tavisi arsiT materialuri bunebis

sawinaaRmdegoa. religiis froidiseuli definicia misi sociologiuri

gansazRvrebisagan, ra Tqma unda, Sors imyofeba, magram aq imitom moviyv-

aneT, rom misi gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia.

religiis sociologiuri definiciis erT-erTi varianti maqs ve-

berma mogvca. am definiciis amosavali principi socialuri moqmedebis

cnebaa. veberis mixedviT, religia socialuri moqmedebaa, romlis sa-

fuZvelze individi an jgufi sazrisis fundamentur problemas

wyvets.

religiis sociologiis didi klasikosis, emil diurkemis mixedviT,

religiis umTavresi niSani sakralurTan mimarTebaa. Tanamedrove re-

ligiis sociologebma _ bergermaa da lukmanma, religiis definicia so-

cialuri wesrigis kosmizaciaze daamyares. Tumca erTi ram cxadia, re-

ligiis sociologiuri definicia mas ganixilavs rogorc socialur in-

stituts. am mxriv arsebuli definiciebi sumirebuli saxiT warmoadgina

smelzerma Tavis wignSi „sociologia“. mis mixedviT, religiis mniSvne-

lovani elementebia:

• adamianTa jgufi, morwmuneTa Temi;

• wminda;

• aRmsarebloba;

• ritualebi — qcevis saxe sakralurTan mimarTebaSi;

• qcevis maregulirebeli normebis arseboba.

religiis sociologia

75

miuxedavad amisa, religiis sociologiaSi angariSgasawev faqtorad

rCeba diurkemis mier mocemuli religiis klasikuri sociologiuri de-

finicia. diurkemis mixedviT, religiasTan maSin gvaqvs saqme Tuki saxe-

zea misi sul mcire sami elementi (religiurobis minimumi):

• rwmena — zubunebrivi, uxilavi Zalebisadmi;

• religiuri ritualebi, ceremoniebi — socialuri praqtika;

• morwmuneTa Temi — adamianTa gaerTianeba socialur jgufebsa

da struqturebSi.

religiis diurkemiseuli sociologiuri definicia dRemde ZalaSia.

pavle florenski

religiis arsi

[...] adamianis xsnis mxatvari religiaa. misi

saqmea xsna. risgan gvixnis Cven religia? is

gvixsnis Cven sakuTari Tavisagan; religia

Cvens Sinagan samyaros masSi dabudebuli

qaosisagan ixsnis. igi amarcxebs geenas,

romelic CvenSia da romlis enebi sulis

bzarebis gavliT Cvens cnobierebaSi

aRweven. religia amarcxebs Cvens

cnobierebaSi dabudebul gvels. is

amSvidebs suls, riTac mas sulSi mSvidoba

Seaqvs. amiT ki mas mTlianad sazogadoebaSi

da bunebaSi Seqvs mSvidoba. aseTia religiis saqme.

Tumca garegani samyaro rodi aqvs mitovebuli religias, magarm misi

namdvili adgili sulSia. amitom Tuki ontologiurad religia aris

Cveni cxovreba RmerTSi da RmerTis cxovreba CvenSi, maSin

fenomenologiurad religia iseTi qmedebebisa da gancdebis sistemaa,

romelic sulis xsnas uzrunvelyofs. fsiqologiis enaze ki xsna

sulieri cxovrebis wonasworobas niSnavs [...]

kaxa qecbaia

76

§2. religiis arasociologiuri definicia

religiis arasociologiur definiciaSi misi yvela is ganmarteba

igulisxmeba, romelic sociologiis mecnierebis gareT arsebobs. am Sem-

TxvevaSi mniSvnelovania religiis Teologiuri definicia. mis mixedviT,

religia RvTiuri niWia, RmerTis mier adamianisaTvis saxsnelad boZebu-

li jildoa, amitom igi adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mudmivi unaria.

Sesabamisad, am definiciis amosavalia religiis RvTaebrivi warmoSoba,

xazgasma imisa, rom misi xelovnurad Seqmna adamianur Zalebs aRemateba.

Tumca ramdenadac adamiani socialur arsebaa, religiasac Rrma socia-

luri fesvebi gaaCnia, razec aqcentirebas akeTebs sociologia, xolo

religiisadmi Teologiuri midgomis SemTxvevaSi amgvari ram meorexa-

risxovania. aseTi amosavali principebi ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisagan re-

ligiis sociologiur da arasaociologiur definiciebs.

religiis arasociologiur definiciis erT-erTi magaliaTi Tana-

medrove religiaTmcodnis n. smartis gansazRvrebaa. es gansazRvreba

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis suliskveTebas Seesabameba, radganac defini-

ciis avtori moiTxovs, rom religiis gansazRvrebidan amoRebul iqnas

RmerTis arsebobis problema, radganac igi mxolod evropuli kultu-

risTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am ganmartebis mixedviT, religiis analizi-

sas ZiriTadi yuradReba Semdeg komponentebze unda gamaxvildes. esenia:

• ritaualebi (yvela saxis),

• emociebi (piradi religiuroba),

• sakraluri teqstebi,

• religiuri dogmebi,

• eTikur-samarTlebrivi aqtebi,

• religiuri Temi (socialur-instituciuri struqturebi),

• religiis materialuri gamovlineba (religiuri ritualebis

Sesasruleblad saWiro sagnebi).

religiis amgvar definicias SeiZleba sekularuli ewodos, radga-

nac masSi ar figurirebs RmerTis arseboba. religiaTmcodneebi miiCne-

ven, rom es TiTqos tolerantuli definiciaa religiisa. Tumca amis Se-

saxeb unda iTqvas, rom religiis suli da guli RmerTis arsebobaa da mis

gareSe religia Zneli warmosadgenia.

religiis sxva definiciebs Soris sainteresoa erix fromis mier Se-

moTavazebuli ganmarteba. fromi religiebs or nawilad: avtoritaru-

religiis sociologia

77

lad da humanisturad yofs. avtoritarul religiebSi ZiriTadia is, rom

RmerTi akontrolebs adamianis moqmedebas. amitom am tipis religiebis

ZiriTadi ganwyoba aris sevda da danaSauli. humanisturi religia ki ada-

mianis SesaZleblobebzea orientirebuli. aq mTavaria siyvaruli. am ti-

pis religiebs miekuTvneba qristianoba, budizmi, daosizmi. Tumca reli-

giebis amgvari dayofa pirobiTia, radganac erTi religiis SigniT SeiZ-

leba saxeze iyos avtoritaruli da humanuri elementebi.

`religia sulis im procesebTan cocxali kavSiria, romlebic

gonebaze ki araa damokidebuli, aramed sadRac mis miRma, sulis bnel

kunWulebSi mimdinareobs. Tumca am procesebs Soris mravali saTa-

ves gonebidan iRebs, magram ara misgan iZulebiT. igi TiTqos sponta-

nurad iwyeba, anu gonebiT ganpirobebuli mizezebis gareSe~.

K karl gustav iungi

sabolood unda vTqvaT, rom religiis mravali definiciis moyvanaa

SesaZlebeli da am sakiTxze saubarma SeiZleba Zalian Sors wagviyvanos,

aseT SemTxvevaSi religiis zemoTmoyvanili sociologiur definicia ar

unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan.

§3. religiis tipebi

religiis sociologiuri definicia kavSirSia mis tipologiasTan.

Yam mxriv yvelaze meti samuSao veberma Caatara (mis Sesaxeb Cven calke

gveqneba saubari). Tumca religiis tipologiis mravali variantia cnobi-

li. am variantebidan Tanamedrove sociologebma robert nil belas Te-

oria aRiares. msoflio istoriaSi arsebuli yvela religia belam 5 kate-

goriad dayo. amosavali am SemTxvevaSi religiis erTi formidan meoreSi

gadasvlaa ise, rom romelime maTganis upiratesobis principi mxedvelo-

baSi ar miiReba. amave dros erTi formidan sxva formaSi gadsvla logi-

kur Tanmimdevrobas ar gulisxmobs.

kaxa qecbaia

78

religiis tipebi r. n. belas mixedviT

kategoria magaliTi simboloe-

bis sistema

religiuri

moqmedeba

religiu-

ri orga-

nizacia

socialuri

mniSvnelo-

ba

primitiuli avstraliuri adamianebisa

da sagnebis

gvarovnul

miTosuri

gamosaxu-

leba

identifika-

cia, gvarov-

nul gamosa-

xulebaTa

kvlav-

warmoeba

religiisa

da Temis

erToba

socialuri

solidaro-

bis gamyareba

arqauli polineziuri

da afrikuli

RmerTis da-

ri miTosu-

ri arsebebi

Tayvanisce-

ma da msxv-

erplSewir-

va

sxvadasxva

kultebi

socialuri

konformiz-

mis moTxovna

istoriuli ZvelberZnu-

li

bunebrivisa

da zebuneb-

rivis dayo-

fa

sulis xsna

keTil saq-

meTa keTe-

biT

religiu-

ri organi-

zaciebi

gamoyofi-

lia sxva

socialu-

ri insti-

tutebisa-

ga

sazogadoe-

basa da re-

ligias So-

ris daZabu-

loba

Aadremoder-

nuli

reformaciis

droindeli

protes-

tantoba

individsa

da zebuneb-

riv Zalebs

Soris pir-

dapiri kav-

Siri

rwmena See-

sabameba

cxovrebas

reliuri

Temis ne-

bayoflo-

biTi wev-

roba

socialuri

sisitemebis

cvlileba

modrenuli Tanamedrove

religiebi

pirovneba

da misi mo-

valeoba

pirovnuli

eTikuri

principebis

Zieba

eklesiis

wevroba

kulturisa

da pirovnu-

li Rirebu-

lebebis

srulyofa

sazogadoe-

baSi

religiis sociologia

79



2. n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994. (rus.

enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.


4. e. diurkemi, religiuri fenomenisa da religiis gansazRvreba, wig-

nSi: `religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi~, Tb., 2004.

5. e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).


5. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia. Tb.,

2008.


2004.



9. n. papuaSvili, religiis karibWe, religiis istoriiis Sesavali, Tb.,

1996.

10. mama Teimurazi, religiebis istoria, Tb., 2011.

kiTxvebi:

• terminologiurad ra igulisxmeba religiis cnebaSi?

• ra gansxvavebaa religiis sociologiur da arasociologiur

definiciebs Soris?

• diurkemis mixedviT, ra elementebisagan Sedgeba religia? (3

ZiriTadi elementi).

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara religiis smartiseul definicias (pasuxi

daasabuTeT).

davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religiis sociologiuri de-

finicia.

• moamzadeT essei Temaze: ras amboben didi mecnierebi religia-

ze?

kaxa qecbaia

80

E

es sayuradReboa

religiuri ritualebis Sesaxeb —

moweseoba

moweseoba religiuri cxovrebis iseTi formaa, romlis drosac

religiis garegnuli, ritualuri mxarea

TviTRirebuli da faseuli, xolo religi-

is Sinagani mxare, adamianis pirovnuli ka-

Siri RmerTTan meorexarisxovania. reli-

giuri cxovrebis amgvar formas safuZ-

vlad udevs Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom

xsnisTvis religiuri ritualebis ganux-

reli dacvaa aucilebeli.

religiuri cxovrebis am formis Sesa-

xeb saubaria saxarebaSi. kerZod igavSi fa-

risevlisa da mezveris Sesaxeb.

`ori kaci Sevida taZarSi saloca-

vad: erTi fariseveli da erTi mebaJe. fa-

riseveli dadga da ase loculobda gul-

Si: RmerTo gmadlob, radgan ar var, sxva

kacTa msgavsad, mtacebeli, usamarTlo

da memruSe, da arc am mebaJes vgavar. or-

jer vmarxulob kviraSi, da vixdi mea-

Teds imisas, rasac vixveW.

xolo moSorebiT mdgari mebaJe imi-

sac ki ver bedavda, rom zecad aRepyro Tvalni. aramed gulSi mjiRs

icemda da ambobda: RmerTo milxine me codvils~.

lukas saxareba. 18. 10-13.

religiis garegnuli, ritualuri mxare aucilebelia, magram is

sinTezirebuli unda iyos mis Sinagan maxaresTan.

SekiTxva:

rogor fiqrobT, ras Seiswavlis religiis sociologia: religiis

garegnul, ritualur mxares, Tu mis Sinagan mxares, Tu orives erTad?

fariseveli da

mezvere

religiis sociologia

81

sakiTxavi masala

zigmund froidi

religiis Sesaxeb

`Tu gvinda gavacnobieroT religiis didebuli arsi, maSin unda

sakmarisi iyos imis Cveneba, Tu riT igebs is adamianebs. religia maT ga-

numartavs samyaros warmoaSobasa da aRmoce-

nebas, cxovrebis cvalebadobis SemTxvevaSi is

arwmunebs maT mfarvelobaSi da saboloo bed-

nierebaSi, warmarTavs maT Sexedulebebsa da

moqmedebebs miTiTebaTa gziT, romelic mTeli

avtoritetiT warudgeba maT. maS, religia as-

rulebs sam funqcias: pirveli funqciiT is ak-

mayofilebs adamianuri codnis wyurvils,

imasve akeTebs, rasac sakuTari saSualebebiT

gaakeTebda mecniereba da aq amasTan metoqeo-

baSia; meore funqcias is umadlis im udides

zegavlenas, roca is cxovrebis saSiSroebaTa

da cvalebadobaTa SemTxvevebis winaSe adami-

anTa SiSs aSoSminebs, keTil dasasrulSi gvajerebs, ubedurebaSi nugeSs

gvcems; mecnierebas es ar SeuZlia. Tumca mecniereba gvaswavlis, Tu ro-

gor aviridoT saSiSroebani, zogierT avadmyofobas SeiZleba Sedegia-

nadac SevebrZoloT; amdenad, metad arasamarTliani iqneboda eWvis

qveS dagveyenebina, aris Tu ara mecniereba adamianis mZlavri damxmare,

magram mraval viTarebaSi mainc gadascdes unda adamiani avadmyofobas

da mxolod misadmi daqvemdebareba urCios; misi mesame funqciiT, roca

is miTiTebebs iZleva, akrZalvebsa da SezRudvebs gamoscems, yvelaze

ufro Sordeba mecnierebas, vinaidan ukanaskneli kmayofildeba imiT,

rom ikvlios da daadginos.

religiis am sami Sinaarsis TavmoyriT savsebiT cxadi araa, ra unda

esaqmebodes samyaros warmoSobis Sesaxeb axsna-ganmartebas gan-

sazRvrul eTikur miTiTebaTa moTxovnebTan? dacvisa da sikeTis qmnis

garantia Sinaganadaa dakavSirebuli eTikur moTxovnebTan. isini jil-

doa am mcnebaTa ganxorcielebisaTvis; vinc maT eqvemdebareba, imedi

aqvs madlisa, xolo gaugonrebs sasjeli elodebaT.

religiaSi zneobrivi damoZRvris, nugeSiscemisa da moTxovnis sa-

ocari Tanaarseboba maSin gaigeba, Tuki mis genetur analizs miv-

kaxa qecbaia

82

marTavT, aRniSnuli unda amodiodes erTobliobis saocari momenti-

dan, samyaros aRmocenebis moZRvrebidan, vinaidan ratom unda yofili-

yo kosmogonia religiuri sistemis kanonzomieri Semadgeneli nawili?

maS, moZRvreba aseTia, rom samyaro adamianis msgavsia, magram yvela na-

wilSi — ZalaSi, sibrZneSi, vnebis siZliereSi — aRmatebuli arsebis, ide-

alizirebuli zeadamianis mieraa Seqmnili. cxovelebi, rogorc samya-

ros Semqmnelni, miuTiTeben totemizmis gavlenaze, romelsac mogviane-

biT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeniSvnis saxiT SevexebiT. sainteresoa, rom

samyaros Semqmneli yovelTvis erTia iqac ki, sadac mravali RmerTia

aRiarebuli. aseve, rom upiratesad is makacia. Tumca qali RmerTebis

miTiTebacaa. da sxva miTologiebi samyaros Seqmnas swored imiT iwye-

ben, rom mamakaci RmerTi qal RmerTs, romelic urCxulamdea dadable-

buli, gzidan iSorebs... es Semqmneli RmerTi pirdapir mamad iwodeba. Fsi-

qoanalizi askvnis, rom es namdvilad mamaa ise didebuli, rogorc is er-

Txel patara bavSvs moeCvena. religiuri adamiani samyaros Seqmnas war-

moidgens ise, rogoradac sakuTari Tavis warmoSobas.

maSin advilad aixsneba manugeSebeli darwmunebisa da mkacri eTi-

kuri moTxovnebis erToblioba kosmogoniasTan. radganac igive piri,

romelsac bavSvi Tavis arsebobas umadlis mama icavs da patronobs

sust, umweo, gare samyarodan momlodine yvela saSiSroebaTa ganmcdel

bavSvs; misi mfarvelobis qveS Tavs saimedod grZnobs. mozrdilad qce-

ulma adamianma icis, rom Tumca did Zalebs flobs, magram miseuli ga-

geba saSiSroebisa ikveTeba da kanonierad askvnis, rom is samyarosTan

dapirispirebaSi mudam isev bavSvia. axlac ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas dacva-

ze, romelsac is bavSvobisas mouxmobda. man isic gaigo, rom mamamisi

aris ZalauflebaSi metad SemzRudveli, arayvela upiratesobiT aR-

Wurvili arseba. amitom ubrundeba is mogonebis suraTs mis mier bav-

Svobis dros ase gadafasebuli mamisas, ahyavs RvTaebamde da awmyoSi da

realobaSi gadmohyavs. am mogonebis suraTis afeqturi siZliere da Ta-

vis Tavis dacvis moTxovnis gagrZeleba erTmaneTTan kavSirSi atareben

rwmenas RmerTisadmi.

am religiuri programis mesame mTavari punqtic, eTikuri mot-

xovna, bunebrivad CarTulia bavSvobis situaciaSi. mogagonebT i. kantis

cnobil gamonaTqvams, romelic varskvlavebiT moWedil casa da gulSi

zneobriv kanons asaxelebs erTi amosunTqviT. ra ucxodac ar unda

gveCvenebodes es dapirispireba — ra esaqmeba ciur sxeuls sakiTxTan,

adamianis Svils sxva uyvars Tu mas klavs? — is mainc exeba did fsiqo-

logiur WeSmaritebas. igive mama (mSoblis instancia), romelic bavSvs

sicocxles aniWebs da cxovrebis saSiSroebaTagan icavs, aseve aswavlis

religiis sociologia

83

mas, Tu risi keTebis ufleba aqvs da ra ar unda akeTos, miuTiTebs, rom

unda SezRudos Tavisi ltolviTi survilebi, icodes, rac elodeba

mSoblebisa da da-Zmebis pativiscemis samagierod, Tuki mas unda iyos

ojaxis wris momTmeneli da sasiamovno wevri da mogvianebiT wevri uf-

ro didi kavSirebisa. siyvarulis jildosa da dasjis sistemis gziT bav-

Svi aRizrdeba socialuri movaleobis codniT, imoZRvreba, rom misi

cxovrebis saimedoba damokidebulia imaze, rom mSoblebsa da Semdeg

sxvebsac is ufro uyvarT da misi maTdami siyvaruli swamT. Semdeg yvela

es damokidebuleba adamians ucvlelad religiaSi gadaaqvs. mSoblebis

akrZalvebi da moTxovnebi mis gulSi arsebobas ganagrZoben zneobrivi

sindisis saxiT. jildosa da sasjelis igive sistemis daxmarebiT Rmer-

Ti marTavs adamianTa samyaros; eTikur moTxovnilebaTa Seasrulebazea

damokidebuli, Tu dacvisa da bednierebis dakmayofilebis romeli sa-

zomi miesadageba erTeuls; RmerTis siyvaruls da imis cnobierebas,

rom RmerTsac uyvarxar efuZneba imedi, riTac SeiaraRebulni varT ro-

gorc garesamyaros, ise adamianTa Tanagaremos saSiSroebaTa winaaR-

mdeg. Bbolos locvaSi vicavT pirdapir gavlenas RvTiur nebaze da amiT

— RvTiur yovlisSemZleobaSi monawileobas.

…me darwmunebuli var, rom religiuri msoflmxedveloba determi-

nirebulia Cveni bavSvobis situaciiT. Uufro saocaria, rom mas, miuxeda-

vad infantiluri bunebisa, mainc hyavs winamorbedi. ueWvelia, rom iyo

xana ureligiod, RmerTebis gareSe. mas animizms uwodeben. maSin samyaro

gadavsebuli iyo adamianis msgavsi sulieri arsebebiT demonebs rom vu-

wodebT. garesamyaros yvela obieqti iyo maTi adgilsamyofeli. animiz-

mis demonebi adamianebisagan xSirad mtrulad moiazreboda, magram Cans,

rom adamians maSin mainc ufro meti ndoba hqonda misadmi, vidre mogvia-

nebiT. marTlac, maradJams am boroti sulebis SiSis qveS iyo, magram

Tavs icavda maTgan garkveuli moqmedebebiT, romelTac miawerda misgan

maTi gandevnis Zalas. garda amisa, arc Tavs Tvlida umweod. Tuki bune-

bas mimarTavda TxovniT, mag., wvima undoda mosuliyo, maSin mimarTavda

locviT ara amindis RmerTs, ramed jadosnobas, romlisganac eloda

pirdapir zemoqmedebas bunebaze, raRac wvimis msgavss akeTebda. gare-

mos Zalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi misi pirveli iaraRi iyo magia, - pirve-

li winamorbedi Cveni dRevandeli teqnikisa. Cven vuSvebT, rom magii-

sadmi ndoba gamoiyvaneba sakuTari inteleqtualuri operaciebis gada-

fasebidan, `azrebis yovladZlierebis~ rwmenidan, rasac vxvdebiT iZu-

lebis maCvenebel Cvens nevrotikebTan. SegveZlo warmogvedgina, rom im-

droindeli adamianebi gansakuTrebiT amayobdnen enobrivi SenaZenebiT,

romelsac unda mohyoloda azrovnebis didi gaadvileba. isini sityvas

kaxa qecbaia

84

aniWebdnen jadosnur Zalas. es Tviseba mogvianebiT religiam gadaiRo.

Tqva RmerTma: `iyos naTeli da iqmna naTeli~. Tumca magiuri moqmedebis

faqti aCvenebs, rom animisturi adamiani ar tovebs sakuTar Tavs ubra-

lod Tavisi survilis Zalis amara. is, piriqiT, Sedegs elis im aqtis gan-

xorcielebiT, romelsac buneba mibaZavda. Tuki mas surda wvima, TviTon

wyals gadaisxamda; Tuki mas nebavda niadagisTvis nayofiereba eboZebi-

na, mindorSi awyobda sqesobrivi cxovrebis sanaxaobas.

... rac aiZulebs animizmidan religiaze gadasvlas, dastur Rirsia

Seswavlisa, magram SegiZliaT warmoidginoT. dResac kidev rogori sib-

neliTaa moculi adamianis sulis ganviTarebis istoriis pirvelyofi-

li dro. vfiqrob, religiis pirveli gamovlenis forma sakvirveli to-

temizmi iyo, cxovelisadmi Tayvaniscema, romlis Sedegad aRmocenda

agreTve pirveli eTikuri akrZalvebi, tabuebi. Tavis droze wignSi `to-

temi da tabu~ varaudi gamovTqvi, romelsac es cvlileba dahyavs adami-

anis ojaxur damokidebulebaTa darRvevaze. mTavri miRweva religiisa

animizmTan SedarebiT Zevs demonuri SiSis fsiqikur dakavSirebaSi. ma-

inc wina drois demonuri gadmonaSTis saxiT boroti suli adgils iWers

religiis sistemaSi.

... religia cdaa, SegrZnebaTa samyaroa, romelSic Casmuli varT

davZlioT survilis samyaros saSualebiT, is, rac CvenSi biologiuri

da fsiqologiuri aucileblobis Sedegadaa ganviTarebuli, magram Se-

iZleba religiam amas ver miaRwios. misi moZRvreba im drois daRs ata-

rebs, romelSic TviT aRmocenda — kacobriobis ucodinari bavSvobis

droisas ...

M... mecnierebis kompetenciaSi ar Sedis religiis Sefaseba. Tumca

mecniereba savsebiT vargisi da dafasebis Rirsi iqneboda, ramdenadac

Semoifargleboda Tavisi sferoTi. magram religia araa misi kvlevis sa-

gani, vinaidan aq araferi aqvs saZiebeli. ufleba ar gvaqvs religiis

adamianuri sazomiT gazomvisa, vinaidan is RvTiuri warmoSobisaa da

Cven gveZleva sulis gamocxadebiT is, risi wvdomac ar SeuZlia adamia-

nis arsebas ...

... azrovnebis akrZalva, romelic religias TviTSenaxvidan gamoh-

yavs, saSiSia rogorc calkeuli, ise adamianis sazogadoebisTvisac ...

(nawyveti wignidan `fsiqoanalizi~, 35 —e leqcia. v.kakabaZis

Targmani, Tb., 1995).

religiis sociologia

85

kiTxvebi gansjisaTvis:

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara froidis mosazrebebs religiis Sesaxeb?

(pasuxi daasabuTeT).

• fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom religiis Zirebi adamianis fsiqi-

kaSia saZebni, sociologebi ki amboben, rom religis Zirebi sazoga-

doebaSi unda veZeboT. Tqveni azriT, romeli mosazrebaa swori da

ratom? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

sakiTxavi masala

`zerele codnas adamiani uRmerTobisken mihyavs,

filosofiis siRrmeebi ki gonebas religiisken warmarTavs~.

F frensis bekoni

filosofia da religia

filosofiam ganuzomlad didi roli iTamaSa religiuri msof-

lmxedvelobis ganmtkicebaSi. religias imTaviTve filosofiuri Sina-

arsi hqonda da aqvs. TviTon pirveli filosofosebic ki religiuri mo-

azrovneebi iyvnen. Talesi amtkicebda, rom buneba sulebiT aris savse.

sxvagvarad mas fizikuri sxeulebis moZraoba ver warmoedgina, vinaidan

materiis inertulobis idea Rrmad iyo fesvgadgmuli pirvel filoso-

fosTa azrovnebaSi. es imas niSnavda, rom fizikur moZraobas isini fi-

losofiuri msoflmxedvelobis farglebSi xsnidnen. Zveli berZeni fi-

losofosi qsenofane kolofoneli (VI-V ss. qristes win) cnobilia, ro-

gorc poliTeizmis (mravalRmerTianobis) winaaRmdeg mebrZoli da mo-

noTeizmis (erTRmerTianobis) ideis aqtiuri damcveli. am brZolaSi igi

filosofiur argumentebs mimarTavda, TviTon ki monisturi filoso-

fiis poziciebze idga.

religiuri msoflmxedvelobis dasabuTebas emsaxureba platonisa

da aristoteles filosofia. maTi filosofiuri moZRvreba SeiZleba

gagebul iqnes rogorc Teologiuri filosofia anu filosofiuri Te-

ologia. platonis ideebis Teoria arsebiTad aris moZRvreba imqveyniu-

ri idealuri samyaros Sesaxeb, xolo mogonebis (Semecnebis) Teoria re-

ligiis enaze sulis ukvdavebis mtkicebas niSnavs.

aseve aristoteles Teorias `pirveli mamoZraveblis~ Sesaxeb

mTlianad religiuri da teleologiuri Sinaarsi aqvs. RmerTi aris bu-

kaxa qecbaia

86

nebaSi arsebuli moZraobis pirvelmizezi, romelic pirveli filoso-

fiis anu metafizikis Seswavlis sagania.

aristotelesa da platonis filosofiuri ideebi safuZvlad dae-

do Sua saukuneebis erT-erTi mTavari filosofiuri mimdinareobis _

neoplatonizmis warmoSobas, romelic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli

qristianul samyaroSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic. Cveni didi filoso-

fosi ioane petriwi neoplatonikosi iyo.

aseve cnobilia meore didi filosofiuri mimdinareoba _ neoTo-

mizmi, romelic XIII saukunis gamoCenili filosofosis Toma aqvinelis

ideebis gavleniT warmoiSva. neoTomizmi amJamadac erT-erTi sakmaod

gavrcelebuli filosofiuri mimarTulebaa. es filosofiuri mimar-

Tulebani amJamad Cvens interess mxolod imdenad warmoadgens, ramde-

nadac isini TavianTi epoqis sazogadoebriv azrovnebas gansazRvrav-

dnen da filosofiisa da religiuri azrovnebis Rrma, Sinagan kavSirs

gamoxatavdnen. isic cnobilia, rom filosofia da religia Zalian xSi-

rad erTmaneTTan imdenad Serwymuli iyo, rom maTi cal-calke war-

modgena SeuZlebeli Canda. sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, amis sailustra-

ciod hegelis filosofiac kmara. hegelis filosofiis `mTavari RerZi~

_ absoluturi idea _ sxva araferia, garda RmerTisa. nebismier filo-

sofiur sistemaSi absoluturis cneba, Tu igi sworad aris gagebuli,

mxolod da mxolod RmerTis aRmniSvnelia. materialistebic mimarTa-

ven absoluturis cnebas materiis bunebis aRsaniSnavad im azriT, rom

materias upirobod (`absolutus~ _ `upirobo~), ganusazRvrelad da

maradiulad Tvlidnen. magram absoluturis cnebis materialisturi

gageba bevr kiTxvas badebda, vinaidan absoluturi, rogorc sub-

stancia, moqmedi da aqtiuri unda iyos, xolo materiis erT-erT funda-

mentur niSans inertuloba warmoadgens.

hegeli Tavisi Txzulebis `logika~ SesavalSi wers: `filosofiasa

da religias sagnad aqvT WeSmariteba da mxolod WeSmariteba am sityvis

umaRlesi gagebiT, im azriT, rom RmerTi da mxolod igi erTaderTi

aris WeSmariteba. orive maTgans saqme aqvs sasrulis sferosTan, bune-

basa da adamianis sulTan da maT urTierTobasTan erTmaneTTan da

RmerTTan, rogorc maT WeSmaritebasTan~. rogorc vxedavT, filosofi-

isa da religiis igiveobriv sagans hegelis filosofiaSi absoluturi

suli anu RmerTi warmoadgens, xolo sagnebis igiveoba maTi Sinaarsis

arsebiT igiveobas ganapirobebs. hegelis obieqtur idealizms aSkarad

religiuri Sinaarsi aqvs, rac erTxel kidev miuTiTebs filosofiisa da

religiis aucilebel kavSirze.

ontologia (arsebobis Sesaxeb moZRvreba), romelic filosofiur

religiis sociologia

87

mecnierebaTa birTvs warmoadgens tradiciuli gagebiT, rasac Cvenc ve-

TanxmebiT, aris moZRvreba absoluturi arsis anu mTeli sinamdvilis

substanciuri arsebis Sesaxeb. aseTi ram ki SeiZleba iyos da aris Rmer-

Ti. amgvarad gagebuli ontologia aris Teologia anu moZRvreba RvTa-

ebaze; mTeli samyaro xom substanciuri arsebis anu RvTaebis Semoqme-

debaa! magram es aris filosofiuri Teologia anu codnis dargi, filo-

sofiuri mecniereba, romelic religiuri Teologiisgan, rogorc rwme-

nis sferosagan, imdenad gansxvavdeba, ramdenadac erTmaneTisgan gan-

sxvavdeba codna da rwmena, mecniereba da religia. pirveli logikurad

dasabuTebuli codnis sistemaa, meore ki rwmenis sferoa, romlisTvis

ucxoa dasabuTeba. swored aq asrulebs filosofia udides rols reli-

giuri msoflmxedvelobis dafuZnebaSi.

rwmena subieqturi fenomenia. martooden mis safuZvelze aTeis-

turi msoflmxedvelobis damarcxeba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan aTeizmic

rwmenaa, saxeldobr, RmerTis ararsebobis rwmena. magram rodesac fi-

losofiuri Teologia religiur rwmenas mecnierulad (filosofiu-

rad) daasabuTebs, maSin rwmena codnad gadaiqceva da aTeizmi uZluri

gaxdeba. filosofias kacobriobis winaSe sxva rom araferi damsaxureba

miuZRodes, marto esec ikmarebda misi arsebobis gasamarTleblad da

pativsacemad.

Tanamedrove kosmologiurma aRmoCenebma, ZiriTadad mxedvelo-

baSia `didi afeTqebis Teoria~, mecnierulad daadastures religiuri

kreacionizmis (araraobidan samyaros qmnadobis) idea. am ideis filo-

sofiuri gaazreba da interpretacia agreTve filosofiis damsaxure-

bas warmoadgens. Camoyalibda bunebrivi Teologiis axali sazrisi, ro-

melic Zvelisagan, romelsac spekulaciuri xasiaTi hqonda, principu-

lad gansxvavdeba. saxeldobr, Tanamedrove gagebiT, bunebrivi Teolo-

gia niSnavs bunebismecnierebis aRmoCenebis safuZvelze RmerTis arse-

bobis dasabuTebas. bunebrivi Teologiis axali sazrisi mowodebulia

Secvalos RmerTis arsebobis ontologiuri argumenti, romelsac

RmerTis arseboba ideidan gamohyavda da ara bunebidan, rogorc RvTa-

ebrivi Semoqmedebidan. aqac didia filosofiis roli religiuri msof-

lmxedvelobis ganmtkicebisa da Semdgomi dafuZnebis saqmeSi.

religia adamianis sulis ganuyreli Tvisebaa. TviTon aTeistebic

ki, didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, bolomde mas Tavs ver aRweven. filoso-

fia adamianis sulierebis am fundamenturi sferos erTguli da saime-

do Tanamgzavria; es aris misi erT-erTi didi damsaxureba, rac udavos

xdis adamianisaTvis mis saWiroebasa da aucileblobas. swored amitom,

rogorc germaneli filosofosi karl iaspersi (1883-1969) ambobs, `fi-

kaxa qecbaia

88

losofia manamde icocxlebs, vidre iarsebebs adamiani~, vinaidan filo-

sofia, misi azriT, iseve esaWiroeba adamians, rogorc haeri. iasperis am

gamonaTqvamis mixedviT, igive unda iTqvas religiazec: religia haeri-

viT sWirdeba adamians.

Namonaridi s. avalianisa da k. qecbaias wignidan `filosofia

yvelasaTvis~, Tb., 2009. Gam. `universali~.

es sainteresoa!

religiurobis Tanamedrove sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom mecniereba da

religiuri rwmena erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdege-

bian empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvlevebi-

Tac dgindeba. am mimarTulebiT Catarebulma

sociologiurma kvlevebma aCvenes, rom mecni-

erTa or mesameds swams RmerTis arseboba. amas-

Tan sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis warmomadgen-

lebi ufro religiurebi arian, vidre bunebis-

mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi. axlaxans raisis

universitetis sociologiis doqtorma elain

hovard eklandma elitaruli amerikuli uni-

versitetebis 1646 warmomadgeneli gamokiTxa. gamokiTxva 36 kiTxvisagan

Sedgeboda. yvela kiTxva respondentTa religiur rwmenas da religiuri

cxovrebis praqtikas Seexeboda. gamokiTxulTa 38% _ fizikosi, qimikosi

da biologi _ ambobda, rom maT ar swamT RmerTi; gamokiTxul sociolog-

Ta Soris 31% aTeisti aRmoCnda; morwmuneTa didi raodenobiT gamoirCa

biologiis warmomadgenlebi _ 41%; xolo politologebs Soris 21% aR-

moCnda morwmune.

mimdinare wlis ivnisis TveSi analogiuri kvleva Caatares Cikagos

universitetis sociologebma. kvlevis mixedviT, amerikis universite-

tis profesorTa 71% sakutar Tavs morwmuned miiCnevs. amasTan gamo-

kiTxulTa 56%-is azriT sikvdilisSemdgomi cxovreba realuria.

qalbatoni eklandi da misi kolegebi amJamad am kvlevebs Soris gan-

sxvavebaTa mizezebis dadgenis kvleviTa arian dakavebuli. eklandi ima-

sac aRniSnavs, rom marTalia mecnierTa umravlesoba sakuTar Tavs mor-

wmuned miiCnevs, magram amastanave romelime religiuri tradiciisa da

kulturisadmi kuTvnilebas uaryofs.

elain hovard

eklandi

religiis sociologia

89

`religia im rwmenaTa da wes-CveulebaTa saziaro sistemaa, rom-

lebic sakralur, Cvengan gansxvavebul sagnebTan, tabuirebul niv-

TebTanaa dakavSirebuli. yovelive es erT zneobriv, anu eklesiad wo-

debul erTobad aerTianebs yvelas, vinc mas aRiarebs~.

e. diurkemi

V leqcia

Tema: religiis struqtura da funqciebi


religiuri cnobiereba, religiuri saqmianoba, religiuri urTier-

Tobebi, rituali, sakraluri, tabu, qarizma, msoflmxedvelobrivi

funqcia, kompensatoruli funqcia, komunikaciuri funqcia, regula-

toruli funqcia, integraciuli funqcia, maavtomatizebeli kon-

fromizmi; religia, rogorc fsiqikis damcavi meqanizmi.

Sesavali

religiis met-naklebad srulyofili sociologiuri analizisaT-

vis misi struqturisa da funqciebis codnaa aucilebeli anu, garkveva

imisa Tu rogoria religiis Sedgeniloba da is funqciebi, rasac is ara

marto sazogadoebaSi aramed, saerTod, zogadad asrulebs. am sakiTxis

analizis dros religiis sociologia religiaTmcodneobisa da religi-

is Semswavleli TiTqmis yvela mecnierebis monacemebs iyenebs.

§1. religiis struqtura

im SemTxvevaSi Tuki religiis struqturis analizis yvela arsebul

Sedegebs gaviTvaliwinebT da yvela maT saerTo niSans movnaxavT, maSin

religiis struqturis sami ZiriTadi elementis gamoyofa iqneba SesaZ-

lebeli. esenia: religiuri cnobiereba, religiuri kulti da religi-

uri organizaciebi.

• religiuri cnobiereba — igi ideebisa da SexedulebaTa garkveu-

li sistema da masTan dakavSirebuli grZnobebisa da Cveulebebis erTob-

liobaa, romlebic morwmuneTa jgufebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

kaxa qecbaia

90

amis gaTvaliswinebiT religiuri cnobiereba or nawilad: religiur

ideologiad da religiur fsiqologiad iyofa.

religiuri ideologia RmerTze, samyaroze, sazogadoebasa da

adamianze damuSavebuli ideebis sistemaa. mis CamoyalibebaSi did rols

asruleben Teologebi da kultis msaxurni. religiuri ideologiis Zi-

riTadi nawili Teologiaa (RmerTis Sesaxeb moZRvreba). igi Teoriuli

saxiT aris damuSavebuli da ZiriTadi Teologiuri disciplinebis mom-

cvelia. yvela religias sakuTari Teologia (RvTismetyveleba) aqvs, ro-

melic religiuri dogmebis rwmenas emyareba. RvTismetyveleba asabu-

Tebs RmerTis arsebobas, adgens mis Tvisebebs, arkvevs mis mimarTebas si-

namdvilesTan, amtkicebs religiuri dogmebis WeSmaritebas, religiuri

wignebis RvTaebriobas, zneobis gansakuTrebulobas, adgens samRvdelo-

ebisa da morwmuneTa qcevis wesebs, aCvenebs eklesiis RvTiur bunebas da

a. S. Teologiis garda religiuri ideologia filosofiur, eTikur, eko-

nomikur da sxva saxis socialur moZRvrebebs gulisxmobs, romlebic ek-

lesiis mier ar aris aRiarebuli, magram religiur dogmebs emyareba da

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs mTlian religiur kompleqsSi. religiuri

ideologiis umTavresi funqcia religiis centraluri ideis — zebuneb-

rivis rwmenis dasabuTebaa.

religiuri cnobierebis mniSvnelovani elementia religiuri fsi-

qologia. igi aris morwmuneTa grZnobebis, warmodgenebis, Cvevebis, gan-

wyobilebebis erToblioba. Tavis mxriv religiuri fsiqologiis mniSvne-

lovani elementia religiuri grZnoba, rogorc RmerTisaken miswrafe-

bis, misi wvdomis gansakuTrebuli unari, romelic mistikuri gasxivosne-

bis gziT xorcieldeba. religiuri fsiqologia imiT gansxvavdeba reli-

giuri ideologiisagan, rom masSi mwyobrad Camoyalibebuli ideebis sis-

tema ar gvxvdeba. igi saxeebiT operirebs, rac cxovrebis pirobebis uSua-

lo gavleniT xorcieledeba da adamianis praqtikul saqmianobasTan aris

dakavSirebuli. amitom is sxvadsxvagvari SeiZleba iyos. morwmuneTaTvis

konkretulad damaxasiaTebeli religiuri grZnobebia: religiuri SiSi,

siyvaruli, emociebi, fantazia, mwuxareba, glova, martobaa da mravali

sxva. religiuri fsiqologiis mniSvnelovani elementia Cvevebi da tra-

diciebi, romlebic SedarebiTi mdgaradobiTa da stabilurobiT xasiaT-

debian.

• religiuri kulti — religiis struqturaSi kulti erT-erTi

mTavari elementia. igi iseTi religiur moqmedebaTa erTobliobaa, rom-

liTac morwmune zemoqmedebis moxdenas cdilobs ara mxolod zebuneb-

riv Zalebze, aramed realurad arsebul sagnebsa da movlenebze. religi-

ur kults miekuTvneba yvelaferi, rac zebunebrivTan adamianis mimarTe-

religiis sociologia

91

bas praqtikuli moqmedebiT gamoxatavs. aseTia: religiuri rtualebi,

wes-Cveulebani, saidumloebani, marxvebi, locvebi, msxverplSewirvebi,

misteriebi. kultis Semadgeneli nawialia, agreTve, iseTi materialuri

sagnebi, rogoricaa: taZrebi, samlocveloebi, xatebi, jvrebi, sanTlebi,

religiuri samoseli da mravali sxva. kultis gansakuTrebuli unaria

morwmuneebze emociuri zemoqmdeba, amitom igi religiis yvelaze aqtiu-

ri elementia. mas Zalze saintereso da Zveli istoria aqvs. Tavdapirve-

lad igi magiuri moqmedebis saxiT iwyebs arsebobas da materilauri sag-

nebis zebunebriobis rwmenas emyareba. Semdgom SemuSavda Selocvebis, eq-

stazuri cekvebis, simRerebis rituali, romelTa meSveobiTac adamiani

sasurvel Sedegs aRwevda. mogvianebiT mas RmerTis gulis mogebis miz-

niT msxverplSewirva daemata. monoTeisturma religiebma gansakuTrebu-

li religiuri kulti SeimuSaves adamianTa religiuri grZnobebisa da

emociebis gasaZliereblad. masSi adamianis cxovrebis yvela mniSvnelo-

vani momenti iqna gaTvaliwinebuli: dabadeba, gardacvaleba, mwuxareba,

nugeSi, avadmyofoba, ojaxis Seqmna da sxva. yvela am movlenasTan dakav-

SirebiT qcevis Sesaferisi wesi iqna SemuSavebuli, riTac morwmuneebSi

Zlieri emociebi aRiZvreba da maTSi simSvidisa da kmayofilebis gancda

ibadeba. religiuri kulti konservatiuli bunebis mqonea. igi mraval-

gzisi ganmeorebis meSveobiT mdgradobas iZens da saukuneebidan sauku-

neebSi gadadis. xSirad adamianTa garkveuli nawili religias kultis

meSveobiT ukavSirdeba. religiuri kultis centraluri elementi ritu-

alia. rituali simboluri, araracionaluri moqmedebaa, romelic praq-

tikul daniSnulebas moklebulia (wminda trapezis nebismieri saxe Sors

dgas wyurvilis an SimSilis grZnobis dakmayofilebisagan). ritualis

meSvebiT adamianebi gamoxataven imas, rac maTTvis umTavresia am cxovre-

baSi. religiur ritualebSi simbolurad warmodgenilia socialuri ur-

TierTobebi da RirebulebiTi orientaciebi amitom religiuri ritua-

lebis kvleva sazogadoebis kvlevasac niSnavs. is mniSvnelovan informa-

cias iZleva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aris mowyobili sociumi. rituali

religiuri komunikaciis iseTi formaa, rodesac adamianis „RvTaerbiv-

Tan Sexvedras“ aqvs adgili. amgvar adamianebs veberi „religiur virtuo-

zebs“ uwodebs. isini RmerTs Wvreten da Seicnoben im sagnebsa da movle-

beSi, romelTac sxvebisaTvis Cveulebrivi daniSnuleba da mniSvneloba

aqvT. ritualTan erTad kultis elementia religiuri simbolo (saxe, xa-

ti, niSani, romelic romelime sagans an ideas ganasaxierebs). simboloebi

SeiZleba iyos calkeuli obieqtebi (jvari qriatianobis niSania), moqme-

debebi (pirjvris gardasaxva, muxlis moyra da sxv.), gadmocemebi (bibli-

kaxa qecbaia

92

uri gadmocema samyaros Seqmis Sesaxeb da sxv.) adamianebi (lao-Zi, ro-

gorc sibrZnis simbolo).

religiuri kultis aucilebeli nawilia sakraluri, wminda. sityva

sakraluri momdinareobs laTinuri sityvebidan: sacer (RmerTis gando-

bili) da sanktus (pativiscemis Rirsi). sakraluris sapirispiroa profa-

nuli (profanes-aragandobili, diurkemis enaze — yoveldRiuri). wminda

ki idumal Zalas gulisxmobs, romelic aRmatebulia adamianze. igi mis

gaocebas iwvevs da bednierebas aniWebs mas. sakralur ZalasTan urTier-

Tobas aregulierbs tabu (megrulad „vaSiners“). tabuirebul saganTan

miaxloebis ufleba yvelas ar aqvs. amis ufleba qurumebs _ kultis msa-

xurebs aqvT. magaliTad Zvel aRTqmaSi „aRTqmis kidobani tabuirebulia“

anu, yvelas rodi SeuZlia masTan miaxloeba. tabuireba xdeba im mizniT,

rom tabiurebul nivTSi budobs „mana“ — sakraluri Zala, romelTanac

kavSiris damyareba yvelas ar ZaluZs. msgavsi sakraluri Zala SeiZleba

adamianSic iyos. amgvari adamianebi marTvis gansakuTrebuli unars flo-

ben. amgvar gansakuTrebul Zalas veberi qarizmas uwodebs.

sakralurze gansakuTrebuli mosazrebebi diurkems hqonda. sakra-

luris aRqmis erT-erT formad diurkems ritualis dros „koleqtiuri

aRgzneba“ miaCnda. saerTod, mis mixedviT, sakraluri warmodgenilia,

rogorc koleqtiuri warmodgena. sakraluri aris is, rac ar icvleba.

religiuri warmodgena ara marto individualurad aRiqmeba jgufis yve-

la wevris mier, aramed is raRac iseTs warmoadgens, rac jgufis kuTvni-

lebaa. amgvarad sakraluri jgufis wevrTa integrirebas axdens. religi-

uri ritualis dros adamianebs aviwydebaT socialuri samyaro. sakra-

luri amoagdebs maT yoveldRiurobidan da „axal cxovrebas“ aziarebs,

romelic siwmindis garantad gvevlineba. am yovelives mizezi sinamdvi-

leSi, diurkemis azriT, socialuri jgufi, Tavad sazogadoebaa.

• religiuri organizaciebi — yoveli religia morwmuneTa organi-

zebul gaerTianebas warmoadgens. es gaerTianebani religiuri rwmenisa

da kultis safuZvelze yalibdeba. religiuri organizaciebis saSuale-

biT regulirdeba sakulto saqmianoba da religiuri grZnobebis dakma-

yofileba xdeba.

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT religiis sturqturul daxasia-

Tebas miviRebT, romlis mixedviT, religia aris gansakuTrebul Sexedu-

lebaTa sistema (religiuri cnobiereba), moqmedebaTa (religiuri kul-

ti) da Sesabamis daswesebulebaTa (religiuri organizaciebi) erTobli-

oba, romelic zebunebrivis rwmenasTana dakavSirebuli.

religiis sociologia

93

§2. religiis funqciebi

religiis funqciis garkveva religiis sociologiis erT-erTi um-

Tavresi sakiTxia. sociologebs ainteresebT, Tu ra rols asrulebs re-

ligia sazogadoebaSi. rogori iqneboda sazogadoeba religiis gareSe da

a. S. am kiTxvaze pasuxis SemTxvevaSi Cven religiis mecnierebebis monace-

mebs viTvaliswinebT, romelTa mixedviT religias ramdenime ZiriTadi

funqcia gaaCnia. esenia:

• msoflmxedvelobrivi funqcia — religiis msoflmxedvelobrivi

funqcia imaSi vlindeba, rom igi ZvelTagan adamianis mier sinamdvilis

gacnobierebasTan da axsnasTan aris dakavSirebuli. adamiani mraval

msoflmxedvelobriv kiTxvas svams, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovania si-

coxclis sazrisis maradiuli problema. am maradiluli msoflmxedve-

lobrivi sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi mas religia exmareba. Tavisi arsiT, re-

ligia sazriss aZlevs adamianis sicocxles da amaSi vlindeba misi msof-

lmxedvelobrivi daniSnuleba.

• kompensatoruli funqcia — Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze adamiani

xSirad acnobierebs, rom igi susti da uZluri, naklovani arsebaa. am nak-

lovanebisa da uZlurebis Sevsebas is religiis meSveobiT axdens. amaSi

vlindeba religiis kompensatoruli daniSnuleba. es funqcia TiTqmis

yvela religias aqvs. rac ufro uZluria adamiani miT ufro wina planze

iwvs religiis es funqcia. religia adamianis winaSe mdgar mTel rig

problemebs agvarebs. magaliTad realur Cagvras Tavisufleba enacvle-

ba; uZlurebas RmerTis yovladZliereba; adamianis uvicobas RmerTis

yovlismcodneoba; borotebas RvTiuri sikeTe, siZulvils siyvaruli da

a. S. adamianze amgvari zemoqmedebis unarebis saSualebiT religia kom-

pensatoruli zemoqmedebis mdidari saSualebebis mqonea.

• komunikaciuri funqcia — religiis komunikaciuri funqcia ada-

mianis RmerTTan da adamianebTan dakavSirebaSi vlindeba. aqdan pirveli

ufro maRali safexuria, vidre meore. religiis socialur bunebas yve-

laze metad es funqcia avlens. religia adamianebs aerTianebs, akavSi-

rebs Temebad. adamianTa gaerTianeba xdeba sakulto moqmedebaTa dros,

rac adamianebs Soris kavSirs da RmerTTan maT SeerTebas uwyobs xels.

amitom religiur cxovrebaSi mis am funqcias didi adgili ukavia.

• regulatoruli funqcia — religiuri ideebi, sakulto moqmde-

bebi da religiuri organizaciebi adamianTa qcevas aregulireben. amde-

nad religias regulatoruli funqcia gaaCnia. religia garkveul kon-

trols awesebs adamianis moqmedebaze, mis yoveldRiur saqmianobaze,

kaxa qecbaia

94

krZalavs an nebas rTavs adamianis ama Tu im moqmedebas. samagierod awe-

sebs sazRaurs: sikeTisaTvis jildo samoTxea, borotebisaTvis sasjeli

jojoxeTi. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, religiis regulatoruli

funqcia arsebuli wesrigis SenarCunebas emsaxureba.

• integraciuli funqcia — religia aerTianebs adamianebs, maTs az-

rebs, grZnobebsa da miswrafebebs da amiT xels uwyobs sazogadoebis in-

tegracias. swored amaSi vlindeba religiis integraciuli funqcia. mis

am maintegrirebel rolze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba Tavis gamokvle-

vebSi duirkemma gaamaxvila.

yovelive zemoaRniSnilis gaTvaliwinebiT religiis funqciona-

lur definicias miviRebT, romlis mixedviT religiis daniSnuleba ze-

bunebrivis rwmenis ganmtkiceba, religiuri ideebis SenarCuneba, reli-

giur wes-CveulebaTa aRsrulebaa. religiis am funqciebiT Rirebuli

xdeba adamianis, rogorc amqveyniuri, aseve imqveyniuri cxovreba.

religiis sociologias pirvel rigSi religiis socialuri funqcia

ainteresebs. am sakiTxs sociologiis araerTi klasikosi uTmobda gansa-

kuTrebul yuradRebas. maT Soris mniSvnelovania froidis, marqsis, di-

urkemisa da veberis mosazrebebi.

§3. religiis socialuri funqciis Sesaxeb

• zigmund froidi religiis socialuri funqciis Sesaxeb

froidi religias ganixilavs rogorc iluzias. misi azriT, religia

Zalze mniSvnelovan socialur funqcias asrulebs. igi adamians egzis-

tencialuri SfoTvis gadalaxvis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, romlis winaSec

adamiani yovelTvis marto dgas. religia SesaZlebels xdis adamianma ga-

dalaxos sakuTari ususurobis gancda, romelic bavSvobis dros ganica-

da. religias igi adarebs mamas, mSobels, romlis qveSac bavSvi nugeSisce-

masa da daculobas grZnobs. igive rols asrulebs misi azriT, sazogado-

ebac, romelSic adamiani ufro daculad grZnobs Tavs. Tavisufleba am-

Zafrebs egzistencialur SfoTvas, romlis winaSec marto dgas adamiani.

adamiani TiTqos gadagdebulia am uzarmazar samyaroSi Tavisi Tavisuf-

lebiT da ganwirulia martoobisa da SfoTvisTvis. amitom xSirad adamia-

ni gaurbis Tavisuflebas, romelic tvirTad gadaiqceva misTvis. reli-

gias SeuZlia adamians Tavisuflebisgan gaqcevis SesaZlebloba misces. am

fenomens maavtomatizebeli konformizmi ewodeba. adamiani egzisten-

religiis sociologia

95

cialuri SfoTvisgan gaTavisuflebas cdilobs religiur da socialur

kavSirebSi gaTqvefiT. socialur erTobaSi adamiani Tavisufldeba eg-

zistencialuri ususurobis gancdisgan da ufro daculad da komfor-

tulad grZnobs Tavs. amas garda, erToblivi koleqtiuri moqmedebis

Sesrulebas, iqneba es rituali Tu raime saxis wesi, siamovneba axlavs

Tan, romelsac froidi seqsualuri instinqtis gamovlenad miiCnevs (ko-

leqtiuri libido). magaliTad egzistencialuri usafrToebis gancdas

uzrunvelyofs religiuri erTobis wevroba. religiuri warmodgenebi

iluziebia, romlebic adamianis fsiqikisTvis fundamenturi moTxovni-

lebebis dakmayofilebas axdenen da maT materialuri moTxovnilebebis

sapirispiro buneba gaaCniaT. nebismier sazogadoebaSi arsebobs amgvari

iluziebis moTxovnileba, radgan isini adamianis fsiqikis dacvis meqa-

nizmebs warmoadgenen.

• karl marqsi religiis socialuri funqciis Sesaxeb

marqsi aRiarebs religiis mniSvnelobas sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.

igi wers: „religia ugulo samyaros gulia, TavSesafari sastiki realo-

bisgan”. marqsis TvalsazrisiT, religia ki ar gaqreba, aramed igi Tavisi

tradiciuli formiT Seicvleba. es SeiZleba moxdes ara imis gamo, rom es

Rirebulebebi da idealebi mcdaria, aramed isini SeiZleba gzamkvlevi

socialuri idealebi gaxdnen kacobriobis srulyofis procesSi da Caa-

nacvlon maTi religiuri mniSvneloba. adamianebs aRar unda hqondeT Si-

Si RmerTebis winaSe, romlebic maTive qmnilebebs warmoadgenen da aRar

unda miaweron maT is Rirebulebebi, romelTa realizebis SesaZleblobe-

bic Tavad gaaCniaT. marqsis cnobili gamoTqma, `religia xalxis opiumia”,

xazs usvams imas, rom religia iluziaa. igi xalxs cxovrebis arsebuli pi-

robebisadmi moTminebasa da Seguebas aswavlis, romlis jildos miReba

SesaZlebelia saiqio cxovrebaSi. momavali bednierebis amgvari imedi, mi-

si azriT, adamianis orientirebas ufro metad moTminebaze axdens, vidre

brZolaze uTanasworobisa da usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg, rasac qmnis ar-

sebuli gansxvavebebi socialur mdgomareobaSi. konfliqtis Teoriis

momxreebi Tvlian, rom religia aris sazogadoebis kontrolis mZlavri

instrumenti, romelic amyarebs mmarTveli fenis mdgomareobas socium-

Si arsebuli rwmenebis safuZvelze. magaliTad siRaribe ar aris samar-

cxvino. codvad iTvleba agresiulobisa da mrisxanebis gamovlena. qris-

tianobaSi ganmsazRvrelia siyvarulis principi, romlis dacvac saval-

debuloa mtrebis mimarT da a. S. k. marqsi Tvlis, rom swored amis gamo

religia iluziaa, miTi, romelsac nugeSiscema moaqvs adamianebisTvis.

kaxa qecbaia

96

marqsis azriT, religia niRbavs ara mxolod SiSsa da SfoTvas, aramed

usamarTlobasac. „religia daCagruli adamianis amosunTqvis saSuale-

baa, ugulo samyaros gulia da igia mravali usul - gulo socialuri wes-

rigis suli”.

• emil diurkemi - religiis integraciuli funqcia

individis fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan er-

Tad religia mniSvnelovan socialur funqcias asrulebs, rac socialu-

ri konsensusis miRwevaSi da sazogadoebis wevrTa integraciaSi gamoixa-

teba. cnobili frangi sociologi emil diurkemi Tavis naSromSi „reli-

giuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi” (1912 w.) xazgasmiT aRniSnavs

erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas - adamianebs ufro uadvildebaT swam-

deT religia da masTan dakavSirebuli RvTaebrivi (sakraluri) da masTan

asocirebuli gansakuTrebuli ritualebi, vidre aRiaron sazogadoebis

Zalaufleba maTs cxovrebaze. ramdenadac religia sazogadoebis mxar-

damWeria, igi asaxavs mis struqturebsa da normebs, romlebic ucxo da

individze maiZulebeli efeqtis mqonea. „Cven vsaubrobT enaze, romelic

Cvens mier ar aris Seqmnili da viyenebT instrumentebs, romlebic Cven ar

gamogvigonia. civilizaciis am sikeTeebs Cven viRebT sazogadoebisgan”,

ramdenadac yoveli momdevno Taoba am sikeTeebs mza saxiT iRebs da mas

ar qmnis xelaxla, amitom mas misda uneburad hgonia, rom arsebobs raRac

uzenaesi Zala da swored mas miewereba RvTaebrioba. „SesaZloa adamiani

uneburad fiqrobs, rom misi nebisgan damoukideblad arseboben aqtiuri

Zalebi, romlebic mas aniWeben damaxasiaTebel bunebriv Taviseburebebs,

mfarveloben, icaven da aZleven bednieri cxovrebis garantias, uzrun-

velyofen mis bednierebas da ra Tqma unda, adamiani cdilobs ganadidos

es Zalebi, ramdenadac misTvis Zalze mniSvneladia yvela sikeTe, rac am

Zalebis mier boZebulad miaCnia”.

e.diurkemi Tavis daskvnebTan avstralieli Temebis totemuri re-

ligiebis kvlevisas mivida. totemi raime arsebis (mcenare, cxoveli, ciu-

ri mnaTobi, bunebrivi movlena da a. S) simboloa, romelic RvTaebrivad,

sakralurad miiCneva∗ magaliTad gveli an kenguru, mze, mTvare, ca, miwa

∗ termini totemizmi warmosdgeba sityvidan „ot-tem“, rac Crdilo amerikel indielTa

erT-erTi tomis _ „ojibves“ enaze „ mis gvars“ niSnavs. igi religiur warmodgenaTa

sistemaa, romlis mixedviT, adamianTa esa Tu is jgufi (magaliTad gvari) cxovelTa da

mcenareTa ama Tu im saxeobas enaTesaveba. ase rom, totemistur religias noes

religiis sociologia

97

da a. S. yoveli totemi garkveuli gvaris an klanis simboloa. klanebi

traibalur sazogadoebaSi ZiriTadi socialuri gaerTianebebia, xolo

totemebi maTi erTianobis simbolo. klanisadmi Tayvaniscemis nacvlad

klanis wevrebi Tayvans scemen totems. maTi religia im sazogadoebis

struqturas asaxavs, romelSic isini cxovroben, amitom ar aris SemTxve-

viTi, rom traibalur sazogadoebaSi, sadac Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo bu-

nebasTan kavSiri: TevzWera, nadiroba Tu Semgrovebloba, mis RvTaebebs

totemuri qmnilebebi warmoadgendnen. diurkemis azriT, religia ara

mxolod asaxavs sazogadoebis struqturas, aramed amyarebs kidec mas,

axdens ra adamianebis yuradRebisa da imedebis koncentrirebas saerTo

rwmenebsa da Tayvaniscemis obieqtebze. sazogadoebis wevrebis es gama-

erTianebeli, makonsolidirebeli funqcia naTlad vlindeba religiuri

ritualebis Sesrulebisas. religiuri ritualebis dros xdeba mkveTri

gamijvna sakralursa da profanuls (yoveldRiuri realoba, romelsac

kavSiri aqvs materialurTan, amqveyniurTan) Soris. magaliTad im Temeb-

Si, romlebic totemizms misdeven, totemad mcenareebi an cxovelebi mi-

iCneva, romelTa Wamac mxolod specifikuri religiuri ritualebis

dros SeiZleba. religiuri Rirebulebebis SemotanasTan erTad yovel-

Tvis xdeba masTan dakavSirebuli sanqciebis Semotanac. diurkemis reli-

giis sociologia SeiZleba ganvixloT rogorc Caketili wre, romlis ma-

kavSirebel rgols socialuri organizacia warmoadgens. pirvel rigSi,

sazogadoeba adamianuri gamocdilebis organizebas axdens, xolo amis

Semdeg adamianebi cdiloben axsnan gare Zalebis gavlena, rac religiis

formirebas uwyobs xels, romelic sazogadoebis Sesabamis struqturas

asaxavs.

religiuri rwmenebis gamoxatvis mizniT iqmneba ritualebi. es ri-

tualebi jgufis erTianobisa da saerTo religiuri rwmenebis ganmtki-

cebas, misi wevrebis moqmedebis regulirebasa da sazogadoebis struq-

turis gamyarebas axdenen. marqsisgan gansxvavebiT diurkemma Tavisi ka-

rieris mniSvnelovani nawili swored religiis sakiTxebis Seswavlas mi-

uZRvna. man gansakuTrebul yuradReba dauTmo traibalur sazogadoe-

bebs. misma naSromma gadamwyveti gavlena iqonia religiis sociologiis

ganviTarebaze.

kidobaniviT avsebs florisa da faunis mravalferovani samyaro (ix. b. bregvaZe,

religia da mecniereba, wignSi: b. bregvaZe, Txzulebani, t. 3. Tb., 2012. gv. 12—13.).

kaxa qecbaia

98

diurkemma mTavari yuradReba religiis institucionalur mxareze

gaamaxvila da ara mis ZalauflebasTan kavSirze an, rogorc usamarTlo-

bis ganmtkicebis saSualebaze, rogorc amas marqsi akeTebda, aramed mis-

ma kvlevam is Sedegi miiRo, rom naCvenebi iqna socialuri institutebis

kavSiri religiasTan. religiis kvlevis safuZvelSi diurkemma elementa-

ruli religiuri formebis (avstralieli Temebis religiuri Sexedule-

bebis totemizmis analizi) kvleva Cado, misi ZiriTadi naSromis saxelwo-

deba `religiis elementaluri formebi” aqedan momdinarobs. totemi

sakraluri obieqtia, romelic saerTo Tayvaniscemas iwvevs. swored am

konteqstSi: sakralurisa da yoveldRiuris dispoziciis safuZvelze

gansazRvravs religias diurkemi. sakraluri obieqtebi da simboloebi

adamianTa arsebobis yoveldRiurobis sazRvrebs miRma imyofebian. yo-

veldRiuri realoba ki profanul, amqveyniur sinamdviles qmnis. totems

rogorc sakralur obieqts RvTaebrivi Tvisebebi da Taviseburebebi mie-

wereba, ris gamoc igi mTlianad gansxvavdeba yoveldRiuri realobis

sxva sagnebisgan, aseve sxva cxovelebis an mcenareebisgan romelzec na-

diroba, an romlis Segrovebac SeiZleba. ratom iTvleba totemi sakra-

lurad? diurkemis TvalsazrisiT, igi jgufis, klanis simboloa, rome-

lic TavisTavad umniSvnelovanesi Rirebulebaa jgufisTvis an erTobis-

Tvis. sakraluri obieqtebis Tayvaniscema sinamdvileSi ZiriTadi socia-

luri Rirebulebebis anu, martivad rom vTqvaT, igive sazogadoebis Tay-

vaniscemaa. religiaSi sakraluri obieqti, romelsac yvela eTayvaneba

sazogadoebaa. diurkemi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs im garemoebas, rom religia

mxolod rwmenebis erToblioba rodia. nebismieri religiisTvis damaxa-

siaTebelia mudmivad ganmeorebadi ritualebi, romelSic morwmuneTa

jgufi iRebs monawileobas. erToblivi ritualebis meSveobiT jgufuri

solidarobis grZnoba mtkicdeba. religiuri ritualebi adamianebs am-

qveyniuri sazrunavisa da yoveldRiurobis tvirTisgan aTavisufleben

da isini im sferoSi gadahyavT, romelSic RvTaebrivTan kavSiriT gamow-

veul amaRlebul sulier mdgomareobas — eqstazs _ grZnoben. totemebi

sinamdvileSi individze koleqtivis, erTobis, jgufis, sazogadoebis

gavlenas gamoxataven.

`...jgufi sul sxvagvarad fiqrobs, grZnobs da moqmedebs mis wev-

rebTan SedarebiT. amis gakeTeba calke aRebul jgufis arc erT wevrs

ar SuZlia~.

e. diurkemi

religiis sociologia

99

diurkemi ritualebs sazogadoebis struqturis mTavar mainstitu-

cionizebel Zalad miiCnevs. maTi meSveobiT myardeba solidaroba jgu-

fis wevrebs Soris. amitom ritualebi ara marto regularuli RvTismsa-

xurebis standartul situaciebSi gvxvdeba, aramed maT yvela im umniS-

vnelovanesi movlenis dros aqvT adgili, romelic sociumSi individis

an jgufis cxovrebaSi socialuri poziciebis iseT cvlilebasTan aris

dakavSirebuli, rogoricaa dabadeba, qorwineba an gardacvaleba. am ti-

pis ritualebi praqtikulad yvela sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba. Aamis gaTva-

liswinebiT diurkemi askvnis, rom ritualebi jgufur solidarobas am-

yareben. magaliTad dakrZalvis rituali TvalsaCinod aCvenebs, rom er-

TobasTan SedarebiT calkeuli individis cxovrebas gardamavali Rire-

buleba aqvs. ritualis Sesrulebis aucilebloba maT umsubuqebs axlob-

lebis dakargvasTan Seguebis mtanjvel process. maTTvis, visac piradad

exeba glova, es TviTneburi moqmedeba ki ar aris, aramed valdebulebaa,

romelsac jgufi erTobis wevrs akisrebs. gemainSafturi tipis kultu-

rebSi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sfero religiiTaa gamsWvaluli. religi-

uri ritualebi erTi mxriv, axal ideebsa da saazrovno paradigmebs war-

moSoben, meore mxriv, ki ukve arsebuli Rirebulebebis moqmedebas amya-

reben. faqtobrivad, religia gemaiSafturi (tradiciuli) kulturebis

cnobierebis wess warmoadgens. azrovnebis TviT yvelaze zogadi katego-

riebi, maT Soris droisa da sivrcis cnebebi swored religiur cxovre-

basTan mimarTebaSia Camoyalibebuli.

[...] ritualebi moZraobebsa da yvirilSi gamoixateba, riTac in-

dividebi im cxovelis sxvadasxva qcevas an damaxasiTebel Tvisebas ba-

Zaven, romlis gamravlebac surT. am tipis moqmedebebs, Cven mimetur

ritualebs vuwodebT [...] e. diurkemi

kaxa qecbaia

100

Ees sainteresoa

dakrZalvis egzotikuri ritualebi

mecnierebi ver asaxeleben iseT periods, rodesac adamianTa cxov-

rebaSi rituali ar arsebobda. ras mizans emsaxurebian ritualebi? soci-

ologiuri gagebiT ritualis Sesruleba winaswargansazRvruli mkacri

rolebis TamaSia, saidan gadaxveva dauSvebelia, gansakuTrebiT sakralu-

ris sferoSi. ritualuri qmedebis dros adamiani Tavis azrs, Sexedule-

bas ar axmovanebs, is brmad, im dakanonebuli wesebis mixedviT moqmedebs,

rac konkretul rituals aqvs. ritualebSi koleqtiuri identoba, er-

Toba, gunduroba Cans. religiuri ritualebic gansxvavebulia. ritua-

luri aqti Seicavs locvas, galobas, marxvas, simReras. isini religiur

simboloebzea orientirebuli da yoveldRiuri Cvevebisgan Zalian gan-

sxvavdeba. magaliTad, sanTels RvTis sadideblad vanTebT, es qmedeba

Tavisi mniSvnelobiT absoluturad gansxvavdeba im situaciisgan, rode-

sac sanTels ganaTebis mizniT vanTebT. aRsaniSnavia, rom religiuri sim-

boloebi ritualebi, xSirad, sazogadoebis materialur xelovnebasTan,

sulier kulturasTan, musikasTan, mxatvrobasTan, xis damuSavebasTan,

ambis Txrobasa da literaturasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

emil diurkemi miiCnevda, rom koleqtiuri ceremonia, maSin ganam-

tkicebs jgufis solidarobas, rodesac adamianebs mniSvnelovan cvli-

lebebTan uxdebaT Sexeba: magaliTad gardacvaleba, qorwineba …da sxva. Aes

ritualebi sxvadasxva xalxTa religiasa da kulturaSi sxvadasxvanairia.

tibeturi dakrZalva

religiis sociologia

101

ratom unda gamoikvebo gvamiT, roca SegiZlia, frinvelebi daanay-

ro? (papua axali gvineisa da braziliel varis tomebSi endokanibalizmi

iyo gvrcelebuli) tibeteli budistebi gardacvlilis sxeuls ramde-

nime nawilad Wrian da gareul cxovelebs, ufro xSirad leSiWamia frin-

velebs utoveben. zogjer sxeuli xeluxlebelia, magram es xarbi svave-

bisTvis problemas ar warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom es tradicia

Semzaravi Cans, is ar ewinaaRmdegeba budistur ideologias. tibetelTa

80% am formis momxrea. ufro metic, isini miiCneven, rom am xerxiT xels

uwyoben sicocxlis ganviTarebas, anayreben ra cocxal arsebebs, rac

erTgvari TanagrZnoba da mowyalebacaa.

dakiduli saflavebi

samxreT-dasavleT CineTSi aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi bos tomis

xalxi cxovrobda. isini mingis dinastiam amowyvita 5 saukunis win.

dResdReobiT bos xalxi daviwyebas mieca da maT mosagonrad kldeze

dakiduli saflavebiRa darCa — es xis zardaxSebi zogjer 100 metris si-

maRlezea ganlagebuli. 160 kubo kldeebis gaswvriv, bunebrivi gamoqva-

bulebis siaxloves ganalages da sayrdenad xis sarebi Seudges. kldeeb-

ze SemorCenilia inguriT (wiTeli saRebavi) Sesrulebuli naxatebic,

romlebic bos xalxis yoveldRiur cxovrebas asaxavs. adgilobrivebi

miviwyebul civilizacias moixsenieben, rogorc „kldis Svilebsa” da

„cis morCilebs”. Tumca dasaflavebis aseTi ritualis mizezi dRemde

idumalebiTaa moculi.

kaxa qecbaia

102

• m. veberi: religia da socialuri cvlilebebi

sazogadoebis gaTanamedroveobisa da racionalizaciis procesis

Sesabamisad sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoze religiis

gavlena TandaTan sustdeba. sazogadoebaSi religiis adgils mecniereba

ikavebs. religiuri ritualebi da ceremoniebi nel-nela gamoidevnebian

adamianis cxovrebidan da saqmianobidan. am azrs diurkemic iziarebs. igi

wers, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi `Zveli RmerTebi kvdebian”. amave

dros amtkicebs, rom marTalia religia aRar asrulebs im rols rasac is

traibalur da primitiul sazogadoebebSi asrulebda da amiT sazogado-

ebis individualur da koleqtiur cnobierebas gansazRvravda, magram

individis yofierebaSi igi Secvlili formiT mainc inarCunebs Tavis

mniSvnelobas. ritualebis moTxovnileba modernistul sazogadoebasac

aqvs, romelic socialuri Rirebulebebis ganmtkicebasa da gamyarebazea

orientirebuli. Sesabamisad, axali religiuri ritualebisa da gamocdi-

lebis warmoqmna anacvlebs Zvel formebs. diurkems mxedvelobaSi aqvs

iseTi ritualebi, romlebic iseT humanistur da politikur Rirebule-

bebTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogoricaa: Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, ur-

TierTTanamSromloba, Semwynarebloba da sxva. SeiZleba wamovayenoT Te-

zisi imis Sesaxeb, rom ganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebi e.w. `samoqa-

laqo religiebis” warmoqmnas xels uwyoben. did britaneTSi saxelwifo

simboloebi - `droSa, saxelmwifo himni“ _ da sxva oficialuri ritua-

lebi, rogoricaa magaliTad inauguraciisa da koronizaciis ritualebi,

rac britaneTis samefo simboloebis (mefe, dedofali, samefo ojaxi, sa-

mefo kari da a. S) warmoCenas gulisxmobs, britanuli cxovrebis wesis

upiratesobis rwmenis ganmtkicebazea mimarTuli. es simboloebi iseT

tradiciul religiur instituts ukavSirdeba, rogoric anglikanuri

eklesiaa. am TvalsazrisiT, sruliad sapirispiro viTareba iyo sabWoTa

kavSirSi. igi warmoadgenda sazogadoebas, romelic mtrul ganwyobas re-

ligiis mimarT Riad gamoxatavda. Tumca revoluciis simboloebi: marqsi,

lenini, engelsi da a. S. Tavadve iqcnen samoqalaqo religiis gamomxatvel

simboloebad. uamravi dResaswauli da masTan dakavSirebuli rituali

uwyobda xels revoluciuri idealebis erTgulebis gamyarebas. dRes sa-

moqalaqo Rirebulebebi da ritualebi mSvidobianad Tanaarseboben tra-

diciul religiebTan, miuxedavad amisa, Znelia imis uaryofa, rom maTi

warmomqmneli socialuri meqanizmebi identuria.

religiis socialur fuqciebTan dakavSirebiT originaluri mosaz-

reba sociologiis klasikos maqs vebers aqvs. veberis mixedviT, religia

socialur cvlilebebs uwyobs xels. religiurma suliskveTebam SeiZle-

ba kardinalurad Secvalos sazogadoeba. amas adasturebs protestantu-

religiis sociologia

103

li moZraoba qristianobis istoriaSi, agreTve, iranis axali revolucia,

rodesac aila Tola homeinis xelmZRvanelobiT musulmanma Siitebma

taxtidan iranis Sahi Camoagdes da iranis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis orga-

nizebas islamis religiuri wesebis safuZvelze Seecadnen. religiis Se-

saxeb diurkemis ideam ganviTareba hpova maqs veberis konceptualur pa-

radigmaSi, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT individualisturi. aq religia

ganixileba, rogorc individis subieqturad mniSvneladi sazrisi. ro-

gorc viciT, religiis analizisas diurkemi yuradRebas aqcevda socia-

luri konsensusis SesaZleblobas, misgan gansxvavebiT m. vebers ZiriTa-

dad sazogadoebis dinamikuri aspeqti ainteresebs anu, socialuri pro-

cesis mamoZravebeli faqtorebis analizi.

veberTan detaluradaa warmodgenili religiis kavSiri sociumis

dinamikasTan. igi socialur cvlilebebs religiur faqtors ukavSirebs,

rac diurkems naklebad ainteresebda. dDiurkemi ki aqcents sazogadoebis

stabilurobis sakiTxze akeTebs, rasac sociumSi religiis institucio-

naluri aspeqti uzrunvelyofs.

maqs veberi iyo pirveli sociologi, romelmac arsebuli msoflio

religiebis masStaburi kvleva ganaxorciela. Aarc erTi mecnieri aseT

rTul amocanas manamde ar SesWidebia. misi yuradReba `msoflio religi-

ebis ” Seswavlazea mimarTuli. am religiebs TavianT mimdevarTa yvelaze

didi raodenoba hyavs da Tavis mxriv, msoflio istoriis ganviTarebaze

maT gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdines. veberma induizmis, budizmis, dao-

sizmisa da adreuli iudaizmis detaluri gamokvleva moaxdina. misi Sro-

ma `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli” pirvelad 1904-1905

wlebSi gamoqveynda. aseve sxva SromebSic igi dawvrilebiT Cerdeba im

gavlenis analizze, rac qristianobam dasavluri kulturis istoriaze

moaxdina. samwuxarod, man ver moaxerxa Cafiqrebuli Sromis ganxorcie-

leba islamze.

veberi, rogorc sociologi, kapitalizmis ganviTarebaze kalvi-

nizmis (kalvinizmi _ protestantizmis erT-erTi forma, romelic XVII

saukunis Teologis Jan kalvinis moZRvrebas emyareba) gavleniT dainte-

resda da aRmoaCina, rom protestantuli eTika srul SesabamisobaSia ka-

pitalizmis suliskveTebasTan. kalvinizmi amtkicebs, rom adamianis bedi

winaswar gansazRvrulia. am Tezisis Tanaxmad, adamianis dabadebamde

RmerTi winaswar gadawyvets misi sulis xsnis sakiTxs. zogierTebs sulis

gadarCena moeliT, zogierTebs — samudamo tanjva gansawmendelSi. visac

bedis winaswargansazRvrulobis rwmena aqvs, misTvis mniSvnelovania imis

codna, rom aRmoCndeba Tu ara is rCeulTa Soris. veberi wers, rom zeci-

uri mfarveloba SeiZleba imiT gaxdes sagrZnobi, rom adamianebs eZle-

kaxa qecbaia

104

vaT materialuri sikeTeebi, maTi saqmeebi Ceulebriv kargad midis dau-

Ralavi Sromis, disciplinisa da mkacri TviTkontrolis pirobebSi. ro-

desac warmateba gonierebis, zomierebisa da maRal mizans daqvemdebare-

buli qcevis mixedviT warmarTeba, miwieri sikeTeebis mopoveba protes-

tantizmSi ganixileba, rogorc „RvTisgan kurTxevis” niSani. am puqnqtSi

diurkemisa da veberis Sromebi religiis Sesaxeb kardinalurad gansxvav-

debian erTmaneTisagan.

veberi religiuri da socialuri cvlilebebis urTierTkavSirs da

maT Soris korelaciis (urTierTkavSiri) mizezebs swavlobda, razec diur-

kemi SedarebiT naklebad iyo orientirebuli. veberi karl marqsisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, romelic religiis represiul komponentze amaxvilebda yurad-

Rebas da mas, rogorc socialuri kontrolis mTavar instruments ganixi-

lavda, amtkicebs, aucilebeli ar aris rom religia konservatiuli Zala

iyos sazogadoebaSi; piriqiT, socialur moZraobebs, romelic religiuri

motivebiT moqmedebdnen, sazogadoebisaTvis radikaluri cvlilebebi xSi-

rad moutaniaT. protestantizmi, gansakuTrebiT puritanizmi (laT. purio-

us-wminda), dasavleTis kapitalisturi ganviTarebis qvakuTxedi gaxda. ni-

Sandoblivia, rom pirveli kapitalistebi kalvinistebi da puritanebi iy-

vnen, romlebsac wmindad religiuri motivebi amoZravebdaT. protestante-

bis Sinagani swrafva ekonomikuri warmatebisken gamyarebuli iyo maTi

RvTisadmi samsaxuris pirveladi surviliT. Mmaterialuri keTildReoba da

ekonomikuri warmateba maTTvis RmerTis wyalobis (RvTisgan rCeulobis)

niSani gaxda. protestantuli suliskveTeba ekonomikur qcevas asketizms,

disciplinasa da keTilsindisierebas uTanxmebs, rac konkretuli profesi-

uli saqmianobis sazRvrebSi yoveldRiur, meTodur moqmedebasa da rwmenis

Tanmimdevrul gatarebas gulisxmobs. qcevis aseTi tipi protestantuli

sameurneo (SromiTi) eTikis safuZveli gaxda. m. veberi Tvlis, rom swored

am tipis qcevam iqonia sakvanZo mniSvneloba kapitalizis ganviTarebaze.

kalvinistebis (puritanebis) mier aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi namdvilad wa-

xalisebuli iyo kapitalizmis pirobebSi, rac Semosavlebis xarjvisgan, fu-

funebisa da arasaWiro moxmarebis sagnebisagan TavSekavebas gulisxmobda.

ufro mizanSewonilad xelaxali kapitaldabandeba da warmoebaSi reinves-

tireba iTvleboda.

ra Tqma unda, kapitalizmis triumfi mxolod protestantuli Sromi-

Ti eTikis moqmedebis nayofi ar gaxldaT, aramed igi unda ganvixiloT gar-

kveuli faqtorebis urTierTgadakveTis konteqstSic. magaliTad samxed-

ro biujetis roli da moxmarebis sagnebze mzardi moTxovnileba, rac Tavis

mxriv, warmoebis gazrdis xelSemwyobi da mamoZravebeli gaxda. veberi aR-

niSnavda, rom Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebasac SeuZlia religiaze gavlenis

religiis sociologia

105

moxdena. ekonomikur da socialur cvlilebebs SeuZliaT religiuri rwme-

nebisa da Sexedulebebis cvlileba gamoiwvion. magaliTad protestantuli

reformaciis Sedegad gardaiqmna ara mxolod ekonomikuri struqtura,

aramed sazogadoebis mravali socialuri instituti mecnierebisa da ga-

naTlebis CaTvliT. amrigad, cvlilebebis kompleqsi, romelic kalvinizmis

(puritanelobis) gavleniT warmoiqmna, cvlis mTlianad sazogadoebis so-

cialur wyobas. veberma Tavisi naSromebi msoflio religiebis analizis

sferoSi ganixila, rogorc erTiani kvleva. protestantizmis gavlena da-

savleTis kulturis ganviTarebaze warmoadgens misi masStaburi mcdelo-

bis mxolod erT komponents, kerZod, Seefasebina religiis gavlena socia-

lur da ekonomikur cxovrebaze sxvadasxva kulturebSi. aRmosavluri re-

ligiebis analizis safuZvelze veberi im daskvnamde mivida, rom isini is ba-

rierebia romlebic dasavluri tipis samrewvelo kapitalizmis ganviTare-

bas aferxeben aRmosavleTSi. aq religia am tipis cvlilebebis gansaxorcie-

lebis gzaze erTaderT gadaulaxav barierad iqca. es moxda ara imitom, rom

dasavlurTan SedarebiT sxva civilizaciebi CamorCenilobas avlendnen,

aramed ubralod maTi fumdamenturi Rirebulebebi Tvisebrivad gansxvav-

debodnen evropaSi damkvidrebuli normatiuli orientaciebis sistemebi-

sagan. miuxedavad imisa, rom tradiciul CineTsa da indoeTSi mniSvnelovani

gamococxleba SeiniSneboda vaWrobaSi, warmoebasa da qalaqmSeneblobaSi,

maT raime saxis sagrZnobi, radikaluri socialuri cvlileba ar gamouwve-

viaT, rac niSandoblivi da damaxasiaTebeli iyo mzardi dasavluri tipis

samrewvelo kapitalizmisTvis. veberis azriT, am tipis cvlilebebis gzaze

ZiriTad winaaRmdegobas religia qmnis. magaliTad religiuri grZnobebi da

motivebi, romelsac induizmi badebs ar aris mimarTuli materialuri sam-

yaroSi Zalauflebis mopovebisken, rac Tavis mxriv, gamoiyeneba misi gar-

daqmnisTvis. induizmi materialur realobas ganixilavs, rogorc safar-

vels, moCvenebiT realobas, romlis qveS kacobriobis WeSmariti interese-

bi imaleba. konfucenelTa Zalisxmevac iqiTkena mimarTuli, rom dasavlu-

ri azriT ekonomikuri ganviTareba SeaCeros, ramdenadac aq samyarosTan

harmoniis miRwevis mniSvneloba da ara masSi aqtiuri Carevaa mTavari. Tum-

ca aq vebers erTi ram gamorCa mxedvelobidan. kerZod is, rom Raribi adami-

anic SeiZleba iyos bednieri.

veberisTvis religia sulis xsnis rwmena da am rwmenis Sesabamisi

moqmedebaa, rac im morwmuneTa gadarCenis mcdelobas gulisxmobs, vinc

qristianobis erTgulia da mis mcnebebs icavs. qristianobisaTvis Zalze

mniSvnelovania codvis cneba da misi gadalaxva RmerTis wyalobis meSve-

obiT. es Sexedulebebi morwmuneTa Soris garkveul daZabulobas da emo-

cionalur dinamikas iwvevs, romlis msgavsi aRmosavlur religiebSi ar

kaxa qecbaia

106

arsebobs. sulis xsnis religia revoluciur aspeqts gulisxmobs. aRmo-

savluri religiebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic saganTa arsebuli wes-

rigis mimarT, morwmeneTa mWvretelobiT, pasiur orientacias gulisxmo-

ben, qristianoba, piriqiT, codvasTan gamudmebuli brZolis stimulire-

bas axdens, rac, Tavis mxriv, saganTa arsebuli wesrigis gardaqmnas gu-

lisxmobs. amdenad religia, veberis mixedviT, socialur cvlilebaTa

mZlavr stimulatorad gvevlineba.

socialur cvlilebebTan religiis kavSiris erT-erTi gamoxatu-

leba religiuri omebia, rasac masobriv sisxlisRvramde miuyvania sazo-

gadoeba. religiis am funqciis Seswavlas veberisagan gansxvavebiT, Seda-

rebiT nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda diurkemi.





um.ge-ze.

kiTxvebi:

• mokled daaxasiaTeT religiis struqtura. Tqveni azriT, re-

ligiis romeli struqturuli elementia mniSvnelovani da ratom?

• mokled daaxasiaTeT religiis funqciebi. Tqveni azriT, re-

ligiis romeli funqciaa socialurad mniSvnelovani da ratom?

• marqsis mixedviT, religia socialuri usamarTlobis gan-

mtkicebis erT-erTi saSualebaa. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am mosazrebas?


• diurkemis mixedviT, raSi mdgomareobs religiis maintegri-

rebeli funqcia?

• veberis mixedviT, ratom aris religia socialuri cvlile-

bebis wyaro? (pasuxi dasasbuTeT da moyvaneT konkretuli magali-

Tebi).

davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: dakrZalvis, an qorwinebis

ritualebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi.

• moamzadeT essei Temaze: dakrZalvis qarTuli ritualebi da

maTi socialuri daniSnuleba?

religiis sociologia

107


4. e. diurkemi, religiuri fenomenisa da religiis gansazRvreba,

wignSi: `religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi~, Tb., 2004.




Tb., 2008.

2. j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi, 2004.



5. n. papuaSvili, religiis karibWe, religiis istoriiis Sesavali,

Tb., 1996.

A sakiTxavi masala

msoflio sulieri kulturis saTaveebi

(religiuri cnobierebis Tavdapirveli formebis

Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis problemebi)

ramdenime wlis winaT Sua aziaSi mogzauroba da

amudariaze borniT gadasvla momixda. borani nela mi-

dioda. SiSveli, meCxeri buCqnariT mosili dabali na-

pirebi da muq-mwvane wyali ucnaur garemos qmnida. sa-

nam borani moZraobda, vfiqrobdi imaze, rom odesRac

am mdinaris msgavsi iyo Zveli evfrati da, saerTod,

yvela mdinare, romelTa napirebze iSvnen uZvelesi

civilizaciebi. maSin me momagonda, rom am adgilidan,

amudariidan odnav moSorebiT, cotaTi aRmosavle-

TiT, adamianuri modgmis sulier sawyisebTan dakavSi-

rebuli erTob saintereso movlena moxda.

jer kidev omamde, roca bevri Cvengani dabadebu-

lic ar iyo, xolo me bavSvi viyavi, iq, Sua aziaSi, xeobidan xeobaSi gada-

dioda mcirericxovani eqspedicia, romelsac cnobili arqeologi

aleqsei okladnikovi xelmZRvanelobda. is miuval xeobaSi miemarTebo-

da, romelic or did mdinares Soris mdebareobda. DZvelTaganve cnobili

iyo, rom am xeobaSi adamianebi ucnaur Zvlebs poulobdnen, rom iq iseTi

uCveulo qvebi gvxdeba, romlebic TiTqos viRacis mier sagangebodaa

aleqsandre

meni

kaxa qecbaia

108

gamoTlili. okladnikovma, romelic savele arqeologis JiniT iyo Sep-

yrobili, 1938 wlis zafxulSi iq patara eqspediciis organizeba moaxer-

xa. arqeologebi kldeze iseT adgilebSi micocavdnen, sadac mxolod

gareul mTis TxebsRa SeeZloT gavla. didi wvalebis Semdeg, bolos da

bolos, rogorc iqna, gamoqvabuls miaRwies. am adgils `TeSik-TaSi~ ewo-

deboda, sxva enaze, ubralod, `gamoqvabuli~. rodesac okladnikovma

Tavis damxmareebTan erTad iqamde miaRwia, man iq adamianis kargad Semo-

naxuli neSti ipova. is maSinaTve mixvda, rom es bavSvis an,Uukidures Sem-

TxvevaSi, mozardis sxeulis nawilebi iyo. arqeologi gansakuTrebiT

iman daainteresa, rom Tavis qala TiTqmis mTlianad iyo gadarCenili.

okladnikovma Tavi mouyara da erTmaneTs Seaweba Tavis qalis as ormoc-

daaTi gaqvavebuli nawili: Tavis qala mTliani saxiT iqna aRdgenili.

Ees iyo sruliad sxva rasis adamianis, vidre gonieri (moazrovne)

adamiani _ homo sapiens-ia, ufro sworad, biWunas Tavis qala. xolo

rodesac ybebsa da warbszeda rkalebze midga jeri, okladnikovma igi

gansazRvra, rogorc neandertaleli, homo neanderthalensis, anu homo primigenius-i, rogorc mas, zogjer uwodeben. biologiuri nomenklatu-

ris sistemaSi igi homo-d iTvleba mxolod Tavisi gvaris gamo; erTni

mas gonieri adamianis winamorbedad miiCneven, meoreni _ mis uSualo wi-

naprad. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, gvaris romel xarisxSi vimyofebiT Cven ne-

andertalelTan mimarTebaSi, dRemde mwvave kamaTis sagania. Ees adamia-

nebi, anu adamianis msgavsi arsebebi, uzarmazar sivrceze cxovrobdnen

samxreT evropidan CineTis aRmosavleT sazRvrebamde. daaxloebiT 40

aTasi wlis winaT maTi kvali qreba. isini ikargebian da maTi Zvlebi ar-

sad ar gvxvdeba. maT sanacvlod istoriis arenaze gamovdivarT Cven _

gonieri adamianebi. mas Semdeg, rac okladnikovma daSala da erTxel ki-

dev kvlav aRadgina es ConCxi, aRmoCnda, rom bavSvi damarxuli iyo da

ara ubralod gadagdebuli; amasTan erTad am 8-9 wlis bavSvis improvi-

zebuli saflavi mTis veluri Txis rqebiT iyo Semoragvuli. sxvaTa So-

ris, Sua aziis am midamoebSi XX saukunemde SemorCenili iyo mTis velu-

ri Txis kulti. okladnikovma Tavisi monapovari dasavleT evropaSi na-

povn sxva masalas Seadara. arqeologebs xSirad aRmouCeniaT neander-

talelis tipis primitiul adamianTa Tavis qala, erTnairi zomisa da

formis qvebiT Semowyobili: Tavi devs SuaSi, rogorc sxivebiT garSe-

mortymuli mze. es mwiri, magram TavisTavad STambeWdavi niSnebi imaze

miuTiTeben, rom jer kidev manam, sanam adamiani srulfasovani gaxda,

anu adamianad iqca am sityvis sruli gagebiT, im erTaderT saxeobad,

romelic amJamad dedamiwaze cxovrobs, masSi ukve garkveuli religiu-

religiis sociologia

109

ri warmodgenebi arsebobda.

mecnierebi bevrs davoben imis Sesaxeb, adamianur arsebaTa romel

xarisxs miakuTvnon neandertaleli, magram maT Soris romelimes odna-

vadac ar ZaluZs sakuTari mosazrebis dasabuTeba, radganac Cven ar

ZalgviZs adamianamdeli am arsebis cnobierebis siRrmeebSi SeRweva.

CvenTan SedarebiT igi mainc sxva saxeobaa, romelic biologiuri ganvi-

Tarebis dabal safexurze imyofeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mis kultu-

raSi SesamCnevia qvis primitiuli iaraRebi, cecxli, romelsac didxans

inaxavdnen, aq ver vipoviT xelovnebas, romelic sakacobrio istoriis

ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi safexuria. uZveles adamianTa xelovne-

ba ki yovelTvis sulier, religiur sawyisTanaa dakavSirebuli.

Tanamedrove socialuri sinamdvilis Zalze bevri elementi mWid-

rodaa dakavSirebuli adamianuri yofierebisa da istoriis saTaveeb-

Tan. socialuri, ojaxuri, seqsualuri, kulturuli, mxatvruli, tra-

diciuli problemebi, problemebi, dakavSirebuli teritoriebis flo-

basTan da qsenofobiasTan, _ yoveli maTgani uxilavi ZafebiT miemar-

Teba uZvelesi adamianis cxovrebisaken, romelic Cvenamde ramdenime

aTeuli aTasi wlis winaT arsebobda. Cvens qvecnobierebaSi jer kidev

cocxalia raRac motivebi, ucnauri xmebi, raRacnairi eqo, romelic im

uZvelesi drois gamoZaxilia. magram X1X saukunis amayi, me vityodi, sa-

kuTari civilizaciiT aRtacebuli adamiani Tvlida, rom samyaro mxo-

lod sworxazobrivad viTardeba, rom pirvelyofili adamiani yvela mi-

marTebiT udablesi da veluria. analogiur mosazrebas pirvelad roma-

el poet lukreciusTan vxvdebiT, romlis mixedviT, kacobriobis isto-

ria _ es aris sibnelidan, velurobidan da barbarosobidan sinaTlisa

da civilizaciisaken zeaRmavali procesi. marTalia, lukreciuss miaC-

nda, rom amis Semdgom iwyeba ngrevisa da degradirebis procesi, magram

es sul sxva sakiTxia. X1X saukuneSi fiqrobdnen, rom araviTari degra-

dacia ar iqneba. daesesxnen ra qristianobas, RvTis sasufevlis, ro-

gorc adamianuri yofierebis da mTlianad istoriis miznis ideas, X1X

saukuneSi mravali moazrovne, saerTod, sazogadoebis ganaTlebuli na-

wili ratomRac darwmunebuli iyo, rom msoflio raketis msgavsad maR-

la miiswrafvis da aravis da arafers SeuZlia misi progresuli moZrao-

bis SeCereba. sityva `progresi~ raRac `wminda~ terminad iqca. progre-

suli avtomaturad `kargs~ niSnavda. egonaT, rom adamianis yovelgvari

miRweva, teqnikis garTulebis gzaze misi yoveli nabiji anda mecniere-

bis sferoSi axali aRmoCenebi progress Seuwyobda xels, xolo ukan

mxolod wyvdiadi da Suasaukunoebrivi sibnele iyo. ra Tqma unda, iyo

mciredi gamonaTeba _ antikurobis saxiT, romelsac aRmosavluri

kaxa qecbaia

110

wyvdiadi mohyveba da es yvelaferi, bolos da bolos, pirvelyofili

cxovrebis uTavbolo wyvdiadiT mTavrdeba.

am azrs, ra Tqma unda, raRaciT xom esaWiroeboda gamarTleba da

misi Zieba didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis droidan daiwyes, rodesac ev-

ropelebi okeaneTisaken daiZrnen da amerika aRmoaCines, roca isini ax-

los gaecnen afrikis Savkanian binadarT, CineTis mkvidrT da, saerTod,

manamde arnaxul da gaugonar qveynebs. magram maSinaTve, rogorc ki Se-

xeba mouxdaT materialuri civilizaciis dabal safexurze myof adami-

anebTan, bevrma maTganma daaskvna, rom es aris swored is veluri, uZve-

lesi pirvelyofili adamiani. isini darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom es axa-

laRmoCenili arsebebi cxovelebisagan didad ar gansxvavdebodnen. XIX

s-Si darvinis mimdevari Eernst hekeli ambobda, rom velurebs ufro me-

ti aqvT saerTo iseT ganviTarebul cxovelebTan, rogoricaa maimunebi

da ZaRlebi, vidre maRalganviTarebul evropel adamianTan. rodesac

darvini cecxlovan miwaze moxvda, maSin man aseTnairad aRwera iqauri

mkvidrni: `veluri adamianebi budidan amovardnili TvalebiT, saxis

Clungi gamometyvelebiT, pirze duJmoreulni, romelTac adamianobis

aranairi niSanwyali ar etyobaT.~ es mosazreba Zalian swrafad damkvid-

rda saerTod mTels mecnierebaSi da kerZod imdroisaTvis axalwarmoq-

mnil anTropologiaSi. gaCnda mosazreba, romlis mixedviT, yovelive

naTeli adamians mxolod win aqvs da rac ufro male ganTavisufldeba

igi imisagan, rac warsulSi iyo, miT umjobesia misTvis. xolo ramdena-

dac Zalze kargad uwyodnen, rom pirvelyofil adamianebs aqvT garkve-

uli tipis religia da rwmena, amdenadve eCqarebodaT am rwmenis damci-

reba, miaCndaT ra igi uxeS crurwmenad, velurobad da barbarosobad;

maTi mizani iyo imis Cveneba, rom religiis sawyisi, misi saTaveebi uvi-

cobis wyvdiadSi, bunebis Zalebis mimarT adamianis SiSSi, umweobasa da

determinirebulobaSi devs, sxva sityvebiT, imgvar raRacaSi, rac prog-

resis gziT daiZleva da unda daiZlios kidec.

aseTi iyo XVIII_XIX ss-is ideologia, Mmagram es miTi ganuviTarebe-

li veluri adamianis Sesaxeb TandaTan gaifanta. albaT bevr Tqvengans

smenia Tavis droze (daaxloebiT 100 wlis win) kargad cnobili eduard

teilorisa (is miTosisa da pirvelyofili religiebis erT-erTi didi

specialisti iyo) da jeimz jorj frezeris Sesaxeb (romlis wigni `oq-

ros rto~ axlaxan xelaxla gamoica). Ee.w. velurebTan uSualo kontaqtis

gareSe maT Seqmnes TavianTi konstruqciebi velurobaze, sibneleze, gu-

lubryvilobasa da im adamianTa primitiulobaze, romlebic civiliza-

ciis ganviTarebis dabal safexurze imyofebian. Aamis Semdeg bevri mec-

nier-mkvlevari iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva gabatonebul mosazrebaze.

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111

Mikluxo-maklai iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinac Tundac cota xniT Seabija

am adamianTa samyaroSi da iciT ra naxa man? Mman naxa, rom isini iseTive

adamianebi arian, rogoric Cven _ msgavsi miswrafebebiT, gancdebiT,

codvebiT, SecdomebiT, fiqrebiTa da logikuri msjelobiT. Mikluxo-

maklai werda: `me vcdilobdi ar SemeRwia maT sulismiRmier cxovrebaSi,

rwmenaSi.~ is Zalze taqtiani adamiani iyo. mas miaCnda, rom is mcire dro,

rac man gvineis sanapiroze gaatara, sakmarisi rodia imisaTvis, rom pir-

velyofili adamianis sulis siRrmeebs Caswvde. magram mikluxo-maklai-

sa da sxva pioner-mkvlevrebs mosdevda tyeebis, savanebisa da preriebis

idumalebiT mocul mcxovrebTa axali mkvlevrebis armiebi. ra aRmoaCi-

nes maT? aRmoCnda, rom amazonis tevrSi da avstraliis naxevarudabnoSi

Cvengan gansxvavebuli maRali sulieri kulturis mqone uZvelesi adami-

anebi cxovroben. maTi kultura Cvensas ar hgavs. magaliTad: aborigen

avstralielebs ritualebis urTierT- damokidebulebis urTulesi

sistema aqvT, kolosaluri odenobis miTebi da legendebi. maT garkveu-

li warmodgena aqvT adamianze, bunebasa da uzenaes sawyisze. swored am

warmodgenebis safuZvelze ageben isini sazogadoebriv urTierTobebsa

da qmnian kulturas. maTi kulturis analizis Sedegad gairkva, rom pri-

mitiuli adamiani primitiulia mxolod erT rameSi _ esaa teqnika, civi-

lizacia, xolo sulieri TvalsazrisiT is srulebiT ar aris primitiu-

li.

erT-erTi mkvlevari ambobda: Tuki Tqven xedavT e.w. velurs, ro-

melic xis Ziras zis da gaunZrevlad erT wertils misCerebia, maSin nu

iCqarebT fiqrs imaze, rom igi usaqmuria da, ubralod, umiznod dam-

jdara xis qveS, am adamianisaTvis niSneuliaERrma Sinagani cxovreba. er-

Tma mogzaurTaganma, romelic kongos uRran tyeebSi didxans cxovrob-

da, sadac jer kidev SemorCa im cxovelTa uZvelesi saxeobebi, romle-

bic sxvagan yvelgan ganadgurdnen, Sexvda ra pigmeebs, aRniSna, rom maT

aqvT suliereba, goniereba da mTeli rigi maRalganviTarebuli religi-

uri warmodgenebi. am velurTa zneobrivi srulyofilebis done ara mar-

to evropelis doneze dabalia, aramed bevrad aWarbebs mas. es ar niS-

navs, rom primitiuli adamiani aucileblad keTilia da mxolod zneob-

rivi principebiT cxovrobs, magram civilizaciis dabali done da pri-

mitiuli cxovrebis wesi xels ar uSlis Zalze faqizi sulieri struq-

turis Camoyalibebas.

Mmravali mecnieri, bolos da bolos, mivida sulieri elementis

mniSvnelobis aRiarebamde, romelic im kulturaTa safuZvlad devs,

romelTac Cvenamde moitanes imis monaxazi, Tumca xSir SemTxvevaSi ara-

zusti, Tu rogor cxovrobdnen Cveni winaprebi mravali aTasi wlis wi-

kaxa qecbaia

112

naT, da Tuki es monaxazi nawilobriv mainc sandoa, maSin Cven unda vaRia-

roT: diax, uzenaesi, sulier-goniTi, wminda, religiuri da zneobrivi

iyo maTi cxovrebis safuZvelTa safuZveli.

Aaq Cven Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilvas mivadeqiT. avi-

RoT, magaliTad, saeklesio Tu saero arqiteqturisa Tu xelovnebis ne-

bismieri nimuSi, iqneba es ucnauri induri taZari _ induisturi an bu-

disturi, an musulmanuri meCeTi Tavisi mkacri formebiT, wm. petres an-

da macxovris taZari, egviptis piramidebi, Tundac sabWoebis darbazis

proeqti. yoveli maTgani adamianTa sulieri, Sinagani xedvis garegnuli

xorcSesxmaa; imis niSania, rom isini intuiturad yofierebis arss acno-

biereben da es yovelive maTi rwmenis garegamovlenaa, gansxeulebaa am

sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT. Tuki egvipteli sulis arsebobas, ro-

gorc maradiulobas, ise SeigrZnobda, maSin egvipturi xelovnebis na-

warmoebi am maradiulobis xorcSesxmad unda miviCnioT. rodesac Zveli

berZeni grZnobda, rom aq, mis gverdiT, sakuTar myudro garemoSi samya-

ros Semqmneli uxilavi cocxali Zalebi saxloben, maSin igi maT ise miam-

sgavsebda adamianebs, TiTqos nimfebi, satirebi da RmerTebi misi RviZ-

li Zmebi da debi yofiliyvnen.

rodesac nebismieri kulturis sawyisze vsaubrobT, pirvel rigSi

unda davayenoT sakiTxi ara imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria misi materialuri

formebi, aramed imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori suli devs maT safuZvelSi. da

Tuki civilizaciis istorias gonebis Tvals gadavavlebT, ar unda gag-

viWirdes imis dadgena, Tu rogori sulieri siRrmeebia mis miRma dafa-

ruli. garda amisa, Cven viciT, rom, rodesac adamians sulier sferoSi

destabilizacia, krizisi, ganxeTqileba ewyeba, maSin es yovelive erTia-

nad moicavs mTel kulturas. swored amitom dRes Cven gvinda TqvenTan

erTad CavixedoT sulierebis istoriaSi, Cveni qveynisa da mTeli msof-

lios civilizaciis warsulSi ara fuWi cnobismoyvareobiT (ara imis ga-

mo, Tu `es rogor iyo winaT~), aramed imisaTvis, rom kulturisa da rwme-

nis SemaduRabebeli is urRvevi siRrmiseuli kavSirebi gavigoT, rome-

lic Segnebulad iyo daviwyebuli, uaryofili da gadagdebuli. cxovre-

bam da praqtikam daadastura Zveli WeSmariteba: rodesac Ziri gamoeT-

xreba, xe xmeba da fesvebis gamosacocxleblad aucilebelia imis cod-

na, Tu ra sWirdeba maT amisaTvis. maT ki macocxlebeli sinotive da nia-

dagi sWirdeba. niadagi _ es aris sicocxle, miwieri arsebobisa da yo-

fierebis simbolo; sinotive sulia, romelic mas kvebavs. ai, ratom aris

CvenTvis mniSvnelovani dafiqreba imaze, Tu saidan modis da sad midis

adamiani. sagulisxmoa, rom saxelmZRvaneloebSi, romelTa wakiTxva Cven

xSirad gviwevda, vawydebodiT azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom pirvelyofili

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113

adamiani aTeisti iyo anda, rogorc gvaswavlidnen, _ stiqiuri materia-

listi. am Tvalsazrisis miReba Zalze Znelia, Tundac imitom rom Tuki

warmarTisagan SeiZleba darCes kerpi, fetiSistisagan _ fetiSi, qris-

tianisagan _ jvari an kidev sxva wminda niSani, maSin ra niSans datovebs

pirvelyofili adamianis stiqiuri materializmi? es raRac umavTulo

telegrafis msgavsia, rogorc es erT Zvel istoriaSia moTxrobili,

romlis mixedviT, aseTi ram hqondaT uZveles adamianebs, imitom rom

gaTxrebSi mavTuli ar iqna napovni.

mravali faqti mTlianad uaryofs am Tvalsazriss. me imiT daviwye,

rom adamianis winamorbeds, neandertalels ukve hqonda bundovani (nu

SevecdebiT mis zust gansazRvrebas) SegrZneba imisa, rom arsebobs ra-

Rac sxva yofiereba; xolo rogorc ki adamiani xdeba adamiani, is maSi-

naTve moipovebs maradiulTan kavSirs, anu mas uCndeba religia. faq-

tobrivad, xelovneba, religia da adamiani Tanatolebi arian, Tumca,

sxvadasxva saxelmZRvaneloebSi me Semxvedria imis mtkiceba, rom mrava-

li milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi adamiani religiis gareSe arsebobda.

Cven gvyavda erTi istorikosi, romelmac ramdenime wigni dawera am Te-

maze. erT-erT maTgans aseTi saTauri hqonda: `religiamdeli epoqa,~

magram is ZiriTadad avstralopiTekebsa da piTekanTropebs ganixilav-

da, romelTa miCneva adamianad, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, SeuZle-

belia. biologiurad isini SesaZlebelia mivakuTvnoT gvars_homo, magram es sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis, rom isini adamianad miviCnioT.

ra moZraoba SeiZleba Cven davinaxoT aq? adamiani yovelTvis idga

raRac garkveul sulier platformaze, magram aris ki es ganviTareba?

_ ara. da ai sabuTi: espaneTis gamoqvabulebSi napovnia saRebaviT Ses-

rulebuli naxatebi; paleoliTis epoqis pirvelyofilma mxatvarma ke-

delze mdgari da morbenali bizonebi, mamontebi da martorqebi daxata.

am naxatTaGgabeduli xazebi da SesaniSnavi ferebi kargad aCvenebs masze

gamosaxul arsebaTa saxes, ris gasakeTeblad uZluri iqneba bevri Tana-

medrove mxatvris funji.

maSin sakiTxavia: viTardeba Tu ara xelovneba? ara. mSvenieri ada-

mianuri kulturis yvela epoqaSi mSvenieri iyo. diax, mas hqonda isto-

ria, anu iyo formaTa sxvadasxvaoba, sulierebisa da kulturis sxvadas-

xva formebi, magram ganviTareba im azriT, rom xelovneba Tavdapirve-

lad primitiuli iyo da mxolod amis Semdeg miiwevda maRla da maRla,

ar yofila. Tuki Tqven Zveli saberZneTis klasikur skulpturebs (ro-

melic nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSia mocemuli) gaixsenebT, vfiqrob,

mixvdebiT imas, Tu ra aris saWiro amgvari simaRlisaTvis. DamasTan vera-

vin ityvis imas, rom misi winamorbedi masze dabali rangisaa. nebismieri

kaxa qecbaia

114

Tanamedrove mxatvari an xelovnebaTmcodne getyviT, rom arqaul ber-

Znul xelovnebaSi Tavisi gansakuTrebuli silamazea.

XIX saukunis bolos mweralma da istorikosma petre gnediCma Ta-

vis sqeltanian samtomeulSi `xelovnebis istoria uZvelesi droidan~

berZnul xatweras orad ori gverdi dauTmo mxolod, aRniSna ra, rom

Zvelebma, ubralod, ar icodnen xatva da amitomac isini ase primitiu-

lad werdnen xatebs, xolo SemdgomSi Seiswavles anatomia da sworad

xatvasac Seudgnen. dRes Cven viciT, rom es gulubryvilo Tvalsazri-

sia. realistur xelovnebaze gadasvla srulebiT ar niSnavda progress.

es mxolod istoriis erTi fazaTagania. Tavad istoria adamianuri Se-

moqmedebis bedisweraa. ueWvelia, rom sulier samyaroSi aris aRmasvla,

oRond is sul sxva tipis kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba da amis Sesaxeb

TqvenTan gveqneba saubari kacobriobis sulieri cxovrebis analizis

procesSi.

Tumca aqve unda aRvniSno Semdegi: Cven miveCvieT materialuri

movlenebisa da procesebis, rogorc erTaderTi da namdvili sinamdvi-

lis saxiT ganxilvas, TiTqos is iyos erTaderTi realoba. magram saidan

iRebs saTaves materialuri realobis Sesaxeb Cveni codna? _ sakuTari

grZnobadi gamocdilebidan. magram igive grZnoba, rogoric Cven gvaqvs,

Simpanzesac da ZaRlsac aqvs, oRond adamianis aRqmisagan gansxvavebu-

li. aris raRac, rac Cven cxovelTa samyarosTan gvaaxloebs. adamiani

sulier-goniTi arsebaa, romelsac ufro didi niWi aqvs, vidre grZnoba-

di gamocdileba. es sulieri ZRveni, romelic adamians aqvs, aris yvela-

ze Zvirfasi da wmidaTawmida. es niWi ukvdavia da igi gansakuTrebul

mopyrobas saWiroebs, imitom rom igi marcvaliviTaa CaTesili adamian-

Si, romlisganac raRac gansakuTrebuli unda aRmocendes.

zemoT me visaubre adamianamdel arsebaTa primitiul formebze.

saqme isaa, rom Cven ara marto maT venaTesavebiT, aramed sisxliT naTe-

savi varT dedamiwis binadar nebismier arsebasTan, yvela maTganTan

varT kavSirSi. rogor aris agebuli adamianis ujredi? _ iseve, ro-

gorc nebismieri mcenarisa da nebismieri cxovelis ujredi. amitomac

Cven ganuyofeli varT Cveni garemomcveli samyarosagan da am samyaro-

dan Cveni gariyva SeuZlebelia _ yvelas gvWirdeba haeri, sakvebi, wya-

li, gravitacia da a.S. cota xnis win me kosmonavtTa qalaqSi viyavi da

kosmonavtebs vesaubre. iq maT maCvenes skafandri, romliTac isini kos-

mosSi gadian. es iseTive sruliad avtonomiuri warmonaqmnia, rogoric

kosmosuri xomaldi. magram iciT ratom? imitom rom adamiani mTeli ri-

gi kvanZebiTaa gadanaskvuli garemomcvel samyarosTan. igi aris miwa. ai,

ras ambobs amis Sesaxeb biblia: adamiano, Sen miwa iyav da miwadve iqcevi.

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115

adamianis sxeuli, uflis sityviT miwis mtvrisagan, materiisagan, nivTi-

erebisaganaa Seqmnili, igi dagvaqvs Cven da sabolood masve vubrunebT.

magram adamiani mxolod mtveri rodia. igi yofierebis sul sxva

ganzomilebasTanaa wilnayari, romlis danaxva SeuZlebelia da swored

es aris mniSvnelovani momenti. modiT, sruliad ubraloTi daviwyoT.

isini, visac surT samyaro mxolod xiluliT SemosazRvron, im axirebu-

li damkvirveblis msgavs mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian, romelmac ren-

tgenis kabinaSi didi mxatvari Tu moazrovne Seityua da ambobs: masSi

araferi gansakuTrebuli ar aris, SexedeT, _ Cans xerxemali, Tavis qa-

la, feTqavs guli, magaram sad aris misi genialuroba, sad aris misi az-

rebi anda grZnobebi? marTlac, yvelaferi naTlad Cans, magram umTav-

resi ar Cans da sinamdvileSi arc SeiZleba Candes. saqme is rodia, rom es

erTgvari fizikuri velia (CvenSi Zalian uyvarT am terminis borotad

gamoyeneba), romelsac Cveni xelsawyoebi ver aCveneben. ara, ubralod,

unda vaRiaroT, rom asea mowyobili realoba: mas ori aspeqti aqvs _ xi-

luli da uxilavi. amitomac aris naTqvami Cveni rwmenis simbolos _

mrwamsis _ pirvel wevrSi, rom RmerTi aris Semoqmedi xilulTa yovel-

Ta da araxilulTa, anu yofierebis ori aspeqtisa. yvelaferi amazea

damyarebuli. yofierebis es ori aspeqti erTmaneTTan Zalze Tavisebu-

rad da paradoqsulad aris dakavSirebuli; maT Soris ukukavSiri arse-

bobs anu, ase vTqvaT, organizmis mZime fizikuri mdgomareoba gavlenas

axdens mis fsiqikaze da piriqiT: suls SeuZlia uCveulo rameebis mox-

dena. albaT bevr Tqvengans smenia cecxlze siarulis Sesaxeb, sakuTari

organoebis uneblie marTvaze, romelsac iogebi aRweven. vfiqrob, rom

bevri magaliTis motana aq srulebiT ar aris saWiro. roca uyureb hip-

nozTan dakavSirebul movlenebs (hipnozi TavisTavad gamocanaa, radga-

nac calke aRebuli sityva arafers ar gveubneba da sinamdvileSi es rCe-

ba gamocanad rogorc pacientisaTvis, aseve hipnotiziorisaTvis), fiq-

rob, Tu ra SeuZlia adamianis am uxilav nawils _ mis suls, Tu raoden

uzarmazari energia da SesaZleblobebia masSi Cadebuli.

adamiani bunebis Svilia, misi msgavsi. yvavilis ujredebi iseTivea,

rogoric Cveni, maT erTnairi struqtura aqvT; iq aris birTvi da pro-

toplazma, magram ismis kiTxva: ras emsgavseba adamianis sulieri ganzo-

mileba?

CvenTvis, qristianTaTvis, iseve rogorc yvela morwmunisaTvis

dedamiwaze, romelic yovelTvis umravlesobas warmoadgenda, adamiani

Tavis sulier ganzomilebaSi RvTis _ yovlis Semoqmedis msgavsi da xa-

tia. amaSia misi tragikulobac, paradoqsulobac, sidiadeca da bednie-

rebac. Cveni drois cnobilma eqimma da biologma aleqsi karelma ase da-

kaxa qecbaia

116

arqva Tavis wigns: `adamiani _ es gamocanaa.~ jer kidev alfred rasel

uolesi, romelmac darvinTan erTdroulad bunebrivi gadarCevis Teo-

ria Seqmna, aseTnairad ayenebda sakiTxs: kargi, adamians sWirdeba gar-

kveuli Tvisebebi imisaTvis, rom gadarCes, rom ufro keTilmowyobili

ojaxuri garemo hqondes, sadac Zlieri imarjvebs da gadarCeba, magram

risTvis sWirdeba mas ganyenebuli azrovneba, ratom eswrafvis igi arse-

bobis, cxovrebis sazrisisa da WeSmaritebis dausrulebel Ziebas? ra-

tomaa, rom adamianSi mTavaria zebunebrivi? uolesi pasuxobda: mizezi

aq SeiZleba iyos mxolod erTi _ es Tvisebebi gansakuTrebulia, isini

fesvgadgmulia zebunebriv sawyisSi da maTdami udieri mopyroba cxov-

lad daaCndeba adamianTa modgmas. kacobriobis istoriaSi skepticizmi-

sa da urwmunoebis periodebi yovelTvis saSiSi iyo.

sulierebis sawyisebze saubari msurs davasrulo problemiT, ro-

melic dRes yvelas aRelvebs, mxedvelobaSi maqvs zneobriobis sakiTxi.

Tqven albaT wakiTxuli geqnebaT iuri dombrovskis wigni `usargeblo

nivTTa fakulteti,~ magram Cems Tavs uflebas mivcem SegaxsenoT zogi-

erTi ram am wignidan: saubroben mTavari gmiri da axalgazrda gamomZie-

beli qali. roca kaci ekiTxeba, _ ratom gaqvT Tqven aseTi antihumanu-

ri meTodebi da ase mkacrad ratom udgebiT admianebs? _ qali pasu-

xobs: kanoniereba, humanizmi, samarTali _ es yvelaferi, rasac Tqven

iq, fakultetze gaswavlidnen, usargeblo nivTTa fakultetia. TviTda-

jerebuli es axalgazrda qali sxvis sityvebs imeorebda; imeorebda

sityvebs, rasac mTeli Taobebi ambobdnen: es yovelive usargeblo niv-

Tebia. SemdgomSi ki aRmoCndeba, rom swored es usargeblo nivTebi yo-

fila yvelaze metad saWiro da aucilebeli, radganac rom maT gareSe

adamiani iRupeba. amas winaT henrix iagodas sikvdiliswina sityvebi wa-

vikiTxe, romelic ambobs: `me imdeni adamiani movspe da vawame, rom awi

Cemi rigic dadga. Cemi momrevic aRmoCnda. es niSnavs, rom RmerTi arse-

bobs.~

Zalze vwuxvar, rom Cven msgavs daskvnebamde mxolod kritikul si-

tuaciebSi mivdivarT. magram sjobs gvian, vidre arasodes. sakiTxis ar-

si SemdegSi mdgomareobs: arsebobs Tu ara msoflio zneobrivi wesrigi,

aris Tu ara sikeTe obieqturi Tu is adamianebis mier mogonili pirobi-

Ti kategoriaa? Tuki sikeTe pirobiTi kategoriaa, maSin advilia masze

uaris Tqma, misi gadagdeba da yvelasaTvis mxolod misi sakuTari kri-

teriumebis dadgena. msgavsi mosazreba egocentrikis modelidan mom-

dinareobs: kerZod, sikeTe aris is, rac momwons me, boroteba ki _ rac

ar momwons; ise, rogorc es erT-erTi misioneris Sesaxeb gavrcelebul

istoriaSia moTxrobili, romelsac undoda warmarTisaTvis gaegebine-

religiis sociologia

117

bina, Tu ra aris sikeTe da boroteba da am mizniT hkiTxa mas: ai, Tuki Sen

Zroxas mogparaven, es borotebaa? _ diax, es borotebaa. _ Tuki Sen mo-

iparav Zroxas? _ maSin es sikeTea. Cven yvelani daaxloebiT am pozicia-

ze vdgavarT, radganac egocentrizmi niSandoblivia adamianisaTvis.

Tqven ikiTxavT: saidan modis is? ratom aris adamiani egocentruli?

pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia is, rom Cven yvelani modgmiT bavSvobidan

movdivarT. adamiani bavSvobaSi yovelTvis raRacas iRebs, moixmars _

mas aWmeven, asmeven, aZineben, acmeven, Tavs evlebian da yovelive amis

Semdeg is fiqrobs, rom ase unda iyos yovelTvis. es erT- erTi mizezia.

arsebobs kidev meore mizezi, romelsac Cven kacobriobis pivelyofil

codvas vuwodebT. odesRac Jan-Jak ruso ambobda, rom RmerTma adamiani

Seqmna mSvenieri, magram civilizaciam, gareganma pirobebma igi gaafuWa,

garyvna da Cven yovellTvis amis rwmenisaken vixrebiT. lev tolstoi

jvris nacvlad mkerdiT Jan-Jak rusos suraTs daatarebda. sicocxlis

bolo wuTebamde mas mtkiced swamda, rom adamiani bunebiT keTilia.

magram, modiT, erTi wuTiT xeli gulze davidoT da vTqvaT: asea

Tu ara es sinamdvileSi? didad keTilSobilma da niWierma adamianma ev-

geni evtuSenkom, romelic Znelbedobis Jams gabedulad gamodioda, Ta-

vis erT-erT leqsSi dawera: `me mjera adamianis.~ iqve igi anadgurebs

yvela tirans, diqtators, salazars, berias. magram isinic xom adamiane-

bi iyvnen? vis unda davujeroT? ratom unda gvjerodes keTilis da bo-

rotis ki ara?

Mme SemiZlia ivane mrisxanis sindisis qenjnis gageba. is qristianu-

li mcnebebiT aRzrdili adamiani iyo da icoda, rom udanaSaulo sis-

xlis daRvra codvaa. is sisxls Rvrida. Semdeg nanobda da wuxda. Semdeg

isev sisxls Rvrida da isev itanjeboda. Mmas gamudmebiT hqonda satan-

jveli. rogori satanjveli unda hqonoda, vTqvaT, stalins? is miiCnev-

da, rom adamianebi, ubralod, naxiria da meti araferi, dRemokle arse-

bebi, romelTa mokvla araferi ar Rirs. codva, boroteba, rogorc ase-

Ti, ar arsebobs. misTvis, im veluris msgavsad, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT

iyo saubari, borotebaa mxolod da mxolod is, rac adamianebze sakuTa-

ri Zalauflebis damyarebaSi xels SeuSlida, xolo sxva danarCeni sisu-

lelea da amitomac aranairi dabrkoleba ar arsebobs.

sikeTe da boroteba obieqturi kategoriebia da sikeTis principis

erTguleba aris Semoqmedis mcneba da neba. swored imis gamo, rom igi

uflis mcnebaa, amitomac ar gveZleva igi martivad. Cven xom ar mogveca,

vTqvaT, or fexze siarulis mcneba, _ CvenTvis es bunebrivia. xolo ro-

desac saxareba ambobs imis Sesaxeb, rom unda mivutevoT erTmaneTs Se-

codebani Cvenni, _ es ukve mcnebaa da igi niSnavs, rom saWiroa brZola

kaxa qecbaia

118

sakuTari Tavis gadasalaxavad, rac adamianisaTvis arc ise bunebrivia.

magram Tuki mcneba maRlidan gveZleva, maSin ratom arRvevs mas adamia-

ni? adamianma mcneba Tavidanve daaarRvia. vfiqrob, Tqven yvelas gax-

sovT bibliaSi aRwerili pirvel kacTa Secodebis istoria. am istorias

sakmaod dascines, gaamasxaraves, sakmao karikaturebi daxates, magram

mTavari gamorCaT, ris Sesaxebac Tavis droze brwyinvaled ambobda

mRvdelmTavari abakumi: `is, rac iyo maSin, xdeba axlac.~ Tavis erT-erT

qadagebaSi igi hyveboda adamisa da evas Sesaxeb da Semdeg es drama Tavis

Tanadroul movlenebze gadmohqonda.

biblia xatovnad gvaswavlis maradiulze. adamiani RvTis winaSe

dgas da mas yvelaferi gamoecxadeba, yofierebis uzarmazari horizon-

tebi mis winaSe wigniviTaa gadaSlili, buneba mas eZleva imisaTvis, rom

man, rogorc es bibliaSia naTqvami, SeZlos `gaanayofieros da mouaros

mas.~ es niSnavs Sromas da bunebis, rogorc Zmuri sawyisis, gagebas; ada-

mianic xom igive miwisganaa Seqmnili, romlisganac cxovelebi; isini misi

ucrosi da-Zmebi arian, xolo is maTi patronia da ara batoni, tirani. is

maT saxels arqmevs. da aris mxolod erTi xe samoTxis SuagulSi, edemis

centrSi, romelic adamianisTvis akrZalulia, _ es aris keTilisa da

borotis Secnobis xe. RmerTma uTxra adamians: `Sen mokvdebi, Tuki ige-

meb nayofs am xisgan.~ marTlac, Cven gvaocebs, ratom ar unda icodes

adamianma keTili da boroti, zneobrioba xom swored amaSi mdgomare-

obs?Kmagram saqme isaa, rom bibliis amgvari wakiTxva Zalze zedapiru-

lia. biblias yuradRebiT unda wakiTxva, misi sxvadasxva adgilebis Se-

dareba. sikeTe da boroteba am konteqstSi ar niSnavs zneobriv katego-

riebs, es cxovrebis, arsebobis polusebia: cudi da kargi, sasargeblo

da mavnebeli, rogorc Cinelebs aqvT, in da ian; esaa idiomaturi gamoT-

qma Tov va-ra (ebr.) _ sikeTe da boroteba, rac yvelafers moicavs.

xolo Semecneba? Zveli aRTqma, ise rogorc axali, Semecnebis ide-

as ar cnobs im ganyenebuli azriT, rogorc es antikur filosofiaSia

mocemuli. antikuri azrovnebisaTvis `Semecneba~ Sesamecnebelis inte-

leqtisaTvis gamWvirvaled gaxdomas niSnavs; bibliur azrovnebaSi `Se-

mecneba~ dauflebas, Serwymas, sulis mTeli arsebiT SegrZnebas niSnavs.

`da Seicno adamma eva, coli Tvisi~ _ es Tqma kacisa da qalis intimuri

SeerTebis aRsaniSnavad ixmareba.

amitomac keTilisa da borotis Secnobis xe _ es aris bunebis, yo-

fierebis sayovelTao simbolo, romelzec Zalaufleba ZaladobiTa da

urwmunoebiT ar unda aeRo adamians, radganac mas ampartavnoba mohyve-

boda. amitomac aris masze tabu dadebuli.

ase TamaSdeba maradiuli drama. midis eva am tabudadebul xesTan

religiis sociologia

119

da yovelgvari simdablis, mzakvrobis, zvaobisa da ampartavnobis sim-

bolo _ gveli eubneba mas: `ra, RmerTma Tqven agikrZalaT yvela xis na-

yofis Wama?~ am yvelaze did provokacias is pasuxobs: àra, yvela Cvenia,

am erTi xis garda.~ `ratom gaqvT akrZaluli am xis nayofis Wama?~ ìmi-

tom rom RmerTma gviTxra, mokvdebiT, Tuki misgan nayofs igemebTo.~

àr mokvdebiT, _ ambobs gveli, _ ar mokvdebiT, aramed iqnebiT, ro-

gorc RmerTi, sikeTisa da borotebis mcodne, keTilisa da borotis

mflobeli~ (anu Tqven RvTis metoqeebi gaxdebiT, iqnebiT RmerTiviT da

marad icocxlebT). es sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom Cvenma pirveldedam

evam aiRo nayofi, daxeda mas da igi moeCvena, rogorc sanukvari da sa-

ocnebo ram, mokbiCa da Semdeg nayofi igi adammac igema.

es aris adamianis TviTdamkvidrebis mcdeloba, rom RvTaebriv,

kosmiur nebas sakuTari neba daupirispiros; Seqmnas sakuTari normebi,

maT Soris zneobrivi, mianiWos sakuTar Tavs bunebasa da zneobaze gam-

geblobis ufleba. yovelive es adamianis sayovelTao codvis siRrmidan

momdinareobs. ai, ratom ar iyo marTali ruso, roca ambobda, rom ada-

miani bunebiT keTilia. adamianSi erTmaneTs ebrZvian sikeTe da borote-

ba, rogorc dostoevski ambobda, satana ebrZvis RmerTs da brZolis ve-

li adamianis gulia. Tuki am metad mniSvnelovan momentebs miviRebT

mxedvelobaSi, Cven advilad gavigebT adamianuri istoriis mTel sir-

Tulesa da didebulebas. Cven am SemTxvevaSi siZneleTa gadalaxvis gziT

mivdivarT da srulebiT ar vgavarT im velurs, romelic civilizaciam

gaafuWa. amave dros adamiani sakuTar Tavsac emtereba. mas surs saku-

Tar Tavze amaRleba. kacobriobis istoria aris ara ganviTarebis, ara-

med im RvTaebrivis saxelisaTvis marcxiTa da gamarjvebebiT aRsavse

brZolis gza, romelic TiToeul CvenganSia Cadebuli. rac ufro axlos

vimyofebiT pirvelsaxesTan, miT ufro axlos varT Cveni amocanis gan-

xorcielebasTan. ifiqreT imaze, rom CvenSi cocxlobs es RvTaebrivi.

RmerTi ki, ra Tqma unda, CvenSi ar cxovrobs. amis mtkiceba kadniereba

da metafizikurad uazrobaa. Cven SezRuduli, `pirobiTi~, zRvardebu-

li arsebebi varT, magram amasTanave ganvasaxierebT maradiuls, ùpiro-

bos~ da es unda SevigrZnoT, Sinaganad ganvicadoT, radganac aq aris su-

lieri ganviTarebis wyaro, romelic gavlenas axdens adamianebTan,

Cvens ZmebTan da debTan damokidebulebaze, moqmedebs Cveni Sromis

procesze, yovelive imaze, rasac cxovrebaSi vakeTebT. adamiani xom yve-

la miwier qmnilebaTagan erTaderTia, romelic qmnis, is erTaderTi Se-

moqmedia. Cven vqmniT RvTis mibaZviT.

amgvarad, adamianis sulieri Camoyalibebis Zirebi zecisken, mara-

diulisken miswrafebaa, da es exeba ara mxolod did Semoqmeds, ara mxo-

kaxa qecbaia

120

lod didi SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrenis epoqebs, aramed TiToeuli Cvenga-

nis yoveldRiur cxovrebasac. ukvdavi arc ise Sorsaa, is CvenSia. is

CvenTvis bevrad ufro arsebiTia, vidre sxva ram. Cveni bedniereba, Cveni

Sinagani harmonia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aRmovaCinoT igi CvenSi. adami-

anma im droidan dakarga RmerTi, rogorc ki RvTis nebas sakuTari neba

daupirispira. es araerTxel yofila kacobriobis istoriaSi da msgavsi

ram dResac grZeldeba. `Tqven iqnebiT viTarca RmerTebi, keTilisa da

borotis mcodneni...~es sityvebi saukuneebis manZilze meordeba. magram

ra mouvida adams maSin, rodesac man akrZaluli xis nayofi igema? man

dainaxa sakuTari siSiSvle _ ai mTeli misi RvTaebrioba. msgavs mdgoma-

reobaSi varT Cven, XX saukunis adamianebi, dResac. XIX saukune aRsavse

iyo imis imidiT, rom XX saukune da momdevno epoqa RmerTebis epoqa iq-

neboda. `adamianebi, rogorc RmerTebi~ _ ase uwoda uelsma erT-erT

Tavis utopiur wigns. adamiani gamarjvebuli daeufleba mexsa da elvas,

is adis kosmosSi da eSveba okeanis fskerze, ufro da ufro iZireba ma-

teriis siRrmeebSi, is male gaxdeba sikeTisa da borotebis Semcnobi,

magram saukunis miwuruls Cven vxedavT, rom SiSvelni varT, rom aman

yvelaferma ar gviSvela. TavisTavad mecniereba kargi ramaa, magram igi

uZluria kacobrioba bednieri gaxados, radganac mecniereba Cveni yo-

fierebis erT-erTi mxaris gamomxatvelia, xolo adamianuri yofierebis

birTvi aris is, rac maradiulTanaa kavSirSi. pirvelyofili adamiani,

romelic grZnobda yofierebis saidumlos, kosmiur majiscemas, Zveli

CineTisa da saberZneTis, Zveli romisa da Sua saukuneebis da, saerTod,

yvela epoqis adamiani miT ufro mSvenieri iyo, rac ufro metad uax-

lovdeboda RmerTs.

adamianuri Ziebebis centrSi, rogorc mTeli yofierebis gzajva-

redinze, dgas jvari. ratom? ra unda momxdariyo?

maradiuloba CvenTvis miuRwevelia. me xSirad vaxseneb esaia winas-

warmetyvelis wigns. RmerTi winaswarmetyvelis piriT ambobs: `rogorc

ca aris daSorebuli miwas, ise Cemi azrebi Sors aris Tqveni azrebisagan.

Mme RmerTi da ara adamiani,~ (ebr: `ani elohim, ve-lo adam~). RmerTi, Se-

moqmedi _ es ar aris adamiani. is uzomod aRemateba yvelafer imas, rac

adamians SeuZlia moifiqros. mxolod TviTcnobierebas da azrTa gan-

sazRvrulobas SeuZlia dagvrTos neba warmovidginoT, rom igi, `ro-

melman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa, zegardmo arsni suliTa

yvna, zeciT monaberiTa, Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi fe-

riTa, misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mismieriTa~ (rogorc ambobda

SoTa rusTaveli), _ es aris adamiani. ara, mas ara aqvs saxeli. rasac

RmerTi sakuTar Tavze gvimJRavnebs, imaze metis Cawvdoma adamians ar

religiis sociologia

121

ZaluZs. amitomac imisaTvis, rom CvenTan, vinc RvTiurobis naperwkals

misi anareklis saxiT vatarebT, kontaqtSi Semosuliyo, RmerTi unda

dakninebuliyo; `man daimcira Tavisi Tavi, miiRo ra msaxuris, monis xa-

ti,~ _ ai, asea naTqvami RmerTze, romelic qristeSi gamogvecxada Cven.

qristes movlineba _ axali moralis, axali doqtrinis an axali

filosofiis movlena ki ara aris, aramed maradiulobis gamocxadebaa im

sisruliT, romelic CvenTvis miRwevadia. amitom msoflmxedvelobaTa

istoria, romelsac Cvens Semdgom Sexvedrebze erTad mivadevnebT

Tvals, aris gza adamidan anu im punqtidan, saidanac adamiani daSorda

RmerTs, _ qristemde. xolo qristedan ori gzaa mxolod: masTan erTad

an misgan, mis gareSe. ai, amaSia msoflio istoriis mTeli arsi. qristes

mier Seqmnili eklesia Segvaxsenebs mis sityvebs: `SemomideqiT me, gamom-

yeviT me.~ eklesia qristes sityvebs imeorebs: `visac surs CemTan siaru-

li, uaryos Tavi Tvisi da gamomyves me~ (anu sakuTari ego, meoba). SesaZ-

lebelia agreTve mis winaaRmdeg wasvlac, magram es niSnavs ukan dabru-

nebas, adamis codvis maradiul ganmeorebas, romelsac surda yofili-

yo, rogorc RmerTi, magram SiSveli da ususuri aRmoCnda.

N

nawyveti al. menis wignidan `msoflio sulieri kultura~,

Tb., 2012, gam. Carpe diem, k. qecbaias Targmani.

religiis mniSvnelovani cnebebia: sikeTe da boroteba, zneobri-

oba, adamianis cxovrebis mizani da sazrisi.

kaxa qecbaia

122

`mecniereba religiis gareSe koWlia,

religia mecnierebis gareSe _ brma~

a. ainStaini

VI leqcia

Tema: religiuri organizaciis formebi

(religiuri institutebi)


religiuri organizacia, institucionaluri religia, eklesia, seqta,

denominacia, kulti, religiuri erToba (Temi), Tanamedrove araorga-

nizebuli religia.

Sesavali

yoveli religia morwmuneTa organizebul gaerTianebas warmoad-

gens. es gaerTianebani religiuri rwmenisa da kultis safuZvelze yalib-

deba. religiuri organizaciebis saSualebiT regulirdeba sakulto saq-

mianoba da religiuri grZnobebis dakmayofileba xdeba.

droTa ganmavlobaSi religiuri organizaciebi epoqis Sesabamis

formas Rebulobda. kacobrobis istoriis adreul safexurze religiu-

ri wes-Cveulebebis Catarebas saero xasiaTi hqonda. SemdegSi gaCnda ja-

doqrebis, Samanebisa da qurumTa instituti, rodesac sakulto religi-

ur saqamianobas gansakuTrebuli socialuri fena axorcielebda.

socialuri cxovrebis ganviTarebisa da srulyofis paralelurad

religiuri organizaciebis funqciebi TandaTan garTulda da gafrTov-

da. msoflio monoTeisturma religiebma kidev urfo daxvewes da srul-

yves religiuri organizaciebis struqtura. morwmuneTa Temis saTaveSi

mkacrad gansazRvruli ierarqiuli principebiT organizebuli samRvde-

loeba moeqca. religiuri organizaciebis saqamianoba mowesrigda Teo-

riulad damuSavebuli saeklesio kanonebiT. istoriulad konkretul pi-

robebTan dakavSirebiT religiuri organizaciebi monarqiuli an demok-

ratiuli xasiaTis mqoneni gaxdnen.

religiis sociologia

123

§1. religiuri organizaciebi

(religiuri institutebi)

religiuri organizaciebi TavianT saqmianobas Sesabamis dawesebu-

lebebSi axorcieleben. religiur dawesebulebaTa gansakuTrebuli or-

ganizebuli sistemis saxiT warmoSoba monoTeisturi religiebis warmo-

SobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. swored am dros gaCnda centralizebuli re-

ligiuri instituti eklesiis saxiT, rasac Sedegad mohyva morwmuneTa

dayofa sasuliero da saero (mrevli) jgufebad. gaCndnen preofesiona-

li kultis msaxurni, romlebic sasuliero saqmeebSi garkveuli prive-

legiebiT sargebloben. Sesabamisad, eklesiam morwmuneTaTvis gansakuT-

rebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina da igi Tayvaniscemisa da mokrZalebis sagani

gaxda.

Tanamedrove sociologiis enaze rom vTqvaT, adamianTa religiuri

gaerTianebebi — religiuri Temebi, — umeteswilad religiur organiza-

ciebad, religiur institutebad anu, rolebis, statusebis, jgufebisa

da Rirebulebebis SedarebiT myar sistemebad aris organizebuli. SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, rom sociumis wevrTa umravlesobis religiuri cxovreba

religiur institutebSi mimdinareobs da religiuri institutebis sa-

xiT aris mowesrigebuli. am institutebis sxvadasxva formebis arseboba

damokidebulia mis wevrTa raodenobaze (zoma), wevrobaze, warmomavlo-

basa da sociumis sxva wevrebTan damokidebulebasa da urTierTobaze.

yvela am faqtorebis mixedviT sociologebi 4 ZiriTad religiur orga-

nizacias, instituts gamoyofen. esenia:

• eklesia,

• seqta,

• denominacia,

• kulti.

dixotomia: eklesia - seqta

eklesia erT-erTi uZvelesi religiuri organizaciaa, romelic

rwmenisa da kultis (ritualebis Sesasruleblad) erTianobaze damyare-

buli ama Tu im religiis mimdevarTa gaerTianebas warmoadgens. misi um-

Tavresi niSnebia: met-naklebad damuSavebuli dogmaturi da sakulto

sistema, organizaciis ierarqiuli xasiaTi da mmarTvelobis centrali-

zacia, morwmuneTa dayofa kultis profesiul msxaurebad (samRvdeloe-

ba) da rigiT wevrebad (mrevli).

germaneli RvTismetyveli da sociologi ernst trelCi eklesias

gansazRvravda, rogorc religiur organizacias, romelsac mWidro kav-

kaxa qecbaia

124

Siri aqvs sazogadoebis farTo fenebTan da mis SigniT moqmedebs.∗ praq-

tikulad sazogadoebis yvela wevri eklesii-

sadmi kuTvnilebas avlens, romelic trelCis

mixedviT, saxelmwifosTan aris dakavSirebu-

li. ase magaliTad, inglisuri eklesia in-

glisSi saxelmwifebrivis statusiT sargeb-

lobs. Sesabamisad inglisis mefe da dedofa-

li „rwmenis damcvelebad“ miiCneven TavianT

Tavs. istoriulad ise moxda, rom safrangeT-

sa da italiaSi kaTolicizmi saxelmwifo re-

ligias warmoadgenda, Tumca mogvianebiT

isini religiisagan gamoyofil saxelmwifoe-

bad gadaiqcnen.

trelCis ganmartebiT seqta eklesias-

Tan SedarebiT mcire, eqskluziuri jgufia,

romlis wevrebi sazaogadoebis sxva wevrebis mier aRiarebul religiur

(da ara marto religiur) Rirebulebebs uaryofen.∗ maT TavianTi ritua-

∗ ernts trelCi (1865-1923) — germaneli RvTismetyveli, sociologi, liberali. misi

Sromebi albret riClis Teologiuri moZRvrebisa da maqs veberis sociologiuri

koncefciis sinTezs warmoadgens. religiis sociologiisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania

trelCis naSromi: „qristianuuli eklesiis socialuri moZRvreba“. man daamuSava seqtis,

rogorc erT-erTi religiuri organizaciis cneba.

trelCis moZRvrebis SeswavliT saerTaSoriso organizacia — Ernst-Troeltsch-Gesellschaft—ia dakavebuli, romelSic TeologebTan erTad sociologebic Sedian.

∗ seqta laTinurad - mokveTa, gayofas niSnavs; qarTulad iTargmenba rogorc cxovrebis

wesi, dajgufeba, religiuri gagebiT mwvalebloba. igi berZnuli „eresis“ laTiunuri

sinomia. wminda werilSi sityva sqeta laTinur bibliaSi — vulgataSia moxseniebuli.

pirveli saukuneebidan termini „seqta“, iseve rogorc „eresi“, ukve gamoiyeneba qveynis,

regionis istoriulad ZiriTadi religiuri mimdinarebobisgan sarwmunoebrivi

swavlebis mixedviT gamoyofili, axlad daarsebuli religiuri Temisa da misi

sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis aRsaniSnavad. Tavdapirvelad termini „seqta“ iseve

rogorc „eresi“, aRniSnavda rogorc (filosofiur-religiur) cru moZRvrebas, aseve

cru moZRvrebis mimdevar sakrebulos. magram reformaciis Semdeg (XVIIs.) TandaTanobiT

ufro viwrovdeba termin „seqtis“ mniSvneloba, kerZod termin „seqtas“ aRar uwodeben

cru sarwmunoebriv swavleba-moZRvrebas, aramed mxolod cru sarwmunoebrivi swavla-

moZRvrebis mimdevar dajgufebas da termin „eresisagan“ gansasxvaveblad eklesiaSi

mkvidrdeba termin „seqtis“ Semdegi saRvTismetyvelo gansazRvreba: „seqta“ aris

religiuri TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTTan erTobaSi myofi adamianebis organizebuli

erToba, romelic ar aris sarwmunoebriv kavSirSi marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan. misi

sarwmunoebrivi dogamtika ar emyareba saeklesio moZRvrebas da a. S. seqtanturi

moZraoba nebismieri msoflio religiisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. meoce saukunis

dasawyisSi safrangeTSi da italiaSi seqtis cnebis kanonmdeblobiTi gansazRvreba

ernst trelCi

religiis sociologia

125

lebi aqvT, romlebic adamianTa sulieri ganwmedisaken aris mimarTuli.

trelCis azriT, seqtebi, rogorc wesi im SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba rode-

sac tradiciuli religiuri ritualebiT ukmayofilo adamianebi ekle-

sias ganudgebian da axal religiur gaerTianebas qmian, romelSic sru-

lad kontroldeba maTi yoveli cxovrebiseuli nabiji. seqta asketizmi-

Tac gamoirCeva im azriT, rom misi wevrebi mkacri cxovrebis stilis mim-

devrebi arian. yovel seqtas sakuTari religiuri doqtrina aqvs. seqtis

wevrebs miaCniaT, rom isini rCeulebi arian. amis gamo seqtantebi Tavs

arideben seqtis gareTa cxovrebaSi monawileobas. maT miaCniaT, rom da-

narCeni samyaro codvili da korumpirebulia. magaliTad ieRovelTa

seqtis warmomadgenelebi uars amboben sisxlis gadasxmaze, jarSi msaxu-

rebaze; „qristianuli mecnierebis“ seqtis warmomadgenelTavis miuRebe-

lia kibos da Tundac iseT daavadebaTa mkurnaloba, romelTa gankurne-

bac SesaZlebelia, im motiviT, rom yvela daavadebas RmerTis didi rwme-

na gankurnavs. amitom samkurnalo profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi maTi

seqtis doqtriniT akrZalulia. arseboben agreTve iseTi seqtebi, ro-

melTa warmomadgenelebi TavianT bavSvebs saxelmwifo skolaSi aRar uS-

veben im motiviT, rom saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi maT

rwmenas gadaagvarebs da sxv.

seqtasTan SedarebiT eklesia universaluri da konservatiuli re-

ligiuri dawesebulebaa.∗ misi sidide im adamianTa raodenobazea damoki-

debuli, romlebic mis wevrebad ibadebian (Cveulebriv Semdeg moqceul-

daiwyo. eklesiisaTvis es cneba moklebulia saRvTismetyvelo Sinarss. dRes sityva

seqtas Seuracxmyofeli Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia. ∗ eklesia - (berZn. viwvev, vkreb); aseTive mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda igi Zvel

aRTqmaSic. axal aRTqmaSi am saxeldebas Seudareblad ufro Rrma da saidumlo Sinaarsi

aqvs. eklesiis xasiaTis axsna yvelaze kargad bibliaSi moyvanili mimsgavsebebiT

SeiZleba. axali aRTqmis eklesia aris saRvTo axali nergi, baRi RvTisa, venaxi RvTisa.

ufalma ieso qristem Tavisi amqveyniuri cxovrebiT, jvarze sikvdiliTa da aRdgomiT

kacobriobas axali, madlmosili Zalebi SesZina da ganaxlebuli, uxvad

nayofismomcemeli cxovreba Seuqmna. es Zalebi arsebobs wmida eklesiaSi - "qristes

sxeulSi". eklesia qristianTa sulieri saxlia. qristianis fiqrebi da qmedebebi mWidrod

ukavSirdeba mas, rogorc mSobliur saxls da ufro metsac ki. sanam amqveynad cxovrobs,

adamians marTebs eklesiaSi aRasrulos Tavisi cxonebis saqme, mis mierve boZebuli

madlmosili saSualebebi gamoiyenos ganwmedisaTvis. eklesia Tavis Svilebs zeciuri

samSoblosaTvis amzadebs. marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis simbolos mecxre wevri

gveubneba, rom eklesias gaaCnia oTxi ZiriTadi niSani: "mrwams ... erTi, wmida, kaTolike

da samociqulo eklesia". es eklesiis arsebiTi Tvisebebia.

kaxa qecbaia

126

Ta ricxvi arc ise didia). seqtasTan SedarebiT eklesia tolerantobiT

gamoirCeva sxva religiuri jgufebis mimarT. istoriulad cnobili faq-

tia, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi eklesia garkveuli socialuri da politikuri

Zalauflebis mqone yofila.

eklesiisa da seqtis cnebis trelCiseul definicias zogierTi Ta-

namedrove sociologi im mizeziT ar eTanxmeba, rom arseboben eklesiebi,

romelTac seqtis Tvisebebi aqvT da piriqiT, arseboben setqebi, romel-

nic eklesiis niSnebiT xasiaTdebian. amitom jonsoni, starki da bein-

briji religiuri institutebis erTi faqtoris mixedviT dayofas uWe-

ren mxars. maT mixedviT, es faqtori religiuri institutis mier socia-

luri garemos miReba an uaryofaa. am SemTxvevaSi erT mxaresaa socialu-

ri garemos Tanafardi eklesia da meore mxaresaa seqta, romelic uar-

yofs arsebul socialur garemos da sazogadoebasTan daZabuli urTi-

erTobiT gamoirCeva. am sociologTa azriT, religiuri jgufebis ume-

tesoba am or ukiduresobas Soris imyofeba. religiuri organizaciebis

amgvari modelis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi sociumTan mi-

marTebaSi religiuri organizaciis dinamiurobaze akeTebs aqcents (da-

Zabulobis Semcireba an eqskalacia), xolo rodesac seqta SedarebiT

stabiluri gaxdeba is sociumTan harmoniaSi modis da garkveulwilad

eklesias emsgaseba.

eklesiis 7 ZiriTadi niSani ronald jonstounis mixedviT:

• yovlismomcvelobisaken swrafva,

• religiuri monopolia,

• mWidri kavSiri saxelmwifosTan,

• Sromis marTvisa da ganawilebis rTuli ierarqia,

• hyavsP profesionali sasuliero pirebi,

• Tavis wevrebs bunebrivi kvlavwarmoebisa da bavSvebis socia-

lizaciiT moipovebs,

• Sinagani dayofa (TeTr da Sav samRvdeloebad) daSvebulia.

sociologebs hovard bekers da leopold fon vizes miaCndaT, rom

eklesia aris socialuri struqtura, romlis ZiriTadi niSani konserva-

tulobaa.

denominacia

denominacia ufro metad tipuri amerikuli movlenaa, romelic

sxvadasxva religiuri swavlebebis mimdevarTa swrafvas gamoxatavs miim-

xron rac SeiZleba meti mimdevari (moaxdinon maTi gadabireba, rekruti-

reba). dRes amgvari swavlebebis an denominaciebis ricxvi 200—ze metia.

religiis sociologia

127

religiis zogierTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari denominacias ar miiC-

nevs religiur organizaciad da es SeiZleba sworic iyos, radganac de-

nominacia religiuri organizaciis niSnebiT xasiaTdeba mxolod. is ra-

Rac gardamaval, saSualo mdgomareobas warmoadgens eklesiasa da seq-

tas Soris. amitom amerikeli sociologi neil smelzeri mas religiuri

organizaciis erT-erT saxed miiCnevs.

eklesiisagan gansxvavebiT denominacia Tavis axal wevrebs mudmi-

vad eZebs. Tuki seqtas daZabuli urTierToba aqvs sazogadoebasTan, de-

nominacia piriqiT, sociumTan normaluri da stabiluri urTierTobiT

gamoirCeva. tradiciuli religiis adgilis dakavebis pretenzia mas ar

aqvs. denominaciebi SeiZleba iyos kaTolikuri an protestantuli. smel-

zeris mixedviT, protestantul denominacias miekuTvnebian presviteri-

anelebi, kongracionalistebi da mravali sxv.

zogjer xdeba ise, rom denominacia seqtis bazaze yalibdeba. cnobi-

lia martin luTeris 95 Tezisi kaTolicizmis winaaRmdeg, romelic man

adgilobrivi eklesiis karebze gaakra 1517 wels. dRes luTeranoba ofi-

cialuri religiaa (saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli) skandinaviis mTel

rig qveynebSi, magram is erT-erT protestantul denominacias warmoad-

gens aSS—Si. msgavsi evolucia ramdenime mizeziT xdeba: droTa ganmavlo-

baSi jgufSi garkveuli ritualebi da wesebi yalibdeba. garda amisa li-

derTa Tanmimdevruli cvlis uzrunvelsayofad seqtam unda Seqmnas me-

qanizmebi sakuTari miznebisa da sulieri ier-saxis dasacavad, rac kidev

ufro daxvewil ritualebs moiTxovs. Tanac seqtis zomis zrdasTan er-

Tad izrdeba misi finansuri problemebi (finansuri problemebis mosag-

vareblad aSS—Si seqtantebi mTel rig TamaSobebs, bazrobebs da a. S. aw-

yoben). yvela es faqtori calkeul seqtebs denominaciad gadaaqcevs, ro-

melSic ufro metia biurokratiuli wesrigi da adamianebisa da jgufebis

kavSiri sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT myaria (aSS—Si kvakerebis magaliTi).

Ddenominaciis ZiriTadi niSani ronald jonstounis mixedviT:

• hgavs eklesias da kargi urTierToba aqvs saero xelisuflebasTan,

• emxroba religiur pluralizms,

• momxreebis mosapoveblad eweva evangelizacias,

• Zalze frTxilia saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebis gadaWraSi,

• emocionalobis susti gamovlena,

• Temis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad sasuliero pirTa saganmnaTleb-

lo momzadebaze zrunva,

• Temis cxovrebaSi mis wevrTa monawileobis waxaliseba,

• araerTgvarovani socialuri struqtura.

kaxa qecbaia

128

kultebi

sociologebma starkma da beinbrijma seqta ganmartes, rogorc

oficialuri eklesiisagn gandgomil institutad, romelic disidente-

bis mier aris Camoyalibebuli. isini miiCneven, rom rwmenas ar sWirdeba

organizaciuli forma, is ufro wminda da samarTliania. adamianebs, ro-

melTac ar moswonT an ar akmayofilebT seqtanturi cxovreba qminian

kultebs. kulti seqtis ukiduresi formaa. mis midevarT ar akmayofi-

lebT arsebuli religiuri ritualebi da radikaluri cvlilebebisaken

arian mimarTulni. maT aranairi kavSiri ar aqvT arsebul religiur or-

ganizaciebTan. starki da beinbriji amgvar axal religiur institutebs

kultebs uwodebebn. arsebobs mosazreba, rom Tavidan yvela religia

kultis saxiT arsebobda.

imis mixedviT Tu rogor da ramdenad mWidrod arian organizebuli

starkma da beinbrijma kultebi sam ZiriT kategoriad dayves:

• auditoruli kultebi — oficialur organizacias moklebulia.

misi wevrebi sakulto doqtrinas wignebisa da mediis saSualebiT iReben.

• momxmarebelTa kultebi — gamoirCeva liderebis mier SemoTava-

zebuli konkretuli servisebiT. magaliTad saientologebi, gamoirCevi-

an organizebuli qseliT sadac klientebi garkveuli safasuris xarjze

sakulto doqtrinas swavloben.

• sakulto moZraobebi — momxmarebelTa zogierTi kulti SesaZle-

belia sakulto moZraobad gadaiqces, rodesac misi wevrTa raodenoba -

izrdeba da igi organizebuli gaxdeba. amgvari moZraoba arastandartul

saxes iRebs da socumTan opoziciaSi aRmoCndeba. amis gamo kults sazo-

gadoeba uaryofiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs (amis magaliTia munis unifici-

rebuli eklesia). sakulto moZraobis warmomadgenelTa mxridan Tavian-

Ti doqtrinis aqtiuri gavrceleba da adamianTa gadmobirebis procesi,

rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis mxridan winaaRmdegobas awydeba. ris pasuxad

kultebi „Sianurisa“ da „gareulis“ mkcar gansxvavebas iwyeben da kidev

ufro amWidroeben organizaciul struqturebs.

socilogebis mixedviT, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara esa Tu is

religiuri jgufi eklesia, seqta, denominacia Tu kulti Zalauflebisa

da avtoritetis ganawilebazea damokidebuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

zogjer SeiZleba iyos ise, rom is rac kultia erTi adamianisaTvis, meo-

risaTvis religias warmoadgendes.

religiis sociologia

129

religiuri organizaciebis klasifikacia n. smelzeris mixedviT

eklesia

denominacia

seqta

kulti

magaliTi

romauli ka-

Tolicizmi,

anglikanuri

eklesia

meTodistebi,

kongregacio-

nalizmi

ieRovas

mowmeebi,

qristianu-

li mecniere-

bebi

zeciuri ma-

mis kulti,

adamianTa ta-

Zari,

gaerTianebu-

li eklesia,

saentologia

wevrobis

pirobebi

sazogadoebis

didi nawili

Temis wevrTa

bavSvebis gad-

mobireba,

axal wevrTa

mopoveba

erTgul mim-

devarTa

Zmoba, gada-

mobireba

darwmunebis

gziT

erTgul mim-

devarTa Zmo-

ba, gadmobi-

reba emocio-

naluri kri-

zisis safuZ-

velze

saxelmwi-

fosTan da

sxva reli-

giebTan ur-

TierToba

mWidrod aris

dakavSirebu-

li saxelmwi-

fosTan da

arareligiur

organizacieb-

Tan

normaluri

urTierToba

aqvs saxelmwi-

fosTan, mag-

ram saxelmwi-

fo struqtu-

rebSi ar Sedis

da susti kav-

Siri aqvs ara-

religiur or-

ganizaciebTan

ewinaaRmde-

geba sxva re-

ligiebs, ar

cnobs sa-

xelmwifo

da sxva sae-

ro organi-

zaciebs da

biurokra-

tias

uaryofs sxva

religiebs,

ar cnobs sa-

xelmwifo da

sxva saero

dawesebule-

bebs

xelmZRvane-

profesionali

sasuliero pi-

profesionali

samRvdeloeba

araprofesi-

onali lide-

qarizmatuli

liderebi

kaxa qecbaia

130

lobis tipi rebi, romle-

bic mTeli

dRis ganmavlo-

baSi muSaoben

rebi, romel-

Tac momzade-

ba sustia

rjulis moZ-

Rvrebis tipi

formaluri

Teologia

sxvadasxva sa-

xis debatebisa

da Sexedulebe-

bisadmi tole-

rantoba

sawyis, pir-

velad prin-

cipebze da

rjulis moZ-

Rvrebis siw-

mindeze day-

rdnoba

axali princi-

pebi

Temis

wevrTa Car-

Tuloba

minimumamdea

dayvanili da

yvelasaTvis

aucilebeli ar

aris

umniSvnelo

CarTuloba, ne-

badarTulia

sxva movaleo-

bebis Sesrule-

ba

erTgulebis

gamZafrebu-

li grZnoba

sruli erTgu-

lebis auci-

lebloba

religiur

moqmedebaTa

tipi

liturgia, ri-

tualebis Ses-

ruleba

ritualebis

arseboba, sus-

ti emociona-

luri gamoxa-

tuleba

Rrma emoci-

onaloba,

uneburi re-

ligiuri

moqmedebebis

waxaliseba

Rrma emocio-

naloba

cxrili #1.

religiis sociologiaSi religiuri jgufebi xSirad, rogorc idea-

luri tipebi klasificirdeba. msgavsi meTodi pirvelad maqs veberma ga-

moiyena 1905 wels Tavis cnobil naSromSi `protestantuli eTika da kapi-

talizmis suli~, romelSic tipologiis pirvelad kriteriumad religi-

ur gaerTianebaTa wevrobis forma gamoacxada. amis mixedviT man ori Zi-

riTadi forma gamoyo:

• gacnobierebuli — religiuri Temis nebayoblobiTi wevroba, ro-

desac mTlianad gacnobierebulia yvela is valedbuleba, romelic Temis

wevrma unda Seasrulos.

• gaucnobierebeli _ religiuri Temis wevroba memkvidreobiT

xdeba. Svilebi im religiuri Temis wevrebi xdebian, romlis wevrebic ma-

Ti mSoblebi arian.

religiis sociologia

131

mogvianebiT, 1910-1914, 1919-1920 wlebSi veberma trelCis gavleniT

es Tavisi tipologia kidev ufro gaafarTova. kerZod naSromSi `meurne-

oba da sazogadoeba~. amasTanave man didi yuradReba qarizmas dauTmo,

romelic eklesiasa da seqtas Soris gansxvavebis mTavari kriteriumi

gaxda misTvis. Mman qarizmis ori saxe gamoyo: esenia:

• institucionaluri,

• individualuri.

veberis azriT, religiebs Soris gansxvavebebis analizisas didi

mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ramdenad eTanadebian isini TavianT idealur

tipebs, radganac maTi klasifikaciis sakiTxi amazea damokidebuli.

§2. religiuri institucionalizaciis dilema

amerikeli sociologis o’dis azriT, religiur institucionali-

zacias garkveuli dilema axlavs Tan, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom religi-

is institucionalizacia aucilebelia Tundac im mizeziT, rom igi xels

uwyobs mis stabilurobas da Taobidan TaobaSi gadacemasa da memkvidre-

obiTobis SenarCunebas. Tumca amave dros institucionalizaciis pro-

cesSi ikargeba „SemoqmedebiToba“ da religiur gancdaTa intensivoba. am

mxriv erTmaneTs upirispirdeba eklesia da kulti: erT mxares aris mkac-

rad fiqsirebuli ritualebi da RvTismsaxureba, xolo meore mxares

rwmenis emociuri, spontanuri gamoxatuleba.

§3. religiuri moZraobebi da religiuri inovaciebi

Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebaSi mimdinare religiuri pro-

cesebi (religiuri inovaciebi da axali religiuri moZraobebis warmo-

Soba) aCveneben, rom religia kidev ufro profanuli — yoveldRiuri

xdeba da TandaTanobiT desakralizacias ganicdis. iseTi yvelaze metad

konservatiuli da sakraluri fenomeni, rogoric religia aRmoCnda, rom

yovelTvis ar aris aseTi. igi inovaciuri gaxda. amgvar movlenasTan maSin

gvaqvs saqme rodesac calkeuli jgufebi axal religias qmnian an cvlian

arsebul religias imisTavis, rom is ukeT moergos adamianTa Tanamedro-

ve saWiroebebs. amgvari saqmianoba religiuri TvalsazrisiT miuRebe-

lia, magram socialur planSi SesaZlebelia am faqts piradpir SevxedoT.

amis magaliTebi dRes mravladaa. Tundac islamis liderTa mier morwmu-

neTaTvis xmis misawvdenad mediisa da Tanamedrove sakomunikacio saSua-

lebebis gamoyeneba. Tanamedrove sakomunikacio saSualebebis gamoyene-

bam mniSvnelovanwilad Secvala religia.

kaxa qecbaia

132

religiurma inovaciebma SesaZlebelia axali religiuri moZraobe-

bi gamoiwvion. amis magaliTebia aSS—Si mormonebisa da unificirebuli

eklesiis warmoSoba. Sesabamisad Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi

aqtualuri gaxda axali religiuri moZraobebisa da religiuri inovaci-

ebis analizi. sociologebma daiwyes maTi klasifikacia da tipologia. aAm

mxriv sainteresoa britaneli religiis sociologis roi uolisis kla-

sifikacia.

Tavis naSromSi `axal religiaTa cxovrebis umartivesi formebi~

r. uolisma religiur moZraobaTa klasifikacias am moZraobebis mier

sazogadoebisadmi damokidebulebis principi daudo safuZvlad da Sem-

degi saxis konceptualuri sqema miiRo:

• moZraobebi romlebic arsebul socialur wesrigs aRiareben _

maT SeiZleba ar hqondeT ritualebisa da wesebis mowesrigebuli siste-

ma. isini adamianebSi arsebuli `faruli potencialis~ gamovlenaze arian

orientirebulni. amis magaliTad uoliss verner erhardis transcenden-

taluri meditaciebi da treningebi mohyavs.

• arsebul socialur wesrigTan morgebuli moZraobebi — isini

mkafio sazRvrebs avleben saero da sasulero cxovrebas Soris da ar mi-

iswarfian aRiaron an uaryon arsebuli socialuri wesrigi.

• moZraobebi romlebic uaryofen arsebul socialur wesrigs _

maT mixedviT, arsebuli socialuri wesrigi saRvTo kanonebis sawinaaR-

mdegoa da amdenad borotebas warmoadgens. amis magaliTad uoliss moh-

yavs `kriSnas cnobierebis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~, `gaerTianebis ek-

lesia~ da sxva.

[...] yvelgan sadac ki religia arsebobs, mas substraqtad gansaz-

Rvruli jgufi hyavs. am pirobas kerZo, saojaxo an korporaciuli

gaerTianebebic ki romlebic erTad asruleben sazeimo ceremonias,

akmayofileben [...] e. diurkemi

religiis sociologia

133

kiTxvebi:

• ganmarteT religiuri organizaciis cneba. ra gansxvaveba re-

ligiur da arareligiur organizaciebs Soris?

• CamoayalibeT religiuri organizaciebis saerTo da ganmas-

xvavebeli niSnebi.

• SeadareT erTmaneTs religiuri organizaciebis sxvadasxva

sociologiuri klasifikaciebi.

• moamzadeT argumentirebuli pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra iwvevs re-

ligiur iovaciebs da rogori momavali aqvT maT.

Ddavalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: „Tanamedrove religiuri

inovaciebi“.

• momazadeT essei Temaze: `religiuri organizaciebi saqar-

TveloSi~.





3. v. garaja, religiis sociologia, Tavi IV, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).




Tb., 2008.


2004.

3. o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, Tb.,1984.


5. n. papuaSvili, religiis karibWe, religiis istoriiis Sesavali,

Tb., 1996.

6. Ronald L. Johnstone. Religion in Society: A Sociology of Religion. Upper Sadle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1997.

7. Leopold von Wiese, Becker H. Systematic Sociology. — Wiley, 1932.

8. e. trelCi, eklesia da seqta, wignSi `religiis sociologiis

qrestomaTia~, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. garaja da e. rutkeviCi),

(rus. enaze).

kaxa qecbaia

134

E

sakiTxavi masala

mormonebi

mormonTa seqta XIX saukunis pirvel na-

xevarSi aSS-Si Camoyalibda. mas sxvagvarad

„ukanaskneli dRis wmindanTa ieso qristes ek-

lesias“ uwodeben. seqtis damaarsebel jozef

smits (1805-1844) mimdevrebi „winaswarmetyve-

lad“ ixsenieben. igi axalgazrdobidanve

okultizmiT iyo gatacebuli - magiuri kris-

talebis saSualebiT ganuwyvetliv eZebda

ganZs. am gatacebam crumorwmune smits fsiqi-

ka imdenad Seuryia, rom realur da warmosax-

viT samyaros erTmaneTSi urevda. 1826 wels

igi mkiTxaobisa da jadoqrobis gamo daapatim-

res. mere yalbi fulis beWdvaSi amxiles, mag-

ram sasjels Tavi daaRwia. 1823 wels jozef simtma niu-iorkis StatSi

„zeciuri miTiTebiT“ „oqros firfitebi“ ipova, romlebzec TiTqos ame-

rikis kontinentis uZvelesi civilizaciis sulieri istoria ewera, 4

wlis Semdeg ki ganacxada, rom uzenaesma neba darTo, teqsti „axalegvip-

turidan“ inglisur enaze eTargmna. smitma Targmans wignis erT-erTi

personaJis mormonis saxeli daarqva. ase Seiqmna „mormonis wigni“ da war-

moiSva am seqtis saxelwodeba.

jozef smits male mimdevrebic gamouCndnen. misi TanaSemwe oliver

kuderi gaxda. Tanamoazreebma ganacxades, ioane naTlismcemli gamog-

vecxada da erTmaneTis monaTvla gvibrZanao. amis Semdeg megobrebi

„mRvdlebad“ iqnen „cxebulni“. erTi wlis Semdeg, 1830 wels, „mormonis

wigni“, romelsac smitma „RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba“ uwoda, 5000-iani ti-

raJiT gamoica. imave wlis 6 aprils faietSi (niu-iorki) daarsda mormon-

Ta „eklesia“, romelSic Tavdapirvelad eqvsi kaci gaerTianda. seqtis

wevrebma „ukanaskneli dReebis wmindanebi“ dairqves. mogvianebiT smiti

Tavis mimdevrebTan erTad niu-iorkidan ohaioSi gadabargda da ramdeni-

me StatSi misionerebi dagzavna. mosaxleobis mtruli damokidebuleba

mormonebs aiZulebda, xSirad ecvalaT sacxovrebeli adgili - „ukanas-

knel wmindanTa eklesia“ jer misuris, Semdeg ki iliniosis StatSi gada-

vida. isini daba komersSi damkvidrdnen da qalaq movod aqcies.

seqtis damaarsebeli

jozef smiti

religiis sociologia

135

rogorc TviT jozef smiti am-

bobda, mas imdeni „gamocxadeba“ hqon-

da, rom Zalian uWirda ganesxvavebina,

romeli iyo „uflisgan“ da romeli -

borot sulTa STagonebiT. magaliTad,

1831-1844 wlebSi 135-jer gamoecxad-

nen „angelozebi“, raTa misTvis „uf-

lisgan“, „ieso qristesgan“, „petre da

iakob mociqulebisgan“, „ioane naT-

lismcemlisgan“ micemuli davalebebi

gadaecaT. „gamocxadebaTa“ safuZvel-

ze Seiqmna mormonTa meore wigni „doq-

trinebi da aRTqmebi“, romlebic mormonTa seqtis safuZvlebs gadmos-

cemda. 1842 wels smiti mimdevarTa oraskacian jgufTan erTad masonur

organizaciaSi gaerTianda. amis Semdeg mormonTa „RvTismsaxurebaSi“

bevri masonuri saritualo nivTi da rituali damkvidrda. am ritualebs

farTod aRasrulebdnen. „RvTaebrivi gamocxadebiT“ seqtaSi dawesda

mravalcolianobac. qalaqSi mormonebis gavrcelebis kvaldakval gai-

zarda adgilobriv mkvidrTa arakeTilganwyobac smitis mimarT - jer er-

Ti, mravalcolianobis dawesebis gamo (Tavad smits 27 coli hyavda), meo-

rec - imitom, rom igi Tavis Sexedulebebs agresiuli meTodiT avrce-

lebda. xalxis aRSfoTebam piks maSin miaRwia, roca adgilobriv presaSi

smiti misive TanaSemwem jon benetma cru swavlebis qadagebasa da aRvi-

raxsnilobaSi amxila. pasuxad smitma da misma mxardamWerebma gamomcem-

loba dawves. amis Semdeg konfliqtSi iliniosis Statis xelisufleba Ca-

eria da jozef smiti da misi Zma daapatimra. aman vnebaTa Relva ver Caac-

xro - 1844 wels brbo cixeSi SeiWra. smitic da misi Zmac atexili srolis

dros daiRupnen.

smitis memkvidre, braim iangi, romelsac oc-

daaTamde coli hyavda, namdvili diqtatori gax-

ldaT. iangma skandaluri reputaciis mqone seqta

iutas StatSi gadaiyvana. axal winamZRolsac, smi-

tis msgavsad, „gamocxadebebi“ hqonda, romelTa

safuZvelze man mormonTa swavleba „gaamdidra“

kidec. 1857 wels iangma Tavis episkoposs jon lis

seqtis „arasasruveli wevrebisgan gasufTaveba“

daavala. es saSineli danaSauli, romelmac 137

adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, istoriaSi „mTiani

mdelos xocva-Jletis“ saxelwodebiT Sevida. 1877

Ooqros firfitebi

braim iangi

kaxa qecbaia

136

wels am sisxliani kalos gamo jon li aSS-is mTavrobam gaasamarTla da

sikvdiliT dasaja, iangi ki, romemlic imave wels gardaicvala, sasjels

gadaurCa.

seqtaSi saidumlod inaxaven im faqts, rom is mormonebi, romlebmac

gansakuTrebuli gandobis rituali gaiares, valdebulni arian ataron

qveda sacvlebi masonuri simboloebis gamosaxulebiT. yoveli seqtanti

valdebulia, Semosavlis 10% organizacias Seswiros. rigiTma mormoneb-

ma arc ki ician, rom maT seqtaSi arseboben e.w. „sikvdilis angelozebi“

anu jalaTebi, romlebic liderebis mier gamotanil sasikvdilo ganaCens

aRasruleben. Teokratiuli principiT moqmed organizacias saTaveSi

„winaswarmetyveli“ anu „momavlis mWvreteli“ udgas, romelic „zeciur

gamocxadebebs“ iRebs da ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba aqvs. seqtis mar-

TvaSi mas samkaciani uzenaesi sabWo exmareba. amJamad seqtis prezidenti

gordon hinklia. mormonizmis centri iutas StatSi, qalaq solt-leik-

sitiSi mdebareobs, sadac dReisaTvis mosaxleobis umravlesobas swo-

red mormonebi Seadgenen.

M pirveli mormoni misionerebi sabWoTa sivrceSi - leningradSi, 1990

wels gamoCndnen, dReisaTvis ki ruseTSi ukve TerTmeti aTasi mormoni

cxovrobs. saqarTveloSi mormonebi 90-ian wlebSi Camovidnen. dReisaT-

vis Cvens qveyanaSi misionerTa mcire jgufi moqmedebs. Tbilisis erT-er-

Ti cnobili sastumros mflobelebi swored mormonebi arian. sastumros

yvela nomerSi klientTa dainteresebis mizniT mormonuli literatura

devs, amavdroulad ki TanamSromelTa seqtaSi gadabirebasac cdiloben

(qarTveli mormonebic arian). ramdenime wlis win mormonebma TbilisSi

gaxsnes kompiuteruli programebisa da inglisuri enis ufaso centri.

mormonebis Sesaxeb qarTvelma mkiTxvelma jer kidev XIX saukuneSi ico-

seqtis amJaminde-

li prezidenti

G gordon hinkli

jon li

religiis sociologia

137

da. ilias „iveria“ (1890 wlis 5 maisis nomeri) „wvril ambebSi“ CrdiloeT

amerikaSi mcxovrebi mormonebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobda.

unificirebuli eklesia

(munis religiuri imperia)

egreT wodebuli „unifikaciis (gaerTianebis) eklesia“ 1954 wels

samxreT koreaSi Camoyalibda. misi damaarsebelia san miun muni, romlis

saxelis mixedviT am seqtis wevrebs munitebadac ixsenieben. „Rirsi“ san

muni daibada 1920 wels, koreel presviterianelTa ojaxSi. ymawvilobi-

sas igi spiritizmiT gaxldaT gatacebuli da irwmuneboda, rom „udidesi

misia“ ekisra - iyo „mesia“, romelic daasrulebda kacobriobis gamoxsnas

da dedamiwaze RvTis sasufevels daamyarebda. mogvianebiT munma ganac-

xada, rom mas es „misia“ mxolod iesom ki ara, budamac daakisra.

Tavisi „sulieri gandidebis“

niSnad 1946 wels munma saxeli Seic-

vala da san miun muni - „manaTobeli

mze da mTvare“ - dairqva. 1954 wels

seulSi man sakuTari „eklesia“ daa-

arsa da uwoda „suliwmidis asocia-

cia msoflio qristianobis gasaer-

Tianeblad“. eklesiis daarsebas

mohyva skandaluri istoriebis

mTeli wyeba. 1955 wels muni misi

religiuri Temis qalebTan intimu-

ri urTierTobis gamo daapatimres (Tumca TviTon amas codvad ar miiC-

nevda da „sisxlis ganwmendis wessac“ ki uwodebda). mravalcolianobisa

da sqesobrivi gaukuRmarTebis braldebiT muni orjer gaasamarTles.

mis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlo procesze aTobiT qali gamovida mowmed. 1957

mormonTa taZari

doqtori san muni

kaxa qecbaia

138

wels gamoqveynda munis mTavari naSromi „RvTaebrivi principi“, rome-

lic munitTaTvis axal bibliad iqca. es wigni gvarwmunebs, rom Tu adami-

anma munis mier gacxadebuli WeSmaritebani miiRo, biblia aRar sWirdeba.

am droisaTvis seqta samxreT koreis ukve 30 qalaqSi moqmedebda. 1958

wels maT pirveli misioneri gagzavnes iaponiaSi, xolo 1959 wels - aSS-Si.

1972 wels muni Tavad gaemgzavra amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, axali

mimdevrebi SeiZina da aqtiurad daiwyo Tavisi swavlebis propaganda.

1976 wlisaTvis munis daarsebulma organizaciam did finansur warmate-

bebs miaRwia. muni uzarmazar Tanxebs xarjavs iuristebis momsaxurebisa

da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis damyarebisTvis. „unifikaciis ekle-

sia“ sxva organizaciebs („erTobis proeqti“, „gaerTianebuli msoflios

jvarosnuli laSqroba“, „axali ganaTlebis ganviTareba“, „daxmarebisa

da megobrobis saerTaSoriso fondi“, „principTa Seswavlis sauniversi-

teto asociacia“) amofarebuli avrcelebs sakuTar moZRvrebas; aqtiu-

rad monawileobs kulturuli da samecniero programebis ganxorciele-

baSi. im sababiT, rom misi organizacia religiuri iyo, muni mudam Tavs

aridebda gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, ris gamoc 1983 wels mas 18 TviT Tavi-

suflebis aRkveTa miusajes. sicocxlis manZilze san miun muni sul Teq-

vsmetjer iyo dapatimrebuli. dapatimrebis yvela SemTxvevas igi sarwmu-

noebisTvis devnad asaRebda. 1992 wels munma sakuTar Tavs axali kacob-

riobis „WeSmariti mama“ uwoda, xolo 1993 wels gamoacxada „aRTqmis das-

rulebis era“, romelmac TiTqos „axali aRTqmis era“ Secvala. misi az-

riT, msofliosaTvis munizmis epoqa dadga. is „apirebs“, Seqmnas adamiane-

bis axali rasa. aSS-is qalaq beritaunSi (niu-iorkis Stati) muns ekuTvnis

850000 dolarad Rirebuli mamuli. seqtis gankargulebaSia samecniero-

teqnikuri kvlevis instituti, gamomcemloba, korporaciebi da a.S. da-

savleTis masmediaSi xSirad gaismis, rom munma Seqmna grandiozuli re-

ligiuri imperia, romelsac msoflios araerT qveyanaSi hyavs warmomad-

genlebi. munisa da misi mimdevrebis mTvari mizania, Seqmnan msoflio re-

ligiuri imperia, „gaaerTianon masSi yvela religia“ da kacobrioba saku-

Tari Zalauflebis qveS moaqcion. seqtis mraval wevrebTan pirveli kon-

taqtis dros munis mimdevrebi saubroben kacTa modgmis srulyofaze,

mSvidobaze mTels msoflioSi, ekologiur problemebsa da zneobriv

aRoriZinebaze, axalmosulebs Tbilad uRimian da mxrebze megobrulad

uTaTuneben xels; „me var Tqveni goneba. Cemi survili unda iyos Tqveni

survili. me vfiqrob, rom RvTisagan gamogzavnil wmindanTa Soris me

yvelaze iRbliani var... mova dro, Cemi sityvebi kanonad iqceva. yovelive,

rasac movisurveb, Sesruldeba. yovelives rom wesrigSi moviyvanT, Cven

SevZlebT RvTiuri nebis aRsrulebas. yvelaferi, rac ki amas xels uS-

religiis sociologia

139

lis, unda ganadgurdes. Cven msoflioSi unda davamyaroT Teokratia...

mTeli msoflio Cems xelTaa, me davipyrob da ganvsji msoflios“ — acxa-

debs muni. „satanur msoflios biznesmenebi marTaven. maSasadame, Rmer-

Tma unda warmogzavnos Tavisi superbiznesmeni. mesia yvelaze mdidari

unda iyos“. „axali mesiis“ mimdevrebi studentebsa da skolis moswavle-

ebs Tavis seminarebsa da kursebze iwvevs. am xerxiT cdiloben seqtante-

bi axalgazrdebis gadabirebas. seqtis wevrebs Soris xSiria fsiqikuri

aSlilobani da TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobebi. 70-ian wlebSi munitTa

TviTmkvlelobebis mTeli seria moxda. safrangeTSi erT-erTma seqtan-

tma patrik esnom TviTmkvleloba Tavis dawviT aRasrula. saqarTveloSi

munitTa seqtis warmomadgenlebi 1999 wlis Semodgomaze gamoCndnen. ko-

reeli misionerebi Tbilisis quCebSi arigebdnen propagandistul fur-

clebs, avrcelebdnen rusulenovan broSurebs saxelwodebiT „axla ise-

Ti droa, rom ubiwoebis SenarCuneba aucilebelia“. am anonimur fur-

clebsa da broSurebs Tan axlda telefonebi da im saxlebis misamarTebi,

sadac msurvelebs leqciebze iwvevdnen.

[...] samxreT gvineis zangebs Zilis dros imdeni kavSiri aqvT gar-

dacvlilTa sulebTan, ramdenic sifxizleSi cocxlebTan [...] e. teilori

kaxa qecbaia

140

`adamianTa sami gvari: erTni emsaxurebian RmerTs, imitom rom

ukve ipoves, meoreni eZeben RmerTs, imitom rom ar upoviaT, mesameni

arc eZeben da arc upoviaT. pirvelni bednierni arian da keTilgoni-

erni, meoreni — ubedurni da keTilgonierni, mesameni _ ubedurni da

ukeTurni~

B blez paskali

VII leqcia

Tema: religiis ZiriTadi sociologiuri Teoriebi

adreuli klasika: konti da spenseri

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:

pozitiuri religia, sakacobrio religia, sociolatria, Teologiu-

ri azrovneba, fetiSizmi, poliTeizmi, monoTeizmi, religia da socia-

luri uwyvetoba, religiis regulatoruli funqcia, religia da so-

cialuri sistema, bolovadi religiuri ideebi.

Sesavali

marTalia konti da spenseri religiis sociologiis klasikosebi ar

arian, magram ramdenadac sazogadoebaSi religiis rolisa da funqciebis

Sesaxeb saintereso koncefciebs ayalibeben da maTi naazrevi am sferoSi

droSi win uswrebs religiis sociologiis klasikosTa Semoqmedebas da

garkveulwilad biZgis mimcemia maTTvis, — SeuZlebelia, rom maTi naaz-

revi religiis sociologiis adreul Teoriebs ar mivakuTvnoT. es argu-

menti gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi rodesac kontisa da spenseris religiur-so-

ciologiur Teoriebzea vsaubrobT. Sesabamisad am koncefciebs religi-

is sociologiis adreul klasikas mivakuTvnebT. kontis SemTxvevaSi sa-

yuradReboa sakiTxi religiis „xelovnurad“ SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT,

xolo spenseris naazrevidan mniSvnelovania religiis warmoSobisa da mi-

si socialuri (regulatoruli) funqciis Sesaxeb sakiTxi.

§1. o. konti: pozitiuri religia da sociolatria

religiis sociologiuri gaazreba sociologiisa da pozitivizmis

fuZemdebel o. konts mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia. Tavis naSromSi „po-

zitiuri politikis sistema“ anu, sociologiis Sesaxeb traqtatSi saka-

cobrio religiis Sesaxeb moZRvrebasTan erTad man religiis sociolo-

giis calkeuli problemebic gaaanaliza.

religiis sociologia

141

kontis socialuri statikis (sociologiis erT-erTi Semadgeneli

nawili) amocanaa sazogadoebis agebulebis Seswavla. mas ainteresebs sa-

kiTxi imis Sesaxeb Tu ra kravs, ra aerTianebs adamianebs sazogadoebad,

rogoria sazogadoebis elementebi da maTs Soris kavSirebi? mis mixed-

viT, sazogadoeba socialur organizms warmoadgens romlis elementebi

„konsesusis“ principiT arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. am SemTxveva-

Si sazogadoeba inarCunebs Tavis mTlianobasa da elementebis uwyveto-

bas. sazogadoebis pirveli elementia ojaxi. ojaxis, ojaxuri urTier-

Tobebis saufuZvelze aigeba ZiriTadi socialuri kavSirebi. ojaxSi er-

Tiandeba biologiuri da socialuri, masSi vlindeba altruistuli so-

cialuri grZnobebi. ojaxSi umTavresi simapaTiis grZnobaa. ojaxidan igi

gvarze gadadis, gvaridan sazogadoebaze, sazogadoebidan kacobrioba-

ze. altruistuli grZnobebis msgavsad socialuri konsesusis uzrun-

velyofas emsaxureba socialuri institutebi, romelTagan erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani religiaa. religia altruizmisa da konsesusis unarebis

ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.

sazogadoebis dinamika kontma progresis ideis safuZvelze axsna. sa-

kacobrio kulturisa da civilizaciis istoria gaigo, rogorc aRmavali

ganviTareba. aRmaval ganviTarebas gansxvavebuli sulieri Zalebi uzrun-

velyofen. maTi meSveobiT narCundeba teleologiuri kavSiri warsuls, aw-

myosa da momavals Soris. sazogadoebis dinamika „sami stadiis“ zogad is-

toriul kanons aris daqvemdebarebuli. dabali stadiidan maRal stadiaze

gadsvla, kontis mixedviT, exeba rogorc mTels sakacobrio cnobierebas,

aseve individualur cnobierebas. aseTi stadia sul samia: Teologiuri

anu fiqtiuri, metfizikuri anu ganyenebuli da mecnieruli anu pozitiu-

ri. yovel stadiaze mocemulia adamianis mcdeloba Seicnos sinamdvile,

romelic misi azriT, cnobierebisagan damoukideblad arsebobs.

Teologiuri azrovneba anu Teologiuri stadia aucileblad gaiv-

lis sam qve safexurs. esenia: fetiSizmi, poliTezimi da monoTeizmi.

fetiSizmSi kargad Cans Teologiuri azrovnebis ZiriTadi niSnebi.

fetiSisti ar ansxvavebs sakuTar Tavs garemocveli sinamdvilisagan, ise

rogorc es ar aqvs Segnebuli bavSvs. igi bavSvurad azrovnebs. mis azrov-

nebas TviTSegneba aklia. is mis gareT arsebul sagnebs sakuTari Tavisa-

gan ver ansxvavebs da verc imas acnobierebs, rom TviTonac gansxvavdeba

maTgan. me-s cnobiereba ucxoa misTvis, amitom ver xmarobs am sityvas.

fetiSistisTvis mis irgvliv yvelaferi gasulierebulia, yoveli sagani

da amitom is am sagnebs cocxaliviT eloliaveba. Tu sagnisgan man ziani

kaxa qecbaia

142

ganicada, is uwyreba mas, xolo Tu siamovneba miiRo misi madlieria. sxva-

nairad rom vTqvaT, fetiSisti anTropomorfulad azrovnebs.∗ amgvar vi-

Tarebas Tanamedrove mecnierebis enaze panfsiqizmi ewodeba.∗ is dResac

arsebobs: yoveli baSvi fetiSisturad azrovnebs. fetiSizmis ganviTare-

biT poliTeizmi warmoiSoba.

poliTeizmis SemTxvevaSi fe-

tiSisturi susti demonebi Zlieri

TeosiT icvleba. poliTeizmsa da fe-

tiSizms Soris msgavseba imaSi mdgo-

mareobs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi gare-

mocveli sinamdvile cocxali da ga-

sulierebulia. gansxvaveba imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom fetiSistis gage-

biT yoveli sagans Tavisi suli aqvs

da TiToeuli maTganis moqmedeba in-

dividualuria, xolo poliTeizmis

SemTxvevaSi saganTa da movlenaTa

mTel jgufs erTi, yvelasaTvis saer-

To da zogadi suli, am saganTa da

movlenaTa RmerTi yavs. samyaro am

SemTxvevaSic RmerTebiTaa savse. amis

klasikuri magaliTi Zveli berZnuli

poliTeizmia.∗

∗anTropomorfizmi (berZn.“anTropos"—adamiani, morfos — saxeoba) aris adamianis

Tvisebebis gavrceleba bunebis movlenebsa da sagnebze, rom maT adamianuri Tvisebebi

axasiaTebT. buneba cocxalia da sulieria. anTropomorfizmi Zveli religiuri warmod-

genebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania. ∗ panfsiqizmi (berZ. pan „yvelaferi“, psyché „samSvinveli“) koncefcia, romlis Tanax-

madac yvelafers bunebaSi adamianis msgavsi fsiqikuri aqtivoba, anu samSvinveli aqvs. am

filosofiur koncefcias iziarebdnen empedokle, heraklite da, umTavresad, aRorZine-

bis xanis naturalisti filosofosebi: b. telezio, j. bruno, t. kampanela da sxvani. j.

bruno gvTavazobs cnebas anima mundi, romelSic sxvadasxva saganTa Tu arsebaTa calkeu-

li samSvinvelebi gamoiyofa. panfsiqizmi idealisturi warmodgenaa, romlis mixedviTac

bunebaSi yvelaferi sulieria; igi miCneulia animizmis gadmonaSTad. ∗ poliTeizmi (berZn. `poli~ — bevri; `Teos~ — RmerTi) religiuri moZRvrebaa, rome-

lic mravali RmerTis arsebobas aRiarebs. religiuri terminologiiT mravalRmerTia-

noba. misi klasikuri magaliTi berZnuli poliTeizmia. berZnuli poliTeisturi panTeo-

nis pirveli Taobis RmerTebia: hestia — keriis qalRmerTi. demetra — nayofierebis qal-

RmerTi. hera — zecis qalRmerTi, zevsis coli; hadesi — miwisqveSeTis mbrZanebeli. pose-

idoni — wylis RmerTi. zevsi — zecis mbrZanebeli. meore Taobis RmerTebia: afrodite —

siyvarulis qalRmerTi. apoloni — sinaTlis, winaswarmetyvelebis da musikis RmerTi. mu-

zebis winamZRoli. aresi — omis RmerTi. artemide — nadirobis da bunebis qalRmerTi. aTe-

religiis sociologia

143

kontis azriT, Teologiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi axal nabijs

monoTeizmi warmoadgens. isic ganzogadebis Sedegia. poliTeizmma Seam-

cira fetiSizmis RmerTebis (demonebis) raodenoba, monoTeizmma ki po-

liTeizmis mravali RmerTi erTi RmerTSi gaaerTiana. Tu poliTeists

konkretuli RmerTebidan mxolod konkretuli jgufis sagnebi da mov-

lenebi gamohyavda, monoTeists erTi RmerTidan gamohyavas yvela sagani

da movlena. Teologiurad moazrovnes konti fiqciebiT moazrovnes

uwodebs, radganac misi azriT, RmerTi warmodgenaSi arsebobs mxolod

da am warmodgenis gareSe Teologi azrs moklebeulia. konts miaCnia,

rom Teologiur azrovnebas samxedro-avtoritaruli reJimi Seesabameba

radganac RmerTebze warmodgena gmirebTan, beladebTan da mogvianebiT

aristokratiis wamomadgnlebTan asocirdeba. Tavis umaRles wertils es

stadia „kaTolikuri da feodaluri reJimis“ warmoSobaSi aRwevs. Teo-

logiuri sinTezis ukanaskneli faza — monoTeizmi, socialur planSi „in-

stinqturi impulsebis“ (ZiriTadad samxedro) harmonizacias axdens, rac

kontis mixedviT, monoTeisturi religiis socialur funqciad SeiZleba

CavTvaloT. Tumca mrewvelobis sferosa da inteleqtis progresi sagan-

Ta Teologiur wesrigs arRvevs da rwmenis adgils goneba ikavebs rac,

Tavis mxriv, socialuri kavSirebis rRvevas iwvevs sazogadoebaSi. yove-

live es Tavis apogeas revoluciuri krizisebis SemTxvevaSi aRwevs. Sesa-

bamisad, Teologiuris momdevno stadiis metafizikuri azrovnebis ab-

straqciebi ar Seesabamebian istoriulad arsebul socialur wesrigs da

dgeba axali — pozitiuri sinTezis, mecnieruli azrovnebis epoqa. am epo-

qis Svilia sociologia, rogorc sazogadoebis Semswavleli mecniereba.

naSromiT „pozitiuri politikis sistema“ konti axali e. w. pozi-

tiuri religiis Semqmnelad mogvevlina. religiis dafuZnebas konti

mecnierul principze Seecada. misi azriT, pozitiur religias unda Se-

ecvala qristianoba da moexdina kacobriobis aRorZineba, misi sruli ga-

naxleba. Tu qristianuli religia rwmenas emyareba, kontma pozitiuri

religiis safuZvlad codna, mecniereba gamoacxada. religia mecnierul

codnaze unda iqnas damyarebuli da ara umecar rwmenazeo, — ambobda is.

qristianuli RmerTis adgili kontis pozitiur religiaSi kacobriobam

daikava, romelsac igi „diadi arsebis“ tituliT amkobda. kontis proeq-

ti gulisxmobda sazogadoebis gardaqmnas sociolatriis safuZvelze.

na — sibrZnis, mebrZolTa, warmoebis da gonierebis qalRmerTi. dionise — lxinis, Rvinis,

vazis RmerTi. hebe — olimpos meriqife; siymawvilis qalRmerTi. hefesto — mWedloebis

RmerTi. hermesi — zeciuri Sikriki; mZarcvelebis da matyuarebis RmerTi. persefone —

gazafxulis da sikvdilis qalRmerTi.

kaxa qecbaia

144

sociolatria kacobriobis kults niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi religiuri

kultis sagani aris kacobrioba, rogorc sakraluri fenomeni. kontis mi-

xedviT, TavisTavad adamiani zoologiur saxeobas warmoadgens. misi nam-

dvili buneba mxolod kacobriobis wiaRSi, rogorc uzarmazar organiz-

mSi, romelic gardacvlilebis, cocxlebisa da momavali Taoebebisagan

Sedgeba, — vlindeba. amiT kontma uaryo gamocxadebis religiebi (iudaiz-

mi, qristianoba, islami) da erTiani, sayovelTao, sakacobrio pozitiuri

religiis Seqmna ganizraxa.

kontis pozitiuri religia orgvaria: sazogadoebrivi da kerZo,

anu piraduli.

sazogadoebrivi religiis centraluri figura aris „didi arseba“

(Grand Etre), misi aRmatebuleba kacobrioba, adamianTa modgma. am SemTxe-

vevaSi religiuri saqmianobis arsi kacobriobis sasikeTod moqmedebaa. aq

konti did mniSvnelobas aniWebs religiis socialur funqcias, kerZod

man xeli unda Seuwyos kacobriobis erT muStad Sekvras da socialuri

cxovrebis sistematizacias. misi meSveobiT unda morigdnen socialuri

da pirovnuli elementebi da miRweul iqnes altruistuli mdgomareoba

sazogadoebaSi.∗ amgvari religiuri principiT aris ganpirobebuli ada-

mianTa yovelgvari saqmianoba, siyvaruli; amgvari principiT xelmZRvane-

lobs politika, xelovneba, filosofia.

sazogadoebrivi religiis kultis Semadgeneli elementebia cere-

moniebi, dResaswaulebi da ritualebi romlebic mniSvnelovan sakacob-

rio movlenebTan an gamoCenil istoriul pirovnebebTan, romelTac di-

di wvlili miuZRviT msoflio istoriaSi (aristotele, makedoneli, dan-

te, dekarte da sxva) arian dakavSirebuli. kontma daamuSava am axali re-

ligiis kalendari, sadac miTiTebulia Tu romel dRes romeli istoriu-

∗ altruizmi: (laT.Altruism—sxva) zneobrivi principi, romelic niSnavs sxva

adamianebisadmi uangaro samsaxurs, piradi interesebis nacvlad, sxvisi interesebis wina

planze wamowevas. adamianebs gaaCniaT altruizmis wminda adamianuri motivacia.

altruistuli qcevisas pirovnebis mTavari mizani da motivia gaWirvebuli

adamianisaTvis Semweobis gaweva. Sesabamisad, altruizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is

mTavari garemoeba, romlis mixedviTac altruistuli qcevis ganmaxorcielebeli

moqmedebs piradi interesebisa Tu usafrTxoebis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.

altruistebi xSirad udides safrTxeSi igdeben Tavs da sxva adamianebis keTildReobas

msxverpladac ki ewirebian xolme.altruizmi gansakuTrebiT xSirad iCens Tavs naTesaur

urTierTobebSi, rasac aZlierebs adamianebis Zlieri survili TavianTi genetikuri

memkvidreobis gadarCenisa. socialur fsiqologiaSi aseve xSirad vxvdebiT

reciprokuli altruizmis cnebas, rac niSnavs imas, rom erTi adamiani exmareba meores,

radgan saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi misi mxridanac moelis altruistuli moqmedebis

ganxorcielebas.altruizms ganixilaven, rogorc erT-erT mniSvnelovan Zalas, romelic

adamians sazogadoebrivad sasikeTo qmedebebisaken ubiZgebs (t. rexviaSvili, v.

Wiaureli, filosofia, Tb., 2006).

religiis sociologia

145

li moRvawis xsovna inda iqnes aRniSnuli. amasTanave manve Seadgina am re-

ligiis dogmatika da kultic.

kerZo anu piraduli religiis sagania ara kacobrioba, aramed misi

Rirseuli individualuri warmomadgenelebi: qalebidan deda, coli da

qaliSvili. kultis Sinaars qmnis locvebi, romlebSic grZnobebis gamo-

xatvaa mniSvnelovani. locvis teqsti individualuria da mas TviTon

mlocveli qmnis. kontma daagina 9 saidumlo, romelic adamianis cxovre-

bis umTavres momentebs Seexeba. esenia: dabadeba, iniciacia 14 wlis asak-

Si,∗ msaxurebis nebis darTva 21 wlis asakSi, Tanamdebobaze daniSvna 28

wlis asakSi, mowifuloba miRwevebis mixedviT 42 wlis asakSi, gadadgoma

63 wlis asakSi, „feriscvaleba“ gardacvalebis win, wmindanTa ricxvSi

Sesvla da „did arsebaSi“ CarTva sikvdilis Semdeg.

kontis saqmianoba religiis Seqmnis mizniT, ra Tqma unda ver CaiT-

vleba mecnieruli kritikis Rirsad, radganac religiis xelovnurad Seq-

mna SeuZlebelia, amitomac mis am sistemas bevri mkvlevari araseriozul

saqmianobad miiCnevs. am yvelafers zogierTi mkvlevari kontis fsiqiur

avadmyofobas ukavSirebs. Tumca religiis sociologiaSi es aris erT-

erTi naTeli magaliTi imisa, rom religia ar iqmneba ise, rogorc es

konts warmoedgina, rom SeuZlebelia religiis xelovnurad konstrui-

reba. kontis naazrevi am mxriv mravalTaTvis Wkuis saswavlebelia da ami-

tomac aris is religiis sociologiaSi mkacri gansjisa da mudmivi deba-

tebis sagani.

§2. herbert spenseri: religia da socialuri sistema

religiis sociologiuri gaazrebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani roli

aqvs Sesrulebuli herbert spensers. religia, mis mixedviT, zeorganuli

warmonaqmnia (spenseri evoluciis Semdeg saxeebs gamoyofda: araorganu-

li, organuli da zeorganuli), anu socialur fenomens warmoadgens, ro-

melic gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs socialuri sistemis funqcioni-

rebis saqmeSi.

socialuri sistemis formirebis kvaldakval formirebas ganicdis

religiac. am SemTxvevaSi sawyisi punqti winaparTa kultia. evoluciis

∗ laT: initiation - „saidumloebaTa Sesruleba“. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi Wabukebis

gandobis, dalocvis ceremonia, ris Semdeg isini iTvlebodnen dasrulebul

mamakacebad; me-19 s.-Si jer kidev misdevdnen am wes-Cveulebas amerikeli indielebi,

afrikelebi da sxv.

kaxa qecbaia

146

msvlelobaSi misgan mravalferovani religiuri warmodgenebi gaCnda.∗ am

mxriv sainteresoa spenseris mosazrebebi religiis warmoSobasTan da-

kavSirebiT.

winaparTa kultTan erTad religiuri cnobierebis gaCenaSi spense-

ris azriT didi roli „oreulis“ ideam Seasrula. pirvelyofili adamia-

ni akvirdeboda sakuTar Tavs. am procesSi man Tavisi Tavi ixila sizmar-

Si, wyalSi anareklis saxiT da amis Semdeg mas gauCnda warmodgena oreu-

lis Sesaxeb. TandaTan gamoumuSavda Sexeduleba, rom is erTi ki ar aris,

aramed oria, romelTagan erTi mokvdavia, meore ukvdavi. am faqtis Sede-

gad spensers gauCnda mosazreba, rom religiis wyaro TviTdakvirvebaa.

TviTdakvirvebamde ki adamiani praqtikulma socialurma yofam miiyvana.

spenseri religias gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs socialu-

ri sistemis arsebobisa da funqcionirebis saqmeSi. kerZod, religia so-

cialuri uwyvetobisa da sazogadoebis identobis gamamyarebeli princi-

pia. Sesabamisad spenserma religiis ramdenime ZriTad socialur funqci-

as gausva xazi. esenia:

• religia aZlierebs ojaxur kavSirebs; karavs ojaxs, rogorc

socialur jgufs da amiT xels uwyobs socialuri identobis Camoya-

libebas.

• religia aris adamianebis moqmedebaTa marTvis erT-erTi for-

ma. igi xels uwyobs moqmedebis tradiciuli formebis gamyarebas.

• religia aZlierebs erovnuli identobis Segnebas, romelic

sawyis etapze moiazreba, rogorc religiuri identoba.

• religia kerZo sakuTrebis legitimacias axdens, radganac sak-

raluri nivTebisa da adgilebis tabuireba analogiis principiT ker-

Zo sakuTrebazec gadadis.

• religias primitiuli (samxedro) sazogadoeba civilizebul

msofliomde mihyavs.

cnobilia, rom spenserma socialuri institutebis cneba SeimuSava

da maTi 6 jgufi gamoyo: ojaxuri, ritualuri, politikuri, saeklesio,

profesiuli da samrewvelo. ritualuri socialuri institutebis dasa-

xasiaTeblad man termini „mTavroba“ gamoiyena. mis qveS igi adamianis qce-

∗ winaparTa kulti gavrcelebuli iyo mTian saqarTveloSic.

ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovrebi Turqulenovani eris CuvaSebis warmomadgenlebs

qristianobis miRebamde (meSvidmete saukunis Sua xanebi) winaparTa kulti swamdaT.

winaparTa kulti gavrcelebulia aRdgomis kunZulebze da sxv.

religiis sociologia

147

vaze kontolis yvela arsebul saxes gulisxmobda. aqedanaa warmoqmnili

politikuri da religiuri (saeklesio) institutebi. droTa ganmavloba-

Si ritualuri institutebi ukana planze gadadis da adgils uTmobs sa-

eklesio da sxva saxis institutebs. spenseri maT „postritualur“ regu-

latorul sistemas uwodebs, romelic socialuri kontrolis funqcias

asrulebs. saboloo jamSi kontroli coxlebisa da gardacvlilebis wi-

naSe SiSzea damyarebuli. pirvels amyarebs saxelmwifo, meores eklesia.

spenseris am naazrevidan ikveTeba, rom religia socialuri kontrolis

funqcias asrulebs sazogadoebaSi.

spenserma didi yuradReba dauTmo agreTve mecnierebisa da reli-

giis urTierTmimarTebis problemas. mecniereba xilul sinamdviles See-

xeba, religia uxilavs, amitom ar SeiZleba rom isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen

erTmaneTs. piriqiT, bolovadi religiuri da mecnieruli ideebi sabo-

loo jamSi Tan xvdebian erTmaneTs. yvela religiis mier aRiarebuli sai-

dumlo transcendenturia. absoluturi sruliad Seucnobelia.

spenserma religiaSi ori mTavari elementi gamoyo: religiuri da ire-

ligiuri. religiuri elementi religiaSi yovelTvis, yovel epoqaSi kargi

iyo. es aris im arsebis rwmena, romelic Cveni gonebis miRma dgas. xolo ire-

ligiuri momenti aris codna, romlisganac is TandaTanobiT iwmindeboda.

ganmwmendelis rols, spenseris mixedviT, asrulebda mecniereba.

dasarul unda aRiniSnos, rom spensers mwyobri religiis sociolo-

giuri koncefcia ar Seuqmnia. spenseris religiis sociologiuri ganaz-

rebani mis sinTezur filosofiaSia gabneuli, romlis labirinTebSi gar-

kveva arc ise ioli saqmea. Tumca miuxedavad amisa, religiis sociologi-

is kuTxiT sayuradReboa misi mosazrebebi religiis socialuri funqci-

ebisa da rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac dResac ar daukargavs sakuTari aqtu-

aloba. wminda religiaTmcodnebiTi TvalsazrisiT ki mniSvnelovania

spenseris Sexedulebebi religiis warmoSobis Sesaxeb.

kaxa qecbaia

148

kiTxvebi:

• ras niSnavs adreuli sociologiuri klasika?

• SesaZlebelia Tu ara religiis xelovnurad Seqmna? (pasuxi

daasabuTeT).

• iziarebT Tu ara kontis sociolatriisa da pozitiuri reli-

giis ideas? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

• spenseris mixedviT, ra rols asrulebs religia sazogadoeba-

Si?

D davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: „SesaZlebelia Tu ara reli-

giis xelovnurad konstruireba?“.

• momazadeT essei Temaze: `konti da spenseri religiis Sesaxeb ~.


1. v. garaja, religiis sociologia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).

2. a. berZeniSvili, klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi, Tb., 2013.



1. o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, თბ., 1984.

2. religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. gara-

ja da e. rutkeviCi), (rus. enaze).

1848 wels kontma pozitivisturi sazogadoeba Seqmna. sicocxlis

bolo wlebSi man sakuTari Tavi sakacobrio religiis pirvelmRvdel-

mTavrad gamoacxada da misi dogmatikisa da kultis Seqmnas Seudga.

religiis sociologia

149

`religias adamianebi ara mxolod TavianT codnas unda umad-

lodnen, aramed im saSualebebsac, romelTa meSveobiTac es codna Se-

iqmna~.

e. diurkemi

VIII leqcia

Tema: religiis klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi

emil diurkemis religiis sociologia

funqcionalisturi paradigma


sakraluri, profanuli, totemizmi, koleqtiuri mRelvareba, ritua-

li, solidaroba ritualis safuZvelze, religia rogorc socialuri

fenomeni.

Sesavali

religiis sociologiis erT-erTi klasikosisagan — marqsisagan gan-

sxvavebiT emil diurkemma Tavisi mecnieruli saqmianobis mniSvnelovani

nawili religiis kvlevas miuZRvna. am SemTxvevaSi man mTavari yuradReba

gaamaxvila religiaze tradiciul mcire socialur gaerTianebebSi (sa-

zogadoebebSi). misi wigni „religiis elementaruli formebi“ (1912 w.)

religiis sociologiaSi klasikur naSromad aris miCneuli. marqsisagan

gansxvavebiT diurkemi religias ar akavSirebs socialur uTanasworo-

basTan an ZalauflebasTan, magram mas Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare so-

cialur institutebs mikauTvnebs. misi wignis safuZvels totemizmis ga-

mokvleva warmoadgens, im saxiT ra saxiTac is arsebobs avstraliel abo-

rigenebSi, amasTanave diurkemi miiCnevs, rom totemizmi religiis umar-

tives, elementarul formas warmoadgens. aqedan momdinareobs misi wig-

nis saxelwodebac. ismis kiTxva: ratom iwyebs diurkemi religiis socio-

logiur analizs religiurobis elementaruli formebiT da ara msof-

lio religiebiT? mas miaCnia, rom elementaruli formebi religiisa yve-

la religiaSia mocemuli. is warmoadgens religiis dvritas da Sesabami-

sad misi analizi religiurobis myari formebis analizis tolfasia.

§1. religiuri fenomenis analizi

diurkemi aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebis materialur mani-

festaciebze (magaliTad, wesrigi `sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawilebaSi~

kaxa qecbaia

150

da TviTmkvlelobis maCvenebli `TviTmkvlelobaSi~) axdenda fokusire-

bas. xolo naSromSi `religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi~ man

aramaterialur socialur faqtebs mimarTa. konkretulad religias. re-

ligia aramaterialur socialur faqts ganekuTvneba da amitomac misma

Seswavlam mas saSualeba misca Tavisi Teoriuli sistemis mTliani aspeq-

tisaTvis naTeli moefina. religias `dinamogenuri” Rirebuleba aqvs;

rac imas niSnavs, rom mas SeuZlia individTa amaRleba maT Cveulebriv Se-

saZleblobebze.

Ddiurkemma Tavisi gamokvleva religiis Sesaxeb arsebuli masaliT ga-

namtkica. misi monacemebis umetes nawils primitiuli avstraliuri Temis,

aruntas Seswavla warmoadgenda. man religiis Seswavla msgavsi primitiu-

li Temis safuZvelze ramdenime mizezis gamo gadawyvita. is miiCnevda, rom

religiis Seswavla gacilebiT advilia primitiul doneze, vidre Tanamed-

rove sazogadoebis safuZvelze. religiuri formebi primitiul sazoga-

doebaSi `gaSiSvlebulia” da mxolod `mcireoden Zalisxmevas saWiroebs

maT gamosamJRavneblad”. Tuki Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religia sxva-

dasxva formas Rebulobs, primitiul sazogadoebaSi `moraluri da inte-

leqtualuri konformizmia” da bolos, marTalia diurkemi primitiul re-

ligiur formebs swavlobda, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas mxolod isini

ainteresebda. is maT swavlobda imisaTvis, rom `adamianis religiuri bune-

ba, anu kacobriobis ganuyofeli nawili eCvenebina”. ufro sworad rom

vTqvaT, diurkemi swavlobda primitiul religiebs imisaTvis, rom naTeli

gaexada Tanamedrove (da saerTod religiis) religiebis buneba.

religia primitiul sazogadoebaSi yovlismomcvel koleqtiur mo-

rals warmoadgens. magram, rac ufro viTardeba da metad specializire-

buli xdeba sazogadoeba, miT ufro viwrovdeba religiis adgili sazoga-

doebaSi. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi igi koleqtiur cnoebierebad yof-

nis sanacvlod erT-erT koleqtiur reprezentaciad iqceva. diurkemi

aRiarebda im faqts, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religia sul ufro

mcire adgils ikavebs, magram amave dros aRiarebda, rom modernistuli

sazogadoebis umetes, Tu yvela ara, koleqtiur reprezentacias primi-

tiuli sazogadoebis yovlismomcveli religia udevs safuZvlad.

diurkemis mtkicebiT, religia ubralod rwmena rodia. rwmenasTan

erTad nebismieri religia ritualebs, sakulto wesebis Sesrulebas gu-

lisxmobs, romelSic morwmune adamianTa jgufi — religiuri Temi iRebs

monawileobas. msgavsi koleqtiuri ritualebiT Zlierdeba jgufis wve-

rebs Soris solidaroba. ritualebis meSveobiT adamianebi distancirde-

bian yovedRiuri realobisagan, socialuri cxovrebisagan da uxilav, ze-

bunebriv ZalebTan kavSirs ganicdian. Zalebi, romlebic totems miewere-

religiis sociologia

151

ba sinamdvileSi sxva araferia Tu ara individualurze koleqtiuris

gavlenis gamoxatuleba. diurkemis mixedviT, adamianTa gaerTianeba da

sociumad Camoyalibeba religiuri ritualebis erToblivi Sesrulebis

Sedegad xdeba.

§2. totemizmis analizi

totemi, rogorc es adre iyo naxsenebi, — Tavdapirvelad es aris

cxoveli an mcenare, romelsac mocemuli socialuri jgufisaTvis gansa-

kuTrebuli simboluri mniSvneloba da datvirTva aqvs. am azriT, totemi

sakraluri obieqtia, romelic Tayvaniscemas iwvevs da, Sesabamisad, mis

mimarT mTeli rigi sakulto moqmedebebiT xasiaTdeba. am konteqsSi di-

urkemi religias sakralurisa da profanulis (yoveldRiuris) gansxva-

vebidan gamomdinare gansazRvravs. misi mtkicebiT, sakraluri sagnebi da

simboloebi ganixileba rogorc gansakuTrebuli saxis realoba, rome-

lic yofierebis rutinuli, yoveldRiuri realobisagan gancalkavebu-

lia. amdenad sakraluri, totemi gansakuTrebuli zebunebrivi Zalis

mqone realobaa, amitom totemuri cxoveli an mcenare tabuirebulia: ak-

rZalulia masze nadiroba an misi Wama.

ratom aris totemi sakraluri? am kiTxvaze diurkemi Zalze origi-

nalur pasuxs scems. igi ambobs, rom totemi jgufs an mTlianad sazoga-

doebs ganasaxierebs, jgufis an sazogadoebis simbolos warmoadgens. igi

anacvlebs jgufis an sazogadoebis umTvares da umniSvnelovanes Rire-

bulebebs. wyaloba romelsac adamianebi totemisagan iReben sinamdvile-

Si im umTavresi socialuri Rirebulebidan momdinareobs romelsac isi-

ni aRiareben. am azris ukiduresobamde miyvaniT diurkemi Zalze ucnaur

magram sociologiurad saintereso daskvnas akeTebs: religiaSi Tayva-

niscemis obieqti aris TviT sazogadoeba.

diurkemis mosazrebam, rom sazogadoeba religiis warmomqmnelia

avstraliur aruntaSi totemizmze misi dakvirveba ganapiroba. totemiz-

mi aris religiuri sistema, sadac cxovelebi da mcenareebi wmindad da

klanis emblemad miiCneva. diurkemi totemizms religiis yvelze martiv

da primitiul formad miiCnevda. igi Tan axlavs socialuri organizaci-

is aseve primitiul formas, klans. Tuki diurkemi SesZlebda imis Cvene-

bas, rom klani totemizmis wyaroa, maSin SesZlebda sakuTari argumentis

demonstracias imis Sesaxeb, rom religiis fesvebi sazogadoebaSia. di-

urkemma Tavisi argumenti Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: `religia, romelic

ase axlo kavSirSia socialur sistemasTan, SegviZlia miviCnioT yvelaze

elemetarul religiad. Tuki movaxerxebT vipovoT am rwmenaTa sawyisebi,

kaxa qecbaia

152

maSin Cven SevZlebT aRmovaCinoT kacobriobis religiuri mgrZnobelo-

bis mizezic.” miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa klans ramdenime totemi

hyavdes, diurkemis interess ar warmoadgenda maTi damoukideblad, kon-

kretuli cxovelebisa da mcenareebis fragmentuli rwmenebis Seswavla.

mas surda maTi ganxilva, rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli ideebis, rom-

lebic klans samyaros met-naklebad srul reprezentacias uqmnian. mce-

nare an cxoveli ar warmoadgens totemizmis sawyiss; is ubralod ganasa-

xierebs am sawyiss. es aramaterialuri sawyisi sxva araferia, Tu ara,

CvenTvis ukve nacnobi koleqtiuri cnobiereba: `totemizmi ar aris kon-

kretuli cxovelebis an mcenareebis religia, es aris anonimuri Zala, ro-

melic napovnia TviToeul am nivTSi, magram ar aris Sereuli maTTan…. ada-

mianebi kvdebian, Taobebi midian da icvlebian axliT, magram es Zala yo-

velTvis rCeba, cocxalia da marad erTi da igivea. is amxnevebs dRevandel

Taobas ise, rogorc amxnevebda guSindels, da rogorc gaamxnevebs xvalin-

dels”. totemizmi, ufro zogadad, religia, koleqtiuri moralidan war-

moiSoba da upirobo Zala xdeba. is ar aris miTosuri cxovelebis, mcenare-

ebis, personaJebis, sulebisa da RmerTebis ubralo nakrebi.

diurkemis mixedviT, ceremonia da rituali mniSvnelovan rols as-

ruleben sazogadoebis wevrTa gaerTianebaSi. amitomaa rom msgavsi moq-

medebebi ara mxolod RvTismsaxurebis regularul situaciebSi gvxvde-

ba, aramed sxvadsaxva saxis yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli problemebisa

da krizisebis dros, rodesac adamiani mTel rig socialur cvlilebebs

mZafrad ganicdis. ma-

galiTad dabadeba,

qorwineba an gardac-

valeba. TiTqmis yvela

tipis sazogadoebaSi

zemoTxsenebul situ-

aciebSi ritualebi da

sakulto wes-Cveule-

bebi gvxvdeba. diur-

kemma aCvena, rom ko-

leqtiuri ritualebi

jgufur solidarobas

amyareben im momnteb-

Si, rodesac adamiane-

bi iZulebulni arian moergon im socialur cvlilebebs romelTac maTs

cxovrebaSi aqvs adgili. dakrZalvis ceremonia aCvenebs, rom mocemuli

jgufis Rirebulebebi ar kvdeba calkeul konkretul adamianTan erTad.

religiis sociologia

153

glova mwuxarebis spontanuri gamoxatuleba ki ara valia, romelic jgu-

fis mier aris Tavs moxveuli.

§3. wminda da yoveldRiuri

diurkems Tanamedrove religiis Zirebis povna ainteresebda. raSic

specializirebuloba da ideologia uSlida xels da Tanamedrove reli-

giis fesvebis pirdapir gamokvlevas arTulebda. diurkemi am sakiTxs

primitiuli sazogadoebebis konteqstidan miudga. ZiriTadi sakiTxi ase-

Tia: saidan modian primitiuli (da Tanamedrove) religiis umTavresi

formebi? diurkemi Tavisi ZiriTadi meTodologiuri midgomiT xel-

mZRvanelobda, anu miaCnda, rom erTi socialuri faqtis gamowveva mxo-

lod meore socialur faqts SeuZlia, ris safuZvelzec man daaskvna: re-

ligiis wyaro sazogadoebaa. sazogadoeba (individebis meSveobiT) qmnis

religias, radgan konkretul fenomens gansazRvravs rogorc wmindas da

sxvebs rogorc yoveldRiurs. socialuri realobis is aspeqtebi romle-

bic wmindad aris miCneuli — anu, gamocalkevebulia da agreTve akrZalu-

li — qmnian religiis raobas. sxva yvelaferi yoveldRiurad aris miCneu-

li — es cxovrebis zogadi, utilitaruli da amqveyniuri aspeqtebia.

wmindas Tan axlavs pativiscema, krZalva, saidumloeba da SiSi. es pati-

viscema, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli fenomenis mimarT yoveldRi-

urs wmindad gardaqmnis.

[...] pirvelyofil adamians hgonia, rom sityvas raRac idumali,

misnuri gavlena aqvs movlenebze. zogierTi sityva an gamoTqma keTi-

lismyofelia, zogierTi kidev ubedirebis momtani. polineziel Sav-

kanianebSi zogierTi sityva mTeli wlobis ganmavlobaSi `tabuT~ iT-

vleba, e. i. misi xmareba sastikad akrZalulia [...]

Ggeronti qiqoZe

wmindasa da yoveldRiurs Soris gansxvaveba, aseve socialuri

cxovrebis zogierTi aspeqtis siwmindis donemde ayvana religiis Seqmni-

saTvis saWiro, Tumca arasakmaris pirobebs warmoadgenen. kidev sami pi-

robaa saWiroa. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa religiur rwmenaTa Sekreba. es

rwmenebi warmoadgenen `wminda nivTebis bunebas da maT urTierTqmedebas

rogorc erTmaneTTan, ise yoveldRiur nivTebTan”. meore religiur ri-

tualTa nakrebia. es aris `wesebi imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor unda moiqces

kaxa qecbaia

154

adamiani am wminda nivTebTan mimarTebaSi” da mesame, religia saWiroebs

taZars, an Tundac erT TaRs qveS gaerTianebul sazogadoebas. wmindas,

rwmenebs, ritualebsa da taZars Soris urTierTdakavSirebam diurkemi

religiis Semdeg gansazRvrebamde miiyvana: `religia aris rwmenaTa da

ritualebis erTiani sistema, romelic erTiandeba erT konkretul mo-

ralur sazogadoebaSi anu taZarSi, romlis erTgulic rCeba yvela maT-

gani”. skralurisa da profanulis cnebebis analiziT diurkemi religiis

sociologiur definiciamde mivida.

§4. koleqtiuri mRelvarebis cneba

diurkemTan religiis wyaro koleqtiuri cnobierebaa. sainteresoa

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu saidan iRebs saTaves Tavad koleqtiuri cnobie-

reba? diurkemis azriT, is mxolod erTi sawyisidan warmoiSoba da es saw-

yisi — sazogadoebaa. traibalur sazogadoebaSi klani aris religiis saw-

yisi: `religiuri Zala sxva araferia Tu ara klanis koleqtiuri da ano-

nimuri Zala”. rogor qmnis klani totemizms? Aam kiTxvaze pasuxi diurke-

mis naazrevis centralur, magram mkvlevarTa mxridan naklebad sayurad-

Rebo komponentSi — koleqtiur mRelvarebaSi devs.

koleqtiuri cnobiereba — diurkemis azriT, sazogadoebis su-

lieri erTobaa, romelic individualur cnobierebaTa ubralo jami

araa; igi individumebisgan damoukideblad arsebobs; socialuri

faqtebis (adaTebi, morali, samarTali, tradiciebi, codna da a.S.) sa-

xiT uZlieres gavlenas axdens individis cnobierebaze. is qcevisa da

azrovnebis maiZulebel moralur-sazogadoebriv garemos qmnis am

sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli wesebis misaRebad. koleqtiuri cno-

bierebis formebia koleqtiuri warmodgenebi, koleqtiuri grZnobe-

bi. isini individebisaTvis saerTo grZnobebis, rwmenebisa da Rire-

bulebebis safuZvelze yalibdeba da tradiciul sazogadoebebSi

socialuri wesrigis safuZvelia.

koleqtiuri mRelvareba naTlad ar aris warmodgenili diurkemis

naazrevSi. mkvlevarTa varaudiT, is istoriis im diad momentebs gulis-

xmobda, rodesac sazogadoeba koleqtiuri egzaltaciis iseT dones aR-

wevs, romelic sazogadoebis struqturaSi cvlilebebs iwvevs. reforma-

cia da renesansi msgavsi istoriuli periodis magaliTia. diurkemi aseve

religiis sociologia

155

werda rom religia am koleqtiuri mRelvarebis miRma warmoiSoba: `am

mRelvarebaSi, da am mRelvarebidan warmoiSoba religiis idea”. koleqti-

uri mRelvarebis periodSi klanis wevrebi warmoqmnian totemizms. faq-

tobrivad totemizmi koleqtiuri cnobierebis reprezentaciaa, koleq-

tiuri reprezentacia ki, Tavis mxriv, warmoiSoba sazogadoebidan, anu

sazogadoebaa koleqtiuri cnobierebis, religiis, RmerTis da yvelaf-

ris rac ki sakraluria (yoveldRiurisgan gansxvavebiT) sawyisi. amitom

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom wminda (RmerTi) da sazogadoeba erTi da igivea.

marTalia, es primitiul sazogadoebas exeba, magram igive SegviZlia

vTqvaT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze.

§4.religiis momavlis Sesaxeb

diurkems miaCnda, rom sazogadoebis gaTanamedroveobasTan (mo-

dernizaciasTan) erTad religiis roli sustdeba. mecnieruli azrovne-

ba nel-nela enacvleba religias, xolo progresTan erTad sakulto moq-

medebebic TandaTan izRudeba da adamianis cxovrebaSi maTTvis adgili

ar rCeba. diurkemi eTanxmeba marqss imaSi, rom tradiciuli religia anu

religia, romelic zebunebrivis rwmenas warmoadgens gaqrobis zRvarze

imyofeba. zebunebrivis, sakraluris adgils Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi

ikavebs profanuli. am process sakraluris profanacias eZaxian. „Zveli

RmerTebi mokvdnen“ — wers diurkemi. Tumca amasTanave igi saubrobs, rom

miuxedavad aseTi pesimisturi perspeqtivisa religia Tavis ZiriTad

funqcias mainc SeinarCunebs da transformirebuli saxiT arsebobas

kvlav gaagrZelbs. Tanamedrove informaciul epoqaSic ki socialuri

erToba mTeli rigi ritualebis Sesrulebaze aris damokidebuli. ento-

ni gidensis azriT, am ritualebis transfomaciaze diurkemi cota gau-

gebrad laparakobs, etyoba mas mxedvelobaSi iseTi humanisturi da po-

litikuri Rirebulebebis zeoba aqvs, rogoricaa Tavisufleba, Tanaswo-

roba da socialuri TanamSromloba.

§5.diurkemis religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi momentebi

religiis socialuri xasiaTi diurkemis mixedviT

• religia, rogorc socialurad ganpirobebuli movlena.

• religia, rogorc koleqtiur cnobierebaSi socialuri sinamdvi-

lis gansaxiereba.

kaxa qecbaia

156

• religia, rogorc sakuTari funqcionaluri Sedegebis mqone mov-

lena.

religiurobis namdvili wyaro diukemis mixedviT

• jgufis erTobis SenarCunebis aucilebloba da aqedan gamomdina-

re religiis wyaroa Tavad sasogadoeba.

diurkemis mixedviT, religiaSi mTavaria ara misi dogmaturi nawi-

li, aramed religiuri moqmedeba ritualebis koleqtiuri Sesrulebis

saxiT, masSi vlindeba religiis pozitiuri socialuri funqcia.

religiis umTavresi socialuri funqciebi diurkemis mixedviT

• disciplinaruli anu maiZulebeli da makontrolebeli funqcia.

• ceremonialuri funqcia (socialuri erTobis gamaZlierebeli

funqcia).

• reproduqciuli funqcia (socialuri memkvidreobis Taobidan

Taobebze gadacema).

• eiforiuli funqcia (socialuri keTildReobis mxiaruli grZno-

bebis gamowveva).

E

es sayuradReboa

religiaze diurkemis ideebis ganviTarebaSi sami etapia mniS-

vnelovani

_ pirveli etapi saswavleblidan iwyeba da religiaze leqciebis

kursiT mTavrdeba, romelic man 1895 wels waikiTxa. amave periodSi mas-

ze didi gavlena moaxdina kontma, spenserma, kulanJma da vundtma.

vundts is germaniaSi staJirebis dros usmenda. amave periodSi igi eT-

nografiiT dainteresda.

_ meore etapi 1895—1906 wlebia, rodesac igi eTnologiaSi inten-

siuri muSaobiT aris dakavebuli. amaze metyvelebs am periodSi gamoq-

veynebuli statiebi da recenziebi, romlebic dabeWdilia Lanne

sociologique —Si.

_ mesame etapi „religiis elementaruli formebis“ gamoqveynebas

ukavSirdeba.

religiis sociologia

157

diurkemi religiaSi xedavs ara „iluzias“, „yalb cnobierebas“ ara-

med socialur instituts, romelic adamianisa da sazgadoebis arsebobis

safuZvlebTan (mis socialur aspeqtSi) samaradJamod aris dakavSirebu-

li. religiuri cxovrebis wyaro adamianTa arsebobis socialuri wesia.

diurkemis mixedviT, religia arsebobs ara imitom, rom arsebobs indivi-

di — garkveuli msoflmxedvelobis mqone arseba, aramed imitom rom ar-

sebobs gansakuTrebuli saxis realoba — sazogadoeba.

Ddiurkemi akritikebda teiloris animizms da miuleris natura-

lizms, romlebic religiuri fenomenis warmoSobas warmosaxvis feno-

mens ukavSirebdnen. amis sapirispirod diurkemi amtkicebda, rom reli-

gia obieqturi socialuri faqtoria, romelic sazogadoebis mier aris

Seqmnili da romelic gamoxatavs rwmenas, aqvs am rwmenis Sesabamisi ri-

tualebi da hyavs adamianTa gjufi, romelic am ritualebs asrulebs. re-

ligia koleqtiuri realobis, rogorc sui generis gamoxatulebaa, rome-

lic qmnis Rirebulebas.

diurkemis religiis sociologia misi sociologizmis TiTqmis yvela

niSnebis matarebelia. amis gamo bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom diurkemma

religiuri fenomenis Seswavlis nacvlad sociologiuri religiis cneba

mogvca. SeiZleba iTqvas, am SedegebiT sruldeba yvela is koncefcia, ro-

melic religiis axsnisas mxolod socialur fenomens emyareba.

ar unda vifiqroT, rom diurkemis religiis sociologiuri Teoria

unakloa. am naklovanebebze jer kidev mis sicocxleSi iwreboda bevri

ram. Tundac is, rom is piradad ar yofila avstraliaSi, totemizmTan

uSualo Sexeba ar hqonia da mxolod im wyaroebs emyareba, romelic mis

xelT iyo. kritikis obieqti iyo agreTve misi kvlevis meTodologia (ma-

galiTad istoriuli analizis meTodi, romelsac diurkemi iyenebda. di-

urkems miaCnda, rom adamianis azrovneba istoriis produqtia, romelic

TviTformirebad process warmoadgens. am procesis mTavari moqmedi pi-

ri ki koleqtiuri cnobierebaa) da a. S.

miuxedavad mTeli rigi kritikisa diurkemis religiis sociologi-

uri koncefcia sicocxlisunariani da angariSgasawevia dResac. misi mi-

zani ar yofila sxva avtorebis eTnologiuri faqtebis interpretacia.

religiis sociologiaSi man Tavisi axli sityva Tqva, romelic ganpiro-

bebuli iyo im winapirobebiT rac im droisaTvis safrangeTSi xdeboda:

saxelmwifosagan religiis gamoyofa (1905), religiis profanacia da sxva.

am yveleferma frangul sazogadoebaSi religiis rolis Sesusteba gamo-

iwvia. religiis krizisma ubiZga diurkems religiis analiziT, misi bune-

bis kvleviT dainteresebuliyo.

kaxa qecbaia

158

kritikisa da qebis miuxedavad dRes diurkemis naSromi `religiis

elementaruli formebi~ aCvenebs imas, Tu ra Zneli gansaxorcielebe-

lia rTuli movlenis martivad axsnis mcdeloba.

kiTxvebi:

• daaxasiaTeT diurkemis religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi

principebi?

• ratom mimarTavs diurkemi totemizmis analizs? (pasuxi daa-

sabuTeT).

• ras niSnavs koleqtiuri mRelvareba da ra rols akisrebs mas

diurkemi?

• diurkemis mixedviT, ra funqciebs asrulebs religia sazoga-

doebaSi?

• ras gulisxmobs diurkemi sakralurisa da profanulis cnebeb-

Si?

D davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: „religiis socialuri fun-

qciebi diurkemis mixedviT“.

• momazadeT essei Temaze: `diurkemi da religiis momavlis

problema ~.

• momazadeT essei Temaze: `diurkemis religiis sociologia

kritikiuli TvalsazrisiT~.





um.ge-ze. 3. e. diurkemi, religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi, Tb.,

2004. (calkeuli mniSvnelovani adgilebi).


5. e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet ver-

sia).



religiis sociologia

159



Tb., 2008.


2004.

3. o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, თბ., 1984.

4. religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. ga-

raja da e. rutkeviCi), (rus. enaze).

5. patrik de lobe, religiuri fenomenis sociologia, m., 2000.

(rus. enaze).

sakiTxavi masala

totemizmi

totemizmi odesRac Zalze gavrcelebuli da

dRemde SemorCenili religiur-socialuri siste-

maa, romlis safuZvelad totemis kulti devs. ter-

mini pirvelad mkvlevarma longma gamoiyena 1791

wels. totemi Crdilo-amerikel indielTa erT-erTi

tomis — ojibves enaze Tavis gvars niSnavs. socio-

logiis enaze totemis qveS igulisxmeba jgufi, ko-

leqtivi da ara individi. totemi es aris gvaris, kla-

nis, jgufis mier wmindisa da sakraluris rangSi ay-

vanili sagani (mcenare an cxoveli) an adgili. tote-

mi gvaris, klanis, jgufis winaprad aris miCneuli da

jgufis wevrebi mis saxels atareben. praqtikulad

ar arsebobs iseTi obieqti, romelic ar SeiZleba

rom totemi ar yofiliyos. Tumca yvelaze metad

gavrcelebuli totemebi cxovelebia.

totemis saxeebi

totemi SeiZleba iyos qari, mze, wvima, Weqa-qu-

xili, wyali, rkina (afrika). totemi SeiZleba cxove-

lis an mcenaris calkeuli nawilic iyos. magaliTad

kus Tavi, goWis kuWi, foTlis boloebi da a. S. ufro

metad totemi cxovelTa an mcenareTa saxeebia. ase

kaxa qecbaia

160

magaliTad Crdilo-amerikel indielTa ojibves tomi 23 gvarisagan Sed-

geba, romelTagan TiToeuls sakuTari totemi yavs (mgeli, daTvi, gve-

li, Tevzi, ixvi da sxv.). avstraliaSi, romelic totemizmis erT-erTi

samSobloa, mTeli buneba totemebs Soris aris danawilebuli. magali-

Tad maunt-gambiris tomis avstralielTa yvavis totems ekuTvnis wvima,

Weqa-quxili, Rrublebi; gvelis totems Tevzebi, garkveuli saxis mcena-

reebi da a. S. port makais tomis kengurus totemis kuTvnilebaa mze, xo-

lo niangis totems ekuTvnis mTvare.

totemis gamoyenebis sferoebi

totemisturi warmodgenebi damaxasiaTebelia pirvelyofili ani-

mistis msoflmxedvelobisaTvis. totemizmis ZiriTadi niSani imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom totemi mocemuli jgufis, klanis winaprad aris miC-

neuli, xolo totemuri klasis yoveli individi aRiarebulia, rogorc

sisxliT naTesavi. magaliTad Tuki totems warmoadgens yvavi, maSin iT-

vleba rom mocemuli gvaris namdvili mSobeli swored is aris, Sesabami-

sad, yoveli yvavi am gvaris naTesavia.

afrika

afrikaSi gvelis totemis gvaris warmomadgenlebi axaldabadebul

bavSvs gvels miugdeben. Tuki is mas xels ar axlebs bavSvi kanonierad

miiCneva, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi bavSvs klaven rogorc sxva gvaris war-

momadgenelsa da ucxos.

afrikaSi imis gamosarkvevad Tu romel totems an gvars ekuTvnis

adamiani ekiTxebian ra saxis cekva icis. afrikuli cekvebis umravleso-

ba totemis tayvaniscemasTanaa dakavSirebuli. religiuri ritualebis

Sesrulebisas saxeze niRabs ikeTeben totemis gamosaxulebiT da tote-

muri cxovelis tyaviT imosebian. totemisturi ritualebis gadmonaS-

Tebi dRemde SemorCenilia evropaSi. samxreT slavebSi arsebobs wesi

rodesac bavSvi ibadeba bebiaqali yviris: „mgelma Sva lekvi“, ris Semdeg

axalSobils mglis tyavSi axveven, xolo mglis Tvalis an gulis nawils

akereben bavSvis tansacmelSi.

CrdiloeT amerika

CrdiloeT amerikaSi bizonis totemis omaxas tomis warmomadgen-

lebi gardacvlils bizonis tyavSi axvevdnen. saxes totemis ferad uRe-

bavdnen da Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavdnen: „Sen bizonTan midixar“, Sen

midixar Sens winaprebTan! gamgrdi!“ zunis tomis indielebi rodesac

saxlSi totemuri cxoveli — ku moyavT, — mas Tvalcremliani xvdebian:

religiis sociologia

161

„o, ubeduro daRupulo Svilo, mamav, dao, Zmao, babuav! vin icis, vin xar

Sen?“ totemis Tayvaniscema imiTac aris gamorCeuli, rom totemi tabu-

irebulia. amitom masTan miaxloeba an misi yureba yvelasTvis ar SeiZ-

leba. akrZalulia misi mokvla, mis xorcis Wama, misi tyavis gamoyeneba

da a. S. Tuki totemi xea, ikrZaleba misi moWra da gamoyeneba, anda mis na-

yofis Wama. sxva gvaris warmomadgenlis mier totemis mokvla SurisZie-

bis sagani xdeba. es naTesavis an winapris mkvlelobis tolfasia da amis

gamkeTebeli unda daisajos. totemis wyalobisa da gulis mogebis miz-

niT totemistebi mravalgvar saSualebebs mimarTaven. amis erT-erTi

gamovlinebaa sadResaswaulo da ritualuri cekvebi sadac klanis war-

momadgenlebi TavianT totems baZaven.

avstralia

avstraliaSi sqesobrivi totemebic arsebobs. qalebi TavianT to-

tems dad miiCneven, xolo kacebi Zmad. avstraliel aborigenebs sjeraT,

rom gardacvalebis Semdeg isini TavianT totems daubrundebian, ami-

tom yoveli cxoveli maTTvis gardacvlil naTesavs warmoadgens.

tradiciuli warmodgenebis mixedviT, totemur cxovels gansa-

kuTrebuli urTierToba aqvs eTnikur jgufTan. totemi klanis maiden-

tificirebeli faqtoria.

Teofagia — totemis Wamis tradicia

centarlur avstraliaSi mcxovrebi aborigenebi atareben Teofa-

giis — totemis wamis rituals. am SemTxvevaSi Tu totemi cxovelia mas

ar klaven mZinares da aucileblad aZleven gaqcevis saSualebas. amas ma-

unt-gambiris tomis warmomadgenlebi akeTeben SimSilobis dros. tote-

mis gvamis povnis SemTxvevaSi mas sadResaswaulod marxaven. totemis Wa-

mis rituali mTeli rigi wesebis dacvas moiTxovs. igi mTlianad, Zvleb-

Tan da SigneulTan erTad unda SeiWamos.

totemizmis Teoriebi

• frezeris Teoria

frezeris mixedviT, totemizmi ar aris religia, anu zebunebrivi

arsebebisadmi rwmenis moments ar Seicavs. is ufro magiis nairsaxeobaa,

anu totemists aqvs rwmena imisa, rom sxvadasxva jadoqruli moqmedebe-

biT SesaZlebelia zegavlenis moxdena gare samyaroze. totemizmi soci-

aluri magiaa romlis mizania baraqianobis miRweva. frezeris Teoria

ver wyvets sakiTxs totemuri obieqtidan momdinare rwmenis Sesaxeb.

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• piklerisa da smolos Teoria

swavlulma iuristebma piklerma da smolom axali Teoria wamoaye-

nes, romlis mixedviT, totemizmis genezisi piqtografiaSia damaluli,

romlis Zirebi marTlac gvxvedba pirvelyofil tomebTan. amas adastu-

rebs isic, rom im tomebSi sadac piqtografia ucxoa ar gvxvdeba tote-

mizmi. es saintereso mosazrebaa, magram piqtografia SesaZlebelia gan-

viTarebuliyo iq sadac totemis gamosaxulebas akeTebdnen, Sesabamisad

piqtografia totemizmis Sedegia da ara misi mizezi. mTlianobaSi es Te-

oria plutarqes Zvel azrs imeorebs, romelic egviptelebis mier cxo-

velebis Tayvaniscemas am cxovelTa gamosaxulebebs ukavSirebda.

• teiloris Teoria

teilori totemizms winaparTa kults da sulTa gadasaxlebas

ukavSirebda. totemizmis genezisis gasagebad mxedvelobaSi unda gvqon-

des Semdegi:

• gvarovnuli organizacia, animizmi da bunebis kulti win uswereb-

dnen totemizms.

• totemizmi ukavSirdeba animistur fsiqologias.

• totemizmis geneziss mravali mizezi aqvs. isini momdinareoben

pirvelyofili adamianis cnobierebidan.

maT Soris umTavresia:

• gvarovnuli kulti.

• parTenogenezisi — rwmena imisa, rom SesaZlebelia ganayofiereba

cxovelis, mcenaris, qvis an ciuri sxeulis meSveobiT momxdariyo. oro-

Ceis tomSi romelsac Sternbergi akvirdeboda xSiri iyo fatqtebi ro-

desac qalma dabada niangi, gveli, maimuni da sxva.

totemisturi rwmena savsebiT axsnadia da pirvelyofili adamianis

azrovnebasa da msoflmxedvelobas ukavSirdeba. sociologiurad igi

sainteresoa imiT, rom masSi kargad Cans Tu rogor amTlianebs adamian-

Ta erTobas rwmena da ritualebi.

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`usasrulod Zvirfasia dro, radganac yoveli dakarguli saaTi RmerTis sadidebel saqmianobas akldeba~.

m. veberi

IX leqcia


maqs veberis religiis sociologia

racionalisturi paradigma


religia, socialuri cvlilebebi, qarizma, protestantizmi, kapita-lizmi, kapitalizmis suliskveTeba, „ganjadoeba“, religiuri cxov-rebis racionalizacia, religia da socialuri moqmedeba, msoflio religebis sameurneo eTika, xsnis religiebi.

Sesavali

jer kidev mecxaramete saukuneSi mecnierebaSi gabatonebuli iyo mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom socialuri progresi es aris procesi, rome-lic gulisxmobs: religiurobis gadalaxvas da codnis primats (konti), sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebas (marqsi), socialuri sinamdvilis sabune-bismetyvelo kanonzomierebebiT ganpirobebulobas (evolucionistebi) da sxva. am SemTxvevaSi religia moazrebuli iyo rogorc erT-erTi rigi-Ti socialuri stuqtura, romelic sxva socialuri struqturebis msgavsad transformirebas ganicdis. socialuri cxovrebis transfor-mirebis procesSi religias pasiuri roli ekava. igi ganixileboda, ro-gorc progresis gamomwvevi sxva faqtorTa moqmedebis Sedegi. religii-sadmi amgvari midgomisagan kardinalurad gansxvavdeba sociologiis klasikosis maqs veberis xedva. socialur gardaqmnebsa da procesebSi ve-beri religias aqtiur rols akisrebda da mas ganixilavda socialur cvlilebaTa erT-erT mZlavr faqtorad.

diukemisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Tavis religiis sociologiur koncefcias totemizmis analizze (mcire socialuri erToba) agebda, ve-beris religiis sociologia masStaburobiT gamoirCeva, radganac misi koncefcia mTels msoflioSi gavrcelebul religiebs Seexeba. msgavsi masStabis analizi veberamde da veberis Semdeg TiTqmis arc erT mkvle-vars ar Cautarebia.

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meore niSani riTac veberis religiis sociologia diurkemis ana-logiuri koncefciisagan gansxvavdeba aris is, rom veberma mTeli Tavisi yuradReba religiasa da sazogadoebaSi mimdinare gardaqmnebsa da cvli-lebebs Soris kavSirze gadaitana, rasac diurkemi nakleb yuradRebas aq-cevda.

am SemTxvevaSi marqsisagan vebers is ganasxvavebs, rom religia arc Tu iseTi konservatiuli Zalaa, rogorc es marqss warmoedgina. piriqiT, veberis azriT, religia mravali socialuri cvlilebis sulisCamdgme-lia. amis magaliTi protestantuli religiaa, romelmac kapitalizmis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. istoriulad cnobili faqtia, rom pirveli me-warmeebi kalvinistebi iyvnen. warmatebisaken maTi swrafva, romelmac da-savleTis qveynebs arnaxuli ekonomikuri miRwevebi moutana, RvTismsa-xurebis surviliT iyo ganpirobebuli. materialur warmatebas isini

RvTis wyalobad miiCnevdnen∗. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT veberis koncefcia religiis socialuri

rolis Sesaxeb aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi viqonioT is winapirobebi da amosavali principebi, romliTac is adamianTa religiuri moqmedebebis axsnisas xelmZRvanelobda. es saxelmZRvanelo principi veberis socia-luri moqmedebis Teoriaa. vebers miaCnda, rom socialuri institutebi, struqturebi da calkeuli aqtorebi im sazrisebis mixedviT fuqncioni-reben, romelTac masSi adamianebi deben. es sazrisebi ki maT mier winawar gaazrebulia (racionalizebulia) da garkveuli miznebis miRwevazea orientirebuli anda am moqmedebebs mTeli rigi Rirebulebebi ganapiro-beben (RirebulebiTracionaluri moqmedeba). am gagebiT, socialuri moqmedeba racionaluri xdeba. es niSnavs, rom socialuri moqmedebis ga-damwyveti faqtorebi adamianTa mier racionalizebul qcevaze da Rire-bulebiT orientaciebzea damokidebuli.

§1.religia, rogorc moqmedebis racionalizaciis piroba.

qarizmis cneba

veberis mixedviT, socialuri moqmedeba SeiZleba iyos mizanracio-naluri an RirebulebiTracionaluri. maTgan gansxvavdeba afetquri (moqmedeba emociebis safuZvelze) da tradiciuli (adaT-wesebiTa da dadgenili normebis mixedviT moqmedeba).

∗ protestantobis Sesaxeb am leqciis bolos ixileT sakiTxavi masala.

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pirvelyofili religiebis analizisas veberi tradiciuli socia-luri moqmedebis cnebas emyareba. am SemTxvevaSi, veberis mixedviT, mniS-vnelovan rols asrulebs tradicionalizmi. igi ritualur moqmedebeb-Tan da arsebuli socialuri wesrigis sakralizaciasTan aris dakavSire-buli. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi raRac etapze miznis miRwevis racionaluri elementic moqmedebs (mas malinovski „pirvelyofil mecnierebas“ uwo-debda). pirvelyofil TemSi socialuri wesrigi sakralurTan misi kavSi-riTaa ganpirobebuli. socialuri wesrigis SenarCunebis meqanizmis asax-snelad vebers qarizmis cneba Semoaqvs, romelic Tavisi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT magiasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

qarizmas SeiZleba nebismieri sagani, adamiani an moqmedeba flob-des. qarizmis matarebeli mravali sxvadasxva „sagani“ SeiZleba iyos, ro-melic gonebisaTvis miuwdomeli Zalauflebis matarebelia. Sesabamisad, qarizmatuloba moraluri Zalauflebis qonas niSnavs, romelsac ara ZaldatanebiT, aramed Tavisufali nebiT aRiareben. veberis mixedviT, es is Zalauflebaa romelzec tradiciuli sazogadoebis socialuri wesri-gi, konsesusi da kanonierebaa damyarebuli. arsebuli wesrigis kanonie-rebis aRiarebis yovelgvari wyaro qarizmatulia. sociologiuri Tval-sazrisiT pirvelyofil religiaSi qarizma realobis im sferos gamo-yofs, romelic mowiwebasa da pativiscemas imsaxurebs. am tipis realo-basTan kontaqts adamiani ritualis meSveobiT amyarebs. amgvarad, Tavda-pirvelad socialur sinamdvileSi ori saxis realoba gamoiyofa: buneb-rivi da zebunebrivi.

veberma moqmedebis is elementebi gaanaliza, romelic am zebuneb-riv realobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. qarizmatulobis arsi kargad Cans magiur ritualebSi. aq ikveTeba, rom ukve adamianTa cxovrebaSi mniSvne-lovan rols asruleben ara mxolod is sagnebi da movlenebi rac maT gar-Semo xdeba, aramed maT sul sxva realoba aRmoaCines, romelic „mniSvne-lobs“ imis gamo, rom maT am realobas — qarizmis — „mniSvneloba“mianiWes, qarizmatuli gaxades. sabolo jamSi, magiuri moqmedeba simboluri xasi-aTis matarebelia. amgvari moqmedebis wyalobiT adamianebi cdiloben re-aluri Sedegebi miiRon. magiuri da qarizmatuli xSirad erTmaneTis identuri cnebebia veberTan. magiuri praqtika socialuri moqmedebis stereotipizacias, standartizacias axdens. standartizaciis miuxeda-vad moqmedeba sazriss zebunebrivTan mimarTebaSi iRebs. Tumca amgvari moqmedeba gansakuTrebuli unaris mqone adamians — mags saWiroebs. ve-berma iranuli warmomavlobis sityva — magi berZnuli qarizmiT Secvala, romelic zebunebriv niWs niSnavs. magiuri teqnika, rogorc zebunebriv-Tan kontaqtis forma sulebis arsebobis rwmenasTan erTad Cndeba, rome-

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lic uZvelesi „mowodebis“ — profesionali jadoqris aRiarebas niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi qarizma eqstazis saxiT vlindeba. socialuri forma rom-liTac amgvari mdgomareoba miiRweva aris orgia (musikis an narkotike-bis daxmarebiT). magia zebunebriv Zalebze zemoqmedebis orgvar saSua-lebas iyenebs: erT SemTxvevaSi magiuri moqmedeba miznad isaxavs zebu-nebrivi Zalebis iZulebas imisaTvis, rom isini adamianTa samsaxurSi Cad-gnen, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi misi mizania maTi gulis mogeba wyalobis, xvavisa da baraqis miRebis mizniT. amdenad adgili aqvs ara RvTis msaxu-rebas, aramed RmerTis iZulebas. Tumca veberi magiur msxverplSewirvaSi

ufro mniSvnelovan moments aqcevs yuradRebas. es aris COMMUNIO-s (laT. erToba, Temi) damyareba, formireba. magiurad motivirebuli nor-mebi, romlebic aTasgvar akrZalvebsa da valdebulebebs Seicavs, eTiku-

rad indiferentulia. aq moqmedebs principi Do ut des (gaZlev imitom, rom momce).

magiidan religiaze gadasvlas veberi aRiqvams, rogorc raciona-lobis xarisxis zrdas anu, RmerTis iZulebas RvTis msaxureba enacvleba. adamianTa cxovrebaSi nel-nela eTikur-aqsiologiuri cnobiereba Semo-dis. RmerTi socialuri wesrigis moraluri garanti xdeba, magram magia mTlianad ar qreba. veberis mixedviT, is religiaSi integrirdeba, rac religiuri ritualebis magiuri bunebiT dasturdeba.

§2.socialuri moqmedebebis religiuri motivacia.

xsnis religiebi

veberma marqsTan polemikaSi aCvena, rom sazogadoebis ganviTare-bis mniSvnelovan wyaros „ideebi“ warmoadgenen, rom arsebobs kauzaluri kavSiri eTikur, religiur normebsa da ekonomikas, politikasa da socia-luri cxovrebis sxva sferoebs Soris. religiis specifikur funqciad vebers misi masazrisianebeli funqcia miaCnda. religiis sociologiis amocanad ki religiasa da socialur cvlilebebs Soris kavSirebis dad-genas Tvlida.

veberis saubari religiis sociologiur aspeqtebze ZiriTadad msoflio religiebs Seexeba. mas miaCnda, rom yvelaze meti mimdevrebi mTels msoflioSi am religiebs yavT, amitom maT mimarT zedmet yurad-Rebas am faqtiT xsnida. garda amisa, es is religiebia romelTac garkve-ulwilad gavlena moaxdines istoriis msvlelobaze. am mizniT ikvlia ve-berma qristianoba, budizmi, iudaizmi, islami, Cinuri religiebi, induiz-mi. am religiebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze, samyarosadmi speci-fiuri midgomis TvalsazrisiT, veberma religiebis sami zogadi tipi ga-

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moyo. yoveli tipi sakuTari ganwyobiTa da socialuri moqmedebis saku-Tari veqtoriT xasiaTdeba.

pirvel tips religiebisa cxovrebisadmi Semguebloba axasiaTebs. mas miekuTvnebian konfucianeloba da daosizmi, Cinuri religiebi. xolo danarCeni ori tipi cxovrebisadmi SeurigeblobiT gamoirCeva.

induizmi da budizmi, induri religiebi cxovrebisagan gaqcevis re-ligiebia.

iudaizmi da qristianoba ki cxovrebis dauflebaze arian orienti-rebulni.

msoflio religiebi eTikuri religiebia anu, xsnis religiebs war-moadgenen. yoveli maTgani Taviseburad aswavlis sikeTis keTebasa da bo-rotebis uaryofas. yoveli maTgani racionalobis sakuTari xarisxiT aris gamorCeuli. vebers miaCnia, rom, saerTod, uazrobaa religiis fun-qciaze saubari, radganac sxvadasxva religiis funqcionirebis socia-luri Sedegebi sxvadasxva socialur konteqstSi gansxvavebulia. amitom religiis funqciaze zogad saubars veberi calkeuli religiis socia-lur funaqciaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas amjobinebs.

iudaur-qristianuli tradiciiT RmerTi moqmedi RmerTia, Semoq-medi. adamiani am SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc samoqmedo iaraRi Rmer-Tis xelSi. aqedan saTaves iRebs ara misgan gaqcevis aramed aqtiuri moq-medebis idea. qristianoba am gagebiT xsnis religiaa. igi gamomdinareobs rwmenidan, romlis mixedviT, adamiani xsnas moipovebs Tuki religiur dogmebs miiRebs da moralur principebiT icxovrebs. am SemTxvevaSi di-di mniSvneloba aqvs codvis cnebas da misgan gamoxsnis ideas. samyaro-sadmi amgvari midgoma daZabulobasa da emocionalur dinamizms warmo-Sobs, romelic rogorc wesi, aRmosavlur religiebSi ar gvxvdeba. xsnis religiebs „revoluciuri“ aspeqti aqvT, rac codvisadmi Seurigebloba-sa da brZolaSi vlindeba. amiT xsnis religiebi socialuri gardaqmnebis stimulirebas axdenen da did socialur gardaqmnebs uwyoben xels.

indur religiebSi RmerTi samyaros imanenturia, amitom adamiani aq ganixileba rogorc RmerTis, RvTaebrivi sawyisis samyofeli, sadgomi. aqedan saTaves iRebs samyarosadmi mistikur-mWvretelobiTi midgoma. cxovrebisadmi amgvari midgoma kapitalizmis ganviTarebas aferxebs, ami-tom aRmosavleTSi kapitalizmi Znelad ikidebs fexs. msgavsi daskvnebi ve-berma msoflio religiebis SedarebiTi analizis gziT miiRo. amgvari ana-lizis klasikuri nimuSia misi naSromi „msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTika“. aq man erTmaneTs sxvadasxva religiebi imis mixedviT Seadara, Tu ra kavSirSia maTi religiur-eTikuri principebi ekonomikuri saqmianobis formebTan. Tumca am SemTxvevaSic amosavali racionalobis xarisxia.

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§3. „ganjadoeba“

veberis mier Catarebulma religiis SedarebiT-sociologiurma analizma aCvena, rom racionalobis xarisxis zrdasTan erTad Tanamed-rove sazogadoebaSi religia kargavs Tavis pirvandel funqcias, rasac veberi demagizacias anu ganjadoebas eZaxis. tradiciuli religiuri Rirebulebebi ukana planze gadaiwevian da isini gzas warmatebaze orien-tirebul, racionalobaze da codnaze damyarebul moqmedebas uTmoben. kulminacias es procesi asketur protestantizmSi, kalvinizmSi aRwevs. ganjadoebis cnebis SemotaniT veberi sekularizaciis procesis dawye-bas winaswarmetyevelebs.

§4. `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~. sazogadoebis modernizacia da religia

naSomSi „protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli“ veberi asa-buTebs, rom protestantulma reformebma Tanamedrove kapitalizms Ca-uyara safuZveli (samuSaosa da investirebisadmi axali damokidebuleba). am naSromSi man aCvena, rom kapitalizmi qristianuli evropis pirmSoa da igi aziasa da afrikaSi ar gvxvdeba. veberma daadginda, rom gamdidrebisa-ken miswrafeba protestantebs ufro metad aqvT, vidre kaTolikebs. Se-sabamisad igi imis Sesaxeb sakiTxiT dainteresda, Tu riT SeiZleba es ax-sniliyo. amitom man siRrmiseulad Seiswavla protestantuli religia, gansakuTrebiT kalvinisa da mis mimdevarTa religiuri doqtrina.

kalvinisturi religiuri doqtrina imis rwmenazea damyarebuli, rom adamianis bed-iRbali anu, sikvdilis Semdgomi cxoneba, Tu warwyme-da imTaviTve, dabadebidanvea gansazRvruli. saukuno cxovreba uflis mowyalebazea damokidebuli da ara adamianis damsaxurebaze. uflis geg-mis Secvla arc erT adamians ar SeuZlia. erTaderTi gamosavali uflis mowyalebis misaRebad aris dauRalavi Sroma, sakuTari Tavis uaryofa (veberis gagebiT, asketizmi) da momavali sargeblisaTvis investiciebis kargad gaTvla. amas veberi protestantul, miwier asketizms eZaxis. kal-vinistebis rwmena gamoixateba gamonaTqvamSi: „dazogili peni gamomuSa-vebuli penia“; „zarmaci eSmakis kerZia“. amaSi vlindeba protestantuli eTika, romelmac kapitalizmis suliskveTeba gaaZliera, romelic aseve iseTi ideebisagan da damokidebulebebisagan Sedgeba, romlebmac Tavis mxriv waaxalises kerZo samewarmeo saqmianobis wamowyeba. mogebuli Tan-xa fufunebis sagnebze ki ar unda gaeflangaT, aramed saqmeSi unda dae-bandebinaT. kalvinistebs amgvari piradi msxverplis gaRebisaken Tavian-Ti religiuri eTika mouwodebda.

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veberma Tavisi TeoriiT imis Sesaxeb, rom protestantulma religi-urma Rirebulebebma saTave daudes kapitalizms da ekonomikis moderni-zeba moaxdines, imTaviTve gamoiwvia azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. misi zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebda, rom veberis azrebi ara mxolod protestantizmiT, aramed kaTolicizmiTac iyo Semofargluli. sxvebi ki miiCnevdnen, rom religiuri transformaciebi kapitalizmma ganapiroba da ara piriqiT (verner zombarti). Tumca veberis mosazrebebi ZalaSia dResac. is aCve-nebs, Tu rogor kveTen erTmaneTs religia da Tanamedrove racionalize-buli da sekularizebuli samyaro. veberma Tavisi religiis sociologiu-ri TeoriiT aCvena, rom religiuri reforma da sazogadoebis sekularu-li sferoebis cvlilebebi erTmaneTis paralelurad mimdinareoben.

amonaridebi veberis naSromidan „protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli“

2. kapitalizmis „suli“

„gaxsovdes, rom dro fulia; vsac Tavisi SromiT yoveldRiurad aTi Silingis gamomuSaveba SeuZlia, is ki dRis naxevars seirnobaSi ata-rebs an oTaxSi seirnobiT iqcevs Tavs, man sakuTari siamovnebisaTvis Tundac 6 pensi daxarjos, — marto es danaxarji rodi unda igulisxmos, aramed isic, rom amasTanave kidev 5 Silingi daxarja anu ubralod, ga-dayara.

gaxsovdes, rom krediti fulia. Tuki vinme Tavis fuls mas Semde-gac damitovebs, rac gadaxdis vadas gadavacile, amgvarad is me procen-tebs anda imdens mCuqnis, ra raodenobis mogebac SeiZleba vnaxo am xnis ganmavlobaSi. amgvarad karga mozrdili Tanxa SeiZleba dagrovdes, Tu-ki kacs rigiani da didi krediti aqvs da mas xeirianadc iyenebs.

gaxsovdes, rom fuli mogebis momtani da gamanayofierebeli bune-bis mqonea. fuls SeuZlia fuli Svas, xolo naSierT ki ufro meti SeuZ-liaT Svan da ase Semdeg...

gaxsovdes, rom andazis mixedviT, kargi gadamxdeli nebismieri ka-cis qisis baton-patronia...

yvelaze umniSvnelo moqmedebebic ki, romelTac pirovnebis kre-ditze SeuZliaT gavlena iqonion, unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. Seni Ca-quCis kakuni, romelic Sens kreditors dilis 5 an saRamos 8 saaTze Caes-mis, eqvsi Tvis manZilze kmayofilebiT aRavsebs, magram Tuki is biliar-dis magidasTan gxedavs an Seni xma duqnidan samsaxurSi Seni yofnis Jams esmis, valis gadaxdas meore dResve Segaxsenebs da fuls manamde mog-

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Txovs, sanam mTel Tanxas ar miutan. garda amisa es miuTiTebs imaze, rom Sen gaxsovs valebi; es warmo-

gaCens rogorc mowesrigebul ise patiosan adamianad da Seni kreditic gaizrdeba.

eride, rom rasac ki flob, Sens sakuTrebad miiCnio da amis Sesaba-misad icxovro. amgvarad Semcdari aRmoCnda yvela, visac krediti hqo-nia. es rom Tavidan aicilo, awarmoe gasavlisa da Semosavlis zusti xarjTaRricxva. Tuki Tavs Seiwuxeb da wvrilmanebsac yuradRebiT moe-kidebi, amas dadebiTi Sedegi mohyveba. aRmoaCen, Tu raoden did TanxaSi gadizrdeba egzom umniSvnelo danaxarjebi da mixvdebi, Tu ramdenis dazogva yofila SesaZlebeli da imasc, Tu ramdenis dazogva iqneboda samomavlod SesaZlebeli...

[amas gviqadagebs] benJamin franklini [amonaridi franklinis qada-gebidanaa], es ki igive frazebia, romelTa meSveobiT ferdinand kiur-nbergi Tavis Sxamisa da iumoris mfrqvevel „amerikuli kulturis saxe-Si“ abuCad igdebs iankebis kredos. is, rom amaSi metad niSandoblivi formiT kapitalizmis suliskveTebaa gaJRerebuli iseve araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs, rogorc imis mtkiceba, rom frazebi yvelafers Seicaven, rac am suliskveTebaSi moiazreba...

saqonlisgan qoni keTdeba, adamianebisagan fuli...[kiurnbergis „amerikamoyirWebuli“].

kiTxvas Tu ratom akeTeben adamianisagan fuls, Tavis avtobiog-rafiaSi franklini bibliuri gamonaTqvamiT pasuxobs, romelic mas ma-misgan, Zveli kalvinistisagan smenia xSirad: „Tu ginaxavs Tavis saqmis ostati kaci? is mefeTa winaSe idgeba da ar dadgeba bneli xalxis winaSe [igavni solomonisa. 22.29].

patiosneba sasrgebloa, radganac mas krediti moaqvs, asevea pun-qtualoba, muyaToba, zomiereba da amitomac warmoadgenen isini siqve-leebs...

rogorc wesi, Tavze xelaRebulma da unamuso spekulantebma, eko-nomikis avntiuristebma, ekonomikis istoriis yvela epoqaSi rom gvxvdebian, an ubralod „didi fulis patronebma“ ki ar moaxdines eko-nomikur cxovrebaSi am axali suliskveTebis damkvidrebisaTvis gareg-nulad TiTqos SeumCneveli, magram mainc ase gadamwyveti Semobruneba, aramed cxovrebis usastikes skolaSi gamozrdilma, erTdroulad win-daxedulma da gabedulma, upirveles yovlisa fxizelma da Seudrekel-ma, sakuTari saqmisaTvis mtkiced da bolomde Tavgadadebulma, mkacri burJuazriuli TvalTaxedvisa da „principebis“ erTgulma xalxma...

religiis sociologia

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veberis naSromebi religiis sociologiaSi

• „protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli“.

• „asketuri protestantizmis profesiuli eTika“.

• „msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTika“.

• „amqveyniurobis uaryofis safexurebi da mimarTulebebi, (Sua-leduri dakvirveba)“.

•

kaxa qecbaia

172

kiTxvebi:

• daaxasiaTeT veberis religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi prin-

cipebi?

• ratom mimarTavs veberi msoflio religiebis analizs? (pasu-

xi daasabuTeT).

• ras niSnavs qarizma da ra rols akisrebs mas veberi?

• veberis mixedviT, ra funqciebs asrulebs religia sazogado-

ebaSi?

• ras gulisxmobs veberi `ganjadoebis~ cnebaSi?

D davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: „religiis socialuri fun-

qciebi veberis mixedviT“.

• momazadeT essei Temaze: `veberi da religiis momavlis prob-

lema ~.

• momazadeT essei Temaze: `veberis religiis sociologia kri-

tikiuli TvalsazrisiT~.





um.ge-ze.

3. m. veberi, rCeuli nawerebi religiis sociologiaSi Tb., 2004.

(calkeuli mniSvnelovani adgilebi).



sia).





Tb., 2008.


2004.

religiis sociologia

173




5. patrik de lobe, religiuri fenomenis sociologia, m., 2000.

(rus. enaze).

es sainetersoa

verner zombarti: kapitalizmi da religia

germaneli ekonomistis, sociologisa da

filosofosis, germanuli klasikuri socio-

logiis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis verner zombar-

tis mecnieruli kvlevis umTavres obieqts

warmoadgenda kapitalizmis fenomeni da masTan

dakavSirebuli ,,momijnave“ sakiTxebis anali-

zi, romelsac man Semdegi naSromebi miuZRvna:

,,Tanamedrove kapitalizmi“ (1902w.), ,,ebraele-

bi da sameurneo yofa-cxovreba“ (1911w.), ,,siy-

varuli, simdidre da kapitalizmi“ (1913w.),

,,omi da kapitalizmi“ (1913w.), ,,burJua“ (1913w.).

v.zombarti cdilobs k.marqsis mier Semo-

Tavazebuli kapitalizmis analizi XX saukunis

realiebidan gaiazros. mecnierul sityvaTxma-

rebaSi amkvidrebs ,,marqsizmis“ cnebas da cdi-

lobs am moZRvrebis susti mxareebis warmoCenas. kerZod is miiCnevs, rom

kultura warmoadgens ekonomikis safuZvels da ara piriqiT, amas mowmobs

dasavleT evropis siRrmiseuli socialuri cvlilebebi, romelic gan-

xorcielda ara proletarebis raodenobrivi zrdis, ara fizikuri Sromi-

Ti saqmianobis simZimisa Tu misi arealis meqanikuri gafarToebis gamo,

aramed Tavad sazogadoebis sulieri, fsiqologiuri da fsiqiuri moTxov-

nebis Sesabamisad. individi aris is substancia romelic gansazRvravs so-

cialuri dinamikis mimarTulebas, xolo ekonomika esaa rTuli sazoga-

doebrivi procesebis magaliTad religiurisa da eTnikuris damakavSi-

rebeli funqcia. ekonomikis msgavsi formiT gaazreba, wiTel zolad gas-

devs v.zombartis socialur Sexedulebebs. misi azriT, yoveli istoriu-

li epoqa, yoveli istoriul-ekonomikuri wesrigi, garkveul kanonzomie-

verner zombarti

(1863-1956)

kaxa qecbaia

174

rebas emorCileba, romlis ,,moqmedebis“ areali mocemuli epoqiTaa Semo-

sazRvruli. Sesabamisad epoqis specifiurobis dadgena umniSvnelovanesi

sakiTxia rac e.w. ,,upiratesi motivis“ principis safuZvelze xorcielde-

ba. magaliTad XX saukunis dasavleT-evropuli sazogadoebis ,,upirates

motivad“ kapitalizmis suli unda miviCnioT, romelic gansxvavdeba wina-

rekapitalisturi sazogadoebis ,,tradiciuli sulisagan“.

marqsisagan gansxvavebiT v.zombarti armiiCnevs, rom kapitalizmis

ganviTareba determinirebuli procesia, aseve miuRebelia misTvis movle-

nebis dialeqtikur WrilSi ganxilva da komunizmis epoqis marqsistuli

interpretacia anu, rodesac ,,aucileblobis epoqas, Tavisuflebis epoqa

cvlis“. msgavsi deterministuli midgomis sapirispirod is ekonomikas

gansazRvravs rogorc absoliturad Ria sistemas, romelic im niSan-Tvi-

sebebis matarebelia romel sazogadoebaSicaa Casaxuli.

naSromSi ,,ebraelebi da sameurneo cxovreba“ v.zombrati saubrobs

ebraelebze, rogorc specifiuri niSan-Tvisebebis mqone eTnikur jgufze

da mis gavlenaze dasavleT-evropul sazogadoebaSi kapitalizmis formi-

rebaze. xolo meore naSromSi ,,burJua“ is kapitalizmis erT-erT safuZ-

vlad kaTolicizms asaxelebs. Tumca amavdroulad uaryofs protestan-

tizmis analogiur rols, riTic upirispirdeba m.veberis pozicias. kidev

ufro meti, ,,protestantizmi, _ misi azriT, mniSvnelovan safrTxes uq-

mnis kapitalizms da gansakuTrebiT sameurneo cxovrebis kapitalis-

tur wess“. xolo rac Seexeba puritanizms, esaa ara wesi, aramed misgan ga-

monaklisi, rac absoluturad ar uaryofs im WeSmaritebas, rom kapita-

lizmi individualuri fenomenia da ar arsebobs misi winaswargansazRvru-

li, sayovelTaod warmatebuli forma. v.zombarti kapitalizms ar moiaz-

rebs rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT safexurs, gardamaval

etaps romelsac mosdevs socialisturi wesrigi, amavdroulad ewinaaR-

mdegeba socializmis da kapitalizmis Serwymisa da am gziT sruliad axali

sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciis Camoyalibebis ideas.

m.veberma da v.zombartma pirvelebma SeimuSaves ekonomikuri mecnie-

rebis axali koncefcias, sadac mniSvnelovnad iqna gaZlierebuli Teoriu-

li safuZvlebi. ekonomikurTan erTad, Teoriul-meTodologiuri da gno-

seologiuri saSualebebiT aRWurves, rogorc sociologia, aseve zogadad

sazogadoebriv mecnierebebi. principulad axal aspeqtSi gaaanalizes ada-

mianis kulturuli da ekonomikuri saqmianobis socialur safuZvlebi, ri-

Tic didwilad ganapirobes kidec sociologiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovane-

si dargis ,,ekonomikis sociologias“ ZiriTadi principebis Camoyalibeba.

aSS-dan germaniaSi dabrunebilma zombartma Tqva: ,,me SemaZrwuna mo-

mavalma“. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom v.zombarti erTmaneTs upirispirebs kapi-

religiis sociologia

175

talizms da Tanamedroveobas. magram tradiciuloba masTan antikapita-

lizmisa da antipozitivizmis sinonims warmoadgens. mecnieris mxridan

sinamdvilisadmi msgavsi damikidebuleba marTalia araa klasikuri, magram

arc novatorulia, ris magaliTad Tundac f.nicSes moyvana kmaria, visi

gavlenac v.zombartze udidesia. misi naSromebis stili swored nicSeanu-

ria, sadac organuladaa Serwymuli mecnieruli abstraqcia da esTetizmi.

dasasruls aRvniSnavT, rom v.zombartis azriT, burJuaziuli sazo-

gadoebis ganviTarebis procesi ganapirobebs kapitalizmis demokratiza-

cias, socialuri dapirispirebis Sesustebas da sazogadoebis racionali-

zacias. sawarmoo sferos, bazris, informaciis rolis, Tu zogadad, sazo-

gadoebrivi procesis garTuleba, mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs Seitans mo-

mavlis sociologiis, misi miznebisa da amocanebis gaazrebis procesSi,

rac Tvisobrivad Secvlis im meTodebs romliTac sociologia Tanamed-

rove gamowvevebis winaSe unda warsdges.

wignidan `sociologiis klasikosebi _

biografiuli leqsikoni~. d. zaqaraia,

k. qecbaia, Tb., 2012. gam. `universali~.

* * *

[...] fufunebam, romelic ukanono siyvarulis kanonieri Svili

iyo, Sva kapitalizmi [...]

v. zombarti, `siyvaruli,

fufuneba da kapitalizmi~

kaxa qecbaia

176

sakiTxavi masala

protestanobis Sesaxeb

protestantizmi (laT. protestans, naTesaobiTi brunva protes-

tantis - is, vinc sajarod amtkicebs) qristianobis sami mTavari ganStoe-

bidan erT-erTia da warmoadgens ramdenime msxvili mimdinareobis da

bevri damoukidebeli eklesiis erTobliobas, romlebic warmoSobiT da-

kavSirebulni arian antikaTolikur, Sua saukuneebiis eklesiis evropul

reformaciasTan, romlis ZiriTadi sulisCamdgmelebi ingliseli jon

uiklifi (1320-1384), Cexi ian husi (1369-1415) da germaneli beri martin

luTeri (1483-1546) iyvnen. dRes msoflioSi 600 milionamde protestan-

tia, aqedan 350 milioni afrikaSi, 120 milioni evropaSi, 80 milioni laTi-

nur amerikaSi, 65 milioni aziaSi da 10 milioni avstraliasa da mimdebare

kunZulebze.

XIV saukuneSi inglisSi didi popularuloba moixveWa jon uikli-

fis qadagebebma romelic romis papis, ber-monazvnobis da sasuliero pi-

rebis uzneobis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. manve inglisur enaze Targmna

biblia da gaavrcela xalxSi. misi swavleba gavrcelda holandiaSi, bel-

giaSi, germaniasa da CexeTSi. CexeTSi reformaciis qadageba da Cexur ena-

ze naTargmni bibliis gavcreleba daiwyo ian husma, romelic 1415 wels

sikvdiliT dasajes papistebma, rasac Sedegad Cexi da bohemieli rainde-

bis protesti e.w. protestatio Bohemorum da 15 wliani sisxlismRvreli

omi mohyva kaTolikebsa da Cex reformatorebs (ian JiJka, prokop didi,

sigizmund koributi) Soris. kaTolikebma saerTo jamSi 6 jvarosnuli

laSqroba moawyes CexeTze da SeZles reformaciis gavrcelebis SeCereba

rogorc CexeTSi, ise poloneTSi.

XVI saukunis dasawyisSi germaniaSi gavrcelda humanisturi ideo-

logia (erazm roterdameli, iohan roixlini, ulrih fon huteni), rome-

lic qristianobis pirvelsawyisebTan dabrunebas qadagebda. 1517 wels

germanelma berma martin luTerma gamoakra kaTolicizmis da induglen-

ciebiT vaWirobis sawinaaRmdego „95 Tezisi“ vitenbergis eklesiis kareb-

ze, ramac saTave daudo axal moZraobas. germaniis paralelurad ulrih

cvinglis xelmZRvanelobiT reformacia daiwyo SveicariaSi. radikali

reformatorebisa (Tomas miunceri, hans bulgenbaxi) da kaTolikebis da-

pirispirebas germaniaSi mohyva orwliani „glexTa omi“ (1524-1526). 1526

wels luTeris momxre germaneli Tavadebis Speeris raixstagma SeaCera

luTeris sawinaaRmdego vormsis ediqtis moqmedeba. Tumca 1529 wels me-

religiis sociologia

177

ore raixstagma gaauqma es dadgenileba, rasac 5 saimperio Tavadis da

ramdenime germanuli qalaqis protesti mohyva, rac xmamaRla da ukom-

promisod ganacxades kaTolikebTan gamarTuli Teologiuri disputi-

sas. aqedan warmosdga termini `protestanti”.

axalma mimdinareobam swrafad moicva evropis CrdiloeT nawili da

safrangeTi. SeSfoTebulma kaTolikurma eklesiam safrangeTSi iaraRi

gamoiyena axali mimdinareobis winaaRmdeg, rasac Tan dinastiuri intri-

gebi daerTo, 1562-1598 wlebSi mimdinareobda omi romelic istoriaSi

`hugenotebis omis” saxeliT Sevida. Sedegad hugenotebma miiRes samxreT

safrangeTSi cxovrebis ufleba, Tumca maTi gavlena safrangeTSi mkveT-

rad Semcirda.

romis eklesiam reformaciasTan sabrZolvelad Seqmna `kaToliku-

ri liga”. rasac protestantebma `evangelisturi kavSiris’’ SeqmniT upa-

suxes. SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba saerToevropul, e.w. `30 wlian”

(1618-1648 wlebi) omSi gadaizarda, romelic dasrulda vestfaliis sam-

Svidobo SeTanxmebiT. Sedegad kaTolikeebi, protestantebi da kalvinis-

tebi uflebrivad gaTanabrdnen.

protestantuli moZRvrebis amosavali principebi

radganac protestantizmi ar aris erTi eklesia da Sedgeba bevri

mimdinareobisgan, aRsaniSnavia mxolod is Tezisebi, rac aerTianebs pro-

testantul tradiciaze aRmocenebul eklesiaTa umetesobas. protes-

tantebi iziareben zogadqristianul warmodgenas RmerTze, ieso qris-

tesa da suliwmindaze, aRiareben samebas da nikeo-konstantinopolis aR-

sarebas, swamT sulis ukvdavebis, iesos meored mosvlis, saboloo gan-

kiTxvis da caTa sasufevlis. amasTan erTad, protestantizmma wamoayena

3 ZiriTadi Tezisi: sulis xsna personaluri rwmeniT, morwmuneTa sayo-

velTao siwminde da wminda werilis gansakuTrebuli avtoriteti.

Sola scriptura (mxolod werili) - protestantebisTvis biblia warmo-

adgens saeklesio swavlebis erTaderT wyaros, amitom is iTargmna naci-

onalur enebze, misi Seswavla da principebis cxovrebaSi gatareba yvela

protestantis mTavari amocanaa. wminda gadmocemisadmi damokidebuleba

araerTgvarovania, erTis mxriv uaryofa da meores mxriv aRiareba, mag-

ram nebismier SemTxvevaSi erTi mniSvnelovani danamatiT: gadmocema (ise-

ve rogorc nebismieri sxva Teologiuri naSromi) avtoritetulia imde-

nad, ramdenadac is dafuZnebulia bibliaze. swored es danamati (da ara

RvTismsaxurebis gamartivebis da gaiafebis mcdeloba) aris protestan-

tuli mimdinareobebis mier ama Tu im swavlebis da praqtikis uaryofis

mizezi da swored amis gamo aris amdeni mimdinareoba protestantizmSi.

kaxa qecbaia

178

radganac bibliis 34.000 muxlis erTnairad gageba SeuZlebelia, misi in-

terpretacia iwvevs sxvadasxva azris gaCenas da es procesi xandaxan da-

moukidebeli eklesiebis warmoqmniT mTavrdeba. mimdinareobebis warmo-

Sobas didwilad xeli Seuwyo evropis da aSS-s demokratiulma da tole-

rantulma garemom. miuxedavad bibliis zogierTi sakiTxis sxvadasxvana-

iri interpretaciisa, protestantul eklesiebs aerTianebT erTi tra-

dicia da ZiriTadi swavleba didwilad identuria. protestantul samya-

roSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia wminda werilis bizantiuri versia e.w.

Textus Receptus, romlis safuZvelzec gamoica pirveli evropuli biblie-

bi. Sola fide (mxolod rwmeniT) - protestantebi aswavlian rom codvam

Secvala adamianis buneba da miuxedavad imisa, rom adamians SeuZlia sike-

Tis keTeba da zneobrivi cxovreba, mas ar SeuZlia sulis xsna sakuTari

damsaxurebiT, zneobrivi cxovrebiT da sikeTis keTebiT. es SesaZlebe-

lia mxolod ieso qristes gamomsyidveli msxverplisadmi rwmeniT. pro-

testantebi ar aufasureben keTil saqmeebs, maT miaCniaT, rom zneobrivi

cxovreba aris rwmenis da codvebis patiebis gardauvlad Tanmdevi nayo-

fi da ara is piroba, ris safuZvelzec RmerTi patiobs adamians codvebs

da aniWebs sulis xsnas. protestantebis swavlebaa: rwmenas moaqvs patie-

ba, sulis xsna da Sedegad keTili saqmeebi. kaTolikuri swavleba Semde-

gia: rwmenas da keTil saqmeebs moaqvT Sedegad patieba da sulis xsna.

swored es Tezisi iyo martin luTeris da sxva reformatorebis centra-

luri Teologiuri sakiTxi. Sola gratia (mxolod madli) - sulis xsnas pro-

testantebi iReben rogorc RmerTis madls, rogorc daumsaxurebel wya-

lobas da ara ise, TiTqos vinmem daimsaxura is. anu sulis xsna aris Rmer-

Tis mier moniWebuli daumsaxurebeli saCuqari, gadmocemuli adamiane-

bisTvis ieso qristes damsaxurebiT. RmerTis yvela moqmedeba adamianis

mimarT mis madls da wyalobas efuZneba. Solus Christus (mxolod qriste) -

qriste aris erTaderTi Suamavali RmerTsa da adamianebs Soris. yvela

zecidan Sobili da monaTluli qristiani iRebs RmerTTan urTierTobis

SesaZleblobas da SeuZlia iqadagos saxareba. protestantobaSi ar arse-

bobs dogmaturi gansxvaveba „mRvdelsa“ da „saeros“ Soris, amitom

RvTismsaxurebs ara aqvT Tanamdeboba, maT aqvT movaleoba. amgvarad uq-

mdeba saeklesio ierarqia misi tradiciuli gagebiT. amave mizezis gamo

ar arsebobs aRsarebis saidumlo da codvebis patiebis ritualebi, rom-

lebic mRvdelma unda Seasrulos, magram Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWe-

ba RmerTis winaSe gulwrfel monaniebas da codvis mitovebas, rogorc

Sinagani monaniebis garegan dadasturebas, protestantebis azriT am sa-

Suamavlo msaxurebas atarebs ieso qriste da ara mRvdeli. Soli Deo gloria

religiis sociologia

179

(dideba mxolod RmerTs) - adamiani Tayvans unda scemdes mxolod

RmerTs, radganac is aris Semoqmedi da sulis xsna miiReba mxolod misi

nebiT da moqmedebiT. radganac RmerTi aris `dasawyisi da dasasruli”,

mTeli dideba ekuTvnis mas da ara mis qmnilebas.

protestantuli RvTismsaxureba

RvTismsaxurebis wesi efuZneba axal aRTqmas da amitom martivad

tardeba. liturgiis ZiriTadi nawili Sedgeba qadagebis, locvis da saga-

loblebis Sesrulebisgan. sruldeba saidumloebebic, rogorebicaa ma-

galiTad ziareba, wyliT naTloba, qorwineba. protestantebi ar locu-

loben gardacvlili adamianebisTvis, ar scemen Tayvans wmindanebs, maT

neStebs, xatebs da ar aRniSnaven maTdami miZRvnil dResaswaulebs. pro-

testantuli samlocvelo saxlebi, rogorc wesi, sadaa, ar gaaCnia mdid-

ruli atributika, xatebi da qandakebebi. radgan miaCniaT rom aseTi de-

koraciebi saWiro ar aris. eklesiis Senobad SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes ne-

bismieri Senoba, romelsac qiraoben, Tavad aSeneben, an yiduloben.

RvTismsaxureba orientirebulia qadagebaze, locvaze da sagaloblebis

Sesrulebaze. RvTismsaxurebis dauqorwinebloba, iseve rogorc daqor-

wineba aranairad ar reglamentirdeba da xucesebis (pastori, presvite-

ri) piradi gadasawyvetia. protestantizmma uaryo romis papis avtori-

teti da gaauqma ber-monazvnuri sistema, rogorc sulis xsnisTvis saWi-

ro gansakuTrebuli Rvawli. amasTan arseboben monastris tipis dawese-

bulebebic mag.: narkomanTa reabilitaciis centrebi. sayovelTao siw-

mindis principma safuZveli daudo eklesiebis demokratiul mowyobas

(mrevlis da RvTsmsaxurTa Tanasworoba, arCeviToba, angariSvaldebu-

leba da a.S.) ierarqia, iqneba es formaluri Tu araformaluri, arsebobs

wesrigis SesanarCuneblad da mas gansakuTrebuli datvirTva ara aqvs.

mniSvnelovani istoriuli momentebi

reformaciuli eklesiebi (XVI s.): luTeranebi, kalvinistebi, angli-

kanebi, anabaptistebi.

postreformaciuli moZraobebi (XVII-XIX s.): baptistebi, kongrega-

cionalistebi, adventistebi, pietistebi, puritanebi, meTodistebi, me-

nonitebi, presviterianelebi, xsnis armia, kvakerebi.

didi gamoRviZeba (XIX s.): ormocdaaTianeloba, evangelizmi.

am mimdinareobebis umetesoba `sulieri aRorZinebis” egidiT iqmne-

boda imisaTvis rom eklesia pirveli saukunis eklesiis idealebs da re-

formaciis arss dabruneboda. am mimdinareobebis ganmasxvavebeli niSani

Tavisufali qadageba da aqtiuri misioneruli moRvaweobaa.

kaxa qecbaia

180

protestantobis gavrcelebis areali

dRes protestantizmi wamyvan poziciebzea skandinaviis qveynebSi

(SvedeTi, norvegia, fineTi), aSS-Si, germaniasa da didi britaneTSi, moi-

cavs holandias, danias, islandias, kanads, Sveicarias, avstralias, axal

zelandias da zogadad okeaniis regions. protestantuli qveynebi gamo-

irCevian socialurad samarTliani sistemiT, Zlieri saxelmwifo wyobi-

lebiT da cxovrebis maRali doniT.

dRes protestantizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia zrdis maRali tem-

pebi: magaliTad: ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi braziliis mosaxleo-

bis 20%, Ciles mosaxleobis 25%, gvatemalis 30% da samxreT koreis 35%

gaxda protestanti. evraziis islamuri sabWos wevris sabri xazmeTlis

cnobiT ukanaskneli 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi protestantobaSi gadavida

Sua aziis 500.000 macxovrebeli. saqarTveloSi protestantebis saerTo

jamuri ricxvi daaxl. 15-20.000 adamiania.

M martin luTeri

religiis sociologia

181

protestanobis damaarseblebi/cnobili protestanti moRvaweebi

jon uiklifi - ingliseli reformatori.

ian husi - Cexi RvTismsaxuri, pirveli msxvili reformatoruli

moZraobis lideri.

martin luTeri - protestantizmis damaarsebeli.

filipe melanxToni - adreuli protestantizmis lideri.

haldrih cvingli -adreuli Sveicaruli reformaciis lideri.

jon kalvini - kalvinizmis fuZemdebeli.

balTazar hubmaieri - anabaptisti Teologi.

meno simonsi - menonitebis eklesiis damaarsebeli.

jon smiTi - baptizmis fuZemdebeli.

jon vesli - meTodistebis xelmZRvaneli.

bili grehemi - baptisti maxarebeli da Teologi.

eduard irvingi - Sotlandieli mqadagebeli.

Carlz parhami - ormocdaaTianeli maxarebeli.

uiliam seimuri - ormocdaaTianelebis mqadagebeli.

oral roberTsi - amerikeli Teologi.

derek prinsi - evangelisti Teologi da moZRvari.

deivid vilkersoni - evangelisti maxarebeli da moZRvari.

rainhard bonke - afrikis mociquli da maxarebeli.

beni hini - amerikeli maxarebeli da teleevangelisti.

qeneT koplandi - amerikeli teleevangelisti.

andrei Sapovalovi - rusuli warmoSobis amerikeli reformatori.

[...] saxelmwifoebi da kanonebi sxva ar arian ra, Tu ara religiis

gamovlenadi mxare sinamdvilis viTarebaSi.

adamiani TavisTavis mieraa gansazRvruli, rom Tavisufali iyos.

aseTia reformaciis arsobrivi Sinaarsi [...] hegeli

kaxa qecbaia

182

`pepelis Tvalebi da frTebic ki sakmarisia,

rom uRmerToba gaanadguro~.

D deni didro

X leqcia


karl marqsis religiis sociologia

konfliqtologiuri paradigma


religia, gaucxoeba, iluzia, socialuri kontroli, socialuri uTa-

nasworoba da religia, religia da politikuri konfliqti.

Sesavali

miuxedavad imisa, rom karl marqsis ideebma mniSvnelovani gavlena

iqonia religiis sociologiis Semdgom ganviTarebaze, Tavad igi araso-

des SeCerebula am sakiTxis met-naklebad dawvrilebiT Seswavlaze. am

mxriv misi ideebis didi nawili me-19 saukunis filosofosebisa da Teo-

logebis Sromebidanaa aRebuli. am ideebze gansakuTrebuli gavlena ger-

manelma filosofosma ludvig foierbaxma moaxdina. igi avtoria cnobi-

li wignisa `qristianobis arsi”, romelic pirvelad 1841 wels gamoica.

l. foierbaxis TvalsazrisiT, religia Tavisi arsiT, Rirebulebe-

bis erTobliobaa, romelsac adamianebi TavianTi kulturuli ganviTare-

bis procesSi qmnian, magram SecdomiT miaweren maT warmomavlobas RvTa-

ebriv Zalebsa da RmerTebs, ramdenadac adamianebs ar SeuZliaT gaicno-

bieron srulad istoriuli ganviTarebis procesi, maT axasiaTebT, axsnan

sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli da aRiarebuli normebi da Rirebulebebi

RmerTebis moqmedebis Sedegad, romlebsac sinamdvileSi socialuri bu-

neba gaaCniaT. magaliTad aTi mcnebis safuZvelSi, romelic iudaizmis

moralur standartebs gansazRvravs, devs Rirebulebebi, romlebic ma-

Ti kulturuli ganviTarebis Sedegia. Tundac sicocxlisa da sakuTre-

bis xelSeuxeblobis, simarTlis da sxva Rirebulebebi. foierbaxi wers:

`sanam adamianebi ar gaicnobiereben religiuri simboloebis arss, rom-

lebic maT mier aris Seqmnili, Cven ganwiruli viqnebiT aRmovCndeT is-

toriis Zalebis mZevalni, romlebic Cvens nebaze ar aris damokidebuli”.

foierbaxi iyenebs gaucxoebis cnebas imisaTvis, rom RvTaebrivi Zalebisa

da RmerTebis gansxvavebuli buneba miuTiTos. adamianebis mier Seqmnili

religiis sociologia

183

ideebi da Rirebulebebi ganixileba gaucxoebuli damoukidebeli arse-

bebis - RvTaebrivi Zalebisa da RmerTebis moqmedebis Sedegi. imis gacno-

biereba, rom religia adamianis sakuTari yoveldRiuri realobis gauc-

xoebis Sedegia, xsnis kacobriobis winaSe kolosalur perspeqtivebs. mas

Semdeg, rac adamianebi gaicnobiereben, rom Rirebulebebi, romlebsac

gansxvavebul warmoSobas miawerdnen, sinamdvileSi maT sakuTar qmnile-

bebs warmoadgenen, isini iReben am Rirebulebebis realizebis SesaZleb-

lobas amqveyniur samyaroSi, ise, rom ar daelodon saiqio cxovrebas.

amiT Zalaufleba, romliTac aRbeWdilia religia da RmerTebi, SesaZle-

belia adamianis xelSi aRmoCndes. qristianebs swamT yovlisSemZle Rmer-

Ti, romelic siyvaruls gulisxmobs yoveli adamianuri arsebis mimarT,

adamiani Tavisi bunebiT dabadebidanve mankieri da codvilia. Tumca fo-

ierbaxi miCnevs, rom adamianis mier Seqmnil socialur institutebs aqvT

unari, uzrunvelyon maTTvis TavianTi cxovrebis gankargvis, siyvaruli-

sa da sikeTis qmnis SesaZlebloba. socialuri institutebis namdvili xa-

siaTis gacnobiereba adamianebs TavianTi potencialis bolomde reali-

zebis Sanss miscemda.

§1. marqsi religiis Sesaxeb

karl marqsi iziarebs foierbaxis Tvalsazriss religiis, rogorc

TviTgaucxoebis fenomenis Sesaxeb. xSirad gamoiTqmis mcdari mosazreba

marqsis mier religiis uaryofis Taobaze, magram es WeSmaritebas ar See-

sabameba. igi aRiarebs religiis mniSvnelobas sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.

marqsi religiis SefasebaSi negatiur pozicias ikavebs, magram sazogado-

ebaSi religiis aucileblobas ase Tu ise aRiarebs. igi wers: `religia

ugulo samyaros gulia, TavSesafari sastiki realobisgan”. marqsis

TvalsazrisiT, religia ki ar gaqreba, aramed igi Tavisi tradiciuli

formiT Seicvleba. es SeiZleba moxdes ara imis gamo, rom es Rirebulebe-

bi da idealebi mcdaria, aramed isini SeiZleba aRmoCndnen gzamkvlevi

socialuri idealebi kacobriobis srulyofis procesSi da Caanacvlon

maTi religiuri mniSvneloba. adamianebs aRar unda hqondeT SiSi Rmer-

Tebis winaSe, romlebic maTive qmnilebebs warmoadgenen da aRar unda mi-

aweron maT is Rirebulebebi, romelTa realizebis SesaZleblobebic Ta-

vad gaaCniaT. marqsis cnobili gamoTqma, `religia xalxis opiumia”, xazs

usvams imas, rom religia iluziaa. igi xalxs cxovrebis arsebuli pirobe-

bisadmi moTminebasa da Seguebas aswavlis, romlis jildos miReba saiqio

cxovrebaSia SesaZlebeli. momavali bednierebis amgvari imedi marqsis

azriT, adamianis orientirebas ufro metad moTminebaze axdens, vidre

kaxa qecbaia

184

brZolaze uTanasworobisa da usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg, rasac realuri

socialuri uTanasworoba qmnis.

marqsis darad konfliqtis Teoriis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom reli-

gia sazogadoebis kontrolis mZlavri instrumentia, romelic amyarebs

mmarTveli fenis mdgomareobas sociumSi arsebuli rwmenebis safuZvel-

ze. amis mixedviT, magaliTad siRaribe ar aris samarcxvino. codvad iT-

vleba agresiulobisa da mrisxanebis gamovlena. qristianobaSi ganmsaz-

Rvrelia siyvarulis principi, romlis dacvac savaldebuloa mtrebis

mimarT da a. S. k. marqss veberisgan gansxavavebiT ar sjera, rom religias,

romelsac nugeSiscema moaqvs adamianebisTvis SesaZlebelia socialuri

garadqmnebis wyaro iyos. marqsis azriT, religia niRbavs ara mxolod

SiSsa da SfoTvas, aramed usamarTlobasac. „religia daCagruli adamia-

nis amosunTqvis saSualebaa, ugulo samyaros gulia. igia mravali usul-

gulo socialuri wesrigis suli”.

§2. socialuri uTanasworoba da religia

socialuri konfliqtis Teoriis centrSi umTavresi kiTxva socia-

luri wesrigis SenarCunebaSi religiis rols Seexeba. marqsis mixedviT,

am SemTxvevaSi religia mmarTveli klasis ineresebis damcvelad gvevli-

neba. misi meSveobiT socialuri uTanasworobidan xalxis yuradRebis ga-

datana sxva mimarTulebiT xdeba.

magaliTad dRes britaneTis monarqi imavdroulad anglikanuri ek-

lesiis formaluri meTauria, rac religiur da politikur elitebs so-

ris mWidro kavSirs adsturebs. es niSnavs, rom politikuri gardaqmnebi

eklesiis opozicias gulisxmobs. marqss aseve miaCnia, rom religia adami-

anebs yoveldRiur socialur da politikur problemebis aSorebs da

„ukeTes momavals“ pirdeba. am „ukeTesi momavlis“ momlodine adamiani ki

arsebul socialur wesrigs da uTanasworobas egueba.

religiasa da socialur uTanasworobas akavSirebs genderi. praq-

tikulad yvela umTavresi religia patriarqaluria.

didi xnis manZilze evropis qristianuli qveynebi amarTlebdnen

Tavian kolonizatorul saqmianobas aziasa da afrikaSi warmarTTa moq-

cevis ideiT. amerikis samxreT StatebSi eklesia zangebis monobas imiT

amarTlebda, rom aseTia neba uflisa. afroamerikeli mwerali qalis mai-

li anjelous TqmiT „kviraobiT, dilis 11 saaTsa da 30 wuTze amerika uf-

religiis sociologia

185

ro segregirebulia∗, vidre kviris sxva nebismieri dRis nebismier wuTze

da saaTze“∗.

§3. religia da politikuri konfliqti

marqsidan momdinare konfliqtologiuri Teoriis momxreebi re-

ligiur moZraobebs xSirad politikur konfliqtebs ukavSireben. amis

magaliTad kolonialuri xelisuflebis ganadgurebis kulti mohyavT

xolme.

meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi wynar okeaneSi, melaneziis kunZu-

lebze kolonizatorebis gamoCenis Semdeg ucnauri religiuri ritua-

lebi e. w. „ganadgurebis“ ceremoniebi tardeboda. es kulti adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebis mier iyo organizebuli, romelTac samyaros dasasrulis

wamdaT. yvelaze dramatuli am ritualebSi is iyo, rom kultis warmomad-

gnlebi zRvis napirze an did mindorze iyridnen Tavs da anadgurebdnen

yvelafers rac ki ebadaT, yvelafer imas rac miwier cxovrebas ukavSir-

deboda.

religiuri kultis warmomadgenelTa amgvar moqmedebas sociolo-

gebi kolonistebsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris konfliqtiT

xsnidnen. belSou aRniSnavda, rom msgavsi kultebi gaCndnen iq, sadac ev-

ropeli kolonizatorebi aborigenebis cxovrebas gaqrobiT emuqrebod-

nen, xolo iq, sadac dasavluri gavlena ar iyo, bunebrivia, msgavsi kul-

tebic ar gaCenila.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ganadgurebis sakulto rituali qvecnobierad

kolinistebis fizikur ganadgurebasac gulisxmobda. giuarti (1959) da

uersli (1957) aRniSnavdnen, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi mravali kulti Ri-

ad gamoxatavda protests koloniuri batonobis winaaRmdeg, ris Sedega-

dac isini nel-nela politikur dajgufebebad gadaiqcnen.

∗ segregacia — diskriminaciis ukiduresi formaa. niSnavs kanonis an wes-Cveulebis

safuZvelze eTnikuri jgufebis gancalkevebas. evropaSi segregaciis oficialuri

formebi arsebobda. magaliTad, odesRac ebraelebi getoebSi iyvnen izolirebulni.

amJamad evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi bevr boSas mtruli mopyrobiT an ekonomikuri

segregaciiT aiZuleben calke Temebad icxovron da sxva.

∗ sakvirao wirvaze daswreba igulisxmeba, rac morwmune amerikelebis didi nawilis

religiur cxovrebaSi monawileobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi formaa.

kaxa qecbaia

186

§3. kritikuli Sefaseba

sabolood unda iTqvas, rom konfliqtologiuri paradigmis amosa-

vali principebi socialuri uTansworobis gamyarebaSi religiis rolis

Sesaxeb xSir SemTxvevaSi kiTxvis niSnis qveS SeiZleba dadges. mecxarame-

te saukuneSi, magaliTad, aSS-Si monobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi morwmune-

Ta jgufi mowinaveTa rigebSi iyo. 1950 da 1960 wlebSi martin luTer

king-umcrosis xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnili religiuri organizaciebi sa-

moqalaqo uflebebis damcveli moZraobis birTvi gxda. 1960 da 1970

wlebSi araerTi religiuri moRvawe gamodioda vietnamis omis winaaR-

mdeg da a. S. es da msgavsi faqtebi adastureben, rom religiis Sesaxeb

marqsis koncefciis ukritikod miReba SeuZlebelia.

kiTxvebi:

• daaxasiaTeT marqsis religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi princi-

pebi?

• marqsis mixedviT ra kavSiria religiasa da socialur uTanas-

worobas Soris? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

• marqsis mixedviT, ra funqciebs asrulebs religia sazogadoe-

baSi?

D davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: „marqsisa da veberis religiis

sociologiuri Teoriebis Sedareba“.

• momazadeT essei Temaze: `marqsis religiis sociologis kriti-

ka~.







sia).



religiis sociologia

187



Tb., 2008.


2004.




E

es sainteresoa

ganadgurebis rituali

istoriisaTvis cnobil sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi adamianis so-

cialuri mdgomareoba simdidriTa da keTildreobiT ganisazRvreboda,

magram daaxloebiT 100 wlis winaT kanadaSi arsebobda sazogadoeba, ro-

melSic adamianis statusi simdidrisa da materialuri keTildReobis

uqonlobiT anu, imiT ganisazRvreboda Tu ramdenad efeqturad gaanad-

gurebda igi materialur dovlaTs. msgavsi sazogadoebebi arsebobdnen

kanadasa da amerikaSi TiTqmis meoce saukunis dasasrulamde. amerikelma

mogzaurma da swavlulma franc boasma erT-erTi aseTi ganadgurebis ri-

tuali aRwera. msgavsi faqtebis arseboba adaturebs imas, rom aucilebe-

kaxa qecbaia

188

li ar aris ganadgurebis religiuri rituali aborigenTa antikoloniur

ganwyobas daukavSiroT. SesaZlebelia amgvari ceremoniis safuZveli

wminda religiuri iyos. Tumca sociologebs surT, rom am ritualis so-

cialuri Zirebi ipovon.

* * *

[...] simdidere didi safrTxea, usasruloa misi cdunebani; misken

swrafva ara marto uazrobaa RvTis sauflosTan SedarebiT. aramed zne-

obrivad saeWvocaa. am SemTxvevaSi askeza warmaval sikeTeTa mopovebisa-

ken yovelgvari swrafvis winaaRmdeg gacilebiT ufro mwvavedaa mimar-

Tuli, vidre kalvinTan, romelic sasuliero pirTa simdidreSi maTi

moRvaweobisaTvis dabrkolebas ki ara, maTi dafasebis metad sasurvel

zrdas xedavda da maT nebas aZlevda, usiamovnebis Tavidan acilebis er-

TaderTi pirobiT qoneba momgebianad daebandebinaT [...]

m.veberi

religiis sociologia

189

` ar meguleba arc erTi saRi mecnieruli dasakvna,

romelic ewinaaRmdegeba qristianul religias~.

v. skoti

XI leqcia

Tema: religiis Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebi

pirveli nawili

struqturul-funqcionalisturi

da socialur-anTropologiuri paradigma

b. malinovski da a. r. redklif-brauni


religia da sazogadoeba, magia, religiis socialuri funqcia, socia-

luri erToba da religia, socialur anTropologia, universaluri

funqcionalizmi.

Sesavali

diurkemis Semdeg religiis funqcionalisturi analizi axal si-

maRleze bronislav malinovskim da alfred rejinald redklif-braunma

aiyvanes. e. w. „funqcionalizmis“ eris dawyeba maT saxelTanaa dakavSire-

buli. igulisxmeba 1922 wels empiriul masalebze dayrdnobiT dawerili

maTi monografiebis erTdroulad gamocema. es wignebia: b. malinovskis

„wynari okeanis dasavleT nawilis argonavtebi“ da a. r. redklif-bra-

unis „andamanis kunZulelebi“. orive naSromi mdidar empiriul masala-

ze dayrdnobiT saintereso Teorias ayalibebs religiis adreuli for-

mebisa da sazogadoebaSi maTi funqciebis Sesaxeb. amiT TiToulma maT-

ganma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana diurkemis TeoriaSi Riad datovebu-

li sakiTxebis analizisa da mTeli rigi detalebis dazustebis saqmeSi.

§1. a. r. redklif-brauni: religia

gvarovnul sazogadoebaSi

redklif-braumna Tavidan iseTi problema Seiswavla, rogoricaa

religia gvarovnul sistemaSi andamanis kunZulebze, xolo 1910 wels,

kaxa qecbaia

190

maSin rodesac diurkemi parizSi Tavis wigns („religiuri cxovrebis ele-

mentaruli formebi“) werda redklif-brauni avstarliel aborigenTa

Sesaswavlad gaemarTa imisaTvis, rom savele eTnografiuli masalebis

gasaanalizeblad diukemis sociologiuri meTodi gamoeyenebina.

redklif-brauni yoveli xalxis kultu-

ras ganixilavda, rogorc institutebis site-

mas (normebi, adaT-wesebi, rwmenebi) romlebic

socialuri sistemisaTvis aucilebel funqci-

ebs asruleben. amasTanave igi diurkemis „ele-

mentarizms“ (movlenebis ganxilvas TavisTa-

vad) movlenaTa socialuri sistemis konet-

qstSi ganxilvas upirispirebda. sazogadoebis

integraciis meTodologiuri sauZveli red-

klif-braunis mixedviT, sistemuri midgomaa.

man aRmoaCina, rom diurkemis „koleqtiuri

cnobierebis“ koncefcia ver xsnis totemistu-

ri ritualebis mier socialuri integraciis

process. man aCvena, rom samyaros totemisturi modeli sazogadoebis

socialuri struqturis gamovlinebaa, romelic mcenareTa da cxovelTa

samyaros saxeebiTaa Semosili. Tuki andamelebsa da eskimosebs klanuri

organizacia ar gaaCnia, es ar aris im mtkicebis safuZveli, rom amis gamo

maTSi adgili ar aqvs totemizms.

diurkemis mTavri Tezisi, rom sazogadoeba, rogorc gansakuTre-

buli saxis realoba religiis wyaroa, redklif-braunTan ufro daxve-

wil konkretizirebul formas iRebs. mis mixedviT, totemistur cnobie-

rebaSi samyaro moraluri da socialuri sistemis saxes iRebs, radganac

bunebriv movlenebs Soris urTierTobebi normatiul socialur qcevebs

arian daqvemdebarebulni. religiuri rwmenis integraciul funqcias

redklif-brauni gansazRvravda, rogorc individualur cnobierebaze

religiis „moraluri Zalis“ gavlenas, romlis Sedegad „koleqtiuri

cnobiereba“ yalibdeba.

individis, religiisa da socialuri sistemis urTierTkavSiris Si-

nagani meqanizmebis analizisas redklif-brauni socialur sistemaSi re-

ligiis rolsa da mniSvnelobas imaSi xedavda, rom misi meSveobiT sayo-

velTao interesis sagans ritualuri mniSvneloba eniWeba. swored es ri-

tualuri mniSvneloba aniWebs avstraliur totemizms moaxdinos abori-

genTa integracia socialur erTobaSi.

redklif-braunma SeZlo sazogadoebis fuqncionaluri erTobis

winaaRmdegobrivi bunebis axsna, riTac soilidarobis cnebis dazusteba

a. r. redklif—brauni

(1881—1955)

religiis sociologia

191

moaxdina. man urTierTobaTa ramdenime modeli daadgina, romlebSic

sxvadasxva saSualebebiT mxareebs Soris erToba miiRweva (konvenciuri

urTierTobebi). magaliTad qalsa da kacs Soris mkvaxe xumrobebi, rom-

lebic pozituri urTierTobebis preludiaa. konvencionalur urTier-

TobebSi mxareebi saerTo interesebiTaa dakavSirebuli, rac integraci-

is pirobas warmoadgens.

redklif-braunis mixedviT religiis funqciebia:

• ara is, rom misi meSveobiT adamiani fsiqologiur problemebs ga-

umklavdes, aramed man imgavrad unda moaxdinos adamianTa moqmedebis mo-

tivireba, rom isini sazogadoebis moTxovnebs adekvaturad pasuxobdnen.

• individis qcevis regulacia. socialuri struqtura adamianebs Ti-

Savs erTmaneTisagan. amitom sazogadoebas iseTi saSualebebi sWirdeba am

problemis mosagvareblad, rom SenarCunebul iqnas misi stabiluroba. am

miznis miRwevas moraluri absolutis avtoriteti sWirdeba, romliTac

saerTo interesi RmerTis mcnebebis saxiT iqneba warmodgenili.

• religias aqvs socialuri kontrolis funqcia. amiT is deviantu-

ri qcevis prevencias axdens da socialuri inetegraciisa da stabiluro-

bis gamyarebas axdens.

§1. b. malinovskis `universaluri funqcionalizmi~

b. malinovskic redklif-braunis msgavsad iqidan amodioda, rom

kulturis nebismieri universaluri fenenomeni (maT Soris religiac),

romelic ama Tu im saxiT arsebobs sazogadoebaSi adamianTa im moTxov-

nebTan aris dakavSirebuli, romelic maT yvelgan da yovelTvis aqvT. Ta-

nac unda gvaxsovdes, rom nebismieri socialuri urTierToba an insti-

tuti maSinaTve Sewyvets arsebobas, rogorc ki funqciis gareSe darCeba.

swored amgvari „universaluri funqcionalizmis“ poziciidan aanali-

zebs religias b. malinovski.

malinovski im principiT xelmZRvanelobda, rom adamianTa bazisu-

ri moTxovnilebebani da miswrafebebi imgvarad unda iqned dakmayofile-

buli, rom SenarCunebul iqnes wonasworoba sazogadoebaSi da qaoss ar

unda hqondes adgili. sazogadoeba ayaalibebs garkveul wesebs, romel-

Ta saSualebiTac maregulierebel isntitutebs qmnis. sociologiuri

kvlevis amocana am SemTxvevaSi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom daadginos, Tu

romeli socialuri instituti ra saxis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas ax-

dens.

kaxa qecbaia

192

naSromSi „magia, mecnie-

reba da religia“ (1925 w.), ro-

melic religiis sociologia-

Si erT-erT klasikur naSro-

mad aris miCneuli, malinovski

aCvenebs, rom nebismier sazo-

gadoebaSi religiis funqcie-

bia:

• krizisul situacebSi jgufis, sociumis erTobis SenarCuneba da

ganviTarebis Semdomi perspeqtivebisaTvis garkveuli pirobebis Seqmna.

• iniciaciis ritualis meSveobiT individis sazogadoebis sruluf-

lebian wevrad gaxdoma (religia, rogorc socializaciis agenti).

amasTanave mas arsodes eWv qveS ar dauyenebia religiis analizis

diurkemiseuli meTodi. Tumca misi koncefciis calkeuli detalebi uk-

ritikod mainc ar dautovebia. man yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom „ko-

leqtiuri cnobierebiT“ sazogadoeba yovelTvis rodi qmnis religiur

rwmenebs. msgavsi warmodgenebi wminda sekularuli, saeroc SeiZleba

iyos. primitiul sazogadoebebSi qcevis miwerili wesebi da kulturuli

miRwevebi ara mxolod sakraluri avtoritetiTaa gansazRvruli, aramed

umeteswilad profanuli iZulebiT. es kargad vlindeba krizisul situa-

ciebSi (sikvdili, daumsaxurebeli tanjva da sxva). msgavs viTarebaSi re-

ligia konformulobas uwyobs xels. primitul sazogadoebaSi am mizniT

iseTi elementi Semodis rogricaa jadoqroba da magia. isini xels uwyo-

ben warumateblobasTan Serigebas. Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi magiam da

wyevis ritualebma gavlena dakarges, magram problemebi mougvarebeli

darCa. amieridan am problemebis mogvarebaSi religia erTveba.

religia im SemTxvevaSi erTveba socialur sinamdvileSi, rodesac

adamiani Tavis yvela SesaZleblobas amowuravs. gansakuTrebiT is mniS-

vnelovani xdeba axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi. sxva-

dasxva religiebi sxvadasxvanairad udgebian sikvdils, magram yoveli

maTgani mis axsnasTan erTad garkveul ritualebs gulisxmobs, romlis

mizani tragediasTan Seguebaa. amiT religia sazogadoebis wevrTa rein-

tegracias uwyobs xels. exmareba maT SiSisa da usiamovnebebis daZlevaSi.

redklif-braunisa da malinovskis Teoriebis Sedarebis Sedegad

amerikelma sociologma jorj homansma daaskvna, rom isini erTmaneTs ki

ar ewinaaRmdegebian, aramed avseben erTmaneTs. namdvilad erTi da igive

rituali (magaliTad dakrZalvis) SesaZlebelia, rom orgvar funqcias

asrulebdes — daamSvidos adamiani, romelmac axlobeli dakarga da amas-

religiis sociologia

193

Tanave Seaxsenos mas, rom win RmerTis samsjavro elodeba. fsiqologiu-

ri komforti da usafrTxoebis grZnoba da, maT sapirispirod, pasuxis-

mgeblobis fenomeni (RmerTisa da sazogadoebis winaSe pasuxismgebloba)

sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi erTnairadaa CarTuli.

religiis Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebi

meore nawili

struqturul-funqcionalisturi paradigma

k. devisi da u. muri,

t. parsonsi da r. mertoni


k. devisi, u. muri, sistemuri funqcionalizmi, integracia da stabi-

luroba, societaluri integracia, sistema, qvesistema, moraluri

sanqcia.

§1. k. devisi da u. muri:

religiis universalur-maintegrirebeli funqcia

sanam religiisadmi parsonsis sistemur funqcionalistur midgo-

mas ganvixilavdeT aucilebelia struqturalizmis iseT warmomadgenel-

Ta mosazrebebs gavecnoT, rogorebic k. devisi da u. muri arian. maT mi-

xedviT, religia adamianis qcevaze zemoqmedebis faqtoria, xolo maTi

integracia sistemis saxiT sazogadoebis fuqncionirebis saSualebaa. es

avtorebi realur socialur movlenaTa subieqtivaciis wesiT asabuTe-

ben socialuri obieqtis adamianuri faqtorebis ararealobas, ufro

sworad, maT moCvenebiT realobas imisaTvis, rom ufro damajerebeli

gaxdes religiis universalur-maintegrirebeli funqcia.

k. devisisa da u. muris mixedviT, religiuri rwmenebisa da rituale-

bis roli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mianiWos adamianur Rirebulebebsa da

miznebs moCvenebiTi realobis statusi da amiT kidev ufro gaaZlieros

igi: „rwmenebisa da ritualebis meSveobiT es Rirebulebebi da miznebi

dakavSirebulia warmosaxul samyarosTan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gaaz-

rebuladaa dakavSirebuli individis cxovrebiseul faqtebTan da gamoc-

dilebasTan“. maTi masimbolizirebeli wminda obieqtebisa da arsebaTa

kaxa qecbaia

194

Tayvaniscemisa da qcevis kodeqsad miCneuli zebunebrivi winaswardasa-

xulobebis gaziarebiT dgindeba mZlavri kontroli adamianis qcevaze;

„igi warmarTavs qcevis institucionalizebuli struqturis mxardaWe-

ris amocanas misi umaRlesi Rirebulebebis Sesatyvisad“.

k. devisis da u. muris da, saerTod, religiis struqturul-funqci-

onalisturi sociologiuri koncefcia religiis arss ki ar xsnis, ara-

med adasturebs imas, rom igi gamarTlebul iqnas startifikaciuli da

funqcionalisturi poziciebidan. aq erT ucnaurobasTan gvaqvs saqme:

religia warmodgenilia, rogorc erTob sociologiuri faqti; rogorc

sociologiuri religia: „anarekli, romelSic miwieri Zalebi aramiwier

saxes iReben“.

religiis instituirebis Tematikas struqturalizmi religiuri

organizaciebis analizamde mihyavs. am SemTxvevaSi devisi da muris yu-

radRebis centrSia sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom mimdinareobs yovel-

gvar sazogadoebaSi religiuri saqmianoba garkveuli pirebis meTvalyu-

reobiT, „romlebic amisaTvis ufro met anazRaurebas iReben, vidre sa-

zogadoebis rigiTi wevrebi“. am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba maRali rangis

funqcionerebs, xolo msgavsi Sexedulebis mTlianad sasuliero pirebze

ganvrcobas isini sazogadoebrivi azris gazviadebul warmodgenad miiC-

nevn.

struqturalizmi cdilobs religiis msaxurTa valdebulebebsa da

gansakuTrebul privelegiebs Soris kavSirs obieqturi safuZveli gamo-

uZebnos. Tu zebunebrivi samyaro adamianTa cxovrebas ufro metad war-

marTavs, vidre realuri samyaro, misi miwieri warmomadgeneli, pirovne-

ba, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi zebunebrivs ukavSirdebian, uZliere-

si pirovneba unda iyos: igi aris wminda tradiciebis mcveli, ritualebis

daxelovnebuli Semsrulebeli, moZRvrebaTa da dogmebis ganswavuli in-

terpretatori; is iseT mWidro kavSirSia zebunebriv realobasTan, rom

morwmuneebs SeuZliaT qarizmatuli niSan-Tvisebebi miaweron. amgvarad,

sasuliero piri, garkveuli zomiT, TviTon xdeba amqveyniuri moTxovni-

lebebisagan Tavisufali wmindani.

sasuliero pirebisadmi msgavsi damokidebulebis safuZvelze xsni-

an struqturalistebi Teokratiuli sistemebis arss. Tumca sekulari-

zaciisa da Tanamedrove kapitalizmis pirobebSi sauliero sazogadoeba

srulad ver axorcielebs kontrols mTeli sazogadoebis mimarT. Tana-

medrove sazogadoebaSi RvTismsaxurTa poziciebi dabalia. amis mizezad

struqturalistebi konservatorul Sexedulebebs da religiur moZ-

RvrebaTa sirTules asaxeleben. amas emateba iseTi elementebi rogori-

caa: uCveulo samosi, gansakuTrebuli qceva, gancalkevebuli sacxovre-

religiis sociologia

195

beli, zog SemTxvevaSi ojaxis uqonloba da a. S. Tumca yvelaze did uxer-

xulobas mainc sekularizacia qmnis. is arRvevs religiisa da misi orga-

nizaciis simtkices. amitom struqturalistebi im sazogadoebebisaken

ixrebian romelSic religias maRali poziciebi ukavia. am mxriv maTi yu-

radRebis centrSi eqceva maias tomebis religiuri organizacia, evropu-

li kaTolicizmi, tibeturi budizmi, induri brahmanizmi da sxva. maTi

gansakuTrebuli msjelobis sagania saero, samoqalaqo aRzrda-ganaTle-

bis gavlena religiaze.

kidev erT-erTi faqtori romelzec struqturalistebi amaxvile-

ben yuradRebas es mecnieruli aTeizmia, romelmac samRvdelobis pres-

tiJis dacemaSi uaryofiTi roli Seasrula. am SemTxevaSi struqtura-

listebi aRniSnaven kapitalisturi qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis re-

ligiurobis faqts. Tumca religiis momavlis sakiTxs struqturaliste-

bi dadebiTad wyveten, radganac arc erTi sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba imde-

nad iyos sekularizebuli, rom iq, saerTod, aRmoifxvras transcenden-

turi miznebisa da zebunebrivi arsebisadmi rwmena. TviT yvelaze metad

sekularizebul sazogadoebaSic ki, struqturalistebis TvalsazrisiT,

SeiZleba adgili hqondes sistemebs, romelTa amocanaa sayovelTao Ri-

rebulebebisa da miznebis integracia, ritualuri gamosaxva, individis

emocionaluri Segueba sxvadasxva xasiaTis tragikul movlenebTan, mag-

ram ismis kiTxva: ratom aris aucilebeli amisaTvis zebunebrivi arsebis

rwmena? am kiTxvaze struqturalistebis pasuxi arerTgvarovania.

§2. religia t. parsonsis sistemur funqcionalizmSi

religiis funqcinalisturma analizma Semdgomi ganviTareba par-

sonsis sitemur funqcionalistur koncefciaSi pova. misi amosavali

principia socialuri sistemebis integracia. yoveli socialuri sistema

oTx ZiriTad funqcias gulisxmobs: adaptacia, miznis miRweva, integra-

cia da latenturoba (wonasworobis SenarCuneba) (agil).

imisaTvis, rom gavigoT Tu ra adgili ukavia religias sazogadoe-

baSi, mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes imis pirobebi da meqanizmebi, rasac

parsonsi societalur integracias uwodebs. Tumca am cnebis analizi

zogadad pasonisis sociologiuri koncefciis ZiriTad momentebze aq-

centebis gakeTebas saWiroebs.

t. parsonsis kvleviTi paTosi analizis iseTi zogadi sqemis SemuSa-

vebazea mimarTuli, romelic moqmedebis nebismieri sistemisaTvis iqneba

gamosadegi. amosavali ZiriTadi debuleba aq ,,socialuri moqmedebis”

cnebaa. socialuri moqmedebaa adamianis qceva, romelic motivirebulia

kaxa qecbaia

196

da warmarTulia im mniSvnelobiT, romelsac aqtori an moqmedi piri aR-

moaCens garemomcvel samyaroSi da romelzec igi reagirebs. socialuri

moqmedebis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebelia is, rom moqmedi piri aRiqvems su-

lier da usulo saganTa mniSvnelobebs, acnobierebs maT da garkveulad

reagirebs maT mier mowodebul-gadmocemul ideebze.

parsonsis mixedviT, socialuri moqmedeba moicavs oTx elements:

1. ,,moqmedi piri” anu ,,ego”, romelic aucilebeli ar aris iyos indi-

vidi; savsebiT dasaSvebia, iyos jgufi, organizacia da a.S.

2. ,,situacia”, romelic Tavis mxriv moicavs im sagnebsa da obieq-

tebs, romelTanac ,,moqmedi piri” amyarebs ama Tu im urTierTobas. aqto-

ri anu ,,moqmedi piri” esaa ,,adamiani situaciaSi”, misi moqmedeba esaa pa-

suxi im signalTa erTobliobaze, romelTac igi iRebs misi garemomcveli

sinamdvilidan, iqneba es bunebrivi Tu socialuri obieqtebi. socialur

obieqtebTan anu sxva ,,moqmed pirebTan” misi urTierToba ukve urTier-

Tqmedebis sxva formas iZens;

3. swored am signalTa da simboloTa meSveobiT moqmedi piri amya-

rebs kavSirs situaciis sxvadasxva elementebTan da maT garkveul saz-

riss miawers;

4. Rirebulebebi, normebi da wesebi warmarTaven moqmedi piris qce-

vebs; amiT isini mizanmimarTuli xdeba.

socialuri moqmedebis cnebis gaanalizebis Semdeg, parsonsi ake-

Tebs daskvnas imis Taobaze, rom adamianis moqmedeba yovelTvis sistemu-

robiT xasiaTdeba anu, sistemur Taviseburebebs flobs. igi sistemuri

analizisadmi swored im TaviseburebaTa gamoa xelSesaxebi, romelTa mi-

xedviTac socialuri moqmedeba arasodes ar aris martivi da izolire-

buli, igi rTulia da sul mcire, ori individis urTierTdamokidebule-

bas mainc gulisxmobs. nebismieri moqmedeba SeiZleba erTsa da imave

dros ganvixiloT, rogorc erTeul moqmedebaTa erToblioba ise, ro-

gorc ufro farTo mTlianobis Semadgeneli nawili. parsonsis mixedviT,

moqmedebis sistema, upirveles yovlisa, esaa moqmedi pirisa da situaci-

is, romelSic igi imyofeba, urTierTqmedebis — urTierTdamokidebule-

bis organizacia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, moqmedebis sistemis gageba ukve SeuZ-

lebeli xdeba ,,funqciis” cnebis Semotanis gareSe. imisaTvis, rom iarse-

bos, sistemam unda imoqmedos. sistemis funqciebi Seesatyviseba saqmia-

nobis im saxeebs, romelTa daniSnulebaa daakmayofilos sistemis moT-

xovnileba an moTxovnilebebi sistemis saxiT. parsonsi fiqrobs, rom ne-

bismieri sistema aucileblobiT moicavs an atarebs oTx funqcias, rom-

lebic akmayofilebs mis elementarul moTxovnilebebs da amave dros

moqmedebis sistemis ,,funqciuri winamZRvrebia”.

religiis sociologia

197

agil

1. adaptacia, romelic mimarTulia moqmedebis sistemasa da mis ga-

remos Soris urTierTobis dadgenaze. am funqciis arsi isaa, rom garemo-

Si arsebuli anu, garegani sistemebisagan amoiRos is resursebi, romle-

bic aucilebelia moqmedebis sistemisaTvis. swored Tavisi moTxovnile-

bisa da saWiroebis mixedviT gaukeTos maT organizacia da gardaqmnas,

xolo sanacvlod misces maT Tavisi sakuTari ,,produqti”. amgvarad,

adaptaciis meSveobiT sistema egueba garemosa da mis SezRudvebs, uTana-

debs ra maT Tavis moTxovnebs.

2. miznis miRweva mdgomareobs sistemis mizanTa gansazRvrasa da mi-

si miRwevisaTvis aucilebeli energiisa da resursebis mobilizaciaSi.

3. integracia esaa sistemis mastabilirebeli parametri (ganzomi-

leba). igi mimarTulia sistemis nawilTa Soris ,,solidarobaze”, am sis-

temis mkveTri cvlilebebisa da Zlieri Zvrebisagan dacvaze.

4. moqmedebis nebismierma sistemam unda uzrunvelyos Tavisi moq-

med wevrTa anu, aqtorTa aucilebeli motivacia. igi unda flobdes mo-

tivaciaTa maragsac, rogorc aucilebeli energiis wyaros da Semgrove-

bels. parsonsi am funqcias ,,latenturobas” uwodebs. esaa ,,nimuSTa (wes-

Ta) mxardaWeris — SenarCunebis” funqcia, romelic mimarTulia sistemis

normebisa da Rirebulebebis mimarT moqmed pirTa erTgulebis SenarCu-

nebis uzrunvelobaze da imaze, rom aqtorebma kvlav gaagrZelon am Ri-

rebulebebiT orientireba TavianT saqmianobaSi.

parsonsi amiT ar kmayofildeba da moqmedebis zogad sistemas oTx

qvesistemad yofs: 1. biologiuri organizmi; 2. fsiqologiurad indivi-

dualuri pirovneba; 3.socialuri sistema; 4. kultura.

amgvari dayofa moqmedebis sistemis oTx elementarul funqciad

dayofas Seesatyviseba. biologiuri organizmi Seesatyviseba adaptaciis

funqcias, rameTu swored SegrZnebebis saSualebiT dgindeba kontaqtebi

materialur samyarosTan an masTan Seguebis, an misiT manipulirebis an

misi gardaqmnis mizniT. fsiqologiurad individualur pirovnebas See-

satyviseba miznis miRwevis funqcia. swored fsiqologia gansazRvravs

miznebs, aaqtiurebs energias da mobilizebas ukeTebs resursebs maT mi-

saRwevad. socialuri sistema Seesatyviseba integraciis funqciebs. igi

qmnis solidarobas, awesebs SezRudvebs, mxars uWers kavSirTa ganmtki-

cebas. dabolos, kulturas Seesatyviseba latenturobis funqcia — igi

aqtorebs anu moqmed pirebs sTavazobs an Tavs axvevs maT ,,mamotivire-

bel” idealebs, Rirebulebebs. amgvarad moqmedebis zogadi sistemis qve-

sistemaTa klasifikacia parsonsTan Semdegi saxiT warmogvidgeba:

kaxa qecbaia

198

1. biologiuri organizmi (adaptacia);

2. pirovneba (miznebis miRweva);

3. socialuri sistema (integracia);

4. kultura (latenturoba).

saintereseoa parsonsis mosazreba am qvesistemaTa urTierTmimar-

Tebis ierarqiulobis Taobaze. kibernetikis moSveliebiT, igi xazs us-

vams, rom moqmedebis sistemas energiisa da informaciis mudmivi cirku-

lacia axasiaTebs. rogorc cnobilia, kibernetikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

principi adgens, rom informaciiT yvelaze mdidari nawilakebi marTavs

im nawilakebs, romelic yvelaze Raribia energiiT. Sesabamisad, moqmede-

bis sistemaSi ierarqiulad ganlagebul kumulatiur doneTa mTeli rigi

arsebobs. ierarqiis bazaa moqmedebis ganmapirobebeli energiiT yvelaze

mdidari faqtorebi. yvelaze maRla dgas makontrolebeli faqtorebi,

romelic sakmaod mdidaria informaciiT. Tu am principebs moqmedebis

sistemis oTx qvesistemas mivusadagebT, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom biologi-

uri organizmi esaa energiiT yvelaze mdidari da informaciiT yvelaze

Raribi qvesistema. meore safexurze iqneba pirovneba, Semdeg socialuri

sistema, dabolos — kultura, romelic yvelaze mdidaria informaciiT

da yvelaze Raribia energiiT. amis Sesatyvisad oTx qvesistemas Soris

myardeba kontrolis ierarqiac. igive principi misaRebia oTxi funqciu-

ri winamZRvrisaTvis. amgvarad, marTvis ierarqia dgindeba, iwyeba laten-

turobidan (is yvelaze mdidaria informaciiT), Semdeg gadadis integra-

ciaze, miznis miRwevaze da sabolood adaptaciaze Cerdeba.

axla vnaxoT Tu rogor esaxeba parsons socialuri sistemisa da sa-

zogadoebis, socialuri sistemisa da misi erT-erTi qvesistemis _ re-

ligiuri sistemis urTierTdamokidebuleba. mTavari, rac am SemTxvevaSi

sociologiam unda Seiswavlos, aris socialuri sistema, romelic Sed-

geba moqmed pirTa (aqtorTa) urTierTmoqmedebebisagan. socialuri sis-

temisaTvis, iseve, rogorc moqmedebis yoveli qvesistemisaTvis, sami da-

narCeni ,,garemo” anu garemomcveli sinamdvilea. amgvarad, urTierTda-

mokidebulebaTa qseli aerTianebs oTxive qvesistemas, yoveli qvesiste-

ma danarCenTa mimarT urTierTqmedebisa da urTierTgacvlis mdgomare-

obaSi imyofeba. Tu SevcvliT analizis dones da socialur sistemas gan-

vixilavT ukve ara rogorc qvesistemas, aramed rogorc moqmedebis sis-

temas, maSin igi TviT SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes oTxi qvesistemis: adap-

taciis, miznis miRwevis, integraciisa da latenturobis Sesatyvisi sa-

xiT. aseTi ganxilvisas, parsonsi ufro xalisiT laparakobs ,,sazogadoe-

bis”, vidre ,,socialuri sistemis” Sesaxeb. parsonsis am daxlarTuli Te-

oriuli konstruqciis Suqze religia integraciuli funqciis mqonea.

religiis sociologia

199

is socialuri sistemis qvesistemaa, romelic moralur sanqciebs awe-

sebs sazogadoebaSi. diurkemis kvalad parsonsi miiCnevs, rom religiu-

ri ritualebi garda imisa, rom solidarobis SenarCunebas uwyobs xels,

amasTanave igi moraluri eqspeqtaciebis srul realizacias axdens.

parsonsis daskvnebi religiasTan mimarTebaSi Semdegnairad SeiZ-

leba Camoyalibdes: zogadad moralur normebsa da maT Tanmxleb grZno-

bebs pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvs. maTi SenarCunebis saukeTeso

saSualeba religiuri ritualebia. diurkemis msgavsad, parsonsic miiC-

nevs, rom religiuri ritualebi imdenad arsebiT rols asruleben sazo-

gadoebis instituciuri integraciis saqmeSi, rom religiis socialuri

rolis `axali funqciuri perspeqtivis~ warmoSobas uwyoben xels. am per-

speqtividan religia Tavisufldeba emocionaluri datvirTvisagan, ra-

cionalur saxes iRebs da instituciurad sazogadoebis samoqalaqo in-

teresebis samsaxurSi dgeba.

sabolood unda iTqvas, rom pasonsi ar aris klasikuri gagebiT re-

liis sociologi, Tumca religiis Sesaxeb misi koncefcia sainteresoa

imdenad, ramdenadac man religia ganixila, rogorc socialuri institu-

ti, sistema, romelic ufro rTuli sistemis elementia da mas mTavari —

mainegrirebeli funqcia daakisra. religiis Sesaxeb parsonisa da, saer-

Tod, sturqturul-funqcionalisturi analizis araerTi warmomadgen-

lis Teoriebi msoflios erT-erTma didma sociologma robert merton-

ma kritikulad ganixila. amitom mokled gavecnoT am kritikas.

]

§3. r. mertoni: religiis maintegrirebeli

funqciis Teoretikosebis kritika

sociologiur samyaroSi kargad cnobili struqturul-funqcio-

nalisturi skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris mertoni erT-erTi yvela me-

tad TviTkritikulia. es Tvitkritika religiis Sesaxeb parsonsis konce-

fias Seexeba.

mertonis kritika religiis maintegrirebel funqcias Seexeba pir-

vel rigSi. arc Tu iSviaTad, _ ambobs mertoni, socialuri mecnierebe-

bis warmomadgenlebi usityvod iziareben damwerlobamdel sazogadoe-

baTa analizis Sedegebs da Semdeg maT eqstrapolacias (gadmotana) axde-

nen Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze da am SemTxvevaSi religias integralur

funqcias miaweren.

religiis sakiTxs mertoni sociologiaSi mis mier Semotalili `dis-

funqciis~ cnebidan ganixilavs anu, am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis madezin-

tegrirebel tendenciebzea saubari. am konteqstSi mertoni aRniSnavs,

kaxa qecbaia

200

rom traibalur sazogadoebebSi religias marTlac aqvs mainegrirebeli

funqcia, magram Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia socia-

luri struqturis gansazRvrul tipebSi gamovlenili madezintegrirebe-

li Sedegebi. am mrxiv mertonis mier dasmuli uxerxuli kiTxvebia:

1) im SemTxevaSi rodesac erTsa da imave sazogadoebaSi gansxvave-

buli religiebi arsebobs da religiur jgufebs Soris konfliqts aqvs

adgili, rac mertonis mtkicebiT religiuri konfliqtebis amsaxveli

uricxvi dokumenturi masaliT dasturdeba, ismis kiTxva: ra azriT Seaqvs

religias Tavisi wvlili am mravalricxovani jgufebis integraciaSi anu,

rogor aris SesaZlebeli integracia religiuri pluralizmis pirobebSi?

2) mertoni eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom `sazogadoeba Tavis wevrTa

erTianobas aRwevs, pirvel rigSi, imis meSveobiT, rom ZiriTadi Rirebu-

lebebi da miznebi misi wevrebisaTvis saerToa~, magram amasTanave svams

kiTxvas: riT dasturdeba, rom arareligiuri adamianebi, magaliTad ame-

rikul sazogadoebaSi, naklebad iziareben am saerTo Rirebulebebsa da

miznebs, vidre religiuri doqtrinisadmi erTgulni?

3) ra mxriv Seaqvs religias Tavisi wvili didi sociumebis integ-

raciaSi, Tu misi Rirebulebebis Sinaarsi sxva, arareligiuri Rirebule-

bebis Sinaarss upirispirdeba? magaliTad bavSvis Sromis sakanonmdeblo

reglamentaciis mowinaaRmdege kaTolikur eklesiasa da mozardTa Sro-

mis eqsploataciis xelisSemSlel saerTo Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli

winaaRmdegoba.

G garda amisa, religiis maintegrirebeli funqciis Sesaxeb Teoriis

avtorebs, mertonis mixedviT, mxedvelobidan religiuri omebi da inkvi-

zicia gamorCaT. es imis bralia, rom isini mxolod traibalur sazogado-

ebaze iyvnen orientirebulni. amitom am Teoriis avtorebi religiis Se-

saZlo madezintegrirebeli (gamTiSveli) funqciis gagebaSi ar arian.

mertoni ar uaryofs mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom religia marTlac

axdens identuri religiuri mrwamsis mqone jgufis wevrTa integracias.

es marTlac asea, magram traibalur sazogadoebaSi, sadac erTi religiaa

mxolod. igives Tqma struqturulad diferencirebul sazogadoebaze

umarTebuloa.

Mmertonis am kritikis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom mis kolegebTan Seda-

rebiT igi ufro met sifxizles da moqnilobas avlens da Tanamedrove sa-

zogadoebisaTvis niSandobliv calkeul winaaRmdegobebze amaxvilebs yu-

radRebas. magaliTad religiuri tolerantoba da sxva msgavsi. am winaaR-

mdegobebis gaTvaliswinebiT mertonma ZiriTadi aqcenti religiis makon-

trolebel funqciaze gadaitana. mis mier gakeTebuli daskvna aseTia: `re-

ligia socialuri kontrolis institucionalizebuli saSualebaa~.

religiis sociologia

201

mertoni religiis ideologiur funqciasac ar uaryofs. am Sem-

TxvevaSi ideologiis negatiurad gagebul cnebas marqsistuli koncef-

ciis sawinaaRmdegod iyenebs. religiisadmi disfunqciuri midgomis ni-

muSs, mertonis mixedviT, religiis marqsistuli Teoria warmoadgens,

radganac masebisaTvis religiuri ritualebisa da rwmenis Sedegebs mar-

qsi diferencirebulad ganixilavs, rasac funqcionalistebi nakleb yu-

radRebas uTmoben. am kuTxiT funqcionalizmisa da marqsizmis Sedarebi-

sas mertoni Semdeg mosazrebamde mivida: funqcionalistebis aqcentire-

ba religiaze, rogorc raRac gansakuTrebul socialur meqanizmze, ro-

melic sazogadoebis instituciuri integraciisTvis arsebiTi mniSvne-

lobis grZnobebs ganamtkicebs, maTi konceptualuri aparatidan gamom-

dinare marqsizmisagan gansxvavebulia. marqsistebma gamonTqvami `reli-

gia xalxis opiumia~ socialuri faqtis neitralur konstataciad aqcies;

saboloo jamSi, mertonis azriT, marqsistebi da funqcionaliste-

bi formalistebi arian. orive maTgani religiis formalistur gagebas

iZleva. mertonis mixedviT,Ffunqcionalistebis `integracia~ formalu-

ri cnebaa. aseve marqsis gamonaTqvami, rom `religia masebs aZinebs~ rea-

lobas moklebulia. mertonis amgvarma mosazrebebema SemdgomSi e. w. mo-

dernizebuli funqcionalizmis warmoSobas Seuwyo xeli, romelmac re-

ligiuri sakiTxebis sociologiuri analizi politikur ganzomilebaSi

gadaitana (magaliTad xelmZRvanelis Zalauflebis aRiareba da rwmena

da sxva. s.Llipseti).

yovelive zemoaRniSulidan gamomdinare unda davaskvnaT, rom miu-

xedavad mTeli rigi winaaRmdegobebisa religiis struqturul-funqci-

onalisturma da socialur-anTropologiurma analizma (inglisuri an-

Tropologiuri skola) didad Seuwyo xeli religiis uaxlesi sociolo-

giuri Teoriebis ganviTarebas. aqedan religiis uaxles sociologiur

Teoriebamde erTi nabijia darCenili.

kaxa qecbaia

202

kiTxvebi:

• daaxasiaTeT malinovskisa da redklif-braunis religiis soci-

ologiis ZiriTadi principebi?

• ras niSnavs religiis universalur-mainntegrirebeli fun-

qcia?

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara religiis funqcionalisturi gagebis mer-

toniseul TviTkritikas? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

D davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: „religiis Sesaxeb funqciona-

listuri da marqsistuli Teoriebis Sedareba“.

• moamzadeT essei Temaze: `parsonsi da mertoni religiis socia-

luri funqciis Sesaxeb~.








6. b. malinovski, magia, mecniereba da religia, (internet versia

qarTul enaze), (calkeuli adgilebi).

7. g. asaTiani, struqturalizmi da religia, wignSi: aTeizmis fi-

losofiuri problemebi, Tb., 1989.

8. i. kaWkaWiSvili, socialuri moqmedebis Teoriebi, Tb., 2001.



Tb., 2008.


2004.


4. patrik de lobe, religiuri fenomenis sociologia, m., 2000. (rus.

enaze).



religiis sociologia

203

E

es sayuradReboa

religiuri urTierTobebi

religiuri urTierTobebi socialur urTierTobaTa erT-erTi

gansakuTrebuli saxeobaa. misi aqtorebi iseTi individebi da jgufebia,

romelTa moqmedeba religiuri rwmeniTaa ganpirobebuli da romlebic

relgiur cxvrebaSi socialuri poziciebiTa da rolebiT gansxvavdebi-

an erTmaneTisagan.

religiur urTierTobaTa aqtorebs Soris kavSiri religiuri

rwmenis Sesabamisi moqmedebisas myardeba. religiur TemSi, jgufSi in-

dividis mdgomarebas religiuri statusi hqvia. religiur cxovrebaSi

gvxvdeba rogorc miwerili aseve miRwevadi satusebi. am statusebs Se-

esabameba religiuri rolebi _ religiuri statusis Sesatyvisi roli

im funqcias gulisxmobs, romlis Sesruleba jgufis wevrisaTvis reli-

giuri rwmenidan gamomdinare savaldebuloa. rols didi mniSvneloba

aqvs religiur jgufisa da individis urTierTobaSi. amis mixedviT iq-

mneba pirovnebis religiuri habitusi.

sociologebi religiur TemSi rolebis normatiuli struqturis

mixedviT oTx konstruqciul elements gamoyofen: 1. rolis Sesabamisi

qceva; 2. qcevis Sesabamisi moTxovnebi; 3. am moTxovnebis Sesrulebis Se-

faseba da 4. sanqcia _ rolis Sesabamisi moTxovnebis mixedviT moqmede-

bebaTa Sedegi.

religiur urTierTobebSi didi mniSvneloba agreTve religiur

normebs eniWeba. es normebi Tavis mxriv sxvadasxvagvaria. magaliTad

sakulto normebi religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebis wess da rigs

areguliereben. organizaciul-funqciuri normebi ki Sidajgufob-

riv, Sidasaeklesio, eklesiaTaSoris da konfesiaTaSoris urTierTo-

bebs areguliereben.

kaxa qecbaia

204

religiur urTierTobaTa saxeebi

religiuri urTierTobebi SeiZleba iyos:

• Sidasaeklesio,

• eklesiaTaSorisi,

• arasaeklesio.

Sidasaeklesio urTierTobebi sakulto moqmedebebis dros yalibdeba.

eklesiaTaSorisi urTierTobebi sxvadasxva konfesiebsa da reli-

giur organizaciebs Soris urTierTobebs gulisxmobs.

arasaeklesio urTierTobebTan maSin gvaqvs saqme rodesac socia-

luri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi individebis moqmedeba religiuri

normebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

E

es sainteresoa

K kulti da kulutura

kulturis cnebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb

arsebul mosazrebaTagan sainteresoa misi da-

kavSireba siytva `kultTan~ _ msaxurebasTan.

am gagebiT sityva `kultura~ religiuri

warmomavlobis mqonea, riTac xazgasmulia su-

lier-goniT samyarosTan misi kavSiri. cnobili

rusi mxatvari, filosofosi da publicisti,

arqeologi da mogzauri nikoloz rerixi kul-

turas `sinaTlis, samyaros keTili sawyisis

TayvaniscemasTan~ akavSirebda da ambobda, rom

sityva `kultura~ warmodgeba ori sityvisagan:

`kulti~ _ yovelTvis msaxurebasTan asocir-

deba, xolo `uri~ aRmosavlur swavlebebSi

cecxlisa da sinaTlis gamomxatveli sityvaa.

nikoloz rerixi

(1874-1947)

religiis sociologia

205

`marTlmadidebloba qristes WeSmariti moZRvrebaa. Cveni sindi-

sisa da zneobis safuZvelia. amavdroulad is unda iyos sazogadoeb-

rivi yofisa da mecnierebis safuZvelic~

Teodor dostoevski

XII leqcia

Tema: religiis uaxlesi sociologiuri Teoriebi

fenomenologiuri paradigma, neoevolucionizmi,

racionaluri arCevanis Teoria,

religia da socialuri gacvlis Teoria


inglisurenovani uaxlesi religiis sociologia, uxilavi religia,

simboluri universumebi, `transcendireba~, intersubieqturi aqti-

voba, privatuli religia, `vertikaluri Teologia~, sazogadoeba

rogorc aramaterialuri kultura, primitiuli religiebi, arqauli

religiebi, istoriuli religiebi, adremodernuli religiebi, mo-

dernuli religiebi, `samoqalaqo religia~, religiis socialuri

funqcia, racionaluri arCevani, socialuri gacvla da religia.

Sesavali

M meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavaluri sociologiuri azrovne-

bis centrma evropidan aSS-Si gadainacvla. Sesabamisad religiis uaxlesi

socioloiuri Teoriebis samSoblod aSS iqca. Tumca Tqma imisa, rom am

Teoriebma veberisa da diurkemis klasikas Tavi daaRwies da princiipu-

lad axali koncefciebi Seqmnes, Zalian Znelia. religiis sociologiis

klasikosTa naazrevis siluetebi maTSiM kargad SeiniSneba. am Teoriebs

Soris gansxavaveba isaa, rom drom axal-axali gamowvevebis winaSe daayena

religiis Semswavleli sociologiuri disciplina da am gamowvevebma

axal xedvebsa da midgomebs daudes saTave. amasTanave misi klasikuri

problemebi dResac aqtualuria.

uaxlesi religiis sociologia iseTi sakiTxebis analiziTaa daka-

vebuli, rogorica religiurobis empiriuli kvlevis procedurebisa da

meTodikis SemuSaveba, religiis sociologiis Teoriuli problemebis,

sekularizaciis da sxva msgavsi sakiTxebis analizi.

amerikel sociologebTan erTad religiis uaxlesi Teoriebis Sem-

qmnelebad britaneli sociologebic gvevlinebian. maTi naazrevi kavSir-

Sia amerikel sociologTa naazrevTan. Amitomac maT Cven erT mTlianobad

kaxa qecbaia

206

moviazrebT da ganvixilavT, rogorc inglisurenovan uaxles religiis

sociologias.

§1. fenomenologiuri paradigma

• Tomas lukmani: ùxilavi religia~.

religiis uaxles uaxles sociologiur Teoriebs Soris saintere-

soa fenomenologiuri sociologiis SigniT Camoyalibebuli koncefcia,

romlis avtorebi amerikeli sociologi piter bergeri da Tomas luk-

mani arian. maTi naazrevi gadmocemulia wignSi `relobis socialuri

konstruireba~, romelic fenomenologiuri sociologiis klasikur na-

warmoebad aris aRiarebuli. swored am naSromis safuZvelze ganixilaven

isini religiis sociologiis problemebs.

fenomenologiuri sociologia socialuri realobis Seswavlazea

orientirebuli. socialuri realoba ki enisa da sxva saxis simboloebis

gamoyenebiT adamianTa urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi konstruirdeba.

am azriT, sazogadoeba da sxvadasxva saxis socialuri institutebi in-

tersubieqturi cnobierebis produqtebad aris miCneuli.

fenomenologiuri sociologiaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli e. hu-

serlis mier formulirebuli cnobierebis instencionalobis principi,

romelic saSualebas iZleva daZleul iqnas subieqt-obieqtis gnoseo-

logiuri dapirispireba. Sesamecnebeli sagnis realobis an iluzorulo-

bis sakiTxi intencialobis principis safuZvelze moxsnilia. amgvari

xedva religiis sociologiaSi iqamde aRwevs, rom zebunebrivi Zalis rea-

lobis sakiTxi Riad rCeba. religiis fenomenologiuri sociologiis

amosavali principia is, rom grZnobad-aRqmadi realuri samyaros saz-

Rvrebidan gasvla adamianis bunebaa.

religiaze lukmani saubrobs wignSi ùxilavi religia~. mis mixed-

viT, individebs Soris urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi, maTi intersubi-

eqturi aqtivobis Sedegad mniSvnelobaTa obieqtivirebuli sistemebi,

`simboluri universumebi~ iqmneba, romlebic yovedRiur gamocdilebas

realobis zebunebriv Sres miakuTvneben. yoveli adamiani socializaciis

procesSi sakuTari biologiuri bunebis `transcendirebas~ axdens.

`transcendirebis~ am process lukmanma religiis sayovelTao socialu-

ri forma uwoda. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom religia da individis mier

socialuri unarebis SeTviseba (socializacia) erTi da igive yofila.

religiis amgvarma gagebam aTqmevina lukmans, rom Tavis safuZvelSi yo-

veli adamiani religiuria da sekularizacia religiurobis instituci-

onalur, saeklesio formas Seexeba mxolod da ara lukmanis mier aRiare-

bul ùxilav religias~.

religiis sociologia

207

rogorc Cans lukmani `transcendirebis~ cnebis Tavisufali gage-

bis momxrea. filosofiaSi am cnebiT grZnobad-empiriuli samyarodan

gasvla aRiniSneba. lukmani ki mas individis socalizaciasTan — sazoga-

doebaSi damkvidrebuli normebisa da Rirebulebeis gaTavisebasTan, ai-

givebs.

lukmanis ùxilavi religiis~ Teoriis am pasaJma misi amerikeli ko-

lega piter bergeric ki moiyvana gaocebaSi, romelmac Tavis wignSi `re-

ligiis socialuri realoba~ eWvi Seitana lukmanis mier religiisa da

adamianuri bunebis gaigivebis Sesaxeb mosazrebaSi, Tumca religiurobis

analizSi am principis mniSvnelobazec gaamaxvila yuraReba.

Uaucilebelia vikiTxoT, Tu gulisxmobs lukmani ùxilav relgia-

Si~? am kiTxvaze is Semdegnairad pasuxobs: sazogadoebis racionaliza-

ciasTan anu, imasTan erTad rasac veberi `ganjadoebas~ eZaxis eklesiaze

orientirebuli religiis roli sazogadoebaSi TandaTan daeca da nam-

dvili religiurobis niSnebis matarebeli e. w. ùxilavi religia~ gaxda,

romelic araseklesio religiurobas niSnavs. am tipis religiis warmo-

Sobas lukmani instituciuri religiebis kriziss ukavSirebs, romelic

sekularizaciis procesis Sedegia. es soflisa da qalaqis cxovrebaze

ubralo dakvirvebiTac SeiZleba dadgindes (igulisxmeba amerikuli so-

feli da qalaqi). mis mixedviT, sofelSi ufro xSirad dadian eklesiaSi

vidre qalaqSi. eklesiaSi ki ZiriTadad qalebi dadian vidre mamakacebi,

aseve eklesiaSi mosiaruleTa Soris zrdasrulebi ufro metia vidre

axalgazrdebi. am faqts lukmani eklesiur cxovrebaze orientirebuli

religiurobis socialuri bunebiT xsnis. kerZod Sromis procesSi Car-

TulobiT. eklesiaze orientirebuli religiuroba tradiciuli sazoga-

doebebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, rac aSS-s megapolisebis SemTxvevaSi

iSviaTobaa.

rac Seexeba religiis funqciebs, mis Sesaxeb lukmani ambobs, rom

isini sazogadoebis transformaciebis Sesabamisad icvlebian. amaze miu-

TiTebs is faqti, rom oficialuri religiuri swavlebebi TavianT fun-

qciebs imis gamo ver asruleben, rom postTanamedrove sazogadoebis

moTxovnebs ar Seesabamebian.

Mreligiis funqciebis amgvari gagebis miuxedavad, faqtia rom su-

perTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religia funqciebis gareSe ar darCeni-

la. faqtia agreTve isic, rom lukmanis simpaTiebi mecnierebisaken aris

mimarTuli, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom religiaze bevrad ukeTesi mainc ar

aris Tanamedrove mecniereba. rac Seexeba lukmanis ùxilav religias~,

romelic individs avtonomiurobas unarCunebs da Zalze privatulia ve-

kaxa qecbaia

208

ranairad ver uzrunvelyofs RmerTTan cocxal evqaristul kavSirs,

Tumca am tipis religiisaTvis amgvari ram mniSvnelovani ar aris.

lukmanis ideebi XX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi `kontrkulturuli~ moZ-

raobis dros iyo popularuli, xolo `neokonservatizmis~ epoqis dasaw-

yisSi misi mTeli rigi principebis gadafaseba moxda.

• piter bergeri: `vertikaluri Teologia~.

p. bergeris mier religiis sociologiis problemebisadmi miZRvni-

li umTavres gamokvlevas misi wigni `wminda farda~ warmoadgens. am naS-

romSi igi cdilobs religiis sakiTxebi codnis sociologidan dainaxos

da gaaanalizos. amasTan religiisa da sazogadoebis idealistur gageba-

Si mas eWvi ar epareba. `sinamdvileSi sazogadoeba aramaterialuri kul-

turaa, romelic adamianis sxva adamianebTan qceviT urTierTobas akon-

struirebs~. masala romlisganac sazogadoeba aigeba adamianis aqtiuro-

bis Sedegad eqsternalizebuli adamianuri codnaa.

religia ki adamianuri aqtivobis sferoa (human enterprise), romlis

meSveobiTac sakraluri kosmosi yalibdeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, re-

ligia sakraluris formiT kosmizaciaa. sakraluri aq imas niSnavs, rac

idumali da zebunebrivia. religiis amgvari definicia axlos aris mis Te-

ologiur gagebasTan, rac SemTxveviTi ar aris im viTarebidan gamomdina-

re, rom bergeri erTi periodi presaSi gamodioda rogorc Teologi. am

gagebis mixedviT, religia gvaqvs maSin rodesac saxezea:

• adamianis aqtiurobis gansakuTrebuli forma da

• rodesac saxezea idumal ZalebTan kavSiri.

bergeris zemoaRniSnuli wignis erT-erTi saintereso pasaJi reli-

giis funqciebis analizia. mis mixedviT, religiis ZiriTadi funqciebia:

• malegitimirebeli _ arsebuli socialuri wesrigis axsna da ga-

marTleba.

• masakralizebeli _ yoveldRiuri realobis sakralizeba.

bergeris naazrevi gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa sekularizaciis

problemis analizaTvis (es sakiTxi lukmanis analogiur koncefciasTan

erTad momdevno leqciaze iqneba ganxiluli).

mTeli rigi problemebi, rac religiasTan da mis analizTan aris da-

kavSirebuli, bergeris mixedviT, ar iqneboda Tuki religiis (qristiano-

bis) tradiciul gagebas anu, `vertikalur Teologias~ davubrundebiT,

romelic miRmuri RmerTis rwmenazea damyarebuli. es namdvili religi-

uri renesansi iqneba, magram amisaTvis aucilebelia, rom Teologebma da

religiurma moRvaweebma Sewyviton TavianTi doqtrinebis religiuri Si-

naarsis Cadeba sxvadasxva saxis politikur, socialur da eTikur kon-

religiis sociologia

209

cefciebSi. religiuroba wminda saxiT unda iqnes SenarCunebuli. berge-

ris es moTxovna dReisaTvis, albaT, pozitiurad unda iqnes gagebuli.

N §2. r. n. bela: neoevolucionizmi

1960-iani wlebidan religiis sociologiaSi evouliciuri ideebis

aRorZineba iwyeba. amis mizezad masStaburi SedarebiTi kvlevebi miiCne-

va. neoevolucionizms religiis sociologiaSi parsonsic uWerda mxars.

misi yvelaze metad cnobili warmomadgeneli religiis uaxlesi amerike-

li sociologi robet nil belaa. 1964 wels man gamoaqveyna naSromi sa-

TauriT `religiuri evolucia~, romelmac ficxeli diskusiebi gamoiw-

via. es naSromi mogvianebiT, 1970 wels gamocemul wignSi `rwmenis iqiTa

mxares~ Sevida. belas mixedviT, ar arsebobs `simbolur formaTa~ iseTi

erToblioba, romelic nebismieri adamianisaTvis religiis funqciebis

matarebeli SeiZleba iyos (belas mixedviT, religia arsebobis finaluri

pirobebis simbolur formaTa erTobliobaa). sakiTxis am konteqstSi da-

yenebam bela religiis formebis Sesaxeb evolucionistur koncefciamde

miiyvana. kerZod religiebis mravalferovnebis miuxedavad maTi klasi-

fikacia unda momxdariyo da SemdgomSi garkveuliyo Tu ra socialur Se-

degebs iZleva religiis esa Tu is forma. faqtobrivad, belas religiis

sociologiis ZiriTad Sinaarss am amocanebis realizacia warmoadgens.

religiebis klasifikacia belam evoluciur ganzomilebaSi warmo-

adgina. swored amitom moixsenieba misi koncefcia neoevolucionistu-

rad. evolucia mas spenseriseburad aqvs warmodgenili. kerZod es aris

procesi, romelic socialuri sistemis diferenciacias da Semdgom gar-

Tulebas aRniSnavs. am gziT socialuri sistemis srulyofa xdeba (belas

mier wamodgenili religiebis klasifikaciaze Cven erT-erT wina leqcia-

ze visaubreT, amitom amjerad mis Sesaxeb zogadi saubriT Semovifar-

glebiT mxolod).

religiuri simboloebis diferenciaciis xarisxis mixedviT belam 5

safexuriani klasifikacia moaxdina. Tumca man isic aRniSna, imisaTvis

rom srulyofilebas miaRwios ar aris aucilebeli religiis romelime

formam logikuri Tanamimdevrobis principiT xuTive etapi gaiaros. ama-

ve dros SesaZlebelia, rom ufro adrindeli etapebi gviandel etapebTan

erTad erT sazogadoebaSi Taarsebobdnen. am SemTxvevaSi klasifikaciis

avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs religiis, rogorc simboloTa sistemis da ara

`religiuri adamianis~ evolucia. es etapebia: primitiuli, arqauli, is-

toriuli, adreTanamedrove da Tanamedrove.

kaxa qecbaia

210

• primitiuili etapi ori simboluri formiT: miTiT da ritualiT

amoiwureba. maTi meSveobiT myardeba socialuri solidaroba. jgufis

socialuri cxovreba mTlianad religiiTaa gansazRvruli. religiis am

formis sami variacia arsebobs: individualuri, Samanuri da Temuri. in-

dividualurSi is ritualebi igulisxmeba, romlebic calkeul individ-

TaTvis warmatebebis momtania. Samanuris SemTxvevaSi ritualebs gansa-

kuTrebuli socialuri statusis mqone individi _ Samani asrulebs. igi

qarizmatuli figuraa. Temuris SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs ritualebis ko-

leqtur Sesrulebas da is mTlianad moicavs primitiul sazogadoebas.

• arqauli religia afrikis, polineziis da yvela maT msgavs neoli-

Tur religiebs moicavs. primitiulidan arqaulisaken evolucia belas

azriT, sazogadoebis socialuri dafenianebiT iyo gamowveuli. es pro-

cesi qurumTa socialuri fenis warmoSobas gulisxmobs. am etapze zebu-

nebrivsa da adamians Soris distancia cotaTi gaizarda.

• istoriuli religiebi religiurobis nadvili formaa. masSi bela

xsnis religiebis warmoSobas gulisxmobs. am etapze erTmaneTisagan ga-

moyofilia socialuri sinamdvilis saero da sasuliero sferoebi. mas

axasiaTebs erTi RmerTis idea; universaluroba da yoveli maTgani xsnis-

kenaa mowodebuli. religiuri organizaciebi diferencirebulia.

• adreTanamedrove religiebSi bela reformaciis droindel da

mis msgavs yvela moZraobas gulisxmobs. mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs xsnis pro-

testantuli gageba. am tipis religiuri organizaciis wevroba nebayof-

lobiTia. religiis roli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi Zalian maRalia.

• Tanamedrove religia saTaves ganmanaTleblobidan iRebs. igi

srul TanxmobaSia kantis principTan: `religia mxolod gonebis far-

glebSi~. misi umTavresi niSani religiuri cxovrebis racionalizaciaa.

religiis am formas sekularizacia da sxva msgavsi movlenebi axlavs Tan.

religiurobis mravalgvar formebTan erTad misi kidev erTi axali

forma arsebobs. es e. w. `samoqalaqo religiaa~. igi sekularuli sazo-

gadoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am religiis Sinaarsi saero Rirebule-

bebiT da maTdami pativiscemiT amoiwureba.

axla vnaxoT ras ambobs bela religiis funqciebis Sesaxeb. mis mi-

xedviT religias araerTgvarovani funqciebi aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi is e. w.

univeraslur funqcionalizms (parsonsi) uaryofs. religias belas az-

riT, Semdegi umTavresi 4 fuqcia akisria:

• mniSvnelobis funqcia _ igulisxmeba, rom religia sazriss aZ-

levs adamianis cxovrebas.

• kuTvnilebis funqcia _ gulisxmobs identobas.

religiis sociologia

211

• socialuri integraciisa da stabilurobis funqcia _ igulis-

xmeba sociumis wevrebis erTad Tavmoyra da socialuri realobis gamya-

reba.

• sakralizaciis funqcia _ igulisxmeba kulturul Rirebuleba-

Ta sakralizacia.

rogorc religiebis tipologiis SemTxvevaSi, aseve religiis fun-

qciebis analizisas belam manamde arsebuli yvela sociologiuri Teori-

is arsebiTi momentebi gaiTvaliswina da Tanamedrove sazogadoebas miu-

sadaga da, amgvarad, religiis sociologiaSi met-naklebad yvelasaTvis

misaRebi Teoriuli modelebi Seqmna. Tumca raoden pozitiuric ar unda

iyos belas naazrevi misi ukritikod miReba mainc ar gvmarTebs.

§3.religia da racionaluri arCevani

Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi religiur cxovrebas da re-

ligiur urTierTobebs xSirad racionaluri arCevanis Teoriis WrilSic

ganixilaven. tradiciuli gagebiT, morwmune adamianisaTvis amgvari ram

miuRebelia, magram am SemTxvevaSe saqme Seexeba sazogadoebas, romelic

bolomde racionalizebulia. aseT viTarebaSi religiur cxovrebaSi

adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli egoizmi, pragmatizmi da merkantilizmi

iCens Tavs. rac TavisTavad religiis sawinaaRmdegoa. magram etyoba uR-

merTo sociumebs amgvari ram axasiaTebT da amis Sesaxeb Tamamad weren

amerikeli sociologebi. zogierTi maTgani am faqts didi gulistkivi-

liT aanalizebs xolme.

racionaluri arCevanis Teoria religias rogorc socialur sis-

temas bazarTan aigivebs. Amis mixedviT xmaroben e. w. religiuri bazris

cnebas. religiuri organizaciebi am SemTxvevaSi religiur Rirebuleba-

Ta mwarmoebel firmebTana gaTanabrebuli. am Teoriis popularuli cne-

baa religiuri kapitali da a. S. sociologiuri gagebiT racionaluri ar-

Cevanis Teoria kargad miesadageba postTanamedrove sazogadoebas da am

sazogadoebaSi mimdinare transformaciebs, Tundac religiurs. magram

yovelive es miuRebelia tardiciuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTaT-

vis. etyoba sazogadoeba yovelTvis dgas arCevanis winaSe: racionaliza-

cia desakralizaciisa da sulierebis dakargvis fasad, Tu sakralizacia

da suliereba racionalizaciis fasad. ra gzas daadgeba sazogadoeba es

man Tavad unda airCios da, vfiqrobT, religiis sociologia aq arafer

SuaSia. A

kaxa qecbaia

212

§4. religia da socialuri gacvla

socialuri gacvlis Teoretikosebi amerikeli sociologebi

jorj homansi da piter blau arian. maTi azriT, socialuri interaqcia

gacvlis principzea damyarebuli. saubaria rolebis gacvlaze. gacvla

nacvalgebis principiT imarTeba. rodesac vinme CvenTvis gairjeba, yu-

radRebas mogvaqcevs an raimes gvaZlevs, nacvalgeba moiTxovs, rom Cvenc

Sesabamisad gadavixadoT da vawarmooT balansi e. w. socialuri aRric-

xvis wignSi. blau gacvlas ekonomikuri kuTxiT uyurebda, homansi ki _

biheviorizmis poziciidan anu, mas miaCnda, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad

im qcevas imeoreben, romelmac maT warsulSi raime jildo an warmateba

moutana. am Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebs Soris interaqcias swored gac-

vla warmarTavs, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamiani imis gadawyvetis dros, ra

moimoqmedos, afasebs potenciur sargebelsa da xarjebs da maT dabalan-

sebas cdilobs. msgavsi ram teqnologiurad maRalganviTarebuli sazo-

gadoebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. gacvla angarebas gulisxmobs, rac

tradiciul sazogadoebaSi naklad miiCneva, Tumca amerikeli sociolo-

gebi fiqroben, rom gacvla yovelTvis ar aris civi da angarebiani (maga-

liTad, mSoblebis Tavganwirva SvilebisaTvis da sxv.).

ar vici religiisa da religiuri cxovrebis am sociologiuri para-

digmis Suqze ganxilva eTikurad ramdenadaa gamarTlebuli, magram ame-

rikel sociologebs miaCniaT, rom sekularizebul sazogadoebaSi reli-

giur cxovrebas, individebsa da religiur institutebs Soris urTier-

Tobas garkveulwilad nacvalgebis principi aregulirebs, rac tradici-

ul sazogadoebaSi warmoudgeneli ramea, ramdenadac religiuri urTi-

erTobebi aris unagaro da gulwrfeli. Tanamedrove amerikuli sazoga-

doebis religiur cxovrebaSi arsebuli socialuri gacvlis faqtebi ki-

dev erTxel adastureben imas, Tu sadamde SeiZleba mivides adamianis da-

cema.∗

∗ religiis uaxles sociologiur koncefciebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili

postmodernistul paradigmas uWiravs. mis Sesaxeb Cven bolo XV leqciaze gveqneba

saubari, rodesac religiuri cxovrebis virtualizaciis Temas da masTan dakavSirebul

problemebs SevexebiT.

religiis sociologia

213

kiTxvebi:

• daaxasiaTeT Tomas lukmanis religiis sociologiis ZiriTa-

di principebi?

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara piter bergeris religiis sociologiur

mosazrebebs? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara religiis belaseul tipologias? (pasuxi

daasabuTeT).

• gamodgebian Tu ara religiuri cxovrebis asaxsnelad racio-

naluri arCevanisa da socialuri gacvlis Teoriebi? (pasuxi daasa-

buTeT).

D davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: „religia Tanamedrove ameri-

kul sazogadoebaSi“.

• momazadeT essei Temaze: `religiis socialuri funqciebi uax-

lesi sociologiuri Teoriebis mixedviT~.

•




um.ge-ze.



sia).

4. v. garja, religiis sociologia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).

5. g. asaTiani, struqturalizmi da religia, wignSi: aTeizmis fi-

losofiuri problemebi, Tb., 1989.



Tb., 2008.


2004.

3. 4.patrik de lobe, religiuri fenomenis sociologia, m., 2000.

(rus. enaze).

kaxa qecbaia

214

5. religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. garaja

da e. rutkeviCi), (rus. enaze).

6. r. n. bela, religiis sociologia, wignSi `amerikuli sociologia:

perspeqtivebi, problemebi, meTodebi,~ m., 1972, (rus. enaze).

7. Luckmann T. The invisible religion: The problem of religion in modern society. — N.-Y.:

Macmillan, 1967. 8. Berger P.L. The sacred canopy: Elements of a sociological theory of religion. — Garden

City, NJ: Doubleday,1967.

9. Glock C.Y. The Religious Revival in America? // Religion and the face of America: papers of the conference,presented at Asilomar, Pacific Grove, California, November 28, 29, and 30, 1958 / edited by Jane C. Zahn. — Berkeley:

University Extension, University of California, 1959.

E

es sayuradReboa

pier burdie religiis sociologiis Sesaxeb

marTalia burdie religiis sociologi ar

aris, magram Tanamedrove sociologiaSi erT-

erTi gavleniani Teoretikosia, romlis mosaz-

rebebi religiaze da religiis sociologiuri

analizis SesaZleblobaze da im dilemebze, ro-

melic amgvari analizis winaSe dgas misTvis uc-

xo ar aris. 1982 wlis dekemberSi burdiem pariz-

Si religiis sociologTa franguli asociaciis

mier organizebul kongresze specialuri moxe-

seneba gaakeTa Temaze: rwmenis sociologia da

sociologTa rwmena, romelSic man im dilemaze

gaamaxvila yuradReba, romelic religiis soci-

ologiuri analizis dros iqmneba. burdies ter-

minologiiT religiis sociologia ori princi-

pulad gansaxvavebuli velis Serevis (sinTezirebis) Sedegia. esenia:

mecnierebis veli (sociologia) da rwmenis veli (religia). sociologi

romelic religiis analizs iwyebs riskze midis. es riski rwmenis kvle-

viT velSi CarTvas ukavSirdeba. aq sakiTxi exeba imas unda iyos Tu ara

sociologi (mkvlevari) morwmune, rogor SeaTavsebs is erTmaneTTan

Tavis rwmenas da mecnierul kvleva-Ziebas. xom ar ewinaaRmdegebian

rwmenis anu religiis sociologiuri analizi da sociologis rwmena

pier burdieP

(1930-2002)

religiis sociologia

215

erTmanTs? sabolood burdie im daskvnamde midis, rom rwmenaze verc

erTi profesiis adamiani ver ityvis uars. religiisadmi erTguleba,

Tundac is aradeklarirebuli iyos, adamianis sxeulze, mis nakvTebzea

gamoxatuli; misi gamoxatulebaa enac, metyvelebac. amitom misi azriT,

rwmena sxeulebrivi eskizia, romelic enobriv habitusTanaa gaerTiane-

buli. ramdenad moaxerxebs mkvlevari aqedan gamosvlas da obieqturi

analizis Catarebas religiis sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis SesaZ-

lebloba SeuZleblobis garanti iqneba.

M mcire amonaridi pier burdies moxsenebidan:

`rwmenis sociologia da sociologTa rwmena~

[..] arsebobs Tu ara rwmenis sociologia? me mimaCnia, rom am Sem-

TxvevaSi sakiTxis preformulirebaa saWiro: religiis is sociologia,

romelic dRes imaTgan iqmneba, romlebic religiis velTan sxvadsxva

xarisxiT arian dakavSirebuli, SeiZleba Tu ara mecnieruli sociolo-

gia iyos? me vpasuxob: gaWirvebiT anu, mxolod im pirobiT, rom is reli-

giis velis mecnieruli sociologiiT iqneba gajerebuli. msgavsi tipis

sociologia rTuli ramaa ara imitom, rom religiis veli analizisaT-

vis Znelad mosaxelTebelia, vidre sxva romelime veli, aramed imitom,

rom rodesac Sen ar imyofebi am velSi riskze midixar, rodesac rwmenas

kvelviT velSi rTav.

raSi mdgomareobs wrmena, romelsac religiis vels miakuTvneben?

saqme imaSi ki ar aris, rogorc amas xSirad aCveneben, gavigoT

swamT Tu ara im adamianebs romlebic religiis sociologiiT arian da-

kavebuli, arc imaSia saqme ekuTvnian Tu ara isini romelime eklesias,

aramed im rwmenazea saubari romelic religiis vels miekuTvneba da

romelsac me illusio-s anu, am velisaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur in-

teresebsa da sargebels, misi TamaSis investirebas veZaxi. religiur

rwmenas, am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT, araferi saerTo ar aqvs wminda

religiur inetresebTan im azriT, romelsac me masSi vgulisxmob. am

SemTxvevaSi me praqtikuli inetresebidan amovdivar _ es aris inetere-

si im obieqtis mimarT, romlis arseboba da mdgradoba uSualod Tu ga-

Sualebulad Cems arsebobas da Cems socialur mdgradobas, Cems iden-

tobas da socialur pozicias marTavs.

religiis SemTxvevaSi problema Zalze mwvavaded gdeba, radganac

religia rwmenis univresumia, magram swored es rwmenaa masSi problema.

rwmena romelsac institucia qmnis (magaliTad dogmebis rwmena da a. S.)

instituciis rwmenis dafarvisaken miiswarfvis da es miswarafeba miT

ufro Zlieria, rac ufro moSlilia religiis velis sazRvrebi (magali-

kaxa qecbaia

216

Tad SeiZleba SexvdeT sociolog sasulieri pirs), ase rom SeiZleba sa-

kuTari Tavi am velis gareT gegulebodes, magram simandvileSi iqidan

ar gamoxvide.

religiis velSi invesitirebam SeiZleba rwmenis dakargva gamoiw-

vios. es mRvdlis gaparsvis paradigmaa, romelsac Tavisi angariSebi aqvs

instituciebTan (mecnieruli religia Tavidanve am tipis veragobazea

damyarebuli). ase iyo xSirad da saero piri ar tyuvdeba: risxva, gaRizi-

eaneba da protesti misi inetresis niSnebia. Tavisi brZoliT gaparsuli

mRvdeli imaze metyvelebs, rom interesi isev arsebobs. am negatiur da

kritikul interess SeuZlia mTlianad warmarTos gamokvleva, rogorc

mecnieruli poziciebisa da religiuri velis mier gamyarebuli kriti-

kuli poziciebis Sereva [..]

[... nu daiqiravebT mouqnel, flegmatur, dondlo, avxorc da

zant adamianebs. upiratesoba mianiWeT RvTismosav msaxurebs, ara

marto imitom, rom uRmerTo msaxurebi mxolod meTvalyureobis qveS

muSaoben, aramed imitom, rom WeSmaritad RvTismosavi msaxuri Tavis

valdebulebebs ise aRasrulebs, rogorc RvTisadmi morCilebis mo-

valeobas, ise, TiTqos Tavad RmerTi iTxovdes misgan samuSaos Sesru-

lebas...] baqsteri

religiis sociologia

217

M

masala gansjisaTvis

nugzar papuaSvili

religia sabWoTa da postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi

***

[..] SegviZlia dokumenturadac davadasturoT, rom Cveni sazogado-

eba da, pirvel yovlisa, studentoba perestroikamdel saqarTveloSi

cnobieredac da qvecnobieradac eklesiisagan imaze ufro Sors idga,

vidre amas Sesabamisi reJimisa da propagandis simZafre gulisxmobda. ar

vlaparakob im axalgazrdebze, 1972 wels sionSi Cem Tvalwin rom oxun-

jobdnen. isini specsamsaxuris msaxurebi iyvnen da am samsaxuris msaxure-

bi, kaTalikos-patriarq kalistrate cincaZis erTi Canaweris Tanaxmad,

Turme yovel aRdgomas, gansakuTrebiT 30-ian wlebSi, ase oxunjobdnen.

mxedvelobaSi myavs aRniSnuli periodis sazogadoeba, romelic eklesi-

asTan da sarwmunoebasTan damokidebulebaSi metwilad diaxac rom cini-

kuri, anda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, gulgrili iyo. masas mxolod religiuri

Seferilobis xalxuri ritualebis daTmoba eZneleboda da, Tu vinme xan-

daxan eklesiis karsac SeaRebda, ufro tradiciis gavleniTa da magiuri

rwmena-warmodgenebis kvaldakval (sxvadasxva saxis aRTqmebi, bavSvebis

monaTvla, - avi araferi SegvemTxveso da ase Semdeg).

vinc im Taobisaa da visac religiis sakiTxebi maSinac ainteresebda,

dameTanxmeba, rom saqarTveloSi mrevlis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze Rari-

bulad am qveynis marTlmadidebeli eklesia gamoiyureboda. sionSi, maga-

liTad, kaTalikos-patriarq daviT V-is (devdarianis) dros (1972-1977)

samRvdelmTavro liturgiaze, Cveulebriv, 20-25 mlocveli Tu grovde-

boda. da es maSin, rodesac ruseTisa da somxeTis sapatriarqo taZrebi

xalxs lamis veRar itevda. Tbilisis mudmivi mrevlis did nawils im

dros rusi qalebi, „matuSkebi“, Seadgendnen. maxsovs mecnieruli aTeiz-

mis erTi profesoris, saxarovis, sajaro leqcia imave 1972 wels sazoga-

doeba „codnis“ auditoriaSi. man aseTi informacia mogvawoda: moskovSi,

sakavSiro mTavrobis centralur aparatSi, sabWoTa moqalaqeebis reli-

giurobis Taobaze didi TaTbiri da sja-baasi gaimarTa. aRiniSna: saqme

yvelaze kargad saqarTveloSia; aTeistobis, e.i. RvTismgmobelobis,

TvalsazrisiT yvelaze kargi moqalaqeebi saqarTvelos hyavs; am respub-

likis, saqarTvelos, aTeisti agitatorebi da politxelebi yvelaze be-

jiTad muSaoben da Cvenc mzad varT saqarTvelo, da mxolod saqarTve-

kaxa qecbaia

218

lo, masobrivi aTeizmis respublikad gamovacxadoT, magram amas ver gava-

keTebT, radgan am qveyanaSi Zlieri sinagogebi arsebobso! es marTlac

ase iyo. gaviTvaliswinoT, rom ebraelebis repatriacia jer dawyebuli

ar iyo. me isic maxsendeba, Tu ra siamayiT warmouTqvamT onel ebraelebs:

„Cven vicavT da vinaxavT mama-papebis rjuls Tqvengan, qarTvelebisagan,

gansxvavebiT!“. imave profesoris TqmiT, saqarTvelosaTvis aRniSnuli

titulis („masobrivi aTeizmis respublika“) miniWebas xels uSlida ag-

reTve Tbilisis sakmaod mravalricxovani baptisturi eklesia (misi de-

finiciiT - seqta), romelSic qarTvelebi blomad arian, magram yvelaze

mdidari mainc rusuli Temiao. davazustebT, rom am Temis ZiriTad

birTvs yofili malaknebi, wyliT monaTlulebic da mSralad monaTlu-

lebic („suxoi baptistebi“), warmoadgendnen.

Sefasebas, rom saqarTvelo TiTqmis masobrivi aTeizmis respubli-

kaa, komunistebis miTad da fantaziad ver movnaTlavT, radgan amasve

gvidasturebs maSindeli saqarTvelos sinamdvilec, romlis danaxva Seu-

iaraRebeli TvaliTac SeiZleboda. im dros batonobda azri da Teoria,

romlis Tanaxmad qarTvelebi bunebiTad araeklesiuri xalxia. ambobdnen

da sakmao rixiTac: Cven religiis mimarT yovelTvis gulgrilebi viya-

viT; saeklesio ritualebi ar gviyvars da arc unda gviyvardes, radgan

Cven, qarTvelebi, aseTebad varT dabadebuli; Cven, rusebisagan gansxva-

vebiT, ara dogmaturebi da avtoritetebs mindobilebi varT, aramed la-

Rebi, poeturebi da Tavisuflad moazrovneebi; saqarTvelos mTam da

barmac ki jvarcmuli RmerTi da misi mcnebebi ar miiRo; Cven bunebis Svi-

lebi viyaviT da bunebis Svilebad davrCiT, rac Sorsaa qristianobisagan

da es Sorsyofna Cveni siamayea!

aseTi gaxldaT sabWoTa saqarTvelos stereotipebi da, Tu vinmes

ar sjera, gadaxedos imdroindel literaturul produqcias da dar-

wmundeba, rom es asea. es paTosi da Tvalsazrisebi, cxadia, mosaxleobis

inteligentur fenebSi muSavdeboda da maTSive trialebda. marTalia,

alternatiuli poziciebic arsebobda, magram isini prestiJulad ar mi-

iCneoda da popularobas ver ixveWda. mokled, sabWoTa saqarTvelos is

moqalaqeebi, romlebsac aseT Temebze fiqri ar ezarebodaT, erovnul

idealsa da identobas warmarTobasa da aTeistobaSi ufro xedavdnen,

vidre qristianobasa da eklesiurobaSi.

sabWoTa kavSirSi da, cxadia, saqarTveloSic sociologiur gamok-

vlevebs didi dro da resursi ar eTmoboda; iTvleboda, rom amis gare-

Sec yvelaferi naTelia da garkveuli. postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi viTa-

reba ramdenadme gaumjobesda, magram sociologebi da statistikosebi

religiuri TemebiTa da motivebiT gvian dainteresdnen. amis miuxedavad

religiis sociologia

219

Cven SesaZlebloba gvaqvs am qveynis moqalaqeebis religiasTan damokide-

bulebis cvalebadobis suraTi warmovaCinoT. Cven xelTaa Sesabamisi Si-

naarsis rogorc perestroikamdeli, ise perestroikis Semdegdroindeli

dokumenturi monacemebi anu statistikis Sedegebi, romelTa gaTvalis-

winebiT realuri viTarebis warmosaxva xerxdeba. am gziT SegviZlia ga-

varkvioT, Tu rogor, ra dinamikiT da ra mimarTulebiT Seicvala Cveni

Tanamoqalaqeebis religiisadmi damokidebuleba. yuradRebas iqcevs re-

ligiis istoriis profesoris Teimuraz fanjikiZis informaciebi, rom-

lebic gvxvdeba mis qvemoT miTiTebul wignebsa da statiaSi da romlebic

axalgazrdebSi religiis adgilisa da rolis garkvevas isaxavs miznad

faqtobriv masalaze dayrdnobiT.

1978 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Catarda sociolo-

giuri gamokiTxva-gamokvleva, romlis mizans RvTis rwmenasTan da ekle-

siasTan studentebis damokidebulebis garkveva warmoadgenda. gamokiT-

xvaSi monawileoba miiRo sxvadasxva fakultetis 360-ma studentma. mor-

wmuned Tavi Turme gamokiTxulTa mxolod erTma procentma gamoacxada,

danarCenebi ki Camoyalibebuli aTeistebi (26%) anda RvTisa da sarwmu-

noebis mimarT indiferentulebi aRmoCndnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanas-

knel kategoriaSi gamoikveTa jgufi (20%), romelic Tavs morwmuned ar

Tvlis, magram ambobs: „adamiani, romelsac RmerTi swams, ar SeiZleba cu-

di saqmeebis Cadenaze da borotebaze fiqrobdes“, e.i. religia da mora-

li, am msjelobiT, faqtobrivad erTi da igivea. aranakleb sainteresoa

im respondentebis motivacia, romlebic im erT procents, e.i. sam-oTxka-

cian jgufs, miekuTvnebian. ai, erT-erTi maTganis sityvebi: „me mwams

RmerTi. mwams ise, rom Cemi bedi misTvis mimindvia... RmerTs Cemi Txovna

Seusrulebia... diaR, me mjera RmerTis, me did imedebs vamyareb masze“ (T.

fanjikiZe, Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba da religia, Tb., 1978, gv. 8-11; mi-

sive - religia, aTeizmi, axalgazrdoba, Tb., 1979, gv. 10-15). imdroindeli

viTarebis zogadi Sefaseba, romelsac dasaxelebuli wignebi warmogvid-

gens, aseTia: saqarTvelo, „sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi gaweuli gi-

ganturi muSaobis Sedegad, msoflioSi pirveli iqca masobrivi aTeizmis

qveynad“ (gv. 3). es daskvna namdvilad ar aris sinamdvilisagan Sors, ra-

Sic davrwmundebiT, Tuki ar davizarebT da mexsierebaSi 70-iani wlebis

(zogadad, sabWoTa saqarTvelos) realur suraTs aRvadgenT. ityvian,

devnileba iyo da xalxi sarwmunoebrivi grZnobebis gamomJRavnebas ver

bedavdao. ki, religiis safuZvelze raRac doziT devna aRniSnul wleb-

Sic grZeldeboda (misi marwuxi, rac aRvniSne da rac aRsaniSni damrCa,

mec viwvnie), magram mas is masStabi da sisastike ar hqonia, rom amiT mar-

Tlmadidebeli eklesiisagan qarTveli mosaxleobis TiTqmis totalur

kaxa qecbaia

220

gandgomas axsna da gamarTleba moeZebnos (ebraelebs naklebad sdevnid-

nen, anda baptistebs?).

analogiuri RonisZieba, anu gamokiTxva, aRniSnuli universitetis

bakalavriatisa da magistraturis studentebs Soris 2000 welsac Catar-

da. imave profesoris ganmartebiT, „gamokvlevis mizani imaSi mdgomare-

obda, rom gagverkvia, ra transformacia ganicada Cvenma rwmenam mas Sem-

deg, rac postsabWour sivrceSi religia akrZaluli xilidan nebadar-

Tul fenomenad iqca; dagvedgina... ra rols asrulebs religia Cvens

cxovrebaSi, gvxdis ki igi ufro srulyofils da zneobrivs?!“. es kiTxva,

romelic Zaxilis niSniT mTavrdeba da, amdenad, ritorikulia, erTgva-

rad siaxlis elfers atarebs, radgan am saganze, gansakuTrebiT maSin,

Zveli da axali aTaswleulebis gzagasayarze, kiTxvis niSans aravin svam-

da. gvrCeboda STabeWdileba, rom mecnieruli aTeizmis yofili kaTed-

ris warmomadgenlebi „papze meti kaTolikeebi“ gaxdnen da religias, ro-

gorc aseTs, zneobisa da moralis wyarod usityvod da upirobod aRia-

rebdnen, miT ufro maSin, rodesac sityva „qarTuli marTlmadideblobi-

sa“ da „qarTuli eklesiis“ erovnul rolsa da mniSvnelobas Seexeboda.

da, ai, 2001 wels qvemoT damowmebul publikaciaSi TiTqmis moulodne-

lad gaielva azrma da daSvebam, rom Turme SeiZleba, rom religiam da,

warmoidgineT, marTlmadideblobamac ki adamiani srulyofilebis gzaze

win ver waswios da zneobrivad ver gaaumjobesos; SeiZleba adamiani gax-

des morwmune marTlmadidebeli, magram zne da xasiaTi ar gamoukeTdes.

Tumca konkretul SemTxvevaSi Cven aranaklebad gvainteresebs statis-

tikuri monacemebi. isini ki aseT suraTs gvaZleven: 2000 wels morwmuned

Tavi qarTveli studentebis 88,8%-ma gamoacxada, 6,2%-ma - aramorwmu-

ned, 5%-s pasuxis gacema gauWirda. morwmuneTa umravlesoba - 97,5% -

marTlmadidebelia, danarCeni, e.i. 2,5% islamis, iudaizmis, kaToliciz-

misa da baptizmis mimdevrebi arian (T. fanjikiZe, rogora gvaqvs saqme

RmerTTan. - gaerTianebuli samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tb., 2001,

gv. 61-62). bolo periodis sxvadasxva statistika, sxvadasxva organizaci-

is mier sxvadasxva mizniT warmoebuli, cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos mo-

saxleobaSi morwmuneTa ricxvi izrdeba da es procesi mxolod marTlma-

didebeli eklesiis sasargeblod mimdinareobs. sxva konfesiebis mimde-

varTa ricxvi, iqnebian isini qristianebi Tu araqristianebi, mcirdeba.

muslimebi, magaliTad, aWaraSic ki, 2002 wlis aRweriT, umciresobaSi aR-

moCndnen. mkveTrad Semcirda kaTolikeebis ricxvi kaTolikuri tradi-

ciis soflebSic (mesxeTSi) [..]

amonaridi n. papuaSvilis vrceli statiidan:

N `dro Seicvala. stereotipebi?~

religiis sociologia

221

kiTxvebi socialuri debatebisaTvis:

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara avtoris mosazrebas? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

• Tqveni azriT, ra rols asrulebs religia Tanamedrove qarTul

sazogadoebaSi? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

• Tqveni azriT, ra kavSiri arsebobs eklesiasa da inteligencias

Soris da ra rols asrulebs inteligencia sazogadoebis religiur

cxovrebaSi?

• SeadareT erTmaneTs sabWoTa aTeizmi da postsabWoTa imperiu-

li Teizmi.

`RmerTis gareSe SeuZlebelia namdvili kulturebi, romlebic

adamianuri yofierebis mTel sisavses moicavs... inteligenturi sazo-

gadoebis sapirispirod eklesiam gaigo da miiREo mxolod pirveli

mcneba _ `Seiyvare ufali, RmerTi Seni mTeli Seni guliT da mTeli Se-

ni suliT~, ar SeaTavsa ra meore _ moyvasis siyvarulis mcnebasTan; man

uaryo igi, miiyvana ra RvTisadmi sakuTari siyvaruli da misadmi msa-

xureba miwieri samyaros siZulvilamde da kulturis arad Cagdebamde.

XX s-mde istoriuli qristianoba mTel Tavis yuradRebas qristes moZ-

Rvrebis mxolod asketur mxares, mxolod RvTismsaxurebas uTmobda.

Tavisi calmxrivobiT arafrad miiCnevda im RvTaebriv samyaros, rom-

lis nawilic moyvasis saxiT moRvawe misi axloblebi arian~.

d. filosofovi

kaxa qecbaia

222

`adamians daaviwyda RmerTi da gacofda.~

Kkonstantine gamsaxurdia

XIII leqcia

Tema: religia da sazogadoeba N

nawili I


religia da politika, religia da ekonomika, religia da socialuri

startifikacia, religia da socialuri mobiloba, religia da ojaxi,

religia da genderi.

Sesavali

sazogadoebasa da religias Soris urTierTobas mravali ganzomi-

leba aqvs. am ganzomilebaTa yoveli detalis analizi Zalze rTuli saq-

mea da bevrad scdeba erTi saleqcio kursis farglebs. amitom Cven amje-

rad am urTierTobis ZiriTadi problemebis ganxilviT Semovifargle-

biT. Tumca is sakvanZo sakiTxebi, romlebic amjerad unda ganvixiloT

fragmentulad wina leqciebSic iyo warmodgenili. sakiTxi religiisa da

sazogadoebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb Cvens mier or nawiladaa gayofili.

pirvel nawilSi religiis sociologiaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciis mi-

xedviT religiasa da socialuri sistemis qvesistemebs Soris urTier-

Tobas ganvixilavT, xolo meore nawili Tanamedrove transformirebad

sazogadoebaSi reliigiis problematikas Seexeba.

§1. religia da politika

religiasa da politikas Soris urTierTmimarTebis problema didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis magiuri da religiuri war-

momavlobis konteqstSi ganixileboda. religiis cnobili mkvlevari j.

frezeri miiCnevda, rom samefo xelisuflebas magiuri wamomavloba aqvs.

am mosazrebas upirispirdeba Sexeduleba romlis mixedviT, politikuri

da religiuri institutebis da, Sesabamisad, religiisa da politikis

funqciebi erTmaneTisagan yovelTvis gamijnulia.

sakiTxis ganxilvisas xSirad aqceven yuradRebas im garemoebas re-

ligia gaCnda ufro adre Tu politika. am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba reli-

giis mxaresaa, radganac damwerlobamdel sazogadoebebSi, rodesac jer

kidev ar iyo Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifo xelisufleba adamianTa qcevas

religiis sociologia

223

religia akontrolebda. am SemTxvevaSi religiuri lideri, magaliTad

qurumi politikuri lideric aris da religiuri da politikuri struq-

turebis SerevasTan gvaqvs saqme.

sazogadoebis gaTanamedroveobasTan erTad TanadaTan religiisa

da politikis funqciebis gamijvnac moxda. Sedegad politikuri Zala-

uflebis matarebeli instituti _ saxelmwifo da sakraluri Zalaufle-

bis matarebeli religia erTmaneTs gamoeyvnen. Tumca qarizmatuli li-

deris problema dRis wesrigSi mainc darCa. veberis TqmiT, qarizmatuli

lideri religiur-magiuri sawyisebis mqonea. Tumca aseTi liderebi po-

litikaSi iSviaTia. amitom mis nacvlad Tanamedrove politikis socio-

logiaSi `gamoCenili istoriul pirovnebazea~ saubari, romelic SeiZle-

ba sulac ar iyos religiuri suliskveTebis matarebeli. Tanamedrove sa-

zogadoebaSi avtoriteti da Zalaufleba racionalizebulia da insti-

tucionalizaciasTan da legitimaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rac bu-

nebrivia sazogadoebis diferenciaciisa da integraciis procesis Sede-

gia.

[...] qarizmad unda miCneuliqnas pirovnebis uCveulo Tviseba,

romlis meSveobiTac igi fasdeba zebunebrivi, zeadamianuri, sxvebis-

Tvis miuRweveli, gansakuTrebuli ZalebiTa da TaviseburebebiT da-

jilodoebulad. `qarizma~ ganixileba rogorc RmerTis mier boZebu-

li anda, nimuSi.

tradiciebiT SekavSirebul epoqaSi qarizma diadi revoluciu-

ri Zalaa. Marevolucirebadi Zalis ratio-sgan gansxvavebiT, romelic an

garedan anda inteleqtualizaciis gziT moqmedebs, qarizma Signidan

ganaxlebaa, romelic gaWirvebiT anda aRfrTovanebiTaa warmoqmnili

da yoveli cxovrebiseuli formisa da zogadad `samyarosadmi~ yvela

mimarTebaTa orientaciis srul Secvlas niSnavs.

qarizmuli batonoba qarizmul pirad TvisebebTan da maT dadas-

turebasTan dakavSirebul uaRresad pirovnul socialur kavSirs

warmoadgens [...]

maqs veberi

sociologebs miaCniaT, rom religiisa da politikis urTierTmi-

marTebis sakiTxis ZiriTad aspeqti religiisa da saxelmwifos urTier-

TobiT amoiwureba. am SemTxvevaSi am urTierTobaTa sxvadsxva modeleb-

zea laparaki, romelTagan umTavresia Teokratiuli modeli; saxelmwi-

kaxa qecbaia

224

foebrivi eklesiis modeli; modeli romlis mixedviT saxelmwifo da re-

ligia ori damoukidebeli instanciaa. arsebobs agreTve totalitaruli

modeli, romlis mixedviT eklesia moklebulia damoukideblobas; Ria,

demokratiuli modeli ki aRiarebs religiur pluralizms da religias

aranairi saxelmwifoebrivi privilegia ar gaaCnia, xolo Tavis mxriv po-

litikac ar iyenebs religias sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

religiisa da politikis urTierToba gansxvavebulia gemainSaftur da

gezelSaftur sociumebSi. pPirvelis SemTxvevaSi religia upiratesia po-

litikaze, meore SemTxvevaSi piriqiT, religia meorexarisxovania da ada-

mianebs Soris urTierTobebi racionalizebulia. aq politikas Tavisi

adagili aqvs da religias Tavisi. Tumca imis Tqma, rom politika Tavisi

iZulebiTi xasiaTidan gamomdinare religiur legitimacias ar saWiro-

ebs Zalze Zneli iqneba.

religiisa da politikis Zalze rTuli, mravalferovani da winaaR-

mdegobrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare unda iTqvas erTi ram, Tuki re-

ligiis qveS garkveul moralur RirebulebaTa sistemas moviazrebT, ro-

melic sikeTezea orientirebuli maSin politikas religiaze orientire-

ba marTebs. am SemTxvevaSi politikis moralizebasTan gveqneba saqme. rac

albaT misaRebia, magram savavalo Sedegebs miviRebT maSin rodesac mora-

lis an religiis politizeba moxdeba, rac dauSvebelia.

§2. religia da ekonomika

zogadad religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb so-

ciologiaSi ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebaa cnobili. am mosaz-

rebaTa avtorebi sociologiis klasikosebi marqsi da veberi arian. mar-

qsis mixedviT, ekonomika gansazRvravs yovelives da maT Soris religia-

sac. ufro metic, misi azriT, religia zogjer amuxruWebs sazogadoebis

ekonomikur ganviTarebas. Tumca marqsis Sexeduleba religiasTan mimar-

TebaSi saqmis realurma viTarebam ar daadastura. marqsisagan gansxvave-

biT veberma aCvena, rom ekonomikaze did gavlenas religia axdens. man Se-

amCnia, rom germaniaSi saukeTeso ekonomikuri miRwevebi protestantebs

aqvT. mewarmeTa da maRalkvalificiur teqnikur specialistTa birTvs

swored isini warmoadgenen. amasTan drom aCvena, rom ekonomikuri Tval-

sazrisiT, sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT protestantuli qveynebi dinamiuri

ganviTarebiT gamoirCevian. veberis droidan moyolebuli dRemde uamra-

vi sociologiuri gamokvleva dagrovda, romlis safuZvelzec SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom qveynebis ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis anda ganviTare-

religiis sociologia

225

bis mizezebi sazogadoebis kulturul da religiur gansxavavebaSia sa-

Zebni anu, im religiaSi romelsac am qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesoba

aRiarebs. amas adsturebs taftsis universitetis profesor lourens

harisonis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevac. harisonma 117 qveyana gamoik-

vlia romlebSic erT-erTi msoflio religiis mimdevari 1 milionze meti

adamiania. mogvyavs erT-erTi saintereso fragmenti harisonis mier Cata-

rebuli gamokvlevidan:

religia*

Mmosaxleo-

ba**

saerTo Ta-

visufle-

ba***

erTiani Sida

produqti erT

sul mosaxleze

(aSS dolareb-

Si)

korufcia

protestanto-

ba

530

2,3

29784

14,9

iudaizmi

6

4

19320

16

kaTolicizmi

904

5,5

9358

45,6

marTlmadideb-

loba

262

8,6

7045

75,7

islami

1122

9,7

3142

78,6

* mosaxleobis 50% mocemul religias aRiarebs.

** milioni adamiani, msoflio bankis 2002 wlis monacemebi.

*** 2 Tavisuflebis maRali xarisxis maCvenebelia, xolo 14 daba-

li (Freedom House 2001 wlis monacemebi).

rogorc ityvian, komentarebi zedmetia! rac ufro maRalia qveynaSi

Tavisuflebis xarisxi, miT ufro maRalia cxovrebis done da dabalia ko-

rufciis maCvenebeli. agreTve TvalSisacemia Tavisuflebis maCveneblis

kavSiri religiasTan. kvleva aCvenebs, rom protestantebi da iudevelebi

ekonomikis sferoSi ufro warmatebulni arian vidre sxva religiis mim-

devrebi.

kaxa qecbaia

226

sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaSi religiuri jgufebi, romlebic gav-

lenas axdendnen TavianT mimdevarTa ekonomikuur Sexedulebebsa da qce-

vaze garkveuli dilemis winaSe aRmoCndebodnen xolme. es dilema sim-

didresTan da siRaribesTan damokidebulebas Seexeba. am ekonomikur fe-

nomenebTan damokidebuleba sxvadasxva religiebs Soris gansxvavebulia.

religiuri jgufis organizaciuli struqturis garTulebasTan

erTad mis winaSe mTeli rigi ekonomikuri problemebi dgeba. Tundac ar-

sebobisa da moqmedebisaTvis aucilebeli materilauri saxsrebis moZie-

ba da sxva msgavsi ram. aseT viTarebaSi religia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi

monawileobis miRebas iwyebs, rac adasturebs imas, rom ara marto reli-

gia zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze, aramed piriqiT. religia ekonomikuri

cxovrebisaTvis iseT aucilebel unarebze akeTebs aqcentirebas, rogo-

rebicaa patiosneba, movalebebisadmi pativiscema, muxlCauxreli Sroma.

Sesabamisad, religiuri msoflmxedveloba da RirebulebiTi orientaci-

ebi arnaxul ekonomikur warmatebaTa sawindari xdeba. Tanamedrove da-

savluri civilizacia Tavis keTildReobas da ekonomikis maRal dones

garkveulwilad dasavlur qristianobas unda umadlodes. am civiliza-

ciaSi religiam Sromisa da meurneobis maRali kulturis formirebas Se-

uwyo xeli. amis Sesabamisad adamianebma ician, rom Sromaa udidesi mowo-

deba adamianisa, rom ar arsebobs damamcirebeli Sroma da a. S. kanadeli

mkvlevrebis ulrix blumisa da leonard dalis empiriulma gamokvleveb-

ma aCvena, rom efeqturi SromiTi saqmianobis stimulirebiT religia ara

mxolod gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze, aramed sicruisa da motyuebis ak-

rZalviT ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis aucilebel da mniSvnelovan

princips ayalibebs.

dRes bevri mkvlevari saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebis ra-

cionalizaciasTan erTad religiis gavlena socialuri realobis sxva-

dasxva sferoze nel-nela mcirdeba, Tumca saqmis realuri viTareba sul

sxva suraTs iZleva. kerZod socialuri sinamdvilis arc erTi sfero ra-

oden sekularizebuli ar unda iyos uZluria religiis winaSe. am mxriv

religiis gavlena ki ar mcirdeba, piriqiT matulobs. samwuxarod veberi

ver moeswro iaponiis magaliTs ekonomikis sferoSi. `iaponuri saswau-

lis~ saidumloebac mis religiur ZirebSia saZebni. iaponia, albaT, erT-

erTi samagaliToa im qveynebs Soris sadac tradiciebs scemen pativs.

tradiciebi ki religiasTanaa kavSirSi. iaponelebi zedmiwevniT icaven

ufrosebisadmi pativiscemis wessa da rigs, romelic aq ritualis done-

zea ayvanili. SesaZlebelia iaponelTa 80%-ze mets ar smenia, rom arse-

bobs mcneba `pativi ec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, rameTu keTili geyos

Sen da dRegrZeli iyo qveyanasa zeda~. miuxedavad amisa dRes msoflioSi

religiis sociologia

227

sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT iaponelebi gamoirCevian. ufrosebisadmi pa-

tiviscema iaponuri kulturis safuZvlebSi devs. erT-erT mcneba gvas-

wavlis `ara iparo~ da iaponelebi keTilsindisierad ixdian gadasaxa-

debs. aravis ar unda, rom mas uxarisxo saqonels awvdidnen. iaponelebi am

SemTxvevaSic gamoirCevian. isini maRalxarisxian saqonels awarmoeben.

maT kargad gamosdiT dacva principisa `da rogorc gindaT rom geqceo-

deT kacni, Tavadac ise moeqeciT maT~. swored amgvari principebis dac-

vaSia iaponuri ekonomikuri saswaulis saidumloeba, miuxdedavad imisa,

rom iqac igive ekonomikuri kanonebi moqmedebs rac sxva qveynebSi. eko-

nomikis ganviTarebis britaneTis nacionalurma sabWom gaanaliza im ga-

marjvebuli iaponuri firmebis saqmianoba, romelTac msoflio bazarze

TavianTi konkurentebis sworad gansazRvra SeZles. analizis Sedegad

ori ZiriTadi principi gamoyves, romelTac zedmiwevniT icavdnen gamar-

jvebuli firmebi. pirveli principi aseTia: izruneT saqonelze. meore

principi ki ase JRers: ifiqreT klientebze.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom religia aris mentalobisa da adamianuri kapitalis safuZveli.

[...] religia ara mxolod sazogadoebis sulier cxovrebaze ax-

dens gavlenas, aramed ekonomikazec. maqs veberma daadgina, rom kapi-

talizmis warmoSobis pirobebi arsebobda jer kidev antikurobasa

da SuasaukuneebSi, aramed protestanizmis gaCenasTan erTad igi

swrafad ganviTarda. adreuli protestantuli literaturis gamok-

vlevisas veberma SeniSna, rom luTeranis msoflmxedvelobaSi is

ideologiuri impulsi (`profesiuli movaleobis~ idea) devs, ro-

melmac warmoebis kapitalistri wesis damkvidrebas Seuwyo xeli.

statistikuri meTodis gamoyenebiT veberma SeZlo eCvenebina, rom

kapitalizmi yvavis iq sadac protestantuli sarwmunoebaa gavrce-

lebuli (inglisi, germania, amerika) [...] A al. meni

§3. religia da socialuri stratifikacia

religiis sociologebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom religiuroba

CvenTvis nacnob iseT socialur stratifikaciul formebTanaa kavSirSi

rogorebic klasobrivi, rasobrivi an eTnikuri kuTvnilebebia. faqtia,

rom socialuri uTanasworoba nebismier sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. sazo-

kaxa qecbaia

228

gadoeba dafenianebulia da calkeuli individis socialuri identoba

(romelime fenisadmi kuTvnileba) gansazRvravs mis mdgomareobas sazo-

gadoebaSi. sociologebs miaCniaT, rom sazogadoebis mastratificire-

bel erT-erT faqtorad religia, ufro sworad religiuri identoba Se-

iZleba mogvevlinos. am SemTxvevaSi religia socialuri stratifikaciis

sanqcirebas axdens. amgvari ram gansakuTrebiT naTelia kasturi sazoga-

doebis SemTxvevaSi. amis tipuri magaliTi indoeTia, sadac kasturi so-

cialuri stratifikacia induizmiT iyo sanqcirebuli. induizmis mixed-

viT, adamianis mdgomareoba RmerTis mier aris dadgenili da misi Secvla

dauSvebelia. Tu meomarTa kastis wevri xar, aseTad unda darCe samuda-

mod.

Tumca religiurad homogenur da religiuri pluralizmis mqone

sazogadoebebSi religiis mastratificirebuli funqcia sxvadasxvagav-

ria. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arc Tu iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac in-

dividis religiuri identoba mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs mis soci-

alur statuss. magaliTad egvipteSi qristiani koptebis socialuri

prestiJi musulmanebTan SedarebiT dabalia. am sakiTxze Tavis droze ve-

beric amaxvilebda yuradRebas amerikaSi arsebuli protestantuli seq-

tebis Sesaxeb statiaSi. igi ambobda, rom garkveuli saxis religiuri Te-

mis wevroba respeqtabelobis (rom am adamianTan SesaZlebelia saqmis da-

Wera) maCvenebeli SeiZleba iyos.

religiisa da socialuri stratifikaciis urTierTmimarTebis sa-

kiTxi marqsis sayvareli Tema iyo, romelsac igi uaryofiTad wyvetda.

mas miaCnda, rom religia sazogadoebaSi arsebuli socialuri stratifi-

kaciuli struqturis SenarCunebazea orientirebuli, Tumca unda iT-

qvas, rom es yovelTvis rodia ase. socialur uTanasworobasa da mis re-

ligiur legitimacias Soris pirdapiri kavSiri epizoduri xasiaTis ma-

tarebelia. garda amisa aratradiciul, modernistul sazogadoebebSi

religias naklebi Sexeba aqvs socialur uTanasworobasTan. Tumca reli-

giisa da socialuri stratifikaciis kavSiris problma gadawyvetilad

mainc ver CaiTvleba.

§4. religia da socialuri mobiloba

Ggarkveuli doziT socialuri mobiloba TiTqmis yvela tipis sazo-

gadoebaSi arsebobs. tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis amgvari ram nak-

lebadaa damaxasiaTebeli. socialuri mobilobis Teoretikosi pitirim

sorokini miiCnevda, rom religiuri rolebi SesaZlebelia mobilobis ar-

xebs warmoadgendnen. garda amisa religiuri an saeklesio saswavlebele-

religiis sociologia

229

bi garkveul SesaZleblobas aZleven adamianebs warmatebas miaRwion sa-

suliero sferos warmomadgenlTa fenaSi. magaliTad diakoni gaxdes

mRvdeli. am SemTxvevaSi horizontalur mobilobasTan gveqneba saqme.

tradiciul sazogadoebebSi dominirebs norma, romelic vertikalur

socialur mobilobas ar amarTlebs. rac RvTaebrivi wesrigis Sesaxeb re-

ligiuri msoflmxedvelobidan momdinareobs. Tanamedrove sazogadoe-

baSi amaze laparaki Znelia, magram erTi ram fatia, rom religia garkve-

ulwilad gansazRvravs adamianis cxovrebis stils da Sesabamisad socia-

luri mobilobis agentad SeiZleba mogvevlinos.

§5. religia da ojaxi

Oojaxi imdenad Zveli da tradiciuli socialuri institutia, rom

gaCnda warmodgena misi rogorc religiurobis matarebel erT-erT yve-

laze mniSvnelovan fenomenze. msgavs mosazrebas saTave frangma istori-

kosma n. d. fiustel de kulanJma daudo Tavis naSromSi `antikuri qala-

qi~ (1864). daaxloebiT igive mosazreba Zvel arabul sazogadoebasTan mi-

marTebaSi ingliselma aRmosavleTmcodnem v. robertsonmac gamoTqva.

Tavdapirveli socialuri erTobebis mkvlevrebic askvnian, rom ojaxi

sakraluri erTobaa adamianebisa. amis safuZvels is faqti iZleva, rom

mTel rig sazogadoebebSi religiuri ritualebi ijaxSi sruldeboda,

xolo keriis cecxli sakraluri mniSvnelobis matarebelad iyo miCneu-

li. es mdgomareoba garkveulwilad dRemdea SemorCenili, religiuri

ritualebis garkveuli nawili dResac saxlSi aResruleba, Tumca is ra-

sac dRes ojaxs veZaxiT didad gansxvavdeba imisagan rasac Zvel droSi

erqva igive saxeli. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze ojaxma dakar-

ga sazogadoebrivi daniSnuleba da kerZo socialur institutad Camoya-

libda. Tumca religiis gavlena masze mainc darCa ZalaSi. religiis `pri-

vatizaciis~ procesma religia adamianis piradi, kerZo arCevanis sferos

kuTvnileba gaxada da religiis TavSesafari Tanamedrove desakralize-

bul sazogadoebaSi ojaxi gaxada. sociologebi aRniSnaven, amitomaa rom

dRes adamianTa umravlesobas is religiuri ritualebi izidaven, rom-

lebic ojaxSi sruldeba. ojaxis rogorc pirveladi socialuri insti-

tutis gamyarebas qristianuli kulturis qveynebSi religia uwyobs

xels. kerZod qorwinebis saidumlos SesrulebiT, amitom ojaxsa da ek-

lesias Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs.

kaxa qecbaia

230

`[...] religia afasebs adaT-wesebs da Cveulebebs..

ojaxuri cxovrebis sakralizaciiT religia yvelgan da yovel-

Tvis inarCunebs Tavis zemoqmedebas adamianTa Cveulebebsa da sindis-

ze.

religiuri integraluri arseba xalxTa Tavdapirveli erTobisa

da Tanasworobis gamoxatulebis formaa. xalxi, rogorc ojaxi saku-

Tari naTesaobis Sesaxeb mexsierebas erToblivi kultisa da Tayvanis-

cemis meSveobiT inaxavs[...]]~

ferdinand Tionisi]]]]

iseTi ritualebis Sesruleba, rogoricaa bavSvis monaTvla, saxlis

kurTxeva, qorwili, dabadebis an angelozis dRis aRniSvna, gardacvli-

saTvis wesis ageba, saflavis kurTxeva da mravali sxva naTlad aCvenebs

ojaxsa da religias Soris kavSirs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ojaxi religi-

ur ganaTlebasac uwyobs xels. ojaxi rogorc socializaciis agenti did

rols asrulebs sazogadoebis momavali wevrebis mier religiuri norme-

bisa da Rirebulebebis gaTavisebis saqmeSi. Tavis mxriv religiuri nor-

mebi mTeli rigi akrZalvebiTa da qcevis makontrolebeli meqanizmebiT

garkveul mimarTulebas aZleven ojaxis ganviTarebas, ojaxis wevrebs

Soris urTierTobis sxvadasxva formebs (magaliTad seqsulauri cxov-

rebis normalizacia da mravali sxva). moZRvreba qorwinebaze, ojaxis

wevrebs Soris urTierTobebze da sxva TiTqmis yvela religiaSia moce-

muli. qristianobaSi am tipis swavlebas safuZvlad siyvaruli udevs, is-

lamSi morCileba, budizmi maincdamainc ar aris amgvari ramis momxre da

a. S. sazogadoebis racionalizaciisa da sekularizaciis daCqarebulma

tempebma bevr mkvlevars afiqrebina, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi re-

ligiis erTaderT TavSesafrad ojaxi iqca. es marTlac asea, magram jer

religias imdeni araferi gasWirvebia, rom romelime socialur insti-

tuts Seafaros Tavi. saqmis viTareba sul sxva rameze metyvelebs. ker-

Zod socialuri institutebis posTanamedrove transformaciebis epo-

qaSi ojaxs imdeni problemebi daugrovda, rom religia iqca mis namdvil

TavSesafrad. bolo dros postmodernulma erTjeradma ojaxebmac ki ga-

acnobieres, Tu ra safrTxis winaSe dganan da saSvelad isev religias da

RmerTis rwmenas miubrundnen.

religiis sociologia

231

§6. religia da genderi

Cveulebriv genderi pirovnebis is niSnebi da socialuri pozicie-

bia, romelic sazogadoebis wevrebis mxridan Sefasebulia rogorc mama-

kacuri an qaluri. igi socialuri organizaciis erT-erT ganzomilebas

warmoadgens da, Sesabamisad, ara biologiuri, aramed socialuri warmo-

mavlobisaa.

arerTgvarovania genderTan religiis mimarTeba. masTan mimarTeba-

Si TiTqmis yvela religias sakuTari xedva da midgoma aqvs SemuSavebuli.

religiisa da genderis urTierTmimarTebis problema meinstrimul kul-

turebsa da religiebSi qalTa mdgomareobis ganxilvamde dahyavT xolme.

kerZod feministuri poziciebis mqone religiis sociologebs miaCniaT,

rom msoflio religiebis umravlesoba mamakacuria da maTSi qalis roli

mamakacTan SedarebiT dakninebulia. am sakiTxs vrceli gamokvleva miuZ-

Rvna elizabet keidi stentonma Tavis wignSi `qalebi bibliaSi~, Tumca

wminda werilSi imTaviTve naTqvamia, rom `adamiani RmerTis saxe da xa-

tia~, amitom morwmune adamianebs msgavsi kiTxvebi naklebad uCndebaT,

magram rogorc ki saqme socialur realobas Seexeba problema im wuTasve

Cndeba da xSirad gaismis sayvedurebi.

is faqti, rom religiur organizaciebs umeteswilad, da rogorc

wesi, mamakacebi xelmZRvaneloben, rom religiuri ierarqiis warmomad-

genlebi mamakacebi arian srulebiT ar akninebs qalTa mdgomareobas. ro-

gorc wesi morwmune adamianebSi amgvari ram gaRizianebas ar iwvevs. Tum-

ca aris iseTi konfesiebic sadac sasuliero ierarqiaSi qalebic arian

warmodgenili (magaliTad anglikanuri eklesia). tradiciulad religia

yovelTvis iyo gamsWvaluli qalisadmi pativiscemiTa da mokrZalebiT,

oRond erTia, yvela religiaSi qals Tavisi roli da funqciebi aqvs, ro-

melic mamkacisas arafriT ar Camouvardeba. amis gamo davidarabis atexva

araseriozulia.

religiuri rwmena Tavisi arsiT arc mamakacuria da arc qaluri,

amitom Zalze Znelia imis Tqma, rom religia qalTa uflebebsa da mdgoma-

reobas zians ayenebs. zianTan maSin gveqneba saqme rodesac religiuri,

genderuli da sxva saxis diskursebis aRreva moxdeba. amitomac amgvari

sakiTxebis analizisas didi sifrTxilea saWiro. Y

kaxa qecbaia

232

studentebis TvaliT danaxuli islami

(amonaridi saprezentacio masalidan)

qali, ojaxi da naTesauri kavSirebi

islamur samyaroSi

qalebTan mimarTebaSi islami-

saTvis ori gansxvavebuli Tvalsazri-

sia damaxasiaTebeli: I. qali mxolod

dedaa an, coli; II. qalis statusis

idealizeba.

aseT viTarebaSi qalis Sesaxeb

arsebuli mcdari mosazrebebisa da

Sexedulebebis kritikul analizs,

udavod didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

adamianTa im uflebebze, rom-

lebzec sul raRac ori-sami saukunis

win alaparakdnen, islami jer kidev didi xnis winaT saubrobda. islamma

qali ki ar daaknina, aramed kuTvnili adgili daubruna mas, genderuli

uTanasworoba aRmofxvra.

islamur sazogadoebaSi qalis statusis gansazRvra da sruli saxiT

warmoCena SeuZlebelia winaislamur xanaSi qalis adgilis, rolis da uf-

lebriv-qonebrivi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, radganac adre-

uli islami mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli islamamdeli xanis kulturas-

Tan, msoflmxedvelobasTan da tradiciebTan. winaislamur xanaSi qalis

arseboba sircxvilad iTvleboda - axalSobil gogonebs cocxlad mar-

xavdnen; qalis mTavari funqcia dedoba iyo; ar arsebobda memkvidreobis

Sesaxeb kanoni - qals ar hqonda memkvidreobis ufleba, mas ar SeeZlo mem-

kvidreobiT mieRo Tavisi qmris, mamis an naTesavebis qoneba. piriqiT, is

TviTon iyo memkvidreobis obieqti. ar hqondaT kanoni, romelic daare-

gulirebda saqorwino urTierTobebs. yovelive amis fonze SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom islamma aamaRla qalis statusi: moxda gogonebis cocxlad

damarxvis warmarTuli Cveulebis gauqmeba, qalTa qonebrivi da saojaxo-

saqorwino urTierTobis reglamentacia, muslimTa wminda wignSi - yuran-

Si gamocxadda, rom alahis winaSe qali Tavisi uflebebiT da valdebule-

bebiT mamakacis Tanasworia.

muslim mamakacs ara aqvs ufleba qorwinebamde sacoles saxeSi Sexe-

dos. samagierod SeuZlia advilad gaSordes mas, Tu ar moewona igi. isla-

muri qorwinebisaTvis mTavari da damaxasiaTebeli aris mahri - saqorwi-

religiis sociologia

233

no saCuqari. qorwineba swored mahrze molaparakebiT iwyeba. mahri aris

qoneba, romelic qmarma unda gamouyos cols Tanasworuflebiani qorwi-

nebis Tanamxad. mahri kanonieri qorwinebis mTavari pirobaa da ganixile-

ba, rogorc safasuri colisaTvis col-qmruli movaleobebis Sesrule-

bis gamo. islamis religiuri kanoni nebas rTavs muslim mamakacs hyavdes

oTxi coli da mona-mxevalTa ganusazRvreli raodenoba. yuranma ar mis-

ca qals igive uflebebi ganqorwinebis dros, rac misca mamakacebs. gan-

qorwinebis upiratesi ufleba aqvs mamakacs. islamma daakanona mamis uf-

leba bavSvebze. Tumca, gayris Semdeg ori wlis asakamde dedam unda ga-

mokvebos bavSvebi. gayris Semdeg qali kargavs memkvidreobis uflebas

qmris qonebaze misi gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi. mamakacs ufleba aqvs

oTxi coli da ganusazRvreli raodenobis mxevali iyolios, maSin rode-

sac qali rigSi dgas da elodeba rodis dadgeba misi kuTvnili dRe. mama-

kacs ufleba aqvs nebismier dros Sewyvitos qorwineba, qali ki am mxrivac

SezRudulia, radgan gadawyvetileba misTvis mudam araxelsayreli pi-

robebiT mTavrdeba.

hijabi (zRude”, tixari”, farda”) aris krebsiTi saxeli islamuri sa-

mosis xsvadasxva saxeobobisa, rogoricaa saburveli, Cadri, fanjara,

romliTac muslimi qali saxlidan gasvlisas saxesa da sxeuls ifaravs. es

samosi qals sxvisi mzerisagan icavs. arsebobs hijabis ramdenime saxeoba:

Savi an zogjer sxva feris mosasxamebi mTeli sxeulisaTvis da TavisTvis

(ximar) an saxisaTvis: Tvalebamde saxis qveda nawilis damfaravi pirbade;

specialuri bade TvalebisaTvis naxvretebiT; Savi, naxevrad gamWirvale

TavSalebi da sxva. yuransa da wminda wignebSi gansazRvrulia moTxovnebi

qalis samosTan dakavSirebiT: aucilebelia, rom sxeulis yvela nawili,

agreTve Tma, saxis da xelis mtevnebis garda daifaros.

rac Seexeba socialur uTanasworobas magaliTad „iranis revolu-

ciac“ sakmarisia. islami krZalavs, magram sainteresoa visTvis? Tu mkac-

ri wesebis dacva Cveulebrivi mosaxleobisaTvis aucileblobas warmo-

adgens, ratom ar vrceldeba es yvelaferi socialurad maRal fenaze,

Cven xom radikalur suraTs davinaxavT, rodesac Tvalwin warmogvidgeba

prezidentTa Tu SeixTa cxovreba. qals mamakacis sazogadoebaSi kldema-

mosileba da Tavis daxra marTebs, es albaT ubralo miTi da tradiciaa

Tuki SevxedavT mehriban alievasa da iordaniis dedofal ranias.

zogierT islamur qveyanaSi kontrasti TvalsaCinoa ori gansxvave-

buli fenis warmomadgenel qalebs Soris - esaa mdidrebi da Raribebi.

mdidrebi naklebad morwmuneebi arian, maTTan gelfrend-boifrendis in-

stituti miRebulia, kargi ganaTlebac aqvT da dasavlur faseulobeb-

sac etrfian. qalebi Cadrs arasdros atareben, evropul sasmelsac eta-

nebian da kargad, gamomwvevadac acviaT. analogiurad mamakacebi. Tumca

kaxa qecbaia

234

amas morwmuneTa dasanaxad arasodes akeTeben. quCaSi Tu iqnebian maTTan

erTad iloceben, saaTobiT daemxobian, maSin, roca saxlSi amas albaT

arasdros izamdnen.

yuranisa da islamis gaT-

valiswinebiT, muslimi qalis

suli sixaruliT, kmayofilebi-

Ta da siamayiT ivseba, misi

mdgomareoba da statusi rom

icvleba, magram ra uxaria mas,

cocxlad rom aRar marxaven?

sixaruli da bedniereba rom

sufevdes, maSin qalTa emansi-

paciis winaaRmdeg aRar ibrZo-

lebdnen. rogorc cnobilia,

aRmosavleTSi qalTa feminiza-

ciisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo ma-

haTma gandis moRvaweoba. is

muslim qalebs „msxverplad Se-

wirulebs“ uwodebda. misi moRvaweobis dros qalebi masobrivad Caebnen

jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoebSi. islamuri aRorZinebis procesi

„an-nahda“ qalTa emansipaciasac Seexo, Cadris tarebaze uaris Tqma gaxda

islamur qveynebSi demokratiisTvis brZolis erT-erTi lozungi.

saudis arabeTSi saxlis gareT myofi yvela qalisaTvis aucilebe-

lia tradiciuli abaias tareba, romelic qals mTlianad faravs. qals aq

manqanis marTvis uflebas ar aZleven. 1979 wlamde Sahis sekularuli re-

Jimi Trgunavda religias iranSi, amas islamuri revolucia mohyva da sa-

miode aTeuli wlis win sakmaod emansipirebul Teiranel qalebs 21—e sa-

ukuneSi uxdebaT TxemiT-terfamde Seburulebma iaron evloT quCaSi.

aseve sasamarTlo efuZneba VII-VIII saukuneebis SariaTis wesebs, romlis

ZaliTac qmris RalatisaTvis qali unda Caiqolos (saerTaSoriso sazo-

gadoebis zewoliT, am barbarosuli wesis gamoyeneba 2003 wlis dasawyi-

sidan SeaCeres). saudis arabeTi 2000 wlidan internetis informaciis

filtracias eweva, saxelmwifo kontrolqveS myofi samsaxurebi zogi-

erT vebsaitebs blokaven, romlebsac xelisufleba islamuri kulturis-

Tvis miReblad miiCnevs. momxmarebeli ver Seva iseT veb-saitebze, ro-

melbic exeba qalebis uflebebs, religiebs da a.S. saudis arabeTSi qa-

lebs amieridan Tvalebis dafarvac mouwevT. qveynis religiuri polici-

is gadawyvetilebiT, lamazi Tvalebis mqone qalbatonebi valdebulni iq-

nebian muqi feris mzis saTvale ataron. policiis gadawyvetileba ukve

ZalaSia. saudis arabeTis qalebi planetis yvelaze uuflebo moqalaqee-

religiis sociologia

235

bad miiCnevian.

isini valde-

bulni arian daifa-

ron mTeli sxeuli,

Tma, saxe da axla uk-

ve Tvalebic. `isini

Tvalis sacxisa da

tuSis gamoyenebiT

mamakacebis intere-

sis gaRviZebas axer-

xeben. xelis msubuqi

moZraobiT ki viTom

SemTxveviT, Cadrs

zeviT sweven", - wer-

da arabuli presa.

saudel qalebs mxolod naTesav mamakacebTan saubris ufleba aqvT, ga-

reT gasvlac mxolod naTesavi mamakacis TanxlebiT SeuZliaT. qalebis

qcevasTan dakavSirebiT yvela akrZalvas qveynis religiuri policia, xa-

ia adevnebs Tvals. maRaziebSi, dawesebulebebsa Tu kinoTeatrebSi mud-

mivad amowmeben wyvilebis dokumentebs imis gasarkvevad, namdvilad na-

Tesavia Tu ara qalis Tanmxlebi mamakaci. aseve, sqesebi mkacrad aris ga-

yofli skolebsa da sajaro sivrceSi. qalebs ar aqvT arCevnebSi monawi-

leobis ufleba. fizikuri aRzrdis gakveTilebi akrZalulia qalTa sa-

xelmwifo skolebSi. saudis mefe abdula cdilobs daZlios ultrakon-

servatiuli ideologia. swored man misca qalebs muSaobis ufleba. 1996

wlis seqtemberSi, roca qabulSi Talibanis mmarTveloba damyarda, ra-

dio `SariaTma” yvela avRanelisaTvis savaldebulo ramdenime miTiTeba

gamoacxada. maT Soris: mZRolebs ar hqondaT ufleba Tavdauburav an ga-

momwvevad Semosili qalebisaTvis, romlebic Tanmxlebi naTesavi mamaka-

cis gareSe iyvnen, transportSi asvlis nebarTva miecaT. yvelas vinc ase

moiqceoda, daapatimrebdnen. quCaSi SemCneuli Tavisuflad Cacmuli qa-

lis qmari daisjeboda da maTi saxli gaiCxrikeboda. islamSi qals ar aqvs

ufleba, qmris TandaswrebiT xmas auwios. qmars aqvs colis cemis ufle-

ba, magram ar unda daartyas saxis areSi. aseve, coli uars ver etyvis

qmars intimur siaxloveze, Tumca qmari colis sawolidan gagdebis uf-

lebiT sargeblobs.

qalis roli kidev ufro dakninebulia avRaneTSi, sadac axalgazrda

gogonebi dResac yidva-gayidvis obieqtebi arian. amas qorwineba hqvia.

qorwineba ki or ojaxs Soris gaformebuli kontraqtia. qorwinebis bedi

kontraqtis avkargianobazea damokidebuli. tradiciulad ase iyo. avRa-

kaxa qecbaia

236

neli qalebis istoriuli buneba zepirsityvierebam Semoinaxa. qalebi

protests TviTmkvlelobiT an simReriT gamoxataveno _ werda avRaneli

poeti, romelic adgilobrivma fundamentalistebma mokles.

muslimi qalebisadmi akrZalvebi amiT ar Semoifargleba. muslim qa-

lebs mogrZo formis bostneulisa da xilis Wamac aukrZales. aseTi qce-

viT imami imedovnebs, rom qalebi daculebi iqnebian codvisgan, anu im

codvisgan, rasac hqvia „seqsis survili“ _ wers erT-erTi egvipturi ga-

mocema.

islamur samyaro-

Si aris qveynebi, sadac

qalebs SedarebiTi

upiratesoba gaaCniaT

sxva islamuri qveyne-

bisagan gansxvavebiT.

pirvel rigSi aseTad

moiazreba TurqeTi _

aq qalebma Cadris wina-

aRmdeg gailaSqres da

arCevnebSi monawileo-

bisa da ganaTlebis mi-

Rebis ufleba moipoves. Seiqmna ufaso dawyebiTi da fasiani saSualo da

umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema. daarsda Teiranis universiteti. Seicvala

musulmani qalis stereotipebi. islamur saxelmwifoebs Soris, qalTa

uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis mxriv, erT-erTi yvelaze liberaluri qve-

yana aris maroko, romelic mxolod TurqeTs Camouvardeba. meSvide we-

lia, marokoSi moqmedebs kanoni ojaxuri uflebebisa da personaluri

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac: 1. coli da qmari Tanasworia

qveyanaSi da ojaxSi; 2. qalisa da kacis qorwineba SesaZlebelia mxolod

ormxrivi surviliT; 3. qmrebs aRar SeuZliaT umizezod miatovon cole-

bi; 4. qalebisTvis gayra gamartivda; 5. minimalurma saqorwino asakma qa-

lebisTvis 15-dan 18 wlamde aiwia. politikuri cxovrebis kuTxiT aRsa-

niSnavia, rom dRes marokos parlamentSi, qalebisTvis gamoyofili spe-

cialuri kvotebis wyalobiT, 35 qali deputatia _ mTeli Semadgenlobis

10%. Tumca, 10% _ iani kvota mxolod dasawyisia da ramdenime weliwadSi

marokos parlamentSi qalebisTvis 30%-iani kvota dawesdeba. reforme-

bis srulfasovan implementacias xels uSlis mZime socialuri foni. ma-

rokoSi samuSao Zalis mesameds qalebi Seadgenen. yoveli xuTi ojaxidan

erTs qali marTavs, radgan igi an gayrilia, an qmris saxlidan gamogdebu-

li, an kidev meuRle sazRvargareT muSaobs. marokos qalebis 2/3-ma ar

icis wera-kiTxva. zogierT regionSi qaliSvilebis 90%-s arasdros uv-

religiis sociologia

237

lia skolaSi. marokos mosaxleobis daaxloebiT naxevari dReSi 1 evroTi

cxovobs, didi nawilisTvis ki samedicino daxmareba miuwvdomelia. miu-

xedavad problemebisa, muhamed VI-is reforma istoriulad umniSvnelo-

vanesi nabijia. es mowmobs, rom islamuri identoba da adamianis univer-

saluri uflebebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs SeuTavsdes. marokos reformebs

imediT uyureben regionSi da zogadad, islamur samyaroSi. marokoel qa-

lebs ukve baZaven mezobeli qveynebis (alJiri, tunisi) feministebi. aseve

yatarsa da bahreinSi 2002 wlidan qalebs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufle-

ba miecaT da ufro metic, pasiuri saarCevno uflebac anu, maTi arCevac

SeiZleboda.

islamur samyaroSi, Tu ar CavTvliT TurqeTisa da marokos viTare-

bas, qalis roli Zalzed arasaxrbieloa. maTi mrwamsiT cxadia, rom qali

arafers unda akeTebdes. kanonTa krebulSi qalebisTvis specialuri da-

matebaa, romelic ase iwyeba: „gekrZalebaT Sinidan gasvla“...

islamuri feminizmi

zogadad, feministuri moZraoba, bunebrivia, genderuli Tanaswo-

robis da qalTa uflebebis dascvisken aris mimarTuli, magram drodad-

ro man, rogorc ideologiurma da sazogadoebrivma diskursma cxovre-

bis mravali sfero moicva: politika, jandacva, qorwineba, dasaqmeba, xe-

lovneba, religia da sxv.

Tumca, muslulmani feministebis umTavres mizans ar warmoadgens

rom gadmoitanon, danergon dasavluri Rirebulebebi da cxovrebis wesi

islamur kulturaSi, dasavlur yaidaze gadaasxvaferon sakuTari kul-

tura da tradiciebi. maTi TqmiT, islami, rogorc religia ar aviwroebs

qalebs, piriqiT icavs maT uflebebs, rom islamSi qali da mamakaci Tanas-

woria, qmari meuRles siyvaruliT unda moeqces. muhamedi qadagebs, rom

vaJiSvili da qaliSvili Tanasworia. Sesabamisad maT surT, rom qalebi-

sadmi damokidebuleba tradiciuli islamuri religiuri teqstebis sa-

fuZvelze aRdges.

ojaxi da naTesauri kavSirebi

muslmanuri ojaxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia maRali Sobadoba,

radgan islami ar uWers mxars ojaxis dagegmvas. aseve erT-erT socia-

lur da kulturul Taviseburebas axlo naTesavebs Soris qorwineba

warmoadgens. biZaSvil-mamidaSvilebi saukeTeso dasaojaxebel wyvilad

iTvleba bevr arabul qveyanaSi. islami pozitiurad uyurebs axlonaTe-

saur qorwinebas: mociqulma muhamedma Tavisi qaliSvili fatima sakuTar

biZaSvil alis miaTxova. dRemde aqtualuria Turquli andaza:“ kargi go-

go ojaxSi rCeba, cuds ucxos atanen“.

kaxa qecbaia

238

islamuri TvalTxedviT ojaxi sazogadoebis uaRresad mniSvnelo-

vani saZirkveli da ZiriTadi masazrdovebeli ujredia. ase, rom jansaRi,

mxne da sicocxliT aRsavse ojaxis gareSe sazogadoebis progresi, gansa-

kuTrebiT ki kulturuli winsvla SeuZlebeli aRmoCndeba da aseTi oja-

xebi morwmune da gagebuli qalebis gareSe formirebas ver ganicdis da

gagrZelebas ver hpovebs.

yoveli muslimi valdebulia SeinarCunos naTesauri damokidebu-

leba da ar gawyvitos is suleluri uTanxmoebis mizeziT, ecados yovel-

Tvis gaufrTxildes erTimeoris uflebebsa da movaleobebs TavianT na-

TesavebTan mimarTebaSi, yovelTvis moinaxulos isini dResaswaulebze,

mniSvnelovan zeimebze, maTgan avadmyofebs dauTmos gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba, aRmouCinos yovelgvari mxardaWera da daxmareba. im naTesa-

vebs, romlebic cxovroben Sors, SeZlebisdagvarad, misweros werili an,

daukavSirdes telefoniT.

bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg yoveli mSoblis movaleobaa: misces

bavSvs Rirseuli saxeli, Seaswavlos religiuri movaleobebi, romelime

saqme an xeloba, droze daaqorwinos isini. Tavis mxriv, ki maT moeTxove-

baT TavianT mSoblebs pativiscemiT mimarTon, mousminon ufrosebs da

daexmaron maT yvelaferSi, SesaZleblobis mixedviT, Seasrulon mSoble-

bis nebismieri survili, Tuki ra Tqma unda, es ar ewinaaRmdegeba islams.

islamSi dedebi gansakuTrebul pativsacemaSi arian. muhamedis TqmiT:

,,samoTxe dedebis fexT qveSaa’’, ese igi samoTxeSi is moxvdeba, vinc dedas

daafasebs da sikeTiT moepyroba. erTxel Suamavals SeekiTxnen; qveynad

rigis mixedviT jer pativi vis unda vceTo’’? ,,dedaso‘’ miugo man da sam-

jer gaumeora. hadisSi Svilis kmayofaze myofi dedis uflebis Sesaxeb

ase vkiTxulobT `man Sen cxra Tve gatara, Tumca sxvisTvis is amas ar

izamda. man Tavisi sxeulis wveniT Sen gamogkveba, Tumca amas aravin

sxvisTvis ar izamda. is ar daTanxmdeboda imas, rom TviTon maZRari

iyos Sen ki mSieri. TviTon naxevrad SiSvelic rom iyos, Sen gacmevs,

TviTon uwylod rCeba, Sen gasmevs. roca is, Sewuxebuli iyo, Sen dov-

laTiT da siamovnebiT cxovrobdi. dedis muceli Seni sxeulis zrdis

adgili, saxli ki, Seni Senaxvis adgili iyo. misi mkerdi Seni rZis wya-

ro, tkbili suli ki Seni saSiSroebis winaSe mdgari iyo“.

1430 wlis winaT islamma qalis ekonomikuri damoukideblobis ka-

noniereba cno. sura `nisa”-s 32-e aiaSi brZanebs: `kacebs TavianTi monaga-

ridan sakuTari ulufa, qalebs TavianTi monagaridan sakuTari ulufa

gaaCniaT.” me-7 aiaSi vkiTxulobT: `mamis, dedis Tu axloblebis danato-

vari qonebidan kacebsac da qalebsac wili ergebaT am qonebis raodeno-

bis miuxedavad, ulufa gamoeyofaT”. Tumca realobaa isaa, rom gogona

religiis sociologia

239

ojaxisgan memkvidreobas iRebs, magram imaze naklebs, vidre biWi.

islamamdel xanaSi arebeTis naxevar kunZulze da zogadad yvelgan

qals ar gaaCnda sakuTari uflebebi. mas ar hqonda aranairi mniSvneloba

sazogadoebisaTvis. islamamde periodis arabeTSi arsebobda praqtika

cocxlad daemarxaT axldabadebuli gogonebi, radganac maT Tvlidnen

ojaxis sircxvilad. islamma ki Secvala qalis mdgomareoba, daubruna mas

saukuneebis manZilze fexqveS gaTelili uflebebi da ixsna (gadaarCina)

usamarTlo damcirebisgan. yuranSi naTqvamia: …„...colebis qmrebisadmi

uflebamosilebani iseTivea, rogorc qmrebis colebisadmi, Tumca qmre-

bi safexurebriv TavianT colebis mdgomareobaze ufro maRla dganan...~.

allahis Suamavalma daamata Semdegi: `gamokvebeT qalebi da CaacviT maT

Tqvens xelT arsebuli sursaT-sanovagis maragiT da tansacmliT, ar sce-

moT, ar galanZRoT da ar dasajoT", Tumca am ukanasknelis dacva gansa-

kuTrebiT uWirT muslim (da aramarto muslim) mamakacebs.

kaxa qecbaia

240

Tema: religia da sazogadoeba

nawili II

religia transformirebad sazogadoebaSi


sekularizacia, ekumenizmi, religiuri pluralizmi, religiis Tavi-

sufleba, religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia, kibereklesia, Tana-

medrove religiuri renesansi.

Sesavali

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis yvela

socialurma institutma mniSvelovani transformacia ganicada. ramde-

nime bolo aTwleulis manZilze Seicvala ekonomika, politika da ojaxi.

maT msgavasad transformaciis procesi Seexeo religias da religiur

cxovrebas. Sesabamisad Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi aqtualuri

gaxda sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra rols asrulebs religia Tanamedrove

transformirebad sazogadoebaSi. religiis sociologiaSi drom iseTi

sakiTxebi moitana, rogoricaa sekularizacia, ekumenizmi, religiuri

pluralizmi, religiis Tavisufleba, religiuri cxovrebis virtuali-

zacia da mravali sxva.

§1. sekularizacia

(sekularizaciis sociologiuri Teoriebi)

sekularizacia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi zebunebrivisa da sak-

raluris mniSvnelobis dacemaa. es aris procesi, romelic mTlianobaSi

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze religiis gavlenis

Sesustebas niSnavs. seklurizaciis dros religiuri organizaciebi nak-

leb yuradRebas uTmoben saiqio cxovrebis Sesaxeb sakiTxebs da wminda

cxovrebiseuli problemebis mogvarebaze arian orientirebulni. erTi

sityviT, es aris religiis gamoqalaqebis procesi. sekularizacia termi-

nologiurad (gvianlaTinuri — saccularis) saeros, samoqalaqos niSnavs.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianebs urCevniaT imSobiaron, an tkio-

deT, an mokvdnen eqimebis xelSi, romlebic mecnieruli codnis mflobe-

lebi arian, vidre sasuliero pirTa TandaswrebiT. es faqti imaze metyve-

lebs, Tu ra rols asrulebs religia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. reli-

giis amerikelma sociologma da Teologma harvi koqsma kidev ufro ga-

navrco am faqtis interpertacia. igi ambobs, rom Tanamedrove adamianebi

religiis sociologia

241

naklebad mimarTaven religias da religiur ritualebs. raoden samwuxa-

roc ar unda iyos religia maTTvis hobad, an nacionaluri da eTnikuri

identobis niSnad gadaiqca. im adamianTa raodenoba, romelTaTvisac re-

ligias fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs maTs cxovrebaSi sul ufro da

ufro klebulobs. koqsis logikas Tu gavyvebiT erT mSvenier dRes re-

ligia unda gaqres. Tumca am mosazrebas, madloba RmerTs, bevri socio-

logi ar eTanxmeba (Tavis mxriv religiis yofna-aryofna sociologis an

sxva vinmes naTqvamze ar aris damokidebuli). amaze Tanamedrove religi-

uri renesansis faqti metyvelebs. mecnierebam da teqnikam ver Caanacvla

religia da es ase unda iyos.

Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi sekularizaciis problemis

met-naklebad srulyofili sociologiuri analizi p. bergerma da Tomas

lukmanma mogvca. maT sekularizaciis mizezad religiis naklovaneba ki

ar daasaxeles, aramed es procesi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi midinare

urbanizaciis, pluralizaciis da msgavs socialur movlenebs daukavSi-

res.

zogadad religiis sociologiaSi sekularizaciis Sesaxeb ramdeni-

me ZiriTad koncefcias gamoyofen.

pirveli tipis koncefciebi sekularizacias religiuri institu-

tebisa da organizaciebis, zogadad rolis dakninebasTan akavSireben (b.

vilsoni). msgavsi ram, vilsonis azriT, religiur cnobierebas exeba pir-

vel rigSi. dRes adamianebi cxovrebas pragmatulad uyureben. am Tval-

sazrisis mixedviT, sekularizaciis mizezi sekularul cnobierebaSia

saZebni.

meore tipis koncefciebi (g. pfautci) yuradRebas religiuri jgu-

febisa da institutebis SigniT mimdinare procesebze amaxvileben, rom-

lebSic miRmur samyaroze orientacias am samyaroze orientireba cvlis.

am tipis koncefcias safuZvlad veberis racionalizmi udevs.

sekularizaciis Sesaxeb arsebul koncefciaTa mesame tipi (parson-

si, bela) mas ganixilavs, rogorc sazogadoebis struqturis cvlilebaTa

Sedegs, romlis drosac sxva socialuri isntitutebidan religiis gamo-

yofa xdeba da igi adamianis pirad saqmed cxaddeba. bergeri da lukmanic

miiCnevdnen, rom sekularizacia religiis `individualizaciis~ Sedegia.

am SemTxvevaSi yvela rwmenis Tavisebur interpretacias akeTebs da Tvi-

Ton qmnis sakuTar religias (religiis konstruireba).

meoTxe tipis koncefciebs sekularizacia esmiT, rogorc tradici-

uli religiebis `funqcionaluri eqvivalentiT~, `religiuri surogate-

biT~ _ magaliTad marqsizmi, aTeizmi, nacionalizmi da sxva, _ Canacvle-

kaxa qecbaia

242

bis procesi. am SemTxvevaSi sekularizaciaze da surogatul religiu-

robaze saubari erTi da igivea.

mexuTe tipis koncefciebi sekularizacias desakralizaciasTan ai-

giveben. am TvalsazrsiT aramarto sazogadoeba, aramed mTlianad samya-

ro ganicdis desakralizacias, rac imas niSnavs, rom yvelaferi rac ki

xdeba racionalurad aixsneba. am koncefcias veberis `ganjadoebis~ pro-

cesi bolomde mihyavs. Tumca veberi `ganjadoebaSi~ magiuri elementebis

SezRudvas gulisxmobda da ara religiurobis srul gaqrobas.

meqvse tipis koncefciebs miaCiaT, rom sekularizacia sakraluri-

dan profanulisaken moZraobis procesia (h. bekeri). hovard bekeris az-

riT, es procesi mTlianad moicavs sazogadoebas. am koncefciis far-

glebSi sekularizacia sazogadoebis utilitaristul axsnasTanaa da-

kavSirebuli, rac socialur cvlilebaTa zogad TeoriasTan da raciona-

lobis `Ria~ da `daxurul~ sistemebTanaa dakavSirebuli. sekularizaci-

is msgavsi gageba ufro metad evropeli sociologebis mier iqna aRiare-

buli.

asea Tu Tu ise, erTi ram faqtia, rom sekularizacia sazogadoebis

racionalizaciis Tanamdevi procesia. amitom am gzaze Semdgarma sociu-

mebma unda gaiTvaliswinon dasavluri gamocdileba imisaTvis, rom maT-

Tvis mtkivneuli mTeli rigi procesebi Tavidan aicilon.

§2. samoqalaqo religiis cneba

sekularizaciis procesTan dakavSirebulia religiis sociologi-

is kidev erTi axali cnebis _ samoqalaqo religiis gaCena. belas TqmiT,

is sekularizaciis erT-erT aspeqts warmoadgens. misi ganmartebiT samo-

qalaqo religia kvazireligiuri loialobaa, romelic individebs Tavisi

arsiT saero tipis sociumSi aerTianebs. ubralod rom vTqvaT, moqalaqe-

oba da saero cxovreba iZens religiurobis niSan-Tvisebebs. mas Seesaba-

meba cxovrebis amerikuli wesi. am tipis religia garkveuli saxis ritua-

lebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs. magaliTad saxelmwifo himnis Sesruleba

sportul Sejibrebebze. mas raime tipis gansakuTrebuli dogmebi ar ga-

aCnia. Tumca is samoqalaqo sazogadoebis politikur sistemaSi tradi-

ciuli religiis mTeli rigi elementebi Seaqvs. religiis am formisagan

tradiciuli sazogadoebebi Sors arian.

religiis sociologia

243

§3. postkonfesiuri sazogadoeba

im tipis sazogadoebebSi sadac eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris

formaluri kavSiri Zalian sustia religiuri organizaciebi denomina-

ciebad gadaiqcevian xolme. Tumca postTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ada-

mianTa didi nawili sulieri srulyofilebis dakmayofilebas ara arse-

buli religiuri organizaciebis wiaRSi, aramed maT gareT hpoveben. isi-

ni TiTqos garbian am organizaciebidan. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxezea pos-

tkonfesiuri sazogadoeba. romlis tipuri magaliTi amerikis SeerTebu-

li Statebia. am SemTxvevaSi religiuri eqspresiis adgils, romlis gare-

Se suliereba warmoudgenelia, racionaluri gansja ikavebs. postkonfe-

siuri religiuroba religiis fsiqologiur momentebze amaxvilebs yu-

radRebas da misi midevrebi sasuliero pirebTan urTierTobis nacvlad

aTasi juris treningebsa da meditaciebSi iReben monawileobas. tradi-

ciuli religiis mimdevarTa mxridan amgvari ram aRiqmeba, rogorc reli-

giisa da religiurobis gaukuRmarTebuli forma.A

ekumenizmi

`organizebuli religiis mxridan sekulari-

zaciis sawinaaRmdego tendencias warmoadgens

ekumenizmi - gansxvavebuli konfesiebis swrafva

gaRrmavebuli TanamSromlobisa da urTierTgage-

bisaken. xSirad es xorcieldeba konfesiebsa da

denominaciebs Soris urTierTobis maregulire-

beli organizaciebis _ magaliTad, msoflio saek-

lesio sabWosa da eklesiis erovnuli sabWos muSa-

obaSi monawileobiT. dReisaTvis aSS-Si adgili

aqvs protestantuli denominaciebis gaerTiane-

bis mcdelobas, zustad aseve SeiniSneba kaToli-

keTa da protestantTa konvergenciis tendencia.

garda sekularizaciisa, ekumenizmi aSS-Si ganpi-

robebulia sxva mizezebiTac. amerikelebis did nawilSi nacionalizmis

aRorZineba, rogorc Cans, xels uwyobs eklesiis moRvaweTa swrafvas zo-

gierTi religiuri mimdinareobebis gaerTianebaSi. aAmas garda, ekumeniz-

mis mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos TviTSenaxvis instinqti - komerciuli

dawesebulebebis msgavsad, religiur organizaciebsac gaerTianebis Sem-

TxvevaSi gadarCenis meti Sansi eZlevaT. bolos, ekumenistur moZraobaze

gavlena aqvs klasobriv gansxvavebasa da politikur Sexedulebebs. libe-

raluri xasiaTis denominaciebi Cveulebriv avlenen midrekilebas gaer-

Nneil smelzeri

kaxa qecbaia

244

Tianebisaken, asevea konservatorebTanac. liberali presviterianeli,

albaT, ufro grZnobs Tavis kavSirs anglikanuri eklesiis liberalurad

ganwyobil warmomadgenlebTan, vidre sxva presviterianelTan, romelic

konservatizmisaken ixreba.~

Aamonaridi smelzeris wignidan `sociologia~.

§4. Tanamedrove religiuri renesansi

sekularizaciisa da misi Tanamdevi mTeli rigi procesebis miuxe-

davad religiis roli Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ki ar dakninda, piri-

qiT gaizarda. amaze Tanamedrove religiuri renesansis faqti metyve-

lebs. rac ufro metad ganviTarda mecniereba da teqnika miT ufro zne-

obrivad gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda adamiani da mSvelelad mas

isev religia moevlina. TanadaTan gaizarda morwmuneTa raodenoba

msoflioSi da religiurobis axalma eram iCina Tavi, romelsac religiis

sociologebi religiur renesanss uwodeben. maTi azriT, aseT pirobebSi

kidev ufro gaZlierda religiuri fundamentalizmi.

religiuri fundamentalizmi konservatiul religiur doqtrinebs

emyareba, romelic opozicionerobas uwevs racionalizmsa da religiis

gamoaqalaqebis process. is religiis tradiciuli gagebis aRorZineba-

zea mimarTuli. aSS-Si misi momxreebi protestantebi (baptistebi) arian.

msgavsi ram gamokveTili saxiT damaxasiaTebelia iseTi msoflio religi-

ebisadmi, rogoric qristianoba da islamia. amerikelma sociologebma

fundamentalizmis 5 ZiriTadi niSani gamoyves:

• wminda teqstebis sityva-sityviTi ganmarteba. wminda teqstebis

Tavisufali interpretacia maTTvis miuRebelia.

• religiuri pluralizmis uaryofa. religiuri pluralizmi saf-

rTxes uqmnis pirovnuli RmerTis rwmenas, amitom maTTvis mxolod Tavi-

anTi religiaa WeSmariti.

• RmerTis pirovnuli gancda. religias saero saqmeebTan araferi

esaqmeba. misi miazania adamiani daakavSiros RmerTTan ise, rom man es kav-

Siri pirovnulad ganicados. am amocanas ki sekularizebis SemTxvevaSi

religia ver Seasrulebs.

• `sekularuli humanizmisadmi~ winaaRmdegobis gaweva. es niSnavs

imas, rom egzistencialuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi unda mivmarToT

RmerTs da ganswavlul mecnierebs.

religiis sociologia

245

• konservatiuli politikuri Sexedulebebis aRiareba. ZiriTa-

dad fundamentalistebi orientirebulni arian imaze, rom ar miiRon aq-

tiuri monawileoba poltikur saqmianobaSi, magram xSirad zogierTi ma-

Ti warmomadgeneli konservatiuli politikuri Sexedulebebis damcve-

lad gvevlineba. magaliTad homoseqsualuri qorwinebebis akrZalva da

mis nacvald tradiciuli ojaxuri cxovrebis mxardaWera; liberalizmis

winaaRmdeg brZola da a. S.

fundamentalizms Tavisi kritikosebic hyavs, romelTac miaCniaT,

rom is aramyari da pirmoTnea, Tumca miuxedavad kritikisa igi mainc rCe-

ba racionaluri da sekularuli sarwmuneobrivi meinstrimis alterna-

tivad, romelsac Tavisi uricxvi midevari hyavs.

§5. eleqtronuli eklesia

Tanamedrove informaciulma teqnologiebma religiur cxovrebaSi

SeaRwies da iq myari poziciebi Seqmnes. Sesabamisad gaCnda e. w. eleqtro-

nuli eklesiis cneba, rac ra Tqma unda eklesiasTan SedarebiT suroga-

tuli warmonaqmnia, magram amerikul sazogadoebaSi mas Tavisi momxreebi

hyavs. religiurobis masgavsi forma mxolod amerikaSi arsebobs jer-je-

robiT. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da media sa-

Sualebebis gamoyenebaze religiuri cxovrebis praqtikaSi. postmoder-

nistebis enaze amas religiis simulacia da virtualizacia hqvia. aSS-Si

mas 10 milonze meti mimdevari hyavs. e. w. `kibereklesis~ cneba naTlad aC-

venebs imas, Tu sadamde SeiZleba mivides religiuri cxovrebis gaukuR-

marTebis procesi, radganac msgavs pirobebSi sruliad warmoudgenelia

ziarebis da mravali sxva saidumlos Sesruleba. am ambebze Cven amjerad

imitom gavamaxvileT yuradReba, rom socialuri sferos momavalma spe-

cialistma unda icodes es yvelaferi, imisaTvis rom sazogadoebis re-

ligiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb swori daskvnebi da prognozebi gaakeTos.

kaxa qecbaia

246

kiTxvebi:

• ra mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan religia da politika, religia

da ekonomika, religia da socialuri uTanasworoba, religia da

ojaxi, religia da genderi? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

• ra aris sekularizacia?

• daaxasiaTeT sekularizaciis Tanamedrove sociologiuri Te-

oriebi.

• ra igulisxmeba samoqalaqo religiis cnebaSi?

• ras niSnavs postkonfesiuri sazogadoeba?

• ra igulisxmeba religiuri renesansis Tanamedrove gagebaSi?

D davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: „qalebi sxvadasxva religiaSi~.

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: „religia sekularizebul sa-

zogadoebaSi~.

• momazadeT essei Temaze: `religia da Ria, samoqalaqo sazoga-

deba ~.




um.ge-ze.



sia).


5. o. klemani, sekularizaciis gamowvevebi, (internet-versia).

6. b. kobaxiZe, qristianoba da Ria sazogadoeba, (internet-ver-

sia).

7. piter l. bergeri. qristianoba da demokratia. Jurnali `sazo-

gadoeba da politika~. #5, 2005.

8. iurgen habermasi, sekularizacia, romelic ar iwvevs ganadgu-

rebas. Jurnali `zRvari~ #1 (6) 2006.

9. miSel stavru, ra gamowvevas umzadebs eklesias mesame aTas-

wleulis gariJraJi. Jurnali `arCevani~. #1. 2007.

10. v. gogoberiSvili, religiis problemebi mecnierul-teqnikuri

revoluciis pirobebSi, Tb., 1989.

religiis sociologia

247




Tb., 2008.


2004.



6. r. n. bela, religiis sociologia, wignSi `amerikuli sociolo-

gia : perspeqtivebi, problemebi, meTodebi,~ m., 1972, (rus. enaze).

6. Luckmann T. The invisible religion: The problem of religion in modern society. — N.-Y.: Macmillan, 1967.

7. Berger P.L. The sacred canopy: Elements of a sociological theory of religion. — Garden City, NJ: Doubleday,1967.

8. Карл Манхейм. Диагноз нащего времени. М. 1994. 9. Вебер М. Избранное. Образ общества. Социология религии. М. 1994

Ees sainteresoa

fragmentebi wignidan `religia, rogorc socialuri realoba~

sekularizacia

[...] sekularizaciis erT-erTi yvelaze naTe-

li gamovlineba, romelic rigiT adamians Seexeba

religiaSi `simarTlis msgavsebis krizisia~. sxva

sityvebiT, sekularizaciam realobis tardiciu-

li religiuri gansazRvrebis damajereblobis

farTomasStabiani ngreva gamoiwvia. cnobierebis

doneze sekularizaciis am gamovlinebas (`subi-

eqturi sekularizacia~, Tu gnebavT) socialuri

struqturis doneze gamovlineba Seesabameba

(`obieqturi sekularizacia~). rigiTi adamiani

subieqturad religiis safuZvlisadmi undob-

lobisaken ixreba. obieqturad igi religiur da

msgavs ZalTa did mravalferovnebas exeba, rom-

lebic realobis gansazRvrebas sTavazoben da konkurencias uweven er-

piter bergeri

kaxa qecbaia

248

TmaneTs. sxva sityvebiT, `pluralizmis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili fenomeni

cnobierebis sekularizaciis korelatia socialuri struqturis done-

ze. es viTareba sociologiur anlizs iwvevs.

aseTi analizi mSvenier SesaZleblobas iZleva religiasa da mis in-

frastruqturas Soris dialeqtikuri urTierTobis inconcreto saCveneb-

lad. sekularizacia SeiZleba imgvarad iqnas gaanalizebuli, rom igi Ta-

namedrove sazogadoebis infrastruqturis konkretuli procesis àsax-

vad~ iqneba warmodgenili. es ufro damajerebelia, ramdenadac sekula-

rizacia ùaryofiT~ fenomens warmoadgens, anu iseTi procesia, rome-

lic SeuZlebelia TviTon iyos sxva ramis mizezi. is mudmivad sxva pro-

cesebzea damokidebuli. Tumca aseTi analizi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Se-

inarCunebs damajereblobas, Tuki Tanamedrove situacia Tavisi istori-

uli fonisgan damoukideblad iqneba ganxiluli. sinamdvileSi sekula-

rizaciis gavleniT religia SeiZleba damajereblad iqnas gaanalizebu-

li rogorc Tanamedrove situaciaze `damokidebuli cvladi~. amasTan

Rirs kiTxvis dasma sekularizaciis istoriuli Zirebis Sesaxeb, radga-

nac problema sxavgvarad iqneba formulirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi religi-

is mkvlevars dasavluri kulturis religiuri tradiciis specifikuri

elementebis, rogorc istoriuli Zalebis, anu rogorc `damoukidebeli

cvaladebis~ ganxilva mouwevs.

amgvarad, religiasa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli dialeqtiku-

ri urTierToba nebismier doqtrinalur midgomas ewinaaRmdegeba iqneba

es `materializmi~ an ìdealizmi~. SesaZlebelia imis Cveneba, Tu rogor

mivyavarT TviT gagebisaTvis rTul religiur ìdeebs~ socialuri

struqturis empiriulad dakvirvebad cvlilebebamde. sxva magaliTebiT

SeiZleba imis Cveneba, rom Tu rogor zemoqmedeben dakvirvebadi struq-

turuli cvlilebebi religiuri cnobierebis doneze. am urTierTobaTa

mxolod dialeqtikuri gageba iZleva imis saSualebas, rom Tavidan iqnas

acilebuli ìdealisturi~ an `materialisturi~ gaukuRmarTebuli in-

terpretaciebi.

sul sxva saqmea religiis mier garkveul istoriul situaciebSi

Tavis infrastruqturaze ukuzemoqmedebis moxdenis unari. aq SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom es unari sxvadasxva situaciebSi mniSvnelovnad varirebs.

amitom erT situaciaSi religia SeiZleba warmogvidges, rogorc Semakav-

Sirebeli Zala, xolo sxva istoriul situaciaSi, rogorc damokidebuli

qmnileba.

sekularizaciis sawyisi àrena~ ekonomikis sfero iyo, ufro swo-

rad, misi mxareebi, romlebic kapitalizmisa da industrializaciis gav-

leniT gaCndnen. Tanamedrove industriulma sazogadoebam warmoqmna

religiis sociologia

249

seqtori, romelsac centraluri adagili ukavia da romelic religias-

Tan mimarTebaSi erTgvar `Tavisufal adgils~ warmoadgens. sekulariza-

ciam sxva sferoebSi gavrceleba am seqtoridan daiywo. am procesis erT-

erTi saintereso Sedegia religiis `polarizacia~ socialuri ganwyobe-

bis SedarebiT sajaro da pirovnul sferoebad (kerZod saxlmwifoebriv

institutbsa da ojaxs Soris). maSinac ki rodesac yoveldRiuri cxovre-

ba samsaxurTan da mis garSemo arsebul urTierTobebTanaa dakavSirebu-

li da sekularizaciis maRali doniT gamoirCeva, religiuri simboloebi

ar qrebian _ isini myarad arian dakavSirebuli saxelmwifoebriv insti-

tutebTan da ojaxTan. magaliTad, im stadiaze, rodesac yvela darwmune-

bulia, rom `religia fabrikis karebTan qreba~ adamianTa umravlesobas

miaCnia, rom arc omSi da arc qorwinebaSi Sesvla tradiciuli religiuri

simbolikis gareSe dauSvebelia.

am viTarebis sociologiis enaze gadaTargmniT, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom erTi mxriv saxezea sekularizaciasa da ekonomikas Soris da meore

mxriv, sekularizaciasa da saxelmwifo institutebsa da ojaxs Soris

`kulturuli Seyovneba~. rac Seexeba saxelmwifos, es im aspeqtSi gamov-

linda, rom zogierT qveynebSi tradiciul religiaze dafuZnebuli po-

litikuri wyoba iqna SenarCunebuli, maSin rodesac am tipis qveynebma in-

dustrializaciis kuTxiT bevrad win waiwies. msgavs viTarebas adgili

hqonda inglisSi, romelic erT-erTi pirveli daadga am gzas. sxva mxriv

sekularizaciis ganmapirobebeli politikuri Zalebi kapitalistur-in-

dustriul ganviTarebas CamorCenil qveynebSi moqmedebdnen, ase iyo

safrangeTSi XVIII saukuneSi da asea dResac dabalganviTarebul qveyneb-

Si. amgvarad sazogadoebis socialur ekonomikur modernizaciasa da po-

litikur sekularizacias Soris urTierTkavSiri ueWvelia. amasTanave

SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom industrializaciis Tanamedrove dones buneb-

rivad Tan sdevs politikuri wyobis sekularizaciis tendenciebi. ker-

Zod, saxezea eklesiisa da saxlmwifos erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel in-

stitutebad Camoyalibebis tendencia. risi umniSvnelovanesi Sedegia is,

rom saxelmwifo ukve ar warmoadgens Zaladobriv aparats gabatonebuli

religiuri institutis samsaxurSi.

sekularizaciiT gamowveul religiis `polarizaciis~ process Tan

erTobis anu, realobis dakargva axlavs, romelic SeiZleba aRweriliq-

nas mtkicebiT, rom sekularizacia ipsofacto pluralizacias gulisxmobs.

Cveulebriv termini pluralizmi iseT viTarebas miesadageba, rodesac

saxelmwifos Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba aqvs sxvadasxva religiur

jgufebTan, romlebic Tavisufal konkurenciaSi imyofebian. Tu yurad-

Rebas gavamaxvilebT ZiriTad socialur Zalebze, romlebic pluraliz-

kaxa qecbaia

250

mis am formas warmoSoben, maSin sekularizaciasa da pluralizms Soris

Rrma kavSirs davinaxavT. amitom unda vamtkicoT, rom sekularizacias

religiuri tradiciebis demonopolizaciamde da pluraluri situaciis

ipsofacto-mde mivyavarT.

religiur bazarze sxvadasxva religiebs Soris Sexmatkbilebuli

urTierTTanamSromloba, romelic ekumenizmis saxeliTaa cnobili plu-

ralisturi situaciiTaa nakarnaxevi. rac imas niSnavs, rom religiaSi me-

toqeebi ganixilebian ara rogorc mtrebi, aramed kolegebi romlebic

erTnairi problemebis winaSe dganan. Tumca urTierTTanamSromlobis

moTxovnileba pluralizmis situaciaSi konkurenciis racionalizebi-

Taa gamowveuli. konkurentuli bazari im momentidan Cndeba, rodesac

politikuri aparati metoqeebis gasaCereblad uvargisi xdeba. am bazar-

ze moqmedi Zalebi Tavisufali konkurenciis sistemisaken ixrebian, ro-

melic Zalian hgavs kapitalizmis laissez-faire-s. oRond msgavsi sistema

Tavisi ganviTarebis kvalobaze Semdgom racionalizebas saWiroebs [...]~

`xelovnebis stili da manera qristianuli sulis gamovlenaa.

RvTisaken adamianis swrafvas gamosaxavs poezia, literatura, arqi-

teqtura da xelovnebis mravali dargi. Tu es ase ar aris, maSin nam-

dvil xelovnebasTan ar gvqonia saqme. Tumca xelovnebisa da religi-

is erTianobaSi yovlismomcveli mainc grZnobaa. religiurobis Ziri-

Tadi impulsic swored isaa...~

n. gogoli

religiis sociologia

251

E es sayuradReboa!

sergi avaliani

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris

socialur-politikuri ideebi

visac ara aqvs naTeli warmodgena marTlmadidebluri eklesiis

rolisa da funqciis Sesaxeb sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, SeiZleba daeba-

dos kiTxva: ramdenad SesaZlebelia qarTuli {an nebismieri} marTlmadi-

debluri eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis socialur-politikur ideebze lapa-

raki maSin, rodesac eklesia gamoyofilia saxelmwifosagan, xolo epoqis

socialur-politikuri ideebis kvleva saxelmwifos prerogativas Sead-

gens? aseTi kiTxvis SesaZlebloba gaTvaliswinebulia misi uwmindesobis

epistoleebSi da kidec gacemulia sruliad damajerebeli pasuxi. saxel-

mwifosagan eklesiis gamoyofa ar niSnavs marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi

umoqmedobis damkvidrebas, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze uarisTqmas. igi

„ar niSnavs imas, rom eklesia unda ganudges sazogadoebriv cxovre-

bas, xalxis socialursa da kulturul yofas... saxelmwifosa da ek-

lesiis urTierToba msgavsia adamianis sulisa da xorcis erTobisa,

sadac orives Tavisi adgili aqvs da maT harmoniul yofas keTilgan-

wyoba da goniereba warmarTavs“. aleqsandriisa da sruliad afrikis pa-

pisa da patriarqis unetaresi nikoloz VI-is pativsacemad gamarTul

darbazobaze {1981} misma uwmindesobam ilia meorem brZana: „me ar SemiZ-

lia ar visargeblo Cveni SexvedriT da ar Sevexo Tanamedrove saerTa-

Soriso mdgomareobas. Cven yvelani vgrZnobT im saSiSroebas, rac

emuqreba adamianis sicocxlesa da civilizacias. Cven ar SegviZlia

gulgrilad vuyuroT im faqts, rom qveyanaze roca arsebobs SimSili

da sxvadasxva avadmyofoba, miliardebi ixarjeba SeiaraRebaze. ka-

cobrioba unda gadarCes. amisaTvis Cven yvelam unda vifiqroT da

vizrunoT; unda gamovnaxoT axali gzebi, romliTac miRweuli iqneba

mSvidoba da samarTliani urTierToba“. sxva adgilze misi uwmindesoba

kvlav ubrundeba am sakiTxs. „marTalia _ wers igi _ marTlmadideb-

luri eklesiis yofa Sors aris saerTaSoriso politikisagan, magram

msoflioSi Seqmnili situacia bunebrivad moiTxovs, rom Cveni sit-

yva am mimarTulebiTac vTqvaT. mdgomareoba imdenad feTqebadia, sa-

SiSia, rom religiis liderebic valdebuli arian mxari dauWiron

msoflio usafrTxoebis meqanizmis Seqmnis inciativas“. amrigad, uda-

voa, rom marTlmadidebluri eklesia ar SeiZleba gulgrilad uyureb-

kaxa qecbaia

252

des sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebs, ganudges mas da

mxolod imqveyniuri cxovrebiT iyos dainteresebuli, ar SeiZleba Tun-

dac imitom, rom maradiul sasufevelSi damkvidreba SeuZlebelia si-

cocxleSi Cadenili codvebis monaniebisa da maTgan ganwmendis gareSe.

codva ki sxvadasxva met-naklebobiT yvela adamians aqvs. „biblia“ gveub-

neba, rom „adamiani ar SeiZleba cxovndes da ar scodos“.

maSin, rodesac msoflio globaluri omis safrTxis winaSe dgas, mi-

si uwmindesobis erT-erT mTavar problemas Semwynarebloba warmoad-

gens. am problemasTan dakavSirebiT igi aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelo, ro-

gorc „udidesi kulturis qveyana, amave dros Tavisi tradiciebis aq-

tiuri damcveli, zogierTisaTvis Seuvali, naTlad acnobierebs, rom

kacobriobas ara aqvs sxva gza, Tu ara urTierTSemwynareblobisa ...

Tanamedrove msoflio sazogadoebam unda aRiaros aucilebloba imi-

sa, rom Cveni gansxvavebulobisa da azrTa pluralizmis miuxedavad,

unda viswavloT urTierTpativiscema da mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba“.

iqve misi uwmindesoba xazgasmiT aRniSnavs qarTveli eris Semwynareblur

bunebas. „Cveni eri _ gveubneba misi uwmindesoba _ yovelTvis Sem-

wynareblobiT gamoirCeoda. amasTanave igi iTvisebda da saukeTeso

prizmaSi gadatexda sxva qveynebis kulturul miRwevebsac, TviT ima-

Tac, romlebic ZaliT imorCilebdnen da aviwroebdnen Cvens xalxs.“

Semwynarebloba poziciebis gansxvavebas gulisxmobs; maTi igiveo-

bis SemTxvevaSi Semwynareblobaze laparaki zedmeti iqneboda. SeiZleba

Seiwynaro Seni megobris azri an Tundac msoflmxedveloba, romelic Se-

ni azrisa da msoflmxedvelobisagan principulad gansxvavdeba, Seiwyna-

ro adamiani, romelmac Seuracxyofa mogayena, Seiwynaro sxvadasxva eris

religiuri, ideologiuri, politikuri Sexedulebani da a.S. Semwynareb-

lobas azrovnebis, mecnierebis, kulturis progresi moaqvs. RmerTma nu

qnas, rom yvela adamiani erTnairad azrovnebdes an erovnul kulturebs

Soris gansxvaveba ar iyos; es xom pirovnebis dakargva, gansxvavebis waSla

iqneboda, rac ara marto xels ar Seuwyobda sazogadoebis ganviTarebas,

aramed, piriqiT, daabrkolebda. Semwynareblobis deficits anu Seuwyna-

reblobas sazogadoebisaTvis mxolod ngreva da ubedureba moaqvs. ase-

Tia, magaliTad, omebi saxelmwifoebs Soris an erTsa da imave saxelmwi-

foSi, romelsac samoqalaqo omi ewodeba. poziciebis Seuwynareblobam

gamoiwvia ZmaTamkvleli omi saqarTveloSi gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaa-

Tian wlebSi.

erT-erT saaRdgomo epistoleSi {1995} misi uwmindesoba SeSfoTe-

bas gamoTqvams im arastabiluri viTarebis gamo qveynebs Soris, romel-

mac SeiZleba globaluri omi gamoiwvios. iq naTqvamia, rom `roca vuyu-

religiis sociologia

253

rebT winaaRmdegobiT savse qveynis awmyos da vcdilobT davinaxoT

arc Tu ise didi imedis momcemi xvalindeli dRe, aSkarad igrZnoba,

rom Tu sulierebisa da inteleqtualuri azrovnebis adamianebi er-

TmaneTs ar dauaxlovdebian, msoflio dadgeba gauTvaliswinebeli,

sabediswero katastrofis winaSe. dRes Cven mowmeni varT saxelmwi-

foTa, partiaTa, xalxTa da pirovnebaTa Soris daundobeli, Seurige-

beli dapirispirebisa. samoqalaqo omebi, separatistuli moZraoba

niadags umzadeben beladTa an ama Tu im partiaTa diqtaturas. kacob-

rioba vulkans emsgavseba, romelmac yovel wuTs SeiZleba amoxeT-

qos“. amasTanave misi uwmindesoba aRniSnavs, rom „dadgeba dro, roca

omebs aRar SeuZliaT gadawyviton is problemebi, romelnic xalxebsa

da saxelmwifoTa Soris arseboben. Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT

msoflioSi warmoqmnil konfliqtebs da maT Soris arsebul mizezob-

riv kavSirebs, SeiZleba davinaxoT Tu rogor naTlad gamoxataven im

adamianTa xasiaTs, Tvisebebs, romelTa wiaRSic an romelTa nebiTac

es omebi aRmocendebian“.

am SemTxvevaSi misi uwmindesoba gvTavazobs omis mizezebis sruli-

ad axal axsnas, romelic komunisturi axsnisagan principulad gansxvav-

deba. komunisturi ideologia amtkicebda, rom TiTqos omebs mxolod

obieqturi mizezebi aqvs, xolo pirovneba, kerZod, saxelmwifos meTau-

ri, am saqmeSi arsebiT rols ar TamaSobs. misi uwmindesoba ki sruliad

marTebulad amtkicebs, rom omebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifoTa me-

Taurebis interesebs emsaxureba da isini omebis dawyebasa da warmoebaSi

arsebiT rols TamaSoben. amitom omebs aqvT ara imdenad obieqturi, ram-

denadac subieqturi mizezebi.

misi uwmindesoba aRniSnavs, rom „dRes Zlierni ama soflisani

gavlenis sferoebisaTvis ibrZvian. maSasadame, maT RmerTi aviwyde-

baT, rogorc damamSvidebeli, uZlurTa mkurnali. mxolod masSi po-

ebs adamianTa modgma dakargul mTlianobas“.

misi uwmindesoba laparakobs birTvuli omis saSiSroebazec, romlis

Tavidan asacileblad yvelas aqtiuri moqmedebisaken mouwodebs. igi

wers: „kacobriobis bed-iRbalsa da garemomcvel samyaroze zrunva

gvavalebs meti aqtiurobiT vimoqmedoT xalxTa, eklesiaTa da saxel-

mwifoTa Soris urTierTgagebisa da samarTliani damokidebulebis,

birTvuli saSiSroebisagan msoflios gadarCenisaTvis“.

am globaluri safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad zrunavs marTlma-

didebluri eklesiac. `saxelmwifoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare,

eklesia dResac cdilobs Seasrulos e.w. „saxalxo diplomatiis“ mi-

sia da iyos mSvidobis despani“. 1981 wels igi ambobda: `dRes imdenad

kaxa qecbaia

254

gamwvavebulia saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba, rom msoflio mSvidobas

emuqreba ... aseT viTarebaSi saeklesio moRvaweebma da eklesiis gare-

Se mdgomma adamianebma TavianTi SesaZleblobebi unda gaaerTianos“.

misi uwmindesoba Tvlis, rom mTavari roli mSvidobis damyarebis

saqmeSi saxelmwifos ekisreba, iseT saxelmwifos, romelic samarTliano-

bis principebzea agebuli. erT-erT saaRdgomo epistoleSi {1991} naT-

qvamia Semdegi: „dRes TiToeuli Cvengani ocnebobs Tavisuflebasa da

mSvidobaze ...is ki gvaviwydeba, rom amasTan erTad saxelmwifo, upir-

veles yovlisa, unda iyos samarTliani. samarTlianobis gareSe, rwme-

nisa da siyvarulis gareSe mSvidoba ar damyardeba“.

misi uwmindesoba gveubneba, rom „Cven yvelaferi unda gavakeToT,

raTa arc erT saxelmwifosa da gansakuTrebiT mezobel erebTan ar

gvqondes mtruli damokidebuleba“. mSvidobis mopoveba, misi azriT,

mxlod da mxolod Semwynareblobis pirobebSi SeiZleba.

mis uwmindesobas dauSveblad miaCnia, rom politikosebi grZnobe-

biTa da emociebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. amgvar qmedebas xSirad omebi da

ubedureba moaqvs. politikosi brZeni unda iyos, mis saqmianobas, ro-

gorc misi uwmindesoba brZanebs, „goneba unda akontrolebdes“. Sem-

wynareblobasa da gonierebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs erTsa

da imave saxelmwifoSi sxvadasxva partiebisa da sxvadasxva msoflmxedve-

lobebs Soris dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi. Semwynareblobis deficitma

gamoiwvia is movlenebi, rasac adgili hqonda gasuli saukunis 90-ian

wlebSi saqarTveloSi. 1991 wlis 23 dekembers misi uwmindesoba ase mimar-

Tavda qarTvel ers: „vgrZnob ra momaval mZime Sedegebs, saqarTvelos

eklesiis samRvdeloebisa da morwmune eris saxeliT kidev erTxel

mogmarTavT TxovniT dapirispirebul mxareebs gamoiCineT sibrZne

da goniereba, igrZeniT pasuxismgebloba RvTisa da eris winaSe da yve-

laferi gaakeTeT imisaTvis, rom mSvidobiani molaparakebis gziT ga-

dawyvitoT sadavo sakiTxebi. momavali Taoba daafasebs Tqvens keTil-

gonierebas“.

mis uwmindesobas SeuZleblad miaCnia demonstraciebisa da mitin-

gebis saSualebiT normaluri saxelmwifoebriobis damyareba. igi wers:

„politika namdvili politikosebis saqmea da ara masisa. mitingebisa

da demonstraciebis doneze warmoebuli politika politika araa da

arc pirovnebis oratoruli niWi niSnavs qveynis marTvis unars. dRes

aucilebelia mSvidi, frTxili diplomatia“.

XX saukune, gveubneba misi uwmindesoba, erTi mxriv, didi progre-

siT xasiaTdeba mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis mimarTulebiT; Seiqmna

bevri ram iseTi, ramac gaaZliera da gaaumjobesa adamianTa materialuri

religiis sociologia

255

cxovreba. magram, meore mxriv, man bevri ubedurebac mogvitana socia-

lur-politikur sferoSi. es saukune, romelmac „Sva ori msoflio da

mravali samoqalaqo omi, romlis drosac Camoyalibda manamde arna-

xuli totaluri reJimi, istoriaSi Seva ara marto rogorc socia-

lur-politikur da samecniero-teqnikur miRwevaTa xana, aramed uf-

ro metad rogorc saSineli Zvrebis, araadamianobis, agresiulobis,

gulgrilobis, apaTiis, Suris, borotebis saukune.“

gasuli saukunis uaryofiTi mxareebi ara marto socialur-poli-

tikur sferoSi gamovlinda, aramed adamianis sulier samyaroSic. „sam-

wuxarod, dRes Zalian uxeSi da agresiuli gaxda adamiani; siyvaru-

lis magivrad masSi Suri, siZulvili, mouTmenloba, egoizmi budobs.

aseTi cxovrebiT igi, uwinares yovlisa, angrevs Tavis sulier taZars

da Semdeg ki siZulvils ganavrcobs garSemo myof adamianebzec. am-

gvari adamianis mizani mtrobisa da SuRlis Tesva xdeba“. misi uwmin-

desoba, rasakvirvelia, ar uaryofs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gardaq-

mnis saWiroebas, magram Tvlis, rom gardaqmna, uwinares yovlisa, adamia-

nis sulierebas sWirdeba, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovani da Rirebulia

mecnierul-teqnikur gardaqmnaTa mimarTebaSi. „dRes _ ambobda misi uw-

mindesoba 1988 wels _ bevrs vlaparakobT gardaqmnaze... magram isic

ar unda daviviwyoT, rom gardaqmna, upirveles yovlisa, Cvens sulsa

da azrovnebas unda Seexos da mere unda gamovlindes garegnul yofa-

Si“. adamiani mowodebulia, rom iyos wynari, keTili, maRali sulieri

TvisebebiT dajildoebuli. mas aqvs ara mxolod biologiuri moTxovni-

lebani, aramed sulieric, romelTa dakmayofilebis gareSe igi iqneba ara

adamiani, aramed mxolod biologiuri arseba, cxoveli. aqedan ki gamom-

dinareobs, rom adamianis sulieri samyaros gawmendasa da amaRlebaze

zrunva aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre misi materialuri cxovrebis pi-

robebis gaumjobesebaze zrunva. materialur-teqnikuri gardaqmnis epo-

qam swored sawinaaRmdego Sedegebi mogvca. „miwier keTildReobaze

fiqrma yovelgvar zRvars gadaaWarba... Rirseba daikarga, guli gaq-

vavda, sicocxle gaufasurda. aqedan warmoiSva mudmivi daZabulobi-

sa da SiSis atmosfero... xalxi sruliad daucvelad grZnobs Tavs; pa-

radoqsia, magram faqtia, rom arc erT epoqaSi ar yofila adamiani er-

Tdroulad ase Zlieri da ase susti“.

gardaqmnis epoqam verc adamianTa umravlesobas moutana bedniere-

ba; piriqiT, mosaxleobis farTo fenebis materialuri cxovreba kidev

ufro gauaresda. sazogadoeba or fenad daiyo: erTi, sakmaod mcire nawi-

li, uzomod gamdidrda, meore, Tanac udidesi nawilis cxovreba siRari-

bis zRvars dabla darCa da ukiduresad damZimda; gaizarda umuSevroba.

kaxa qecbaia

256

„mosaxleobis dausaqmebeli nawili faqtobrivad ganwirul mdgoma-

reobaSia. maT waerTvaT imedi momavlisa da mistirian warsuls _ su-

lieri, fizikuri, Tu inteleqtualuri uZraobis xanas da Tavisufle-

bac aRarafrad uRirT“. es ki sxva araferia, garda mosaxleobis farTo

fenebis dabneulobisa. Svidi aTeuli wlis manZilze adamianebi totali-

taruli reJimis pirobebSi cxovrobdnen. axla ki _ am reJimis damxobis

da demokratiuli wyobilebis mSeneblobis periodSi _ misTvis cxovre-

ba gaugebari, ucxo aRmoCnda; amas is uaryofiTi Sedegebic daemata, rac

axalma drom moitana. Sedegad ki uimedobisa da uperspeqtivobis gancda

Camoyalibda. araferia imaze mZime, vidre umizno, uperspeqtivo cxovre-

ba.

gardaqmnam adamianTa sulierebis sferoSi bevri uaryofiTi Sede-

gebi mogvitana. „metad rTul droSi gviwevs cxovreba _wers misi uw-

mindesoba _ materialur siduxWires isic daemata, rom es aris xana

maradiuli Rirebulebebis ryevisa da msxvrevisa. xdeba gaufasureba

saukunovani tradiciebisa da cxovrebis wesisa, ingreva ierarqiuli

rigi da mis adgils ikavebs axali, samwuxarod, uaryofiTi tendencie-

bi, rac Tavisuflebas didi eWvis qveS ayenebs.“

mecnierul-teqnikur progress adamianis mxolod materialuri

cxovrebis gardaqmna SeuZlia, magram ara sulieri cxovrebisa. aanali-

zebs ra mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis SesaZleblobebs, misi uwminde-

soba gveubneba, rom `sazogadoebis nawili did imedebs amyarebs prog-

resze da miaCnia, rom igi moutans kacs bednierebas. mecnierebasa da

teqnikas SeuZlia garkveulwilad Secvalos fizikuri samyaro, Secva-

los Cveni planetis garegnuli saxe, misi flora da fauna, geografi-

uli zedapiri, magram adamianis gardaqmna, misi gakeTilSobileba da

sulieri amaRleba isev da isev adamianis xelTaa“.

mecnierul-teqnikurma progresma bevr adamians iluzia Seuqmna,

rom igi ara marto materialur cxovrebas gardaqmnida, aramed sulier-

sac. am iluzias Sedegad ki sulieri rwmenis dakargva mohyva. „bevrs eC-

veneba, rom mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebi dadasturebaa adamianis

gonebis srulyofilebisa da hgonia, rom mecnierebas droTa viTare-

baSi mTeli samyaros saidumloebis axsna SeuZlia. amitom zogs Rmer-

Tis arsebobis rwmena zedmetad miaCnia“. swored amaSi gamovlinda mec-

nierul-teqnikuri progresis erT-erTi uaryofiTi mxare. man ara mxo-

lod ar gaakeTilSobila adamianis sulieri samyaro, aramed, piriqiT, da-

ukarga RvTis rwmena da aTeisturi msoflmxedvelobis aRorZinebas Se-

uwyo xeli. adamianma, romelmac RvTis rwmena dakarga, miT umetes dakar-

gavs rwmenas da ase dacarieldeba misi sulieri samyaro. RvTisa da adami-

religiis sociologia

257

anis rwmenadakarguls martoobis da uimedobis SiSi da Zrwola daeuf-

leba. rodesac Tanamedrove egzistencialistebi _ haidegeri, iaspersi,

sartri da sxvebi - adamianTa martoobaze, SiSsa da Zrwolaze laparako-

ben, maSin swored amas gulisxmoben. am egzistencialuri uimedobis dam-

kvidrebas didad Seuwyo xeli cnobili germaneli filosofosis fr. nic-

Ses absurdulma Tezisma: „RmerTi mokvda“, rac imas niSnavs, rom TiTqos

gaufasurda tradiciuli Rirebulebani, xolo adamianis sulis carieli

adgili veraferma Seavso; Sedegad miviReT martoobis, SiSisa da Zrwo-

lis gancdebi.

am uperspeqtivo viTarebis Camoyalibebas ki amJamad CvenSi xels uw-

yoben masobrivi informaciebis saSualebani, romelTa moqmedeba, mcire

gamonaklisis gareSe, mimarTulia RvTaebrivi rwmenis winaaRmdeg. „mec-

nierul-teqnikuri revoluciis xanaSi mozRvavebuli informaciisa

da swrafcvalebadi movlenebis gavleniT _ brZanebs misi uwmindesoba

_ adamianma TiTqmis dakarga misi adgili, dakarga Segneba Tavisi Rir-

sebisa, rogorc RvTis xatebisa da dedamiwaze misi madlisa da WeSma-

ritebis mTavari matareblisa“.

sulieri samyaros krizisis erT-erT mTavar mizezad misi uwminde-

soba demokratiis cnebis araswor gagebas Tvlis. demokratiulma wyobi-

lebam, misi azriT, adamianTa SesaZleblobani unda gamoavlinos, sulie-

reba aamaRlos, daicvas eris tradiciebi, kultura, misi istoriuli mo-

napovari. „CvenSi ki zogierTi demokratiis saxeliT upirispirdeba

imas, rac ganapirobebs eris individualobasa da TviTmyofadobas,

upirispirdeba Cvens tradiciebs, kulturas da gacnobierebulad Tu

gaucnobiereblad, cdiloben qveyanas gadauWran is macocxlebeli

fesvebi, romelic asazrdoebs Cvens ersa da ganapirobebs mis win-

svlas“.

adamianTa erTi jgufi, romelTac qveynis sadaveebi xelT uWiravT,

erTob gaitaca dasavlurma kulturam, daiviwyes TavianTi erovnuli

tradiciebi da cdiloben ucxouri cxovrebis wesiT mis Secvlas. misi uw-

mindesoba, cxadia, „Ria samyaros“ momxrea, Tvlis, rom ucxoeTidan SeiZ-

leba bevri ram aviTvisoT, magram sxvisi kulturis meqanikurad gadmo-

nergva ara marto SeuZlebelia, aramed sazianoc. „evropisagan Zalian

bevri ram unda viswavloT, magram ar unda davkargoT is Cveni tradi-

ciuli kultura, rac WeSmaritad Rirebulia da amasTan maTTvisac mi-

sabaZia da dasafasebeli“. magaliTad, gveubneba igi, Cvens qveyanaSi fexs

ikidebs demokratiuli cxovrebis wesi, magram „es wesi ucxo qveynebis

yofis brma mibaZvas ar niSnavs. yvela qveyanas Tavisi tradiciebi aqvs;

ar SeiZleba sakuTaris uaryofa, ucxo tradiciebis mouazreblad

kaxa qecbaia

258

gadmotana“.

isini, visac CvenSi demokratiuli cxovrebis wesis damkvidreba eva-

leba, xSirad laparakoben samarTalze, liberalizmze, rac TavisTavad

dadebiTi movlenebia. magram Tu liberalizmi erovnul ideologiasa da

religiur mrwamsTan kavSirSi ar aris, maSin miviRebT „ugnur libera-

lizms“, rac mtrebis sasargeblo aRmoCndeba da qveyanas daangrevs.

„ugunuri liberalizmi, rogorc wesi, saTavea mravali negatiuri

movlenisa, maT Soris korufciis, danaSaulis gamravlebis, saerTo

miSvebulobis da ganukiTxaobisa. qveynis saSinao da sagareo politi-

ka, ekonomika, mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba, mecniereba, ganaTleba,

janmrTelobis dacva, kultura ... aucileblad unda eyrdnobodes da

gamomdinareobdes erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi interesebidan“.

igive iTqmis samarTalze, samarTlianobaze. samarTlis cnebis Sinaarsi

Zalian cotas esmis. „samarTlianoba _ gveubneba misi uwmindesoba _ ar

aris mxolod iuridiuli an ganyenebuli filosofiuri azrovnebis

gamovlineba, aramed Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli, zneobrivi grZno-

ba... WeSmariti samarTali SeiZleba iyos iq, sadac wonasworobaa Cemsa

da sxvas Soris; veqceviT Tu ara sxvas ise, rogorc sakuTar Tavs?“.

amis gareSe arc samarTalze laparaki SeiZleba. marTalia, Tanamedrove

msoflioSi aseTs iSviaTad vxvdebiT, magram WeSmariti samarTali zneo-

basac gulisxmobs.

zneobisa da samarTlianobis deficitTan dakavSirebiT misi uwmin-

desoba laparakobs kulturis deficitzec, romelic agreTve mecnie-

rul-teqnikuri progresis cudi gagebis Sedegia. kulturis deficits

igi „fsevdokulturas“ uwodebs, romelmac CvenSi, WeSmariti kulturis

nacvlad, fexi moikida. pornografiuli kinofilmebi, romlebic Cvens

televiziaSi damkvidrda, fsevdokulturis aSkara gamovlenaa. WeSmari-

ti kultura, misi uwmindesobis azriT, zneobas moicavs. saTnoebis gare-

Se kulturaze laparaki zedmetia. saTno ki SeiZleba iyos rogorc swav-

luli, ise uswavleli adamiani. saTnoebasa da codnas Soris aucilebeli

kavSiri ar aris. „Cvens saukuneSi _ gveubneba igi _ roca Zalian bev-

ria umaRlesdamTavrebuli, xolo danarCeni ki saSualo ganaTlebiT

arian, vrwundebiT, rom mxolod ganaTleba kulturas ar niSnavs“.

es mosazreba zneobisa da kulturis urTierTobis Sesaxeb gansa-

kuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. didma berZenma filosofosma sokra-

tem gamoTqva azri codnisa da zneobis ganuyrelobis Sesaxeb. amodioda

ra Tavisi filosofiis centraluri principidan codnis obieqturobis

Sesaxeb, Tvlida, rom saTnoeba aris codna anu saTno aris is, vinc icis,

Tu ra aris saTnoeba. es niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia adamianma icodes, Tu

religiis sociologia

259

ra aris saTnoeba da ar iyos saTno. erTi sityviT, sokrates azriT, saT-

noeba da codna erTmaneTisagan ganuyrelia. aseTi iyo sokrates eTikuri

moZRvreba, romelic momdevno saukuneebis eTikurma azrovnebam uaryo.

gairkva, rom codnasa da saTnoebas Soris aucilebeli kavSiri ar aris.

saTno SeiZleba iyos uswavleli kacic da, piriqiT, swavluli ar iyos

saTno. kacobriobis istoriaSi amis magaliTebi sakmaod bevria. magali-

Tad, faSisturi ideologiis, misi Teoriisa da praqtikis damcvelTa So-

ris iyvnen maRali klasis mecnierebic, Tumca mcire, magram mainc. misi

uwmindesoba iziarebs eTikur azrovnebaSi kargad dadgenil Teziss cod-

nisa da saTnoebis, saerTod, zneobriobis erTmaneTisagan damoukideb-

lobis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, „ganaTleba ar niSnavs kulturas“; sxva sit-

yvebiT, rom vTqvaT, zneoba codnisagan ar gamomdinareobs.

marTalia, kulturasa da codnas Soris aucilebeli kavSiri ar

aris, magram avangarduli roli eris sulieri kulturis Camoyalibebisa

da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi, uwinares yovlisa, mainc inteligencias ekuT-

vnis. misi uwmindesobis azriT, „dRes Cvens inteligencias imaze meti pa-

suxismgebloba ekisreba, vidre TviTon grZnobs. igi unda iqces erisaT-

vis WeSmariti gzis gamkvlevad, erovnuli mrwamsis, kulturisa da xe-

lovnebis damcvelad da Semqmnelad“. mxolod am gziT SeiZleba fsevdo-

kulturis daZleva da WeSmariti kulturis damkvidreba.

adamianis sulierebis krizisi, wers misi uwmindesoba, Cvens droSi

sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba. erT-erT aseT formas warmoadgens kosmo-

politizmis qadageba da misi dapirispireba erovnuli faseulobebisad-

mi. `am bolo dros _ naTqvamia erT-erT saSobao epistoleSi _ xdeba

kosmopolituri ideebis qadageba da erovnuli grZnobebisadmi zogi-

erTTagan gulgrili, zogjer damcinavi damokidebuleba. demokrati-

is niRabs amofarebuli aseTi adamianebisTvis ratomRac erovnuloba

da patriotizmi karCaketilobas niSnavs da rogorc sazogadoebas,

ise eklesias misgan ganTavisuflebisaken mouwodeben“. mowodeba

erovnuli tradiciebisagan ganTavisuflebisa da ucxouris gadmoner-

gvis Sesaxeb marTlac xSirad ismis Cvens sazogadoebaSi. axalgazrda Ta-

obis erTi nawili, romelsac bundovani da zerele warmodgenebi aqvs mo-

winave kapitalisturi qveynebis cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb, cdilobs Tavi

gamoiCinos sakuTari erovnuli tradiciebis lanZRviT da yovelgvari

ucxouris mowonebiT. xSirad gaigonebT saukuneebis manZilze damkvid-

rebuli qarTuli sufris wesebis lanZRvas, sakuTari dedis ginebas, ho-

moseqsualizmis legalizaciisaken mowodebas da a.S. bevri maTgani sas-

wavlo da samecniero reformebis niRbiT angrevs umaRles saswavleb-

lebsa da samecniero centrebs, xolo TviTon ukeTess verafers gvTava-

kaxa qecbaia

260

zobs. isini umaRles saswavleblebsa da samecniero centrebSi xSirad

iseTi sagnebis swavlebasa da „axali“ problemebis kvlevas amkvidreben,

romelTac araferi saerTo ara aqvT arc moswavle axalgazrdobis swav-

lis kulturasTan da arc mecnierebasTan. aseTia Sedegi swavlebisa da

mecnieruli kvlevis tradiciuli wesebis ngrevisa da dasavluri kul-

turis zerele codnis safuZvelze „axlis“ damkvidrebis mcdelobisa.

destruqcionisti axalgazrdebi karCaketilobasa da CamorCenaSi

sdeben brals yvelas, vinc damangrevel Zalebs ewinaaRmdegeba. aseT usa-

fuZvlo braldebas TviT Cveni marTlmadidebluri eklesiac ver gada-

urCa. amgvari Semotevebis momZlavrebis winaaRmdeg misi uwmindesoba aR-

niSnavs, rom `qristianoba da Tavis TavSi Caketiloba urTierTgamom-

ricxavi cnebebia. qristianobisaTvis yvela adamiani - ra erovnebisa

da mrwamsis ar unda iyos igi _ moyvasia da RvTis winaSe valdebulia

uyvardes is“.

kosmopolitizmiT gatacebuli adamianebi awarmoeben Rirebuleba-

Ta gadafasebas, rac faqtobrivad qarTuli tradiciuli Rirebulebebis

uaryofaSi gamoixateba. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT misi uwmindesoba am-

bobs: „dRes erT-erTi problemaa RirebulebaTa gaufasurebac. adami-

anebs, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebs, arwmuneben TiTqos samSoblos

siyvaruli, ufrosisadmi pativiscema, patiosnad cxovreba {enisa da

sarwmunoebis dacva} da sxva Cveni erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradi-

ciebi moZvelda, ara da rogor SeiZleba moZveldes is, rac maradiul

Rirebulebebs warmoadgens?“. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas qarTu-

li enis gabinZurebisagan dacvis Sesaxeb. qarTul sinamdvileSi inglisu-

ri enis SemoWra, rac TavisTavad dadebiTi movlenaa, bevrma axalgazrdam

gamoiyena rogorc qarTuli enis dabinZurebis saSualeba. rusuli reJimi

da ideologia TiTqmis orasi wlis manZilze cdilobda qarTuli enis aR-

mofxvras. am antierovnul pozicias win aRudga jer kidev XIX saukunis

meore naxevris mowinave qarTveli axalgazrdoba {e.w. „Tergdaleule-

bi“} i. WavWavaZis TaosnobiT. maT gawmindes da daicves qarTuli ena ga-

dagvarebisagan. magram axla inglisuri enis gavleniT kvlav Tavi iCina

ucxo sityvebiT qarTuli enis dabinZurebis faqtebma. xSirad gaigonebT

inglisur sityvebs: `mesiji“, „slogani“, „fani“, „menejeri“, „Tineijere-

bi“ da a.S., maSin, roca qarTul enaze Sesabamisi sityvebi da terminebi ar-

sebobs. es miT ufro samwuxaroa, rom qarTuli enis dabinZurebis saqmeSi

avangardul rols Cveni presa _ Jurnalistebi _ asruleben. ratomRac

Cveni enaTmecnierebi da filologebi xmas ar iReben ucxouri barbariz-

mebiT qarTuli enis dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg. xom mudam unda gvaxsovdes

brZnuli sityvebi: „ra ena warxdes, eri daeces“.

religiis sociologia

261

misi uwmindesoba gvaCvenebs gzas, riTac SeiZleba Tavi davicvaT

ucxo kulturis Semotevisagan. igi gveubneba, rom qarTveli kaci „unda

gaufrTxildes erovnul faseulobebs _ mamuls, enas, sarwmunoebas,

Cvens istorias, mwerlobas, musikas _ yovelive erovnuls. da kidev,

rac mniSvnelovania, es aris qristianuli mentaliteti, marTlmadi-

debluri azrovneba. ai, is ori Zala _ WeSmariti rwmena da Cveni di-

debuli kultura _ gadaarCens saqarTvelos“.

Tanamedrove epoqaSi, gansakuTrebiT iseTi patara erisaTvis, ro-

goricaa saqarTvelo, erT-erT mTavar saSiSroebas globalizaciis gar-

dauvali procesis araswori marTva warmoadgens. globalizacia, amtki-

cebs misi uwmindesoba, gardauvalia da misi Tavidan acileba arc SesaZ-

lebelia da arc sasurveli. aucilebelia mxolod am procesis gonieri

marTva, raTa man erovnuli kulturebi ar STanTqas. „Cven dRes vcxov-

robT...metad rTul periodSi, romelsac globalizaciis periods

uwodeben. xSirad arasworad ganmartaven imas, Tu ras niSnavs globa-

lizacia Cvens cxovrebaSi. upirveles yovlisa unda iTqvas, rom igi ...

gardauvali procesia. Cven mas ver SevaCerebT da arc aris saWiro.

zogierTebi globalizaciaSi erTsaxovani sazogadoebis Seqmnas gu-

lisxmoben, rac mcdari Sexedulebaa. sakacobrio faseulobam ar un-

da daTrgunos da ar unda dafaros is erovnuli da sulieri faseu-

lobani, romelic ama Tu im qveyanas da xalxs gaaCnia. sxvaTa azriT, es

aris hegemonia Zlieri qveynebisa. arc esaa swori. es rom moxdes {da me

vfiqrob, rom es arasodes ar moxdeba} kacobrioba dakargavs kultu-

raTa mravalsaxeobas, im did erovnulsa da sulier faseulobebs, ro-

melic ama Tu im erma saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Seqmna....Cven realu-

rad unda SevxedoT am process da imis Sesaxeb unda vifiqroT, ra

wvlili SevitanoT masSi da rogor SevxvdeT am movlenebs“.

globalizaciis procesi, rogorc zemoT vTqviT, gansakuTrebiT sa-

SiSroebas patara qveynebisaTvis warmoadgens. mxedvelobaSi aqvs ra sa-

qarTvelo, misi uwmindesoba ambobs: „mravali mcire saxelmwifo unika-

luri kulturis saganZuris mflobelia. amitom didma qveynebma maTi

ignorireba ki ar unda moaxdinon, aramed pativi unda scen maT da ma-

Ti TviTmyofobis SenarCunebas unda Seewion“.

globalizaciis procesis uaryofiTi Sedegebis erT-erT gamovle-

nas seqtantebis momZlavreba warmoadgens. globalizaciis procesma da

ucxo qveynebTan daaxloebam seqtantebis saqmianoba kidev ufro gaaaqti-

ura. maT Soris yvelaze meti aqtiurobiT „ieRovas mowmeebi“ gamoirCeva,

romlebic Zirs uTxrian ara marto marTlmadideblur eklesias, aramed

TviT saxelmwifoebriobasac. xelisufleba ki demokratiulobis sababiT

kaxa qecbaia

262

xels ar uSlis maT saqmianobas. „droa yvelam gaacnobieros isic, Tu ra

safrTxes uqmnis Cvens qveyanas ucxo religiebisa da totalitaruli

seqtebis TareSi. am ramdenime wlis gamocdilebam naTlad gviCvena,

rom isini uaryofen da Seuracxyofen Cvens erovnul grZnobebs, Cvens

warsuls, Cvens istoriasa da siwmindes da aTasobiT adamians WeSmari-

tebis gzas aSoreben. marTalia, TiToel pirovnebas aqvs ufleba Tavi-

sufali arCevanisa, magram saxelmwifo valdebulia daicvas Tavisi

moqalaqe sulieri agresiisagan, miT umetes, rom seqtebis moqmedeba

antierovnul, antisaxelmwifoebriv saxes iRebs“.

isini, vinc religiebis Tanasworuflebianobas qadageben, Tvlian,

rom yvela religia, maT Soris Zireuli gansxvavebis miuxedavad, WeSmari-

tia. misi uwmindesoba amxels am Tvalsazrisis alogikurobas da wers:

„sruliad gaugebaria zogierTi ideologis mcdeloba, rom nebismie-

ri religia, seqta Tu sxva mimdinareoba erT sibrtyeze daayenos da

xalxs maTi Tavisufali arCevis SesaZlebloba SesTavazos“. is, vinc

sxvadasxva religiuri mimdinareobebis Tanabaruflebianobasa da Tana-

bar Rirebulebas qadagebs, aTeistia. mas arc erTi religia ar swams. am-

gvari Tvalsazrisi ki miuRebeli da Seurcxmyofelia ara marto qristia-

nuli religiisaTvis, aramed nebismieri religiuri mimdinareobisaTvis.

verc erTi religia ver Seegueba WeSmaritebis mixedviT sxva religiur

mimdinareobebTan gaTanabrebas. es xom faqtobrivad TiToeuli maTganis

uaryofas niSnavs.

misi uwmindesoba, rogorc zemoT vTqviT, ar uaryofs imas, rom ne-

bismier adamians ufleba aqvs airCios is religia, romelic mas surs. mag-

ram „zomierebis dacva saWiroa religiuri Tavisuflebis Tvalsazri-

siTac. mimaCnia, rom TavisuflebiT ar unda sargeblobdnen is seqtebi

da religiuri mimdinareobani, romelnic safrTxes uqmnian adamianis

janmrTelobas, sazogadoebasa da, saerTod, qveyanas“ {III.219}. misi uw-

mindesobis azriT, seqtebis ideologias is iziarebs, vinc „mtkiced

ar dgas Tavis safuZvelze, ar icnobs Tavis fesvebs, Tavis kulturas“.

„seqtantoba _ daaskvnis misi uwmindesoba, _ ... udidesi codvaa; esaa

Ralati sjulisa, WeSmariti sarwmunoebisa“.

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mowesrigebis saqmeSi didi roli ekis-

reba informaciis saSualebebs. magram, samwuxarod, amJamad igi _ gaze-

Tebi, televizia, radio _ xSir SemTxvevaSi ara marto ver asrulebs Ta-

vis movaleobas, aramed piriqiT, xels uwyobs adamianis sulieri cxovre-

bis damaxijebas. „televizia, presa filmebi ... propagandas erotikas,

mkvlelobasa da Zalmomreobas uweven, bolomde arRveven sazogadoe-

bis jer kidev SemorCenil jebirs. da es yvelaferi dRes Tavisufle-

religiis sociologia

263

bisa da demokratiis saxeliT iniRbeba“. masobrivi informaciis saSua-

lebebs didi rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT adamianis sulieri aRzrdis,

codvebisagan gawmendis saqmeSi. magram Tu igi Tavisi mowodebis simaR-

leze ar dgas, maSin igi TviTon xdeba adamianebis _ gansakuTrebiT axal-

gazrda Taobis _ sulierebis gabinZurebis wyaro. amJamad qarTuli ma-

sobrivi informaciis saSualebani am mimarTulebiT uaryofiT rols as-

rulebs. misi uwmindesoba gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom „samwuxaroa,

roca televizia da masobrivi informaciis gavrcelebis saSualeba-

nic yovelgvari moridebis gareSe aCveneben sazogadoebas sulieri

dacemis gamaognebel scenebs, Zaladobasa da sazarel mkvlelobebs

da amiT angreven CvenSi RvTis mier dadgenil zRudeebs. zogierTebi

amas ukompleqsobis damkvidrebas uwodeben, rac, martivad rom

vTqvaT, ugunurebaa. aseTi saxiT SemoTavazebuli WuWyi qvecnobierad

ileqeba adamianis, gansakuTrebiT mozardisa da axalgazrdobis fsi-

qikaSi da Semdeg sakuTar cxovrebaSi, viTarebis Sesabamisad, Tavadac

eflobian masSi“.

misi uwmindesoba Tvlis, rom sityvis Tavisufleba unda iyos yo-

velgvari diqtatis gareSe. magram Tavisuflebas garkveuli sazRvrebi

aqvs. igi adamianis sulieri samyaros kaTarziss unda emsaxurebodes. man

unda dagmos boroteba, znedacemuloba da yovelmxriv xeli Seuwyos sa-

zogadoebaSi moraluri principebis damkvidrebas. presis Tavisufleba

mxolod am farglebSi SeiZleba. CvenSi ki amJamad „damkvidrda e.w. „Tavi-

sufleba“ anu principi: „yvelaferi nebadarTulia“...am zRvardaudebe-

li „Tavisuflebis“ saxeliT dRes urcxvad gvTavazoben garyvnilebis

legalzacias, bavSvebis gaxrwnas, uxams kinoproduqcias. SeuZlebe-

lia ar gagaocos Zaladobis, yaCaRobis mkvlelobis propagandam, zo-

gadsakacobrio, erovnuli, zneobrivi da sulieri faseulobebisadmi

upativcemlobam, rac Cvens dabal kulturasa da provincializmze

metyvelebs. amas ar SeiZleba ewodos Tavisufleba; es aris monoba

codvisa da mankierebisa, esaa gza TviTganadgurebisa da sulieri sik-

vdilisa“. axla CvenSi, gulistkiviliT ambobs misi uwmindesoba, „sulie-

ri faseulobebis msxvreva“ warmoebs, „namdvil Tavisuflebas TviT-

neboba da TavaSvebuloba cvlis, romelic ase urcxvad iCemebs Tavi-

suflebis saxels“.

Tavisufali neba RmerTma adamians uboZa, vinaidan Tu adamiani de-

terminirebuli iyos da Tavisufali neba saerTod ar gaaCndes, maSin igi

adamiani aRar iqneba. magram Tavisufleba usasrulo rodia. arian iseTi

adamianebi, romelTac ar esmiT, Tu risi Tavisuflebaa nebadarTuli da

ra aris akrZaluli. iseTebic arian, romlebic maT mier Cadenil borote-

kaxa qecbaia

264

bas RmerTs abraleben, mizezs mis RvTaebriv warmomavlobaSi xedaven,

Tvlian, rom TiTqos RmerTma aseTad {borotad} Seqmna, TviTon maT ki

amisaTvis TiTqos pasuxismgebloba ar ekisrebaT. es imis niSania, rom maT

ar esmiT Tavisuflebis cnebis Sinaarsi, ar esmiT, rom pasuxismgeblobis

gareSe sazogadoebis arseboba SeuZlebelia. absoluturi Tavisufleba

e.i Tavisufl;eba akrZalvebis gareSe, niSnavs socialuri kanonebis uar-

yofas. kanoni xom akrZalvaa! kanonebis gareSe ki, rogorc platoni am-

bobda, saxelmwifos arseboba SeuZlebelia. absoluturi Tavisufleba

{kidec rom SesaZlebeli iyos} TiToeli adamianis cxovrebas daupiris-

pirdeboda da SeuZlebels gaxdida sazogadoebis arsebobas.

sibilwis, mkvlelobebisa da Zaladobis propagandas, rasac Zalian

xSirad Cveni masobrivi informaciebis saSualebani eweva, Tan sdevs Sesa-

bamisi uaryofiTi qmedebani Cvens sazogadoebaSi. gaxSirda mkvlelobebi

gansakuTrebiT moswavle axalgazrdobis sferoSi, Zarcva, garyvnileba,

TviTmkvlelobebi da sxva aTasi uaryofiTi movlenebi. am viTarebaSi aS-

karad Cans Cveni presis, radios, gansakuTrebiT televiziis uaryofiTi

gavlena axalgazrda Taobaze. misi uwmindesoba Tvlis, rom TviTmkvle-

loba mkvlelobis tolfasia. RmerTi mfarvelobs adamianis sicocxles

da aravis ara aqvs ufleba igi warstacos sxvas an Tundac Tavis Tavs.

TviTmkvleloba, gveubneba misi uwmindesoba, imdenad didi danaSaulia,

rom „saeklesio kanonebis mixedviT, TviTmkvlelisaTvis locvac ki

akrZalulia“. mkvlelobisa da TviTmkvlelobis tolfasia loToba,

narkomania, abortebi; “codva am qveynad mudam arsebobda, magram mas

mankierebad Tvlidnen da Tavis daRwevas cdilobdnen. amJamad ki sa-

jarod xdeba codvis propaganda da mas adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-

bel bunebriv movlenad Tvlian“.

axalgazrda Taobis zneobrivad aRzrdis da, saerTod, sazogadoe-

bis sulieri cxovrebis gajansaRebis saqme, uwinares yovlisa, saxelmwi-

fos prerogativaa. Rirseuli adamianis aRzrdas „saxelmwifom gansa-

kuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios, ganaTlebis saministrom auci-

leblad unda SeimuSaos programa Cveni momavali Taobis sulieri,

fizikuri da inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisa“. am saqmeSi didi rolis

Sesruleba SeuZlia „ojaxis, skolisa da eklesiis SeTanxmebul moqme-

debas“. mis uwmindesobas aucileblad miaCnia, rom „aikrZalos pornop-

roduqciis legalizacia da yaCaRobisa da Zaladobis siuJetebis mqone

filmebis Cveneba. amasTan ar unda davuSvaT seqsualuri aRzrdis Sesaxeb

calke sagnis swavleba“. „vfiqrob, saxelmwifosTvis ar unda iyos su-

lerTi Tu rogor pirovnebebad Camoyalibdebian momavali Taobis

warmomadgenlebi. sityvis Tavisufleba da demokratia ar niSnavs yve-

religiis sociologia

265

lafris uflebas. me mraval qveyanaSi vyofilvar da isedac vici, rom

ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi oficialuri da wamyvani televiziebi

TiTqmis arsad ar uCveneben Zaladobis, narkomaniis, aRviraxsnilo-

bis amsaxvel filmebsa da gadacemebs“. sxva adgilze misi uwmindesoba

aRniSnavs, rom „televizia ukve gamovida yovelgvari kontrolidan da

aTasgvar gaxrwnilebasa da uzneobas aCvenebs, rac Cvens axalgazrdo-

baze damRupvel gavlenas axdens“. samwuxaroa, rom misi uwmindesobis es

gafrTxileba Sesabamisma saxelmwifo organoebma uyuradRebod dato-

ves. sxvagvadad es imas niSnavs, rom biznesis propagandas _ reklamebs _

ewireba adamianis suliereba.

am uaRresad rTuli zneobrivi problemebis arsebobis, saerTod,

mouwesrigebeli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis Camoyalibebis mTavar mi-

zezs misi uwmindesoba imaSi xedavs, rom socialuri kanonebi xSirad ewi-

naaRmdegeba RvTaebriv kanonebs. swored amitom igi sazogadoebrivi man-

kierebis daZlevis mTavar saSualebad socialuri da RvTaebrivi kanone-

bis SesabamisobaSi moyvanas Tvlis. „xelisuflebam _ wers igi _ unda

gaiTvaliswinos is faqti, rom qveyanaSi arsebuli kanonebi ar unda

ewinaaRmdegebodes RvTisagan dadgenil kanonebs; sxva SemTxvevaSi sa-

xelmwifo, rogori ganviTarebulic ar unda iyos igi ekonomikurad,

aucileblad didi sulieri problemebis winaSe dadgeba, radgan

cxovrebis aseTi wesi nayofia Tavisi Tavis absolutizaciisaken mi-

marTuli, yvelafris legitimizaciis mosurne gonebisa, romlisTvi-

sac aRaraferia wminda da romelic Tavis Tavs, SeiZleba gaucnobie-

reblad, magram Zirfesvianad TviTonve spobs. Tu gadarCena gvinda,

miwieri problemebis mogvarebis survilis garda, imazec unda vizru-

noT, rom mosaxleobas ar davakargvinoT sasufevlisaken mimavali

gza da sxvaTa Secdomebi aRar gavimeoroT“.

am SemTxvevaSi misi uwmindesoba gamoTqvams uaRresad saintereso

da Rrma Sinaarsis mqone azrs bunebrivi {RvTiuri} da sazogadoebrivi

kanonebis Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb, romelic jer kidev antikur epoqaSi

„bunebiTi samarTlis“ saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili.

bunebiTi samarTlis idea pirvelad yvelaze naTlad sokratem ga-

moTqva. samoqalaqo samarTali, misi azriT, relatiuria. is, rac erT qve-

yanaSi samarTlad aris miCneuli, SeiZleba meore qveynisaTvis usamar-

Tloba iyos. aseve esa Tu is qmedeba mtris mimarT SeiZleba samarTliani

iyos, magram megobris mimarT usamarTlo. sicrue, Zaladoba, qonebis da-

taceba da a.S. megobris mimarT usamarTlobaa, magram mtris mimarT sa-

marTliani da dasaSvebi. sokrates ar akmayofilebs samarTlis relatiu-

roba da moiTxovs iseTi kanonebis SemoRebas, romelic yovelTvis da yve-

kaxa qecbaia

266

las mimarT samarTliani iqneba. aseTia bunebiTi anu RvTaebrivi samarTa-

li. `es is kanonebia _ ambobs sokrate _ romelsac yvela qveyanaSi er-

Tnairad aRiareben... es kanonebi RmerTebma daudgines kacTa ... RmerTebi

samarTlianobas akanoneben ... SeuZlebelia sxva vinmem daakanonos samar-

Tlianoba, Tu ara RmerTma“ {qsenofonte, mogonebani sokrateze, wigni IV,

Tavi IV, 19-24}. bunebiTi samarTlis Teorias iziarebdnen ciceroni, Toma

akvineli da sxv. isini Tvlidnen, rom sazogadoebrivi samarTali bunebi-

Ti samarTlis mixedviT unda Seadginon, mxolod maSin iqneba igi myari da

yvelasaTvis misaRebi. bunebiTi samarTali, romelic dadgenilia RvTis

mier, erTaderTi swori samarTalia, romliTac saxelmwifo kanonmdebe-

li organoebi unda xelmZRvanelobdnen. sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom

es koncefcia saqarTveloSic figurirebda, rasac adasturebs ruis-ur-

bnisis krebis {1104} „Zeglwera“. amave Temas exeba daviT bagrationi wig-

nSi „samarTali batoniSvili daviTisa“.

misi uwmindesobis zemoaRniSnul citatSi, sadac naTqvamia, rom

„qveyanaSi arsebuli kanonebi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes RvTisagan

dadgenil kanonebs“, ar SeiZleba bunebiTi samarTlis ideis gamoZaxili

ar davinaxoT, rac arsebiTad absoluturi samarTlis moTxovnas niSnavs.

sainteresoa misi uwmindesobis mosazreba xelisuflebis funqciis

Sesaxeb. xelisuflebam, amtkicebs igi, `umTaresi yuradReba calkeul

pirovnebebs, maT yoveldRiur satkivars“ unda dauTmos, Semdeg ki un-

da gaiTvaliswinos „sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos interesebi“. es iyo

da aris sociologiis erT-erTi urTulesi da sadavo problema. komunis-

tebi saxelmwifos interesebs pirovnebis interesebze maRla ayenebdnen.

es antihumanuri pozicia uSualod gamomdinareobda marqsis moZRvrebi-

dan, rac arsebiTad pirovnebis uaryofas niSnavda. es koncefcia mkacrad

gaakritika ingliselma {warmoSobiT avstrielma} filosofosma karl

poperma. man aCvena marqsis {agreTve platonisa da hegelis} Secdoma am

sakiTxSi da daasabuTa, rom pirvel rigSi sazogdoebivi interesebi ki ar

unda idges, aramed pirovnebisa. pirovnebis ganTavisuflebasa da win-

svlas sazogadoebis ganTavisufleba da winsvlac mohyveba. misi uwminde-

sobis mosazreba pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb em-

Txveva k. poperis Tvalsazriss, rac erTxel kidev adasturebs mis mecni-

erul xasiaTs.

qveyanaSi moqmedi samarTali, romelic RvTiuri samarTlis asli

unda iyos, saWiroa ojaxur wesrigSic aisaxos. ojaxi, misi uwmindesobis

azriT, unda emyarebodes siyvarulsa da urTierTpativiscemas. „RvTis-

moSiSoba, Tavmdabloba, sibrZne, keTilzneoba ... is Tvisebebia, romelic

kargi ojaxis arsebobisaTvis aucilebel safuZvels qmnis“. qorwineba,

religiis sociologia

267

gveubneba misi uwmindesoba, RvTiT kurTxeulia, romlis Semdeg rogorc

qali, aseve mamakaci sruliad icvleba da pirovnebad yalibdeba. „qorwi-

neba da Sviliereba RvTiT dadgenili misteriaa. esaa axali cxovreba.

qorwinebis Semdeg adamiani sruliad icvleba, ufro metad viTarde-

ba, misi pirovneba axleburad Seicnobs cxovrebas“. amasTanave „auci-

lebelia, rom qorwineba eklesiis {anu RmerTis} mier iyos nakurTxi.

col-qmris kavSiri mtkice unda iyos. ojaxSi normaluri cxovrebis

damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebelia ufrosis pativiscema, ierarqiis

dacva, moTminebis unari“. misi uwmindesoba Tvlis, rom `qali, upirve-

les yovlisa, mosiyvarule meuRle da mzrunveli dedaa, romelic

Svilebs eklesiurad da samSoblos uzomo siyvaruliT uzrdis... mama-

kaci unda grZnobdes gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobas RvTis, sam-

Soblosa da ojaxis winaSe; man yovelgvar miwierze maRla, uflis Sem-

deg, samSoblo unda daayenos da misi dacvis moTxovnileba unda

hqondes; gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi misTvis Tavdadeba unda SeeZlos“.

namdvili mamakaci gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT unda gamoirCeodes.

„mtris da nebismieri problemis winaSe uSiSoba da keTilgoniereba,

ai mTavari da ZiriTadi Tviseba Rirseuli mamakacisa. namdvili mama-

kaci aris Zlieri, gambedavi, gonieri, nebisyofiani da samarTliani

pirovneba“.

sxva adgilze misi uwmindesoba wers: „erT-erTi didi sakiTxia...

ojaxis simtkice, mravalSvilianoba da bavSvebis aRzrda. ojaxi meo-

re saxelmwifoa, sadac ar SeiZleba sufevdes anarqia... qmari aris Tavi

colisa“. misi uwmindesoba gamoTqvams azrs ierarqiis aucileblobaze

ara marto ojaxSi, aramed sazogadoebaSic. igi gveubneba, rom aseTi ie-

rarqia eklesiaSic arsebobs. „yvelaaferi casa Sina da qveyanasa zeda

Seqmnilia ierarqiuli wyobiT. ierarqia aucilebelia. es aris miuw-

vdomeli da udidesi gangeba RvTisa.... arsebobs zeciuri ierarqia...

aseve ierarqiuli wyoba arsebobs qveyanasa zeda da arsebobs miwieri

ierarqia, rac, uwinares yovlisa, ufrosebsa da umcrosebs Soris ur-

TierTobaSi unda vlindebodes... umcrosi pativs unda scemdes da

emorCilebodes ufross“. ierarqiis gareSe anarqias Tavs ver davaR-

wevT. amitom gaugebaria laparaki ojaxSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworo-

bis Sesaxeb. „dRes mTel msoflioSi dgas sakiTxi qalisa da mamakacis

sruli gaTanasworebisa; magram es Secdomaa, radgan ar SeiZleba qali,

Tundac SromaSi, mamakacs gauTanabrdes; mas Tavisi didi movaleoba

aqvs _ Svilebis Soba da aRzrda, eris gamTlianeba ... ramdenadac oja-

xi erTi sxeulia, amdenad dauSvebelia, rom mas ori Tavi hqondes. Tu

eqneba, maT Soris konfliqti gardauvali iqneba. mSvidobisa da wesri-

kaxa qecbaia

268

gis damyarebisaTvis aucilebelia ufros-umcrosobisa da ierarqiis

arseboba. amitom RvTis kanonebi imis Sesaxeb, rom mamakaci ojaxis Ta-

via, aucileblad miRebuli unda iqnas maSinac ki, roca igi fizikurad

an sulierad sustia“. mtkice, harmoniulad mowyobili ojaxi bedniere-

baa. „bevri bednierebas materialur keTildReobaSi eZebs. TavisTavad

simdidre codva ar aris, Tu igi gonivrulad iqneba gamoyenebuli da

Tanac arc mxolod piradi keTildReobisaTvis“. amasTanave „miwiersa

da yoveldRiurobaze zrunvam ar unda dagvakargvinos suli da suli-

eri kultura, radganac usulod nebismierma miRwevam SeiZleba da-

kargos fasi da TviTon adamianis sawinaaRmdegod miimarTos“.

mSoblebis erT-erT mTavar movaleobad misi uwmindesoba Svilebis

eklesiurad aRzrdas Tvlis. bavSvs adreuli asakidan unda CavunergoT

RvTis siyvarulic da zneobrivi cxovrebac. „mozards imTaviTve unda

gavuRvivoT wminda werilisadmi mowiweba da siyvaruli, eklesiuri cxov-

rebis survili; davanaxvoT simZime da damRupveloba codvisa da codvis-

midrekilebaTa monobisa, vaswavloT garCeva sikeTisa da borotebisa,

vaswavloT sinanuli, Serigeba, unari danaSaulis aRiarebisa, simarTlis

dacvisa. isini unda mivaCvioT siyvaruliT cxovrebas, sxvisi tkivilis

gaTavisebas, zrunvas gaWirvebulebisa da avadmyofisadmi da saerTodac

unda aRvzardoT maTSi survili icxovron da iRvawon RmerTTan, moyvas-

Tan da bunebasTan Tanxmobasa da kavSirSi“ {fotoalbomi „patriarqi“,

gv.64}.

kargi ojaxi, kargi STamomavloba da janmrTeloba piradi bednie-

rebis safuZvelia. magram imisaTvis, rom bednieri iyo, es ar kmara. bedni-

ereba SeuZlebelia maSin, Tuki sazogadoebaSi anarqia sufevs. anarqiis

Tavidan asacileblad da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mosawesrigeblad

saxelmwifom unda izrunos. „xelsufalTa sibrZne, upirveles yovlisa,

imaSia, rom SeZlos SeinarCunos sazogadoebis sijansaRe, rac Rirebule-

bebis sworad Sefasebas, swor azrovnebasa da saxelmwifos ganviTarebis

swor orientacias gulisxmobs.“

misi uwmindesoba gveubneba, rom „erT-erTi didi madli, romelic

aucilebelia TiToeuli CvenganisaTvis, aris mSvidoba am sityvis

farTo gagebiT, mSvidoba RmerTTan, mSvidoba moyvasTan, mSvidoba bu-

nebasTan, mSvidoba sakuTar TavTan“. swori ar aris is azri, rom TiTqos

birTvuli katastrofis safrTxe „Sedegia mecnierebisa da teqnikis

swrafi ganviTarebis, mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciisa. es mcdari

gansjaa“. mecnierebam adamians bevri sikeTe moutana, magram mecnierul-

teqnikur progress „kacobrioba sulierad da moralurad moumzade-

beli Sexvda da sikeTis nacvlad igi zogierTma borotebis saTaved aq-

religiis sociologia

269

cia“. mecnierul - teqnikuri progresi, misi uwmindesobis azriT, adamia-

nis sakeTildReod unda warimarTos da ara mis winaaRmdeg. „kacobrio-

bis xsnis mTavari mizani aris adamianis gadarCena. adamianisa da qvey-

nis xsna erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli; Tu adamiani ga-

darCeba, masTan erTad gadarCeba misi garemomcveli samyaroc, xolo

Tu igi daecema da sulierad daiRupeba, daiRupeba qveyanac. rwmena, ai

upirvelesi da aucilebeli piroba Cveni gamarTlebisa da xsnisa“.

misi uwmindesobis socialur-politikuri ideebidan gansakuTre-

bul yuradRebas patriotizmi imsaxurebs. erT-erT qadagebaSi naTqvamia,

rom „qarTuli suli gansakuTrebulia... gansakuTrebuli madliTaa

dajildoebuli qarTveli kaci, am madls ki, mogexsenebaT, gafrTxi-

leba sWirdeba. Cveni xalxi mosiyvarulea; mas borotebis tareba gu-

liT didxans ar SeuZlia. vinc Tavis gulSi borotebasa da RvarZls

atarebs, is uwinaresad sakuTar Tavs vnebs“.

amasTan erTad misi uwmindesoba xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom patrio-

tizmsa da nacionalizms araferi saerTo ara aqvT. „qristianuli patri-

otizmi da erovnulobis grZnoba _ wers igi _ sruliad gansxvavdeba

Sovinizmisa da viwro nacionalizmisagan, romelTac safuZvlad naci-

onaluri ampartavnoba uZevT. qristianuli cnobierebisaTvis ampar-

tavnoba momakvdinebel codvad iTvleba“.

misi uwmindesobis uzomo humanizmi da kacTmoyvareoba Cans im we-

rilSic, romelsac igi 1990 wels ugzavnis sabWoTa kavSiris prezidents

mixeil gorbaCovs da sTxovs, rom gaauqmos kanoni sikvdiliT dasjis Se-

saxeb da Seiwyalos is axalgazrdebi, romelTac mZime danaSauli ar miuZ-

RviT da Tanac gamosworebis gzaze dganan. iqve naTqvamia, rom „cixe ar

asworebs adamians; iq myofni moralurad sul ufro da ufro ecemi-

an“. sabWoTa reJimi da ideologia ki Tvlida, rom TiTqos cixe erTgvar

skolas hgavs, saidanac patimari moralurad amaRlebuli gamodis.

dasasrul, aRvniSnavT, rom sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-pat-

riarqis, mcxeTa Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposis, biWvinTisa da cxum-afxa-

zeTis mitropolitis unetaresisa da uwmindesis ilia meoris socialur-

politikuri idebi gamorCeulia Tavisi humanurobiT, patriotizmiT, sa-

zogadoebrivi cxovrebis problemebis Rrma codniT, rac saqarTvelos

nebismieri xelisuflebis mier did mxardaWeras unda imsaxurebdes.

amonaridi sergi avalianis wignidan `sruliad saqarTvelos ka-

Tolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris msoflmxedveloba~, Tavi III,

Tb., 2013, gam. `meridiani~.

kaxa qecbaia

270

E es sayuradReboa!

vaJa gogoberiSvili

religiis problema sekularizebul sazogadoebaSi

[...] harvardis universitetSi sociologiis cnobili profesori

(postindustrializmis koncefciis avtori) deniel beli ase ayenebs sa-

kiTxs: religiis uflebamosileba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi uswrebda

ra win yovelgvar ideologias Tu sekularul rwmenebs, warmoadgenda sa-

Sualebas imisaTvis, rom Tavi moeyara yovelive `wmindis sazrisis~ mqone-

TaTvis erT adgilsamyofelSi. diurkemic im azrisa iyo, rom religia

swored aseTi `sazogadoebrivi cnobierebaa~. Cven droSi ki, TiTqmis yve-

la aRiarebs religiis avtoritetis dacemas, am garemoebis axsnas eZieben

adamianze zebunebrivis gavlenis dakargvaSi. namdvilad ki mizezi ufro

realuri da xelSesaxebia. religias Tavidanve axasiaTebda amqveyniuri

sinamdvilis orad gayofis tradicia. iyo yovel saganSi, yovel droSi

raRac wminda (sulieri) da raRac profanuli. religiis dacema unda aRi-

weros aseT terminebSi: moxda ise, rom ukiduresad SeizRuda sakraluri

sfero, modunda adamianTa Soris mgrZnobiare da afeqturi kavSirebi, e.

i. mokvda RmerTi, anu dairRva socialuri kavSirebi da mokvda TviT sa-

zogadoebac. sekularizaciis wyalobiT religia TandaTan iqca pirov-

nul saqmed (Bell D. Toward the Great Instauration: Religion and Culture in a

Ppost-Industrial Age, London, 1976). beli Semdeg ganagrZobs: dasavleTSi religias ori funqcia hqonda:

1. brZola demonurTan da 2. warsulTan kavSiri. kulturam, roca is Seer-

wya religias (igulisxmeba qristianuli kultura, yovel SemTxvevaSi se-

kularizaciamdeli), dagmo awmyo warsulis poziciidan da maT erTiano-

bas uSvebda mxolod tradiciebis safuZvelze. amis safuZvelze religi-

am faqtiurad moicva mTeli dasavluri kultura. ganmanaTleblobam da

sekularizaciam orientaciaSi imgvari Zireuli cvlileba moaxdines XIX

saukunis Sua wlebSi, rom faqtiurad dasavlurma kulturam aqedan ib-

runa piri demonurisaken. axalma kvleva-Ziebebma (mecnierulma Tu esTe-

tikurma) miakvlies demonuris sferoSi garkveuli saxis SemoqmedebiT

SesaZleblobebs, rac bolos modernizmis fenomeniT gamoixata. demo-

nurTan kulturis am Sexvedram warmoSva Semdeg `esTetikis avtonomiis~

moTxovnac. yvelaferi SeiZleba iyos gamokvleuli, yovelive SeiZleba

mogveces gamocdilebaSi, aqedan ki uaris Tqma warsulze, Tanmimdevro-

bis gawyveta. modernizmma, rogorc kulturulma moZraobam, daamsxvria

religiis sociologia

271

religiis uflebebi da gadaxara centri sakraluridan profanulisaken.

winaT religia, rogorc idea an instituti mTlianad gansazRvravda sa-

zogadoebis cxovrebas, Tanamedrove pirobebSi ki igi ukiduresobamde

SeizRuda, xolo misi fundamenturi cneba _ `gamocxadeba~, moxsnilia

racionalizmiT, `demiTologizebulia~ istoriaSi. es procesi orgvarad

aRiwereba: 1. religiis dacema industrializaciis doneze niSnavs seku-

larizacias, e. i. adamianTa erTobisaTvis avtoritetis da rolis dace-

mas. 2. kulturis doneze ki es niSnavs uwmindesi sawyisebis mniSvnelobis

damcirebis xarjze kulturis profanizacias. adamianis gonebaSi sakra-

luri da profanuli yovelTvis gamoirCeoda, magram dRevandel moder-

nistul kulturaSi aRaraferia wminda, sakraluri, ar arsebobs dRes ta-

bu, romlis darRvevac ar SeiZleba. am mdgomareobaSi darCena ki kacob-

riobas didi xniT ar SeuZlia, an sayovelTao katastrofa, an axali re-

formaciis molodini. beli SesaZleblad miiCnevs aseT reformacias, anu

rogorc is ityvis `Zis mier mamasTan uSualo mimarTebis Ziebas~ eklesiis

Suamdgomlobis gareSe, rac axali religiis dabadebis mauwyebeli iqneba.

TviT beli ar iZleva raimegvari religiis rekomendacias, igi ubralod

adasturebs, rom Tu Zvelma ver `gauZlo~ industrializacias da moeqca

CixSi sekularizaciis Sedegad, gardauvlad unda iCinos Tavi axalma,

amas laparakobs sociologi kacobriobis interesebidan gamomdinare.

... da marTlac daiwyo axali religiuri meditaciebi, xdeba ukve ar-

sebulis modernizacia, an iqmneba sruliad axali seqtebi, ufro xSirad

ki weren religiis axal daniSnulebaze.

dasavleT germaneli Teologi iurgen moltmani Tanamedrove kri-

ziss ganixilavs specialur qristologiur krizisad da ukavSirebs mas

iseTi ìdeologiebis msxvrevas, rogoricaa klasi, rasa da progresi~. am

krizisuli viTarebidan gamosasvlelad ar SeiZleba velodeT sxva raime

revolucias, Tu ara revolucias sakuTriv `RmerTis gagebaSi~. Tavisi

Teoriis saxelwodeba _ ìmedis Teologia~ moltmanma isesxa ernst

bloxis wignidan (Atheizmus in Christentum), romelsac bevr rameSi dae-

Tanxma. bloxis kvaldakval igi miiCnevs, rom calkeuli mesianuri da re-

ligiuri utopiebi ki ar unda daviyvanoT realur, saero-socialur

utopiebamde, aramed unda moxdes yvela calkeul utopiaTa integracia

erT totalur utopiad _ ìmedis utopiad~. magram moltmansac ise ga-

moudis, rom sxvadasxva utopiebis integracia, faqtiurad, unda ganxor-

cieldes qristianobis safuZvelze. ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom

yvela mesianistur wamowyebasTan SedarebiT qristianobaa iseTi, romel-

sac sworad esmis adamiani da misi adgili istoriaSi. iudaizmi ver iZleva

kaxa qecbaia

272

namdvil imeds imitom, rom mas ar sjera gamoxsnis, gamosyidvis, ris ga-

moc ar swams mesiis, kerZod qristes istoriuloba. amgvar mesianizms miv-

yavarT totalur pesimizmamde da sakacobrio katastrofis aRiarebamde.

qristianuli mesianizmis upiratesoba masTan SedarebiT imaSia, rom

qristianma morwmunem faqtiurad istoriis dasasruli qristes mosvliT

daaTariRa. amitom qristianebi im imediT ki ar cxovroben, rom meored

mosvlis Semdeg daimkvidreben sasufevels, ara, isini pirveli mosvlis

Semdeg ukve cxovroben RvTiur sasufevelSi. qristianis movaleoba

RmerTis winaSe tolfasia misi movaleobisa momavlis winaSe, vinaidan

RmerTi arsebos mxolod `momavlis modusSi~. RmerTis mier dapirebuli

momavali esaa mosvla, romelic awmyosia Caqsovili anticipaciis saxiT.

teqnikuri civilzaciis dawolis sapirispirod eklesia unda warmodges

`noes kidobnad~ socialurad gaucxoebuli xalxisaTvis, adamianis `su-

lier meurneobaSi~ Careuli mecnierebisa da teqnikis destruqciuli Za-

lebis winaaRmdeg mis balansad.

moltmanis es koncefcia gaakritika henkem. mas miaCnia, rom drois

is gageba, romelic moltmansa aqvs mocemuli, sruliad gamoricxavs ada-

mianis Tavisuflebas _ sekularuli sazogadoeba, sekularuli istoria,

romelTa namdvil subieqts warmoadgens adamiani, arseboben mxolod im

niSniT, rom isini RmerTisgan dacilebuli arian, rogorc codvis Sedegi.

sekularizaciaze saubrisas saqmis ori viTarebaa gasarCevi: 1. ro-

desac sekularizaciis procesi bunebrivi istoriuli gziT warimarTe-

boda, da 2. rodesac sekularizacia revouciuri dekretebiT ganxorci-

leda. oriode sityviT ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos isic, Tu rogor aisaxa

ruseTis imperiis sinamdvileSi `ganmanaTlebluri sekularizacia~ da ra

Sedegi iqna dafiqsirebuli. am mimarTulebiT saTqmeli yvelaze saRad

isev dostoevskim Tqva: rodesac RmerTis avtoriteti msobrivi masSta-

biT Seilaxa im zomamade, rom faqtiurad `RmerTi mokles~, istoriis ro-

meliRac monakveTSi `yvelaferi nebadarTuli armoCnda~. am mdgomareo-

baSi kacobriobis datoveba aRiqmeba did tragikulobad. nuTu marTla

yvelaferi nebadarTulia? nuTu marTla RmerTisagan Tavis daxsna sazo-

gadoebriv anarqias moaswavebs? es kiTxvebi awvalebdnen dostoevskis, am

kiTxvebma bevri daafiqra XIX saukuneSive, am kiTxvebs daubrundnen dRes

dasavleTis kulturis mesveurni. ecxovreba Tu ara kacobriobas uRmer-

Tod _ aq iyris Tavs yvela kiTxva.

socialisturi gardaqmnebis da `kulturuli revoluciis~ droSiT

bevri istoriulad Rirebuli, kacobriulad mniSvnelovani movlena Sei-

laxa, `Seuracxyofil~ iqna. rodesac `saqmeni RvTisani~ arakompetentu-

ri adamianebis xelSi aRmoCnda, amiT TviT sazogadoeba dazaralda. yove-

religiis sociologia

273

live, rac RmerTis da religiis saxels ukavSirdeboda, ganadgurebis pi-

ras iqna miyvanili, arada xom cnobilia, rom Tu raime Rirebuli mainc

keTdeboda istoriaSi, igi RmerTisa da religiis sanqciis daRs atareb-

da. navaraudevi iyo, rom RirebulebaTa desakralizacias ar unda mivey-

vaneT kulturis profanaciamde. Tu raime Rirebuli RmerTis saxeliT

Seqmnila, igi ki ar unda ganadgurebuliyo, aramed xsniliyo rogorc

adamianuri da Camdgariyo adamianis samsaxurSi. cudad gagebulma seku-

larizaciam ki savalalo Sedegebamde migviyvana _ safrTxe Seeqmna saka-

cobrio kulturis iseT nimuSebs, romelic saukuneebis manZilze adami-

anTa namdvili geniis mier iyo Seqmnili.

rodesac mxatvrulad agviweren im adamianis sulier tragedias,

romelic midis Soreul gadasaxlebaSi da Tan miaqvs Tavisi qveynis miwa

sikvdilis dros ukanasknel imedad, es SeiZleba `amaRlebuli~ iyos, mag-

ram profanuli cnobiereba `saRi azris~ poziciebidan mainc dascinis am

viTarebas. aseTi profani albaT gverdiTac bevri edga im adamianebs,

vinc Soreuli gadasaxlebis simware gulis uRrmes kunWulebSi ganica-

des. `ra moxda, didi ambavi, viTom eg erTi muWa miwa uSvelis ganwiruls?~

_ase msjelobda maSinac profani da TiTqos, marTalic iyo. Eesaa mware

simarTle, romlis iqiTac Tu gaixede, SeiZleba dakargo samSoblos

grZnoba, romelsac bunebrivad mosdevs adamianur RirebulebaTa deval-

vaciac. marTlac, sul erTi araa sikvdilis Semdeg ra miwa dageyreba? Tu

sul erTia, maSin sul erTi aRmoCndeba isic, Tu sad xar da sad icxovreb;

amas bunerivad mosdevs _ `sad ukeT mecxovreba?~ da ... miviReT is, rac

ase arawmindad moCanda Cvens winaparTa TvalSi. Tavisi nebiT `megobar-

naTesavT moklebuli~ adamiani ukve mzadaa imisaTvis, rom `dagmos~ axali

garemoc _ misTvis am mxriv myari da Rirebuli aravin da araferi ar yo-

fila. rodesac aseTi cnobiereba masobrivi xdeba, esaa sazogadoebrivad

saSiSi simptomi adamianur RirsebaTa dakarvisa.

aAranakleb damafiqrebelia iseTi viTarebac, rodesac sekularize-

buli xelovneba Tu filosofia TviTon daiWers iseT pozicias, rom sak-

marisad miiCnevs `Rirebulebebisa da amaRlebulis~ saTavisod Tavisi

Tavis gamocxadebas: mTavaria saerTod ar daikargoso sakraluri. aseTi

pozicia aranakleb iluzorulad gamoiyureba religiasTan SedarebiT,

Tu `SenarCunebuli Rirebulebani~ an ukve arsebul korelats ar gulis-

xmoben, an sarealizacio daniSnuleba ar gaaCniaT [...]~

amonaridi vaJa gogoberiSvilis wignidan `religiis problemebi

mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis pirobebSi~, Tb., 1989.

kaxa qecbaia

274


• uqmnis Tu ara safrTxes sekularizaciis procesi religiur

identobas?

• ra emarTeba tradiciul religiur meinstrims sekularizaciis

dros?

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara statiis avtoris mosazrebebs sekulariza-

ciis procesis Sesaxeb (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

`profesia aris is, rac adamianma unda miiRos rogorc RvTiuri

ganCineba, romelsac igi unda Seeguos.

profesiuli saqmianoba RmerTis mier dasaxul amocanad unda Ca-

iTvalos...~

m. luTeri

religiis sociologia

275

Mmasala gansjisaTvis

Kkaxa qecbaia

kidev erTxel religiuri tolerantobis Sesaxeb

tolerantobaze saubari misadmi miZRvnil naSromTa `bumis~ Sem-

TxvevaSi saintereso sadiskusio Temaa miT ufro maSin, rodesac saqme

religiur tolerantobas Seexeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis Sesaxeb yve-

laferi iTqva da daiwera magram, miuxedavad amisa igi kvlav aqtualur

problemad rCeba. avtorTa erTi nawili masze did, Sors mimaval ime-

debs amyarebs, miiCnevs ra mas Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi socialuri

qcevis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad. zogierTi mkvlevari am Temis aqtuali-

zebas dasvluri msoflmxedvelobis mzard gavlenas miawers da masSi e.

w. gapiarebul movlenas xedavs. nawili ki problemis siRrmiseul ana-

lizs aZlevs upiratesobas da moTminebiT ikvlevs Tu ra fenomenia igi

da `rodis da rogor unda viyoT tolerantulni?~ (i. habermasi).

ama Tu im qveynis istoriuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT tole-

rantobis gageba sxvadasxva kulturebSi gansxvavebulia. ase magaliTad,

frangul kulturaSi igi ZiriTadad sityvis Tavisuflebas ukavSirdeba,

inglisurSi _ yovelgvari protestis gareSe nebismieri pirovnebis mi-

Rebis mzaobas, CinurSi _ sxvebisadmi sulgrZelobas, arabulSi _ patie-

bas, rusul kulturaSi es sakiTxi jer kidev bundovanebiTaa moculi.

qarTul kulturaSi moyvasis siyvarulia dominanti da a. S.

zogadad tolerantoba socialuri, kulturuli da religiuri

terminia. mas eTanadeba `Semwynareblobis~ cneba, rac upirvelesad

sxvaTa azrebisa da qcevis Sewynarebas niSnavs. tolerantoba yovelTvis

pirovnebis Sinagan TavisuflebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. igi Tavisufali

pirovnuli aqtia, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi adamianis adamianurobis

ganmsazRvrel faqtoradac ki gvevlineba. igi rogorc adamianis pirov-

nuli Tviseba, unari sxvebis ara mxolod naklovanebaTa, aramed Rirse-

baTa miRebasac gulisxmobs.

tolerantoba, rogorc socialuri fenomeni did gavlenas axdens

sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze, mis formirebasa da ganviTarebaze. Tana-

medrove sazogadoebaSi igi socialuri politikis Semadgenel mniSvne-

lovan nawiladac ki gvevlineba. igi rogorc Tanamedrove socialuri

politikis strategiuli mimarTuleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis

mniSvnelovan monapovradaa miCneuli. tolerantobis gareSe Zneli war-

mosadgenia Tanamedrove Ria, demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSenebloba,

amitomac tolerantuli cnobierebis formirebas didi yuradReba eq-

kaxa qecbaia

276

ceva.

Cveulebriv, sazogadoebriv-politikuri aspeqtiT termin tole-

rantobas orgvari mniSvnelobiT moiazreben. erT SemTxvevaSi igi arasa-

surveli movlenebis mimarT moTminebis politikas niSnavs. toleran-

tobis amgvari gageba XIX saukunidan momdinareobs. arasasurvel movle-

naSi iseTi ram igulisxmeba, romelic aucilebel akrZalvas ar saWiro-

ebs, magram kontrolsa da koreqtirebas eqvemdebareba. saxelmwifo po-

litikis rangSi tolerantobis es tipi XIX saukunis safrangeTSi Camoya-

libda klasikuri franguli reglamentarizmis periodSi. maSin tole-

rantuli midgomis obieqti `prostitucia~ gaxda. is oicialurad aRia-

rebuli profesia ar iyo, magram kontrolisa da profilaqtikis mizniT

mis mimarT Semwynarebluri pozicia iqna gamovlenili. (am dros gaCnda

safrangeTSi e. w. `Sewynarebis saxlebi,~ romelic faqtobrivad legali-

zebuli saroskipoebi iyo).

tolerantobis meore gageba XX saukunis movlenaa. masSi sxvadas-

xva saxis umciresobaTa mimarT tolerantuli damokidebuleba igulis-

xmeba. aseT viTarebaSi tolerantoba ideologiis saxes iZens, romelic

umeteswilad sxvadasxva saxis umciresobebisa da umravlesobis urTi-

erTobis maregulirebeli formaa.

tolerantobis Sesaxeb am mcire eqskursidan naTlad Cans, rom to-

lerantobis cneba mravali sxvadasxva plastebisagan Sesdgeba, rac misi

urTierTgansxvavebuli aspeqtiT ganxilvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. to-

lerantobis sxvadasxva plasebs Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba re-

ligiur tolerantobas eniWeba.

sityva `tolerantoba~ XVI saukuneSi laTinur da frangulenovan

literaturaSi damkvidrda da Tavidanve religiur-konfesiur ganxeT-

qilebas daukavSirda. aqedan momdinare man upirvelesad sxva religiur

aRmsareblobaTa mimarT Semwynareblobis mniSvneloba SeiZina.

tolerantoba inglisur enaSi (toleranse) ganixileba rogorc

qcevis norma, rogorc sikeTe. laTinurSi ki (toleracione) samarTleb-

rivi aqtia. Tumca am enaSi mas ramdenime urTierTgadamfaravi mniSvne-

loba aqvs. kerZod igi niSnavs 1.amtanobas, 2.Semwynareblobas da 3.dasaS-

veb gadaxras normidan.

religiuri tolerantobis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi aseTnairad dgas:

religiuri tolerantoba TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis mqone religiuri

cnebaa Tu samarTlebrivi. swored am punqtSia winaaRmdegoba. am azriT

moteskiem erTmaneTisaan ganasxvava Semwynarebloba (zneobrivi qceva)

da Sewyalebis aqti (samarTlebrivi kateoria). religiuri toleranto-

bis filosofiur dasabuTeba mocemulia spinozasTan (eTikur-ontolo-

religiis sociologia

277

giuri) da lokTan (samoqalaqo, politikuri).

axali drois evropis istoriaSi religiuri tolerantobis idea

Tavis mniSvnelobas pirvelad safrangeTis mefis henri IV-is nantis

ediqtis Semdeg iRebs, romlis mixedviT, aRiarebul iqna hugenotebis

religiuri aRmsarebloba maSin, rodesac oficialur religiad kaTo-

locizmi rCeboda. nantis ediqti xangrZlivi religiuri omebis Sedegi

iyo. am drodan moyolebuli religiur tolerantobas samarTlebrivi

saxe mieca da SeiZleba iTqvas masTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi gaugeb-

robebic aman gamoiwvia. am problemis aqtualizeba Tavis droze rusom

moaxdina. masTan mkacrad aris gamijnuli tolerantoba, rogorc adami-

anis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da tolerantoba, rogorc xelovnuri, sa-

moqalaqo aqti. rusos Segoneba aseTia: ar aris saWiro tolerantobis

(rogorc bunebrivi religiis aucilebeli niSnis) dadeba politikur

matricaze! magram kacobrioba rusos gziT ar wavida da Sedegebic saxe-

zea.

XVI da XVII saukuneebSi tolerantoba samarTlebriv cnebad iqca.

xolo dRes ki samoqalaqo sazogadoebis fundamentur Rirebulebas

warmoadgens. am droidan moyolebuli evropis mTavrobebma toleran-

tuli aqtebis gamocema daiwyes, romelic saxelmwifo moxeleebsa da

marTlmorwmune mosaxleobas reliiur umciresobebTan tolerantul

damokidebulebas avaldebulebs. amieridan gansxvavebuli rwmenis ada-

mianebisa da maTi administraciuli praqtikis formiT Sewynarebis sa-

marTlebrivi aqtebi dRemde gansazRvraven tolerantuli damokidebu-

lebis moTxovnas e. w. Cagruli religiuri umciresobebis mimarT.

cnobilia, rom religia Tavisi arsiTa da bunebiT tolerantuli

fenomenia. aratolerantuli religia Zneli warmosadgenia. igi odiT-

ganve tolerantobisaken mouwodebda adamians. yvela msoflio religi-

as aqvs tolerantuli buneba. amitom tolerantobis sxva formebs So-

ris gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia religiuri tolerantoba, romelic

tolerantobis universaluri formaa.

religiuri tolerantobis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi Semdegi SemdegSi

mdgomareobs: rodis unda viyoT tolerantulni? religiuri toleran-

toba, romelic tolerantobis prototipad iTvleba amave dros sxvag-

varad moazrovneobisadmi tolerantobad zogaddeba, amitom aRniSnul

kiTxvaze pasuxi aseTi iqneba: tolerantulni viyoT argumentirebulad

uaryoili rwmenis mimarT. imgvarad tolerantulni, rom am kognitur

uaryofas Sedegad ar mohyves praqtikulad gadaulaxavi antipaTia. i.

habermasis azriT, Cven gvWirdeba tolerantoba maSin, rodesac ucxo Se-

xedulebebisa da Tvalsazrisebis mimarT indiferentulad varT gan-

kaxa qecbaia

278

wyobilni, an saerTod, uarvyofT sxvaTa Sexedulebebs. tolerantoba

Cvengan moiTxovs imas, rom kognitur doneze arsebuli SeuTanxmeblo-

ba, romelic dapirispirebis Sewyvetisaken miiswrafvis, SenarCundes so-

cialuri interaqciis sibrtyeze im mosazrebiT, rom igi Tanamedrove

viTarebaSi misaRebi iyos. am SemTxvevaSi religiuri tolerantobis ha-

bermasiseuli analizi bolomde ar aris Tavisufali socialuri dat-

virTvisagan. tolerantobis aseTi interpretacia rusosaTvis katego-

riulad miuRebelic SeiZleba yofiliyo. msgavs viTarebaSi toleran-

toba socialuri funqciis, uro sworad samoqalaqo wesrigis maregu-

lirebli xdeba mxolod da misi namdvili religiuri buneba ar Cans.

kidev ufro meti simwvaviT gamoirCeva religiur SexedulebaTa

Sexlis tolerantobis rkalSi moqcevis sakiTxi. rac garkveulwilad

movaleobacaa, romelic gulisxmobs, rom sxvas mousmino da geyos sa-

marTlianoba, rom gadawyvito rodis gaakeTo gonivruli daTmoba sxva-

Ta Sexedulebebis mimarT. am SemTxvevaSi wina planze wamoiweva religi-

uri tolerantobis pirovnuli done. saerTod unda iTqvas, rom reli-

giuri tolerantobis sul mcire ori done mainc arsebobs: pirovnuli

da arapirovnuli anu saxelmwifoebrivi. religiuri tolerantobis pi-

rovnuli done pirovnebaTSoris religiur urTierTobebs Seexeba, xo-

lo arapirovnuli donis SemTxvevaSi ki sakiTxi religiuri oranizacie-

bisa da sxvadasxva religiuri struqturebis urTierTobas exeba. am Sem-

TxvevaSi pirovneba ukana planzea gadaweuli da konfliqtis mizezic

swored es aris. rac gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia Tanamedrove sazoga-

doebaSi, romelSic gamudmebuli brZola mimdinareobs samoqalaqo da

calkeul pirovnul Rirebulebebs Soris. saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo

institutebi yovelTvis ecdebian didi leviaTanis WanWikebad aqcion

calkeuli pirovnebebi. adamiani didi mTelis raRac umniSvnelo nawili

xdeba. amis gamo Tu metaforulad vityviT `Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

politikur kulturaSi tolerantoba _ myife yvavils emsgavsea.~ Tana-

medrove dasvluri cnobiereba religiur tolerantobas (da saerTod,

tolerantobis yvela formas) mxolod socialur da politikur Wril-

Si ganixilavs. misTvis religiur tolerantoba imdenad aris mniSvnelo-

vani aqsiologiuri kategoria, ramdenadac igi samoqalaqo da saxelmwi-

fo intersebis samsaxurSia Camdgari da sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da

stabilurobis garantias iZleva. Tumca tolerantobis msgavsi gageba

winaaRmdegobaSia realur sinamdvilesTan, romelic mTeli rigi usa-

marTlobebiT xasiaTdeba (Tundac iseTi socialuri usamarTlobiT ro-

goric siRaribea). amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom

sazogadoebrivi azris mier tolerantobis prioritetul Rirebule-

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279

bad aRiarebis gareSe TiTqmis SeuZebelia civilizebuli sazogadoebis

mSenebloba. religiuri tolerantobis buneba impliciturad Seicavs

ara marto religiuri speqtris mravalferovnebis, aramed zogadad sam-

yaros mravalferovnebis cnobierebas. mis Sinaarss rjulTSemwynareb-

loba Seadgens, romelic sindisis, moyvasis siyvarulisa da Sinagani Ta-

visulfebis gareSe warmoudgenelia. religiur planSi yovelgvari ara-

tolerantuli qcevis safuZveli ampartavnebaSia saZebni. es is aris ra-

sac mecnierul literaturaSi egoizmi hqvia. Tumca mkvlevrebi arato-

lerantuli qcevis sxva safuZvlebzec saubroben. magaliTad 1.fsiqobi-

ologiurze, romlis mixedviT adamianis struqturaSi aris garkveuli

Sre (fsiqikisa da biologiis doneze), romelic antihumanuri fenomenia;

2.mentalur-racionalurze romelic cnobierebis egocentristul

tips gulisxmobs. am tipis cnobierebisaTvis ucxoa `Sen-Tan~ dialogi.

mas garkveulwilad xels uwyobs mecnieruli azrovnebac. monologi da

ara dialogi, aseTia e. w. monologiuri racionalizmis amosavali pri-

cipi. rac axali tipis uRmerTobaa. am SemTxvevaSi RmerTis adgils ada-

miani ikavebs. 3.religiuri pluralizmis cnebis gaukuRmarTebul gage-

baze, romlis mixedviT WeSmariteba mravalia.

TavisTavad religiuri adamiani tolerantuli bunebis matarebe-

lia. amitom Zalze gaugebaria religiuri tolerantobis problemad

qceva. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi aqvT is faqti, rom yvela religias

universaluri WeSmaritebis pretenzia aqvs. es marTlac asea da amaSi

gasakviri araferi ar unda iyos, magram sul sxvaa cocxali religiuri

cxovreba. Tu msoflio religiebis istorias davakvirdebiT davinaxavT,

rom TiTqmis yvela religiaSia adamianis religiur uflebaTa pativis-

cema da Semwynarebloba. religiur tolerantobas problemad xdian e. w.

religiuri Tavisuflebis mqadageblebi, romelTaTvis sul erTia ne-

bismieri religia Tu seqtanturi dajgufeba. sayovelTaod cnobili

faqtia, rom religiuri da Rrmad morwmune adamianebi ufro toleran-

tulni arian, vidre religiurobisagan Sors mdgarni. sakvirveli swo-

red is aris, rom religiuri tolerantobis mqadageblebad da damcve-

lebad swored es uknasknelni gvevlinebian. rasac WeSmarit morwmuneo-

basTan da tolerantobasTan arviTari saqme ara aqvs, radganac fsevdo-

tolerantobas warmoadgens. religiuri tolerantoba Sors dgas reli-

giuri indiferentizmisagan da religiuri fanatizmisagan. igi maSin

aris Rirebuli, rodesac ama Tu im religiis warmomadgenelia aseTi

(tolerantuli). WeSmariti religiuri aRmsarebloba arasodes ar uS-

lis xels tolerantobis kulturas. piriqiT tolerantobis kultura

mis gareSe Zneli warmosadgenia. religiuri tolerantobis cnebis qveS

kaxa qecbaia

280

CvenSi religiur indiferentizms an religiur pluralizms moiazreben.

rac morwmune adamianis piziciebidan arasworia.

sadiskusio kiTxvebi socialuri debatebisaTvis:

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara statiis avtoris mosazrebebs? (pasuxi daa-

sabuTeT).

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara habermasis mosazrebas religiuri tole-

rantobis Sesaxeb? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

• rogoria Tqveni sakuTari mosazrebebi religiuri toleran-

tobis Sesaxeb.

E

es sainteresoa

religia da sporti

2008-2009 wlebSi safexburTo klub `miunxenis bavarias~ mTavar

mwvrTnelad legendaruli fexburTeli iurgen klinsmani dainiSna, ro-

melic budizmis mimdevari gaxda. man Tavisi samwvrTnelo saqmianoba

imiT daiwyo, rom pirvelive varjiSze `baiernis~ sawvrTnel bazaze oT-

xive mxares budas qandakeba daadgmevina. igi imedovnebda, rom buda fex-

burTelebs daexmareboda sulis siwmindisa da srulyofilebis mopove-

religiis sociologia

281

baSi. amgvari ganwyobiT ki warmatebebi garantirebuli iqneboda. amgva-

ri ram aq jer aravis gaukeTebia da klinsmanis moqmedebam bevri miTqma-

moTqma gamoiwvia.

evangeluri eklesiis pastorma miqael vervainma amis Taobaze Ria

weriliT mimarTa iurgen klinsmans da klubis generalur direqtor

uli hioness. am weriliT pastori aprotestebda `baiernis~ sawvrTnel

bazaze budas qandakebebis dadgmas. igi moiTxovda, rom nacvlad budas

qandakebisa am adgilze qriatianuli jvari daedgaT.

werilSi pastori aRniSnavda, rom igi rogorc gulSematkivari

`gaognebuli da imedgacruebulia~, budas qandakebis dadgmis faqtiT,

maSin rodesac qristianuli simboleobi TiTqmis gandevnilia sajaro

sferos yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan.

pastori Seaxsenebda `bairenis~ mTavar mwvrTnels, rom qristian

fexburTelebs akrZaluli aqvT TavinT saTamaSo formaze qristes ga-

mosaxulebis gamosaxva da am dros maTTvis budizmis Tavs moxveva, maTi

qrstianuli msoflmxedvelobis Seuracxyofaa da meti araferi. amasTan

fexburTelebs aqvT ufleba maTTvis mniSvnelovani religiuri simbo-

lebis sajaro demonstrireba moaxdinon. miT ufro gasaTvaliswinebe-

lia, rom `jvari exmareba qristianebs gamarjveba da damarcxeba iseTna-

irad aRiqvan, rom aman xeli Seuwyos maT suler ganviTarebas~. `baier-

nis~ sawvrTnel bazaze budas qandakebis dadgmas pastorma qristiani

fexburTelebisa da gulSematkivarTaTvis `silis gawvna~ uwoda. misi

azriT, amgvari ram gulSematkivarTa gaxleCvas gamoiwvevs, romelTa

Soris umavleoba qriatiania.

samwauxarod, `baiernSi~ klinsamanis samwvrTnelo saqmianoba uiR-

blo gamodga. Tumca Zneli saTqmelia iyo Tu ara ara amis mizezi budiz-

mi?


• unda aterebdnen Tu ara saTamaSo moedanze sportsmenebi re-

ligiur simbolebs? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

• Tqveni azriT, sportsmenis warmateba an warumatebloba aris

Tu ara damokidebuli mis religiur rwmenaze? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

• Tqveni azriT, ra kavSirSia religia da sporti erTmaneTTan?


• moamzadeT prezentacia an essei Temaze: religia da sporti.

kaxa qecbaia

282

`nu geSiniaT Tavisuflad azrovnebis! Tu Tqven sakamaod kargad

iazrovnebT, mecniereba aucileblad RmerTTan migiyvanT, romelsac

religia efuZneba da maSin naxavT, rom mecniereba sulac ar aris re-

ligiis mteri, piriqiT, misi TanaSemwea~.

tomsoni

CogburTeli maria Sarapova kortebze jvriT gamodis

religiis sociologia

283

`globalizaciis procesi bunebrivad iwvevs im xalxebisa da

kulturebis asimilaciasa da zogjer srul gaqrobasac, romelnic

ver gamoimuSaveben saTanado imunitets, magram es ar aris axali mov-

lena.

istoriulad cnobili yvela didi imperia cdilobda ganexorci-

elebina globalizaciis erTgvari procesi. dRes ki aman sayovelTao

xasiaTi miiRo. Cven ar unda SegveSindes integraciisa, radgan warsu-

lis didi gamocdileba gvaqvs da viciT, rom saukuneTa manZilze qar-

Tuli kultura araerTi uZlieresi imperiis gavlenas ganicdida, mag-

ram RvTis gangebiT da Cvens winaparTa ZalisxmeviT arasodes dagvi-

kargavs TviTmyofadoba.

es dResac unda SevZloT~...

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II

Tb., 2006 w.

`saaRdgomo epistole~

XIV leqcia

Tema: globalizacia da msoflio religiebi


globalizacia, vesternizacia, amerikanizacia, makdonaldizacia, ad-

taptacia, antiglobalizmi da kriticizmi, sakuTari alternativa, sa-

moqalaqo religiebi.

Sesavali

globalizaciis procesi sazogadoebriv da adamianur urTierToba-

Ta TiTqmis yvela sferoSi aRwevs da xSir SemTxvevaSi srulad moicavs

socialuri realobis mTel speqtrs. amdenad globalizaciis cnebis Si-

naarsi Zalian tevadia.

erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelmac termin `globalizaciis~

warmoSoba ganapiroba kulturaTa urTierTzegavlenaa, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, mudmivad progresirebadi procesia. ukanaskneli saukuneebis gan-

mavlobaSi es procesi ufro gaZlierda da axal-axali siRrmeebi da as-

peqtebi SeiZina, xolo bolo dros ganviTarebulma movlenebma am pro-

kaxa qecbaia

284

cess axali Zala Semata da globalizaciis faqtis winaSe daayena mTeli

kacobrioba.

kulturaTa urTierTzegavlenisa da dialogis am axali xasiaTis ax-

snisas bevri mkvlevari kacobriobis erTianobis zrdasa da informaciu-

li teqnologiebis progress eyrdnoba, rac Tavis gamoxatulebas erTia-

ni msoflio bazris SeqmnaSi, servisis sferos zrdaSi da sxva materialur

faqtorebSi hpovebs. aseT viTarebaSi aucilebeli xdeba am procesebSi

sulieri faqtorebis rolis dadgena. aqedan gamomdinare religiis soci-

ologiaSi aqtualobas iZens sakiTxi globalizaciisa da msoflio reli-

giebis mimarTebis Sesaxeb. ismis kiTxva: ra rols asrulebs globaliza-

ciis procesSi religia da, piriqiT, aris Tu ara religia damoukidebeli,

suverenuli faqtori, Tu damokidebulia sxva, materialur faqtorebze,

romelic garkveulwilad gansazRvravs globalizaciis process? rogo-

ria globalizaciisadmi religiuri damokidebulebis xasiaTi da mrava-

li msgavsi sakiTxi aucilebeli msjelobis sagania. garkveuli azriT, Se-

iZleba iTqvas, rom globalizaciis procesi internacionaluri xasiaTi-

saa, Tumca sakuTari fundamenturi RirebulebiTi orientaciiT is aris

dasavluri movlena. magram es azri mTlad swori ver iqneba imis gaTva-

liswinebiT, rom msoflio masStabiT, istoriulad am saqmeSi evropis

wvlili ufro mokrZalebulia, vidre amerikuli. faqtia, rom garkveuli

azriT TviT evropa ganicdis amerikis gavlenas, e. w. vesternizacias. ada-

mianis uflebaTa amerikuli gageba da pirovnebis Tavisufleba, ameriku-

li demokratiis principebi saganTa axal wesrigTan mimarTebaSi ufro

adekvaturia. igi ufro uaryofs Zvel, tradiciul avtoritetebsa da

privilegiebs, vidre evropuli paternalisturi da partikularuli war-

modgenebi;

rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi realobis garkveulwilad gauxeSebiT

bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom globalizacia es aris amerikanizacia. Ri-

rebulebaTa amerikuli sistema da sazogadoebis mowyobis Sesaxeb ameri-

kuli warmodgenebi dRevandeli `msoflio axali wesrigis~ adekvaturi

aRmoCnda. religiuri poziciebidan globalizaciis procesis kritiko-

sebi mas brals sdeben sekularizaciasa da religiuri Rirebulebebis

ngrevaSi, rac safrTxes uqmnis religiur identurobas. amitomac globa-

lizaciisadmi undobloba iCens Tavs, rac savsebiT kanonzomieri movle-

naa. aqedan gamomdinare saxezea globalizaciis procesisadmi religiu-

ri damokidebulebis sxvadasxvaoba.

religiis sociologia

285

§1. globalizacia da msoflio religiebi

(qristianoba, iuidaizmi, budizmi, islami,

sxavadasxva aRmosavluri religiebi)

globalizaciis procesisadmi yvela religias sakuTari pozicia ga-

aCnia, Tumca realuri mdgomareobis logikur-istoriuli analizi xSir

SemTxvevaSi mravali gavrcelebuli azris sapirispiros mtkicebis saSua-

lebas iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia is faqti, rom gasuli sauku-

nis meore naxevarSi dasavleT evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi yovelgva-

ri globalizaciis gareSe damyarda sekularuli Rirebulebebi, rom ara-

feri vTqvaT e. w. komunisturi samyaros qveynebze, romlebic ara marto

sekuralizebuli, aramed mebrZoli aTeisturi qveynebi iyvnen, rac ve-

rafriT ver daukavSirdeba globalizaciis process. aq sekularizaciis

procesi nacionaluri kulturebis ganviTarebis logikis kvaldakval

mimdinareobda. amitom am SemTxvevaSi arareligiurobas globalizacias

ver davabralebT, Tumca imasac ver vityviT, rom igi gavlenas ar axdens

masze.

Znelia Tqva, rom globalizaciis faqtorebi (garkveuli an mTeli

rigi) SeiZleba umeteswilad xels uwyobdes religiurobis zrdas, dam-

kvidrebuli tradiciuli religiuri institutebis arsebobasa da fun-

qcionirebas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. globalizacia ar niSnavs ure-

ligiobas (magaliTad, ojaxuri Rirebulebebis propaganda, evropaSi is-

lamis gavrcelebisaTvis xelis SeSla da sxva). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom glo-

balizaciis procesi sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi sekularuli siste-

mis relativizebas axdens. amdenad, igi ki ar angrevs religiur cnobie-

rebas, aramed cvlis mas, sazogadoebaSi misi mdgomareobis koreqtirebas

axdens. amitom am procesisadmi yvelaze mwvaved da adekvaturad reagi-

rebas religia axdens.

Tavis mxriv, globalizaciasac aqvs sakuTari `sulieri~ safuZvle-

bi. aseTia religiuri RirebulebiTi sistema da amerikuli sazogadoebi-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli religiis roli eris cxovrebaSi (igi Seqmnilia

protestantizmis, ZiriTadad kalvinizmis wiaRSi XVIII s-Si), romelsac

ramdenime ZiriTadi niSani aqvs: 1) amerikuli normis mniSvnelovani mxa-

rea religiuri organizaciis realuri Tanasworoba saxelmwifos winaSe.

amitomac amerikaSi miuRebelia saxelmwifoebrivad privilegirebuli

denominaciis arseboba (saxelmwifo arc erT religiur organizacias ar

uwevs aranair politikursa da finansur daxmarebas da amave dros arc

xels uSlis maT sakuTari misiis ganxorcielebaSi). 2) religiuri cxovre-

bis nebayoflobiTi xasiaTi da sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos arsebobis

kaxa qecbaia

286

demokratiuli formis pirveladoba. 3) amerikuli religiuri cxovrebi-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli religiuri principi, romelic sul ufro da uf-

ro normis saxes iZens _ demokratiis principebisa da adamianis uflebe-

bis ayvana (ufro sworad miaxloeba) religiuri principis doneze. reli-

gia demokratiuli da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis sulieri matarebeli

xdeba. 4) ojaxuri Rirebulebebi naklebad eqvemdebareba gadafasebasa da

gadaazrebas. 5) wina planze wamoiweva socialuri tolerantobis, qvel-

moqmedebis roli, rac ukana planze gadaswevs ritualebsa da asketizms.

6) perspeqtivaSi _ piradi pasuxismgeblobis kultivireba da morwmunis

Tavisufali arCevanis rolis zrda da misadmi pativiscema. SeiZleba iT-

qvas, rom yovelive es globalizaciis sulier safuZvlebs warmoadgens,

anu religiur Seferilobas aZlevs mas, rac imas niSnavs, rom globaliza-

cia mTlianad ar aris daclili religiurobisagan, Tumca es ar aris tra-

diciuli gagebiT religiuroba da religia. globalizacia, am azriT, Ta-

vad warmoadgens raRac `axal religias~ da swored am punqtSi iwvevs igi

SeSfoTebas da misTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis survils. Tumca faqtia,

rom yovelive amis paralelurad amerikaSi dResac arsebobs gavleniani

qristianuli konfesiebi, romlebic konservatiul saRvTismetyvelo Se-

xedulebas emyareba. ase rom, realoba metad rTuli da antinomiuria,

rogorc ityvian, `aq yvelaferi satanur grigalebSia gaxveuli~ da yove-

lives gaazreba da saTanado doneze Sefaseba xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebe-

lia.

globaluri Rirebulebebi TavianT gzas ufro advilad maSin ik-

vlevs, rodesac tradiciuli kulturebi kriziss ganicdis. amitom glo-

balizaciaze aranakleb saSiSi unda iyos tradiciuli kulturebis kri-

zisi da degradacia. garda amisa, globaluri Rirebulebebi angrevs iseT

politikur ideologiebs, romlebic religiasTan aris kavSirSi. amitom

am procesisadmi adekvaturi reaqcia iseT religiebs aqvT, romlebic nak-

lebad aris politizirebuli. aseT viTarebaSi Cndeba globalizaciis

axali saxe _ globalizacia religiuri niSniT anu religiuri globali-

zacia. wesiT globalurobis pretenzia yvela religias unda hqondes,

magram am SemTxvevaSi `bunebriv religiebs~ enacvleba `xelovnuri reli-

gia~, romelsac globalurobis meti pretenzia aqvs. ase rom, axali cne-

bis _ `Tanamedrove globaluri religiurobis~ erTaderTi niSani, ro-

melic aSkarad gamokveTilia, jerjerobiT aris religiis deteritoria-

lizacia. nebismieri religia sakuTar momxreebs poulobs iq, sadac is is-

toriulad arasodes ar yofila da xSir SemTxvevaSi tradiciul gavrce-

lebas kargavs regionebSi. religiur SexedulebaTa pluralizmi da ek-

leqtizmi vrceldeba ara marto sxvadasxva sazogadoebebis, aramed mor-

religiis sociologia

287

wmuneTa individualuri cnobierebis donezec. yovelive amisadmi adamia-

ni, miT umetes morwmune, SeuZlebelia gulgrili iyos. adamianebs ar Se-

uZliaT ar gamoTqvan TavianTi protesti, rodesac maTi interesebi iCag-

reba.

globalizacias moaqvs ara marto sikeTe, aramed Zalze mtkivneuli

cvlilebebi da axali problemebi. amitomac igi ar saWiroebs arc apolo-

gias da arc zedmet kritikas. es aris Cvengan damoukidebeli procesi,

romlis SeCereba Cven ar ZalgviZs. dRes es procesi aris ara marto faq-

ti, aramed moqmedebis realuri programa, romelTanac mimarTebis mrava-

li saxeoba arsebobs. garkveuli mecnierebebi aRwers mas, filosofia mis

gagebas cdilobs, xolo religia _ religiur aRqmas, SegrZnebas. amde-

nad, religia yvelaze metad kritikulia am procesisadmi.

globalizaciisa da religiis urTierTobis problema calke mecni-

eruli kvleva-Ziebis sagania. amjerad Cveni interesis obieqtia globa-

lizaciaze reaqciis ZiriTadi tipebi religiur sferoSi. kerZod, ra mi-

marTebaSia am procesTan msoflio religiebi? rogoria maTi pozicia da

SesaZlebelia Tu ara am mxriv garkveuli kanonzomierebis dadgena? am sa-

kiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebul mecnierul gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiTa

da faqtobrivi analizis safuZvelze ZiriTadad sami pozicia ikveTeba: 1)

globalizaciis procesisadmi sruli adaptacia; 2) antiglobalizmi da

kriticizmi; 3) sakuTari alternativa; sxvadasxva doziT TiToeuli maT-

gani TiTqmis yvela religiaSi SeimCneva. msoflioSi mravali magaliTi

arsebobs imisa, rom aSS-sgan daSorebuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi

yovelgvari seriozuli winaaRmdegobebis gareSe axdenen adaptacias

globaluri Rirebulebebisadmi maT Soris religiis sferoSi. am mxriv

adaptaciis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva budizmi. amis mizezad religiis

socialuri rolis wina planze wamoweva saxeldeba. Tumca adaptacia am

SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs tradiciuli religiis SenarCunebas da mis evo-

lucias globaluri procesebis mimarTulebis gaTvaliswinebiT (sam-

xreT korea, iaponia, indoeTi, tailandi). Tumca budizmis SigniTac aris

am procesisadmi totaluri winaaRmdegobebis niSnebi (magaliTad, zogi-

erTi budisturi qveyana, romelic cdilobs tradiciuli Rirebulebebi

SeinarCunos izolaciis politikis gziT). globalizacias seriozul wi-

naaRmdegobas uwevs islamuri qveynebis umravlesoba (gamonaklisia mala-

izia, indoeTi, romlebic ixrebian globalizaciisken. am mxriv bolomde

gaurkvevelia TurqeTis bedic). islamSi, rogorc religiaSi, Zevs is, rac

principulad SeuTavsebelia globalizaciasTan, demokratiaze globa-

listur warmodgenasTan. es aris islamis mimdevaris cxovrebis gansaz-

Rvruli wesi; rac Seexeba marTlmadideblobas, aq globalizaciis pro-

kaxa qecbaia

288

cesisadmi araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba SeiniSneba. Tumca mTliano-

baSi igi mas ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, ruseTi, romelic Sinagani bune-

biT arareligiuri qveyanaa. amis mimaniSnebelia Tundac milionobiT

udedmamo bavSvis arseboba, rac tradiciuli qristianuli Rirebulebe-

bisadmi ruseTis `erTgulebis~ niSania. am procesisaTvis ruseTis damo-

kidebulebas axasiaTebs realobis ignorirebis tendencia, romelic wi-

naaRmdegobaSia gadazrdili da romelsac seriozuli ideuri safuZveli,

garda bizantizmisa, ar gaaCnia. yovelive amis mizezi albaT ruseTis is-

toriuli gzis TaviseburebaSia saZebni. kerZod, saukuneebis ganmavloba-

Si eklesia brmad emorCileboda saxelmwifos da masSi reformatoruli

moZraoba TiTqmis ar arsebobda. 80-iani wlebis bolomde globalizaciis

procesis mowinaaRmdege iyo komunisturi sistema da ideologia. mis wi-

naaRmdeg brZolaSi dasavleTi mzad iyo daecva nebismieri religiuri

cnobiereba. amjerad am ideologiis kraxis pirobebSi am saqmes akeTebs

islami.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom ara marto erTi religiis, aramed

erTi sazogadoebis SigniTac ar aris calsaxad SemuSavebuli pozicia

globalizaciis mimarT. aseT SemTxvevaSi araeTikuria, rom sazogadoe-

bis erTi nawili (vesternizebuli segmenti) aswavlides sxvebs, Tu rogor

sworad irwmunos RmerTi. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli ar aris yvela gax-

des proamerikuli; ubralod sasurvelia da mniSvnelovani damoukidebe-

li arCevanis gakeTeba kulturaTa mozaikur simravleSi erTianobis sa-

sargeblod. Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom religiaze globali-

zaciis gavlenis sakiTxi erT-erTi met-naklebad Seswavlili da progno-

zirebadi problemaa. igulisxmeba ucxouri gamokvlevebi. Tumca amasTan

dakavSirebiT Seqmnili situacia araerTgvarovania. ganicdis ra globa-

lizaciis mzard gavlenas, sxvadasxva religiebi masTan Tanaarsebobis

TavianT variantebs (mSvidobiani an arc Tu ise mSvidobiani) gvTavazobs.

globalizacia erTiani, zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa sistemis

Seqmnas gulisxmobs, romlis safuZvelSi dgas individi, rac, Tavis mxriv,

ar emTxveva calke aRebuli religiebis ganwyobilebas, romlisTvisac

morwmuneTa interesebia prioritetuli. globalizacia ki amoglejs mas

am konteqstidan da axdens mis konsolidirebas zesazogadoebriv, glo-

balur doneze. aseTi modelis pirobebSi individi aucileblad kargavs

interess sakuTari, ufro viwro religiuri identurobisadmi. Tumca

konfesiuri, eTnikuri da kulturuli identurobis saboloo gaTqvefis

an gaqrobis daSveba SeuZlebelia. raRac amis msgavsis varaudi ase Tu ise

SesaZlebelia, oRond globalizacia ar daiyvaneba mxolod individis

problemebze. garda amisa, sainteresoa sakiTxi globalizaciisa da rwme-

religiis sociologia

289

nis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. unda iTqvas, rom zogadad globaliza-

cia ar ewinaaRmdegeba rwmenas, radgan rwmena TavisTavad ar aris auci-

leblad gansazRvruli romelime konkretuli religiuri kulturisad-

mi kuTvnilebiT. problemebi Cndeba maSin, rodesac religiur matricaze

globalizaciis dadeba xdeba. globalizacia ar SeiZleba morgebuli

iyos yoveli civilizaciis specifikas, Tumca misi mTlianad ignorireba

mas ar SeuZlia. miuxedavad amisa, igi aSkarad monawileobs adamianebs So-

ris normatiul urTierTibebSi da bunebrivia gavlenas axdens morwmune

adamianze gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac es ukanaskneli Tavisi religiu-

ri organizaciis wiaRSi ver poulobs Tanamedroveobis mwvave probleme-

bis racionalur gagebas. aseT viTarebaSi globalizacia avlens preten-

zias erTgvari `saero religiisa~, romelic adamianebs Tanamedrove sam-

yaroSi cxovrebis optimalur variants sTavazobs da stimuls aZlevs sa-

zogadoebis Semdgom sekularizacias. is zesazogadoeba, romelic mis

ideologiaSia Cadebuli, religiur legitimacias, religias, rogorc

sistemis Semqmnel sawyiss, ar saWiroebs. religiis roli masSi dayvani-

lia iseTi sakiTxis daregulirebaze, rogoricaa ojaxis, moralisa da

samyaros Teosofiuri xedva. oRond es tendencia mkacr winaaRmdegoba-

Sia im situaciasTan, rodesac xdeba religiis SeWra politikis sferoSi

(mag., islami) da, piriqiT, faqtia, rom islami politikisagan ganuyofe-

lia da misTvis es tradiciulia. am viTarebiT xasiaTdeba qristianuli

konfesiebic, induizmi. garkveuli azriT, apolitikur xasiaTs avlens

budizmi. miuxedavad am faqtebisa, religias yovelTvis axasiaTebs saero

saqmeebiT met-naklebi angaJirebuloba. Tavis mxriv politikasTan ganu-

yofel kavSirSia globalizaciac da es kavSiri ukve politikuri niSnis

mqonea. globalizaciaze religiuri reaqcia, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris nawi-

li urTierTdakavSirebuli saerTo pasuxebis paradigmisa mis gamowveva-

ze.

yoveli religia globalizaciis sakuTar xedvas gvTavazobs da Ti-

Toeul maTganSi ZiriTadad Cadebulia TviTgadarCenisa da TviTSenar-

Cunebis ideebi da gzebi. erTi damajerebeli negatiuri an pozitiuri po-

zicia ar arsebobs. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, dominanturia sami Zi-

riTadi pozicia: adaptacia, brZola da sakuTari alternativa. globali-

zaciis ideisadmi met-naklebi adaptaciiT gamoirCeva protestantizmi.

protestantebi TavianT Tavs globalizaciis monawileebad Tvlian. am

tipis adaptaciisaTvis did Zalebs xarjavs kaTolicizmi, romelic mi-

sadmi frTxili damokidebulebiT xasiaTdeba. igi mas ramdenime moTxov-

nas uyenebs, romelTa Soris erT-erTi principuli moTxovnaa `globali-

zacia marginalobis gareSe~. globalizaciaze adaptaciis maRali xaris-

kaxa qecbaia

290

xiT budizmTan erTad induizmi gamoirCeva. misi mimdevrebi masSi verana-

ir safrTxes ver xedaven. adaptacias aq aqvs asimilaciuri xasiaTi. aRmo-

savleTis religiebi advilad axdens globalizaciis ideis inkorporire-

bas sakuTar Teosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi. daaxloebiT aseTi pozicia

aqvT maT iudaizmisa da qristianobis mimarTac; globalizacia maT ara

marto xels ar uSlis, aramed, piriqiT, zogjer is SeiZleba sakuTari si-

marTlis argumentadac gamodges. garkveuli azriT, analogiuri pozi-

cia uWiravs evraziul warmarTobasac, romelSic TandaTan mkvidrdeba

gansxvavebuli msjelobebisa da dialogis mimarT moTmineba; aq ufro

tradiciulad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes arqauli religia.

globalizaciis aRqmasTan dakavSirebiT ufro meti sirTuleebi

axasiaTebs islamsa da marTlmadideblobas. islamTan mimarTebaSi amas

politikuri axsna aqvs. kerZod, igi ukavSirdeba gamwvavebul winaaRmde-

gomas dasavleTsa da islamur samyaros Soris. qristianobaSi ki es SeiZ-

leba dakavSirebuli iyos ruseTis statusis dacemasTan; meore axsna am

winaaRmdegobisa dasavleTis mxridan religiuri eqspansiis motivaciaa.

islami globalizacias aRiqvams rogorc dasavleTis qristianobis mcde-

lobas moaxdinos musulmanuri samyaros transformacia da aqcios igi

sakuTar maginalur analogad. igi globalizaciaSi adreSuasaukuneob-

rivi dapirispirebuli urTierTobis analogs Wvrets. erTi ram savsebiT

cxadia, kerZod, adaptaciis ganmsazRvreli SeiZleba iyos globalizaci-

is procesis gardauvalobis gacnobiereba, ise rom igi, rogorc kanonzo-

mieri procesi, ar gaauaresebs cxovrebis wessa da rwmenas. zogierTi re-

ligia sakuTar kontr-proeqts gvTavazobs, romelsac `alternatiuli

globalizacia~ SeiZleba ewodos. igi TiTqmis yvela religiaSia mocemu-

li da aq principulad axali araferi ar aris. yvela religia globaluri

triumfiskenaa mimarTuli. marTlmadideblobis pretenziebi globalur

alternativaze met-naklebad istoriazea damokidebuli. rac Seexeba

`religiur globalizacias~, igi SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes rogorc didi

globalisturi procesis oponireba da masTan adaptaciisa da dialogis

Taviseburi varianti, rac axasiaTebs induizmsa da warmarTobas. evrazi-

is religiuri ideologiebi ki globalizacias ganixilavs rogorc moce-

mulobas, faqts, romelTanac mimarTebaSi TviTizolacia damRupvelia.

erTi sityviT, globalizaciisa da religiis urTierToba mravalva-

riantulia; globalizacia ar niSnavs religiisa da religiurobis gaq-

robas, magram, garkveuli azriT, maTi Sereva aucileblad igulisxmeba,

oRond ise, rom aman ar gamoiwvios raRac `saSualo religiis~ warmoSoba.

globalizaciisa da religiis urTierTobis Zalze rTul process SeuZ-

lia sasikeTod gamoaRviZos religiebis SemoqmedebiTi potenciali da

religiis sociologia

291

ubiZgos maT tradiciuli postulatebis ufro adekvaturi da Tanamed-

rove interpretaciebisaken, rac gardauvali iqneba yoveli religiisaT-

vis damaxasiaTebeli Tundac TviTSenaxvisa da TviTidenturobisaken bu-

nebrivi miswrafebiT.

da, bolos, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis pozicia

globalizaciisadmi naTlad aris gamoxatuli sruliad saqarTvelos ka-

Talikos patriarqis saaRdgomo epistoleSi (Tb., 2006 w.), romelic rea-

lobis ignorirebas ki ar axdens, aramed gvTavazobs misadmi gonivrul

midgomas da globalizaciis procesis imgvar gaazrebas, romelic xels

Seuwyobs kulturuli da religiuri identobis SenarCunebas. agreTve

yovelive zemoT aRniSnulTan mimarTebaSi angariSgasawevia is faqti, rom

sekularizacia ar niSnavs religiurobis gaqrobas. garda amisa, gasaTva-

liswinebelia isic, rom postkonfesiuri sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasia-

Tebelia tendencia, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianebi su-

lieri srulyofilebis miRwevis gza tradiciuli religiuri cxovrebis

wiaRSi RmerTisadmi pirovnuli (individualuri) erTianobisaken swraf-

vas aniWeben upiratesobas. aseT viTarebaSi globalizaciis procesi in-

dividis cxovrebaSi religiis mniSvnelobis aqtualizebas uwyobs xels

da kidev ufro metad daafiqrebs mas absolutze.

erTi ram savsebiT cxadia: globalizaciis procesis paralelurad

xdeba sazogadoebis axali tipis _ transformirebadi sazogadoebis Ca-

moyalibeba, sadac yvela socialuri instituti cvlilebas ganicdis. ma-

galiTad, bolo aswleulSi Seicvala ekonomika, politika, Rirebuleba-

Ta sistema da savaraudoa, rom yovelive amis msgavsad Seicvala sazoga-

doebis religiuri cxovreba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, romelic ma-

Ral teqnologiebsa da samyaros mecnierul midgomas eyrdnoba, moxda

religiis rolis ukana planze gadaweva, ramac mkvlevrebi religiis gaq-

robaze aalaparaka. robert belas TqmiT, globalizaciam gamoiwvia `sa-

moqalaqo religiis~ gaCena. Tumca es aris kvazireligiuri loialuroba,

sadac moqalaqeoba religiur Seferilobas iRebs. yovelive es ki pos-

tkonfesiuri sazogadoebis cnebis warmoSobas uwyobs xels. sociologe-

bis mixedviT, am tipis sazogadoebaSi wina planze wamoiweva eleqtronu-

li da kibereklesiis cneba, romelic saboloo jamSi e. w. `virtualuri

religiurobis~ sawyisad moiazreba. Tumca aRsaniSnavia da sanugeSo is,

rom sociologebi yovelive amis Sesaxeb uaryofiT daskvnebs akeTeben da

xazs usvamen im faqts, rom veraferi ver Secvlis RmerTTan adamianis pi-

rovnul mimarTebas, romelic yvelaze kargad tradiciul religiur

cxovrebaSia mocemuli. amitom aseT viTarebaSi zogadi daskvna gansaxil-

vel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba aseTi iyos: globalizaciis proce-

kaxa qecbaia

292

si faqtia, magram religiuri TvalsazrisiT arc iseTi faqti, romelic

msoflio religiebs did safrTxes Seuqmnis.

kiTxvebi:

• Tqveni azriT, ra aris globalizacia?

• daaxasiaTeT globalizaciis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.

• Tqveni azriT, globalizaciis pirobebSi Eemuqreba Tu ara saf-

rTxe msoflio religiebs? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

• ra damokidebuleba aqvT msoflio religiebs globalizacii-

sadmi?

D davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: „religia da globalizacia~.

• momazadeT essei Temaze: `qristianoba da globalizacia ~.






sia).



6. i.kalandia, globalizacia da civilizaciaTa urTierTobis

problema, kreb. `filosofiuri Zebani~, t. X, Tb., 2006, red. s.

avaliani.

7. b. lutiZe, globalizacia: arsi, problemebi, Tb., 2003.

8. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, `saaRdgo-

mo epistole~, Tb., 2006.



Tb., 2008.


2004.

religiis sociologia

293



4. f. fukuiama, istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani, Tb.,

1999.

5. s. hanTingtoni, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba?, Tb., 1997.

6. У. Бек, Что такое глобализация? Ошибки глобализма - ответы на

глобализацию, М., 2001. 7. Диа-Логос, Религия и общество: Альманах: 2000-2001, М., 2001. 8. Свободная Мысль XXI, №8, М., 2005, глав. ред. Иноземцев, В. Л.

`oriveni _ religia da mecniereba _ TavianTi dasabuTebisaTvis

RmerTis rwmenas saWiroeben, magram pirvelisaTvis RmerTi dasawyis-

Sia mocemuli, meorisaTvis _ mTeli azrovnebis boloSi. religii-

saTvis is fundamentia, mecnierebisaTvis _ msoflmxedvelobis Camo-

yalibebis gvirgvini~.

m. planki

kaxa qecbaia

294

sakiTxavi masala

kaxa qecbaia

globalizacia da islami

im `siurprizebs~ Soris, rom-

lebic Tanamedroveobam kacobri-

obas moumzada erT-erTi umniSvne-

lovanesi globalizaciaa _ pro-

cesi, romelic erTferovani glo-

baluri transsazogadoebis Camo-

yalibebas gulisxmobs. am tipis sa-

zogadoebaSi Semavali adamianebi,

mcire da didi socialuri jgufe-

bi gaerTianebuli iqnebian aramar-

to saerTo ekonomikiT, aramed e. w. transRirebulebebiT: `demokratiu-

li faseulebobiT,~azrovnebisa da cxovrebis Sesabamisi wesebiT.

erTgvarovani masobrivi cnobierebisa da cxovrebis erTferovani

wesebis damkvidrebisaTvis zrunva, bunebrivia, rom seriozul winaaR-

mdegobas awydeba tradiciuli da TviTmyofadi kulturebisa da religi-

ebis mxridan. amerikeli mkvlevrebis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Se-

degad dadgenilia, rom globalizaciuri procesebis xelisSemSlel faq-

torebs Soris religia erT-erTi umTavresia (sxva faqtorebad miCneu-

lia: patriotizmi, erovnuli usafrTxoeba da tradiciuli morali). sa-

kiTxis religiur sibrtyeze gadatanis SemTxvevaSi saqme tradiciuli

religiuri identobis ucxo, transreligiuri identobiT Canacvlebas

Seexeba, ris mimarT arcerTi tradiciuli relgia gulgrili ver iqneba.

maT Sorisaa islamic.

Seqmnil viTarebaSi yoveli religia globalizaciis sakuTar xed-

vas gvTavazobs. amiT TiToeuli maTgani TviTgadarCenisa da sakuTari

religiuri da kulturuli identobis SenarCunebisaTvis ibrZvis da Se-

sabamis gzebsa da saSualebebs eZebs. amitom tradiciul religiebs So-

ris Znelia erTi damajerebeli absoluturad negatiuri an pozitiuri

poziciis povna. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, sami ZiriTadi poziciaa do-

minanturi: adaptacia, brZola da sakuTari alternativa.

globalizaciis aRqmasTan dakavSirebiT sxva religiebTan Sedare-

biT ufro meti sirTuleebi islams axasiaTebs. globalizacisadmi isa-

lamis mimarTeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, sxva religiebTan SedarebiT gul-

religiis sociologia

295

wrfelobiTa da pirdapirobiT gamoirCeva. rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

islami yovelgvari politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva saxis qveteqstebis

gareSe calsaxad afiqsierbs Tavis urayofiT damokidebulebas am pro-

cesisadmi da sakuTari kulturuli da religiuri identobis SesanarCu-

neblad aranair Zalebs ar iSurebs. zogierTi mkvlevari amas politikur

axsnas uZebnis. kerZod, igi ukavSirdeba gamwvavebul politikur winaaR-

mdegobas dasavleTsa da islamur samyaros Soris.

meore axsna am winaaRmdegobisa dasavleTis mxridan religiuri eq-

spansiis motivaciaa. islami globalizacias aRiqvams, rogorc dasavle-

Tis qristianobis mcdelobas moaxdinos musulmanuri samyaros tran-

sformacia da aqcios igi sakuTar maginalur analogad. igi globaliza-

ciaSi adreSuasaukuneobrivi dapirispirebuli urTierTobis analogs

Wvrets. Tumca im faqtis uaryofac ar SeiZleba, rom TiTqos islami glo-

balizaciis procesis gardauvalobas ver aacnobierebdes. piriqiT, is-

lamuri mwavae reaqcia globalizaciaze swored rom globalizaciis

procesis saTanado gacnobierebis Sedegia. sxva saqmea misadmi adaptacia.

islami ar ewinaaRmdegeba globalizaciur procesebs magaliTad

ekonomikis an ganaTlebis sferoSi (islamuri samyaros warmomadgenele-

bi ganaTlebas evropisa da amerikis umaRles saswavleblebsa da kole-

jebSi iReben; ekonomikur sferoSi globalizaciis modelad SeiZleba Ca-

iTvalos magaliTad dubai Tavisi ultraTanamedrove urbanuli infras-

truqturiT da a. S.). miuxedvad amisa, islami yvelaze metad principulia

maSin, rodesac saqme globalizaciis iseT Tanamdev process Seexeba, ro-

goricaa religiisa da religiuri rwmenis transformacia. islamSi aseTi

ram warmoudgenelia.

dasavlurma Tavisuflebam verafriT ver moxibla islami. dasavle-

Tis kulturasTan da demokratiasTan ziarebam Tu Sexebam islamSi ukup-

rocesebi gamoiwvia: kerZod, masSi kidev ufro gaZlierda antidasavlu-

ri, antiamerikuli tendenciebi (hanTingtoni). aseT SemTxvevaSi ismis

kiTxva, ra aris is, rac islamuri kulturuli da religiuri meinstri-

misTvis kategoriulad miuRebelia? isalmis mimdevrebs saerTod ar xib-

lavs globalizaciuri proeqtis is modeli, romelic iTvaliwinebs

`bednierebas yvelasaTvis.~ isalamSi es sakiTxi erTxel da samudamod

garkveulia da masze pasuxi yuranSia mocemuli;

islamisaTvis miuRebelia agreTve msoflio sazogadoebis `manqur-

Tizaciis~ procesi da moralis komercializacia. transsazogadoebaSi

moraluri Rirebulebebis adgils ikavebs fuli, komforti, koncumiriz-

mi da a. S. am SemTxvevaSi globaluri kulturuli meinstrimi namdvilad

arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, radganac igi amoralurTan

kaxa qecbaia

296

erTad antimoraluricaa (igulisxmeba pornografia, holivudis filme-

bi, nakotikebi, Zaladoba da mravali sxva).

islamis mTavari `samizne~ amerikuli Softtpower-ia: islamur Rire-

bulebaTa sawinaaRmdegod ganixileba holivudi Tavisi Tavisufali

cxovrebis wesiT (emociuri licenziiT motivirebuli qceva _ àkeTe is

rac gsurs~ miuRebelia islamis mimdevrisaTvis, romelic mTlianad

RmerTis nebas aris mindobili). amasTanave islami ewinaaRmdegeba globa-

lizaciis iseT gamovlinebas yofiT cxovrebaSi, rogoricaa makdonaldi-

zacia. sakvebis miReba morwmunesaTvis religiuri ritualis tolfasia.

makdonaldizacia ki am ritualis gaufasurebasa da profanacias axdens.

igi ganaTlebis sferoSic aRwevs. rasac e. w. makuniversitetebis qselis

warmoSoba adasturebs. aqedan keTdeba daskvna, rom islamuri kultura

ufro seriozuli ram aris, vidre makdonaldizacia. amgvari faqtebis

fonze kidev ufro SeuZlebeli xdeba isalamis mxridan globalizacii-

sadmi adaptaciaze saubari, romlis ganmsazRvrelia rom igi, rogorc ka-

nonzomieri procesi auaresebs islamis mimdevris cxovrebis wessa da

rwmenas. albaT, es ase iqneba manam, sanam islamuri samyaro ar darwmunde-

ba imaSi, rom globalizaciuri procesebi religiur rwmenasa da cxovre-

bis Sesabamis wess xeluxleblad tovebs. risi niSnebi jer-jerobiT ar

Cans.

islamis antiglobalistur tendenciebs zogierTi Tanamedrove

mkvlevari mis religiur bunebaSi eZebs. magaliTad frensis fukuiamas

miaCnia, rom ìslamis mowodeba principulad universaluria da yvelas

exeba.~ fukuiama xaz usuvams im faqts, rom yuranSi ar aris rCeulobis

ufleba. amiT islami Sors dgas koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis cnebisa-

gan. xolo britaneli mkvlevari ernst gelneri (socialuri anTropolo-

giis warmomadgeneli) Tvlis, rom ìslami transeTikuri da transsocia-

luri fenomenia,~ romelic kidev sxva, axali tipis amgvari fenomenebi-

sadmi absoluturad gulgrili iqneba. islamis transsocialuroba imaSi

vlindeba, rom igi dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, sxvadsxva socialur in-

stitutebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs WeSmaritebas, anu imas,

rac yuranSia gamocxadebuli.

religiis istoriis erT-erTi Tanamedrove gavleniani specialis-

tis karen amstrongis (kaTolikur monasterSi gazrdili) azriT, glo-

balizaciasTan islamis uaryofiTi damokidebulebis mizezi dasavleTis

mxridan, saerTod aRmosavluri, da kerZod, isalamuri samyaros Sesaxeb

arasrulfasovani codnaa. rac dasavleTsa da isalams Soris dialogSi

marTlac mniSvnelovani faqtori SeiZleba iyos. al. menis azriT (XX s-is

cnobili rusi RvTismetyveli, bibliologi, religiaTmcodne, sauliero

religiis sociologia

297

piri), vesternizaciis ideebi da dialogisaTvis mzadyofna adre Tu gvian

Tavs iCens islamuri kulturis SigniTac. rac izolacionizmis daZlevis

winapiroba iqneba. oRond Tavis mxriv dasvaleTmac uari unda Tqvas sa-

kuTar evropocentrizmze. Tumca islamur samyarosa da dasavleTs So-

ris urTierToba `yruTa dialogs~ hgavs, radganac maT erTmaneTis nak-

lebad esmiT. Zneli warmosadgenia Tu rogor unda gaugon erTmaneTs

iseTma mxareebma, romelTagan erT-erTi (islami) sakuTari religiuri

identobis SenarCunebas cdilobs, xolo meore (globalizacia) mTels

msoflioSi panreligiis damkvidrebaze zrunavs. erTi yovlismomcveli

panreligiis Seqmna mTeli rigi safrTxeebis Semcvelia. am dros xdeba sa-

sicocxlo sulieri Rirebulebeis dakargva, nivelireba da amorfizacia,

rac religiuri cxovrebis sakuTari formebis SenarCunebisaTvis meb-

rZoli isalamisaTvis miuRebelia.

islamur antiglobalistur diskursSi sainteresoa Tanamedrove

feministuri debatebisadmi midgomis sakiTxi, romlis mimarT calkeul

islamur qveynebs gansxvavebuli poziciebi ukaviaT. am SemTxvevaSi pozi-

ciaTa gansxvavebis safuZveli Siituri da sunituri religiuri idento-

ba da dasavleTis qveynebTan politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobis

donea. Tumca imis Tqma, rom islamuri samyarosaTvis femisturi debate-

bi daxuruli Temaa, SeuZlebelia (islami da Tanamedrove femisturi de-

batebi calke kvlevis sagania). islamis poziciebi am SemTxvevaSi origina-

luria da isev da isev sakuTari TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebazea orien-

tirebuli.

globalizaciasTan islamis mimarTebis sakiTxis analizisas dasav-

leli mkvlevrebi yovelTvis xazgasmiT saubroben eqstremizmisa da is-

lamuri fundametalizmis Sesaxeb. Tumca am movlenebTan islamis calsa-

xad gaigiveba usamarTlobaa da meti araferi. fundamentalizmis saSiS-

roebaze saubrisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom safrTxes warmoadgens ara mxo-

lod islamuri, aramed nebismieri saxis fundamentalizmi (komunisturi,

dasavluri da a. S.). aseve arc terorizmi unda iyos mxolod islamuri

movlena. unda gvaxsovdes, rom informaciul da virtualur samyaroSi

romelime kulturasTan terorizmis identificireba safuZvels mokle-

bulia, radganac igi amieridan globaluri fenomenia. XXI s-Si teroriz-

mi transterorizmad gadaiqca (amis Sesaxeb ix. Jan bodriaris `borote-

bis gamWvirvaloba~).

am sakiTxTan uSualo kavSirSia mosazreba, romelic miiCnevs, rom

islami globalizaciis alternatiul variants warmoadgens, romlis aR-

saniSnavad gaCnda terminebi: islamuri, aradasavluri globalizacia da

msoflios gaaziureba. rac Tavis mxriv dasavleTis SeSfoTebas iwvevs.

kaxa qecbaia

298

amJamad igi ganixileba, rogorc islamuri kontr-proeqti. magram amas-

Tan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom msgavsi ram TiTqmis yvela religiaSia

mocemuli da aq principulad axali da sagangaSo araferi ar aris. yvela

religia xom globaluri triumfisaken miemarTeba.

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis pasuxi kiTxvaze _ warmoadgens Tu ara

isalamuri globalizacia msofliosaTvis safrTxes, _ uaryofiTia. mi-

uxedavad amisa `isalmuri globalizaciis~ mimarT dasavleTis undob-

loba ZalaSi rCeba. problemis mogvarebis sxvadasxva variantebidan yve-

laze metad mniSvnelovani dialogia. Tanamedroveobis udidesi moaz-

rovnis iurgen habermasis mixedviT, gamosavali komunikaciuri eTikis

damkvidrebaSi unda veZeboT. xolo sociologebis _ piter bergerisa

da Tomas lukmanis azriT, Tanamedrove globaluri samyaros konstru-

ireba garaduvali realobaa. amitom amgvari procesebidan ar unda amo-

vardes islamuri samyaro. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti sityva dasavleTis

keTil nebaze iqneba damokidebuli, romelmac uari unda Tqvas isalamu-

ri samyarosadmi e. w. momxmarebul damokidebulebaze (msoflio energo-

resursebis daaxloebiT 70% islamur samyaroze modis). islamuri samya-

rosadmi momxmarblur damokidebulebazea damyarebuli socialuri usa-

marTlobis is faqti, romelic globalizaciur procesebs axasiaTebs da

romelic qveynebis ranJirebas, gamorCevas axdens. rac Tavis mxriv Seu-

Tavsebelia demokratiulobis principebTan.

islamurma samyarom kargad uwyis, rom globalizacias moaqvs ara

marto sikeTe, aramed Zalze mtkivneuli cvlilebebi da axal-axali

problemebi. amitomac igi ar saWiroebs arc apologias da arc zedmet

kritikas. es Cvengan damoukidebeli procesia, romlis SeCereba islams

ar ZaluZs. dRes es procesi aris ara marto faqti, aramed moqmedebis re-

aluri programa, romelTanac frTxili da gaazrebul midgomasTan er-

Tad zogjer sakuTari radikaluri poziciebis dafiqsirebaa saWiro. ra-

sac akeTebs kidevac islami.

religiis sociologia

299

sakiTxavi masala

A

aleqsandre meni

marTlmadideblobis socialuri koncefcia

cnobilia, rom protestantizms, magaliTad, Tavisi socialuri

doqtrina aqvs da amJamad protestantma konservatorebma imis Sesaxeb

daayenes sakiTxi, rom qristiani unda Caerios politikaSi. isini miiCne-

ven, rom saxelmwifosagan eklesiis gamoyofa yalbi ideaa da politikaSi

CarTva aucilebelia. maT mxars amerikeli milionerebic uWeren. Cemi az-

riT, sworia politikuri cxovrebis sulieri RirebulebebiT gansaz-

Rvra, magram es abstraqtuli ideaa. konkretul cxovrebaSi aRmoCndeba,

rom nebismieri politika, memarjvene Tu memarcxene, yalbia, siyalbis

niSnis matarebelia. tyuilubralod ar mboben, rom politika binZuri

saqmea. politika saSinlad pragmatulia. mas ar ainteresebs adamiani, mi-

si sazrunavi mxolod interesebia. politika, rogorc wesi, amoraluria:

`gamarjvebulebs ar sjian~ da Semdeg `istorikosebi yvelafers gamar-

Tlebas mouZebnian...~ amerikeli qristianebi, romlebic axla Tavgamode-

biT miiswrafvian politikaSi, aucileblad gaisvrebian, rac ukve dawye-

bulia, amitom cnobili mqadageblebi, iseTi, rogoric bili gremia, wva-

loben. maT surT, rom gavlena hqondeT sazogadoebaze (rac kanonzomie-

ri da marTebulia), magram, meore mxriv, rodesac maT politikuri intri-

gebis xorcsakepSi atareben, isini grZnoben, rom, ubarlod, eSmakis klan-

WebSi aRmoCndnen.

Tavidan protestantebi fiqrobdnen, rom yvelas bedi winaswar

dadgenilia. arian rCeulebi, xolo xarT Tu ara rCeuli, amas imis mixed-

viT gaigeb, Tu rogor gimarTlebs cxovrebaSi, amitom yvelam Tavisi va-

li muxlCauxreli SromiT unda moixados (am SemTxvevaSi me gaubraloe-

biT vsaubrob). amiT protestantizmma kapitalisturi sistema Seqmna, yo-

veli SemTxvevisaTvis, kapitalis ideis formirebaze iqonia gavlena.

kaTolikuri sistema miwyiv modificirebaSia, mudmiv ZiebaSia, mate-

rialuri resursebis samarTliani ganawilebis modelisa da socialuri

struqturis optimaluri variantis Seqmnas cdilobs. magram Tuki Cven

obieqturebi viqnebiT, SevniSnavT, rom politekonomiis, marqsizmisa da

socialuri politikis sferoSi kaTolike ber-monazonTa da RvTismet-

yvelTa fundamenturi naSromebis miuxedavad, saboloo koncefcia ka-

TolicizmSi SemuSavebuli ar aris. arsebobs dokumentebis nakrebi sa-

kaxa qecbaia

300

xelwodebiT `socialuri doqtrina.~

axla ki imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba am mxriv marTlamadideblobaSi.

CvenSi eklesia, rogorc adamianTa organizacia, gavlenian rols sazoga-

doebaSi mxolod petre pirvelamde asrulebda. mas mTavrul, didmTav-

rul da monarqiul struqturasTan hqonda saqme. maSin ZiriTadi idea

TaTrobis, anarqiisa da qaosisadmi RvTiv cxebuli erTiani, centralize-

buli xelisuflebis dapirispirebaSi mdgomareobda. oqros urdos piro-

bebSi moskovis samefos Seqmna namdvilad aucilebeli iyo. magram, miaq-

cieT yuradReba, eklesias `madloba~ ar uTxres: fexze wamodgomisTana-

ve mefis xelisuflebam eklesiis sityva ukuagdo. am SemTxvevaSi me isto-

riasac ar mivmarTav, ubralod, gagaxsenebT films `ivane mrisxane~. Tum-

ca filmi mTlianad yalbia, magram iq aris aseTi momenti: ivane mrisxanes

mefed kurTxevisas mitropoliti makari cdilobs mas raRac uTxras, is

ki mas zedac ar uyurebs. iq kidev naCvenebia ivane mrisxanesa da mitropo-

lit filipes Soris, romelic man sapyrobileSi Caamwyvdia da moaSTo,

arsebuli uTanxmoeba. mitropoliti filipe teroris winaaRmdeg gamo-

dioda. is im pirobiT dasTanxmda mitropolitobas, rom `Txovnis ufle-

ba~ eqneboda. `Txovna~ _ es Suamdgomlobaa patimarTaTvis. sargeblobda

ra mefis zepiri dapirebiT, filipem udanaSauloTa dacvas mihyo xeli.

cnobilia, Tu riTi damTavrda misi `Txovna.~ es, saerTod, monarqiis po-

litika iyo. swored romanovebs Soris erT-erTi pirveli patriarqi ni-

koni iqna ganyenebuli, imitom rom mefes eCveneboda, TiTqos is Zalauf-

lebas itacebda, _ masac xom didi mTavris saxeliT moixseniebdnen... ase

ingreoda eklesia, rogorc socialuri Zala, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis,

igi moSorebuli iyo socialur saqmianobas. amitom, bunebrivia, is arc

cdilobda sakuTari socialuri doqtrinis SemuSavebas. mxolod rusi

religiuri filosofosebi, CaadaeviT dawyebuli, Semdeg soloviovi,

berdiaevi, franki da sxvebi cdilobdnen garkveuli gonieri modelis

warmodgenas, magram, mkacrad Tu vityviT, es ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos mar-

Tlmadidebeli eklesiis socialur doqtrinad.

ase rom, amJamad Cven socialuri doqtrinebi ar gvaqvs. Tuki rame

darCa tradiciidan, es monowesrigis SenarCunebis ideaa, imitom rom me-

fis reJimis damxobisTanave eklesia daibna (Tumca eklesia am reJims bo-

rotebasTan aigivebda). albaT, piradad mefeebs ar surdaT borotebis

eklesia (me mxedvelobaSi maqvs XIX saukunis mefeebi), magram sakmarisia

imis Tqma, rom nikoloz I-ma bibliis gamocema akrZala. arqimandriti ma-

kari gluxarevi, altaeli misioneri, iTxovda amis nebarTvas. is sakuTar

Targmanebs agzavnida dedaqalaqSi, imperatoris saxelze werda, rom ar

SeiZleba RvTis sityvis gareSe xalxis datoveba, rom slavur enas ukve

religiis sociologia

301

ver igeben da a. S. mas ar pasuxobdnen. ai, maSin man dawera: `TqvenTvis co-

taa 14 dekemberi, wyaldidoba peterburgSi~. arqimandriti dasajes. ru-

sul eklesias taZrebi sWirdeboda, nikoloz II ki ar iZleoda maTi agebis

nebarTvas; taZris ageba mxolod Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg moxer-

xda. jer kidev bizantiaSi saxelmwifo Zalze magrad ebRauWeboda socia-

lur cxovrebas, riTac saeklesio cxovrebis paralizebas axdenda. ekle-

siis saukeTeso Zalebi tovebdnen sazogadoebas. poetebi, mwerlebi,

RvTismetyvelebi qalaqebidan monastris kedlebisaken mirbodnen, bere-

bi xdebodnen. am berebs SemdgomSi hqondaT saxelmwifosTan Sexebis mo-

mentebi, magram es iSviaTad xdeboda, vTqvaT, xatmebrZoluri krizisebis

dros. ruseTSi mTliani kontroli iyo da amitomac aranairi aucilebe-

li socialuri doqtrina Cven ar gvaqvs, magram gvaqvs memkvidreoba, ro-

melic dagvitoves Caadaevma, zenkovskim, loskim da, gansakuTrebiT, fe-

dotovma _ cnobilma istorikosma, romelmac erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli

socialuri koncefcia Seqmna. U

monarqiul struqturas zoologiuri warmomavloba aqvs. mglis

xrovas, spiloebis jogs, irmebs da mraval sxva cocxal arsebas winam-

ZRolebi marTaven. monarqia qcevis am meqanizmebis memkvidrea, demokra-

tia ki specifikur-adamianuri da ufro gviandeli movlenaa. SesaZlebe-

lia, rom Cven swored amgvari procesebis zRurblze vimyofebiT. XIX sau-

kuneSi gveCveneboda, rom evropuli demokratia TavisTavad yvavis da

yvelgan progress nergavs, Tumca amJamad yvelaferi Seicvala. aviRoT,

vTqvaT, indoeTi. marTalia, ingliselebma, maTi mmarTvelobis arasrul-

yofilebis miuxedavad, mainc moaxerxes induri sazogadoebis demokra-

tiul znesTan ziareba, magram iq sruliad gansxvavebuli wes-Cveulebani

mainc darCa. iq ukmayofilebaa. iq gandebis, neruidebis dinastiaa mar-

Tvis saTaveSi. iq Zvel tradiciebs ar daukargavT TavianTi mniSvneloba.

me amas imitom vambob, rom Cven Semwynareblebi unda viyoT da ar unda

vfiqrobdeT, TiTqos Cvens dros moxdeba raRac gansakuTrebuli saswau-

lebi da cvlilebebi. wylis wveTi qvas xvrets, procesebi nela mimdinare-

obs.

demokratiis arsi SerigebaSi mdgomareobs, rodesac adamians sxva

adamianis SexedulebaTa mosmena ZaluZs, rodesac sxva adamianis pozici-

is gageba SeuZlia, roca is Semwynarebelia sxva adamianTa gemovnebisa da

Tvalsazrisebisadmi. demokratia aqedan iwyeba. CvenSi demokratiuli

moZraobis wevrebad wodebuli adamianebi sinamdvileSi fsiqologiiT

diqtatorebi iyvnen. maTTan Sexebisas me davrwmundi, Tu ramdenad ucxoa

maTTvis demokratiis cneba. demokratia _ es fsiqologiaa. am yvavils

xangrZlivi movla sWirdeba. demokratia sulieri struqturis umaRlesi

kaxa qecbaia

302

gamovlinebaa, romlis ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi misgan sazogadoebisaT-

vis sasargeblo ram gamova, xolo sazogadoebis struqturis gardaqmni-

dan, misi gademokratiulebidan, maSin rodesac xalxi totalitaruli

fsiqologiis matarebelia, araferi gamova. Tuki adamiani sulierad iz-

rdeba, totalitarizmisaken midrekileba klebulobs. Tu is primitiu-

lia, maSin is totalitarizmisaken iqneba midrekili.

Cven Tavisufali sulis nayofi unda gamoviRoT da mis mimdevarT

unda gadavceT is. hiuigensis principiT: rodesac ecema wveTi, misgan

rgolebi cviva, yoveli rgolidan sxva rgolebi warmoiqmneba da a. S.

usasrulod. sinamdvileSi, did populaciaSi, rogorc biologiaSi ityvi-

an, yvelaferia, Cven swored didi populacia varT, romelSic yvelafe-

ria. yoveli mimarTulebis Canasaxi masSi ixarSeba.

bibliografia da SeniSvnebi

• marTlmadideblobis socialur koncefciaze saubrisas al. mens,

pirvel rigSi, mxedvelobaSi rusuli marTlmadidebloba aqvs, romelTan

mimarTebaSi mas mTeli rigi seriozuli SeniSvnebi gaaCnia. al. menis az-

riT, eklesiurobis is tipi, romliTac misi Tanamedrove rusuli eklesi-

uroba gamoirCeva, Semdegi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba: a) `obriadoverie~ _ mo-

weseoba; b) obskurantizmi; g) konformizmi; d) uunaroba xalxis moTxov-

nebis sapasuxod; e) TviTkmayofileba da Caketiloba, romelic yovelive

`saeros~ amreziT uyurebs da orientacias arqaul formebze akeTebs; v)

saxarebisa da wminda werilisagan mowyveta, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi

eklesiaSi mosulTa imedgacruebas iwvevs, rac rwmenis surogatebisaken

(parafsiqologia, okultizmi, ioga da a. S) maT mibrunebas uwyobs xels;

z) gerontofilia. rusuli eklesiis amgvari daxasiaTeba al. mens Sem-

dgomSi Zvirad (sicocxlis fasadac ki) daujda.

• al. meni ewinaaRmdegeba mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos pro-

testanobasTan SedarebiT marTlmadidebloba moklebulia srulyofil

socialur koncefcias. misi azriT, amgvari Sexeduleba, erTi mxriv, mar-

Tlmadideblobis arsSi gaurkvevlobis Sedegia da, meore mxriv, am yve-

laferSi arademokratiuli politikuri cxovrebaa damnaSave, risi ga-

mocdileba ruseTs ar gaaCnia. al. menisTvis aqtiuri socialuri saqmia-

nobisagan da politikuri cxovrebisagan eklesiis ganyeneba miuRebelia,

Tumca gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom rusul sinamdvileSi aseTi ram is-

toriulad ar arsebobda. ruseTs ar aqvs demokratiuli cxovrebis tra-

diciebi da, Sesabamisad, naTlad Camoyalibebuli marTlmadideblobis

socialuri koncefciac.

religiis sociologia

303

`ra mimarTulebiTac ar unda waviyvanoT gamokvlevebi, yvelgan

umaRlesi Semoqmedi gonis, RmerTis brZnuli Canafiqris moqmedebis

utyuar sabuTebs wavawydebiT...~

C. laieli

• marTlmadideblobis socialuri koncefcia adamianis sulieri

struqturidan momdinareobs da misi umaRlesi qmnileba demokratiaa _

specifikuri adamianuri movlena, romelic Serigebas, araZaladobas,

mimteveblobas, sxvebis poziciebis gagebas, gansxvavebuli rwmenis adami-

anebisadmi Semwynareblobas gulixmobs. menis mixedviT, amgvarad gagebu-

li demokratia fsiqologia, ufroa vidre politikuri wyobis forma.

A amonaridi al. menis wignidan `sikvdil-sicocxlis saidumlo~

Tb., 20013. gam. `meridiani~, (k. qecbaias Targmani).

kaxa qecbaia

304

`sazogadoebis mTavari SemakavSirebeli Zala religiaa.~

frensis bekoni

XV leqcia

Tema: religiis momavlis sakiTxi

klasikur da Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi


religiis momavali, religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia, sazoga-

doebis desakralizacia, kvazireligiuroba, Teizmis krizisi, àdamia-

nis sikvdili~, virtualuri religia.

Sesavali

religiis sociologiaSi misi fuZemdeblebis (diurkemisa da vebe-

ris) droidan moyolebeluli yovelTvis aqtualuri iyo sakiTxi religi-

is momavlis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare mTelma rigma

globalurma procesebma religiis momavlis Sesaxeb sakiTxs ufro meti

simwvave da aqtualoba SesZines da igi erT-erT yvelaze metad sakamaTo

sakiTxad iqca.

religiis sociologiis, rogorc religiis Semswavleli mecnieru-

li disciplinis, daniSnulebaSi impliciturad igulisxmeba misi Sesas-

wavli sagnis perspeqtivaSi danaxva da momavlis prognozireba. miT ufro

maSin, rodesac religiasTan dakavSirebiT dRes Seqmnili viTareba ram-

denadme sagangaSoa.

dRes ukve yvelasagan aRiarebuli faqtia da siaxle amaSi araferia,

rom kacobrioba postklasikur epoqaSi imyofeba, rac klasikuri Rirebu-

lebebis devalvacias niSnavs. Esakacobrio kulturaSi am procesis dawye-

bis mauwyebeli fridrix nicSe iyo. man erT-erTma pirvelma auwya kacob-

riobas `RmerTis sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb. `RmerTis sikvdili~ àdamianis sik-

vdilsac~ niSnavda, magram fufunebas, komfortsa da yoveldRiur cxov-

rebiseul wvrilmanebs gamodevnebul kacobriobas maSin amisaTvis saTa-

nado yuradReba ar miuqcevia. sabolood ki yovelive imiT damTavrda,

rom `RmerTis mkvlelma~ kacobriobam àdamianic mokla.~ Tuki XX sauku-

nes `RmerTis sikvdilis~ damRa azis Sublze, XXI saukunisaTvis aseTi ram

àdamianis sikvdili~ iqneba (arsebuli realoba imdenad pesimisturi da

Semzaravia, rom TviT yvelaze did pesimists _ Sopenhauersac ki SeSur-

deboda aseT epoqaSi cxovreba). Seqmnili realobis yovelgvari dramati-

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305

zebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovelive es Zalze mtkivneulad aisa-

xeba religiis momavalze.

§1.religiis sociologiis klasikosebisa da Tanamedrove

warmomadgenleTa prognozebi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb

amJamad aravin ar davobs imaze, rom globalizaciis procesis para-

lelurad sazogadoebis axali tipis _ transformirebadi sazogadoebis

Camoyalibeba xdeba, sadac yvela socialuri instituti cvlilebas ga-

nicdis. magaliTad, bolo aswleulSi Seicvala kultura, ekonomika, po-

litika, RirebulebaTa sistema da savaraudoa, rom yovelive amis msgav-

sad Seicvleba sazogadoebis religiuri cxovreba. Tanamedrove sazoga-

doebaSi, romelic maRal teqnologiebsa da samyaros mecnierul midgo-

mas eyrdnoba, religiis rolis ukana planze gadaweva moxda, ramac (kla-

sikuri religiis sociologiis msgavsad) Tanamedrove religiis socio-

logia religiis gaqrobaze aalaparaka. robert belas TqmiT, globali-

zaciam gamoiwvia `samoqalaqo religiis~ gaCena. romelic kvazireligiu-

ri loialurobaa, sadac moqalaqeoba religiur Seferilobas iRebs. yo-

velive es postkonfesiuri sazogadoebis warmoSobas uwyobs xels. soci-

ologebis mixedviT, am tipis sazogadoebaSi wina planze wamoiweva eleq-

tronuli, e. w. kibereklesiis cneba, romelic saboloo jamSi `virtualu-

ri religiurobis~ sawyisad moiazreba. am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis gan-

viTarebis magistralur xazs `sakraluridan saerosaken,~ `zesTasoflu-

ridan amsoflurisaken~ svla warmoadgens, romlis drosac sakraluri

sul ufro metad knindeba da saboloo jamSi desakralizebul sazogado-

ebas viRebT. am yovelives sekularizaciis procesi udevs safuZvlad,

romelsac Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi, arcTu usafuZvlod,

modernizaciis process ukavSireben. `virtualuri religiiis~ cnebas-

Tan erTad religiis sociologiaSi kidev erTi axali termini _ `reli-

giuri inovaciebi~ Semovida.

Tanamedrove religiis sociologiis mTavari, centraluri kiTxve-

bia: marTla aqvs Tu ara adgili religiis rolis dakninebas Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi? Tuki es asea da religia sazogadoebaze Tavis mniSvnelo-

basa da gavlenas marTlac kargavs, maSin rogori iqneba am procesis sabo-

loo finali? xom ar mivdivarT ureligio sazogadoebisaken? perspeqti-

vaSi es yvelaferi e. w. axali religiebis warmoSobiT unda damTavrdes?

Tu piriqiT moxdeba, _ yovelive es sapirispiro reaqcias gamoiwvevs da

tradiciuli religiebi axal garemoSi axali energiiT Seivsebian da sis-

xlsavse cxovrebas daiwyeben. Ees kiTxvebi realuria, radaganac realuria

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306

sazogadoebis transformaciis daCqarebuli tempi. mTavari kiTxva ki

aseTia: Tuki kultura iqca maskulturad, igive xom ar emuqreba religi-

asac? miT ufro maSin, rodesac, bodriaris sityvebiT Tu vityviT, Tana-

medrove kultura nagvis warmoebad, xolo adamiani lamisaa nagvad iqces.

am kiTxvebze pasuxi drois moTxovnaa. es aris is gamowveva, romlis

winaSec religiis sociologia aRmoCnda dRes. am kiTxvebs, romlis das-

mac ki religiuri TvalsazrisiT mkrexelobaa, pasuxebi sWirdeba. tradi-

ciul religiebs masze sakuTari pasuxi momzadebuli aqvT. sxva saqmea,

Tu ras amboben amis Sesaxeb im mecnieruli disciplinis warmomadgenle-

bi, romelTa uSualo profesiuli saqmianoba religiis Seswavlaa. am Sem-

TxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom religiis momavlis sa-

kiTxis Teoriuli analizi sociologiaSi empiriul masalasa da faqteb-

zea damyarebuli.

religiaze pirdapir Tu arapirdapir mTeli rigi faqtorebi axde-

nen gavlenas. esenia: kultura, ganaTleba, mecniereba da teqnika, mora-

lur-eTikuri normebi, politikuri cxovreba da ekonomika; am sferoebSi

mimdinare procesebi kidev ufro amwvaveben religiis momavlis sakiTxs,

amitom saboloo jamSi sakiTxi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb zogadad sazo-

gadoebis momavlis Sesaxeb sakiTxis erT-erTi ZiriTadi segmentia. Tu

religias ara aqvs momavali, maSin sazogadoebasac ar hqonia momavali da

piriqiT.

istoriulad pirveli prognozi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb socio-

logiis mamas, konts ekuTvnis. kontis prognoziT, momavlis sazogadoe-

baSi religia mecnierebas unda Caenacvlebina. Ees azri azrovnebis isto-

riaSi karga xans batonobda, XIX saukunis bolodan moyolebuli XX sau-

kunis Sua xanebis CaTvliT. misi sayovelTaod cnobili mimdevrebi soci-

ologiaSi pozitivizmis sxva warmomadgenlebTan erTad ernst maxi da

bertran raseli iyvnen. maTi azriT, mecniereba kacobriobas bednierebas

moutanda. Tumca gulis siRrmeSi am debulebis sisworeSi Tavis droze

kontsac eWvi epareboda. miuxedavad amisa, man, rogorc sociologma,

icoda, rom sazogadoebas yovelTvis sWirdeba raRac ideali, romelic

mis wevrebSi altruizmsa da sulgrZelobas aRZravs. swored msgavsi ke-

TilSobiluri paTosiT iyo motivirebuli misi pozitiuri religia. kon-

tis prognozi ar gamarTlda. igi misi msgavsi sxva ideebis darad Tavidan-

ve uperspeqtivo iyo, radganac religiis Seqmna xelovnurad SeuZlebe-

lia. Cans, es Cveulebriv mokvdavTa Zalebs aRemateba. garda amisa, cxov-

rebam aCvena, rom mecnierebam araTu ver gaxada adamiani bednieri, piri-

qiT, mas mTeli rigi ubedurebebi da tragediebi moutana. axla ukve yve-

lasaTvis sanukvari mecniereba gaxda Tavsatexi. Kkontis idea mxolod

religiis sociologia

307

erT punqtSi aRmoCnda warmatebuli; kerZod, man aCvena sazogadoebisaT-

vis religiis aucilebloba. kontis Secdomaze religiis sociologiis

ufro didma warmomadgenelma diurkemma miuTiTa. man aRniSna is, rac

konts mxedvelobidan gamorCa _ es aris is, rom religia adamianis gac-

nobierebuli, inteleqtualuri saqmianobis Sedegs arasodes ar warmo-

adgens, rom misi Semoqmedi Zalebi adamianisaTvis ucnobia. igi TavisTa-

vad Cndeba, rogorc adamianis socialuri cxovrebis dasawyisi da garan-

ti. religiis racionaluri proeqtirebis faqti istoriaSi yovelTvis

warumateblad mTavrdeboda, radganac masSi racionalurs iracionalu-

ri sWarbobs yovelTvis.

religiis gaqrobaze marqsistuli socialuri Teoriac saubrobda.

marqsi religias gaucxoebis Sedegad da `yalbi cnobierebis~ formad mi-

iCnevda, Tumca religiis sociologiuri analizi marqsTan calmxrivi

iyo. igi saTanadod ver afasebda religiis rols sazogadoebaSi. marqsis-

tuli religiis sociologia utopiuri Teoria iyo, romlis mcdaroba da

utopiuroba kargad gamoCnda CvenSi marqsistuli ideologiis kraxis

epoqaSi. religiis gaqrobamde ufro adre religiis araTu marqsistuli

Teoria, saerTod, marqsizmi gaqra.

marqsis Semdeg veberma SemogvTavaza dafiqreba imaze, arsebobs Tu

ara iseTi socialuri funqcia, romelSic religia Seucvlelia. am sakiT-

xis sociologiuri analizis Sedegad man daaskvna, rom religiis gareSe

adamians gauZneldeba sakuTari cxovrebis kritikuli gaazreba; misTvis

religia yovelTis axal sazrisebs Sobs; veberis mixedviT, religia radi-

kaluri socialuri cvlilebebis potencialis mqonea (igulisxmeba pro-

testantizmi). sakraluris dakargvis Teoriis avtoric veberia. is miiC-

nevda, rom teqnologiisa da biurokratiis batonoba Tanamedrove sazo-

gadoebaSi adamianis cnobierebasa da miswrafebebs pragmatuli intere-

sebiT gansazRvravs da komfortze zrunviT sazogadoebis iseT tips

qmnis, romelSic yovelive winaswar dadgenili da gansazRvrulia. am Sem-

TxvevaSi religiurobasTan erTad maRali idealebisaken swrafva, mSveni-

erebis trfiali da heroikuli aRmafrena ikargeba. am procesis aRsaniS-

navad man `ganjadoebis~ cneba Semoitana. amjerad igi religiasa da Tana-

medrove cnobierebas Soris konfliqtis cnebidan amodioda da, kontis

msgavsad religiaze am ukanasknelis gamarjveba iwinaswarmetyvela. Tana-

medrove sazogadoebaSi religiis rolis dakninebas veberi samyaros ra-

cionaluri xedvis mier banaluri utilitarizmis damkvidrebaSi xedavs,

rac religiis mxridan racionalurobis hipertrofirebiT gamowveuli

sulieri avadmyofobis sindromad aRiqmeba.

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308

religiis momavlis Sesaxeb klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebis

mxridan aseTi arasaxarbielo prognozebis miuxedavad religia Cveul

ritmSi agrZelebs Tavis arsebobas. is ki ara, piriqiT, XX saukuneSi mTe-

li rigi qveynebi (mag., saqarTvelo) religiuri renesansiTac gamoirCevi-

an, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom sakraluris arseboba grZeldeba, rac so-

ciologebs aZlevs imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom religia gansakuTrebuli

fenomenia, romelic ama Tu im formiT adamianTa cxovrebaSi yovelTvis

monawileobs. amaze mianiSnebda diurkemi, rodesac ambobda, rom religi-

aSi maradiulia davanebuli; rom religia iluzia da samyaros yalbi xed-

va ki ara aris, aramed sxva socialur institutebTan SedarebiT yvelaze

metad cocxali realobaa, romlis gaTanabreba mecnierebasTan an ideo-

logiasTan ar SeiZleba miuxedavad imisa, rom ideologiur momentebs re-

ligia garkveulwilad Seicavs. religiisadmi diurkemis mimarTeba, miu-

xedavad misi pozitiuri Sinaarsisa, religiur adamians ar moewoneba,

radganac igi religiis sociologiur gagebas iZleva, rac imas niSnavs,

rom religia diurkemisaTvis sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac igi adami-

anebSi socialuri energiis aRmZvrelia; diurkems, rogorc sociologs,

religia ainteresebs imitom, rom igi masSi adamianis sociumis wevrad ma-

formirebel mZlavr faqtors xedavs (saerTod, unda iqvas, rom mecniere-

bisa da religiis dapirispirebam religiis sociologiis SesaZlebloba-

ze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia, magram mas Semdeg, rac es dapirispireba

moixsna da codnisa da rwmenis tolpirveladoba aRiarebul iqna, SesaZ-

lebeli gaxda ufro Tamami saubari religiis sociologiis Sesaxeb. dRes

igi dargobriv sociologiur disciplinebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze me-

tad saintereso da gamorCeulia ara marto Tavisi sagniT, aramed imiT,

rom masSi erTmaneTs xvdebian saero, samoqalaqo da zesaero, zesamoqa-

laqo Rirebulebebi. igi miwierisa da zeciuris Sexvedris adgilia).

veberis msgvsad, diurkemic amCnevda sazogadoebis mimarTulebis

gezs da amitomac miaCnda, rom tradiciuli religiebi ver pasuxoben an

ar Seesabamebian Tanamedrove adamianisa da sazogadoebis socialur ga-

mocdilebas. amitom varaudobda, rom samomavlod maTi transformacia

gardauvali iqneba. axali tipis sazogadoebas, diurkemis azriT, axali

religia dasWirdeba. Tuki es asea, maSin religiis momavlis Sesaxeb sakiT-

xi, diurkemis mixedviT, sxva rakursiT unda iqnes dasmuli. kerZod, Se-

saZlebelia Tu ara sazogadoeba religiis gareSe? Tuki religias diur-

kemiseburad gavigebT, maSin am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTi iqneba, magram

sakraluris arseboba ZalaSi darCeba, radganac sazogadoebas wminda,

sakraluri sagnebis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia. sakraluris moTxovna

yovelTvis iqneba. oRond daZleuli aRmoCndeba is RmerTi, romelsac

religiis sociologia

309

tradiciuli religia gvTavazobda (bonxeferi). religiis sociologiis

did warmomadgenels sociumis saidumloebaTa gasaRebis Ziebis proces-

Si mxedvelobidan gamorCa umTavresi ram _ is, rom WeSmariti religia da

religiuri rwmena yovelTvis axali da Tanamedrovea. vxedavT, rom tra-

diciuli religiebis arseboba faqtia. aqedan gamomdinare, Zneli ar aris

Tqma imisa, rom garkveuli azriT kontis, diurkemis, marqsisa da veberis

klasikuri Teoriebi religiis Sesaxeb araswori iyo da rom religia ma-

radiulia.

miuxedavad amisa, mainc rCeba problemaTa rigi, romelic religiis

momavlis sakiTxs negatiur WrilSi warmoaCens. aseTia tilixis mosazre-

ba Teizmis krizisis Sesaxeb. is, rasac tilixi Teizmis kriziss eZaxis, ve-

beris mier miniSnebuli sulieri da socialuri cxovrebis racionaliza-

ciis Sedegia. miuxedavad amisa, es procesebi religiis arsebobas realur

safrTxes ver uqmnian. am sakiTxze yuradRebas amaxvilebs p. Bbergeric

(amerikeli sociologi, socialur-konstruqtivistuli mimarTulebis

warmomadgeneli Tanamedrove sociologiaSi, bostonis universitetis

kulturis, religiisa da msoflio problemebis kvlevis institutis

xelmZRvaneli). misi azriT, religiam kargad auRo alRo Tanamedrove sa-

zogadoebriv progress. masSi TviTgadarCenis instinqtma imZlavra da

igi kargad Seewyo Tanamedrove sazogadoebas (p. bergers am SemTxvevaSi

kaTolicizmi da protestantizmi aqvs mxedvelobaSi). bergeris sityve-

biT rom vTqvaT, religia kargad mezoblobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebas-

Tan. es niSnavs imas, rom igi am sazogadoebis wevrebis mxolod piradi

cxovrebiT Semoifargleba da uwindeli centraluri, `universumis ma-

konstruirebeli~ institutis funqcia dakarguli aqvs. rac Seexeba sa-

xelmwifos mxridan zewolas, es xdeba maSin, rodesac saxelmwifos reli-

gia sakuTari legitimurobis garantad dasWirdeba da a. S. anu religia

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mxolod formalurad arsebobs, rogorc sa-

muzeumo eqsponati, radganac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval

eTnosi, kultura da saxelmwifo religiur sazriss TandaTan kargaven.

Tumca es religiis dasasruls ar niSnavs. Tanamedrove sociologebis

azriT, es religiis tradiciuli formebis finals moaswavebs mxolod.

rodesac sociologebi religiis momavalze saubroben, maT sxva-

dasxvanairad esmiT religiis cneba. klasikuri religiis sociologiis

warmomadgenlebs religiis tradiciuli gageba aqvT mxedvelobaSi. re-

ligiis sociologiis Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis gageba ki tradiciulisa-

gan ramdenadme gansxvavebulia, radganac, raoden sakamaToc ar unda

iyos, isini miiCneven, rom Tanamedrove sekularizebul sazogadoebaSi

demokratiis, pluralizmis, Tavisuflebisa da msgavsi sabazo Rirebule-

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310

bebis zeobis pirobebSi RmerTi tiranis saxiT warmodgeba da adgili aqvs

religiurobis monopolizebas (magaliTad, g.zimeli). g. zimelis mixed-

viT, sakiTxi Semdegnairad dgas: droTa ganmavlobaSi tradiciuli reli-

giebi ver SeZleben TavianTi Rirebulebebis konservacias, rac sazoga-

doebis desakralizacias ki ara, Teizmis kriziss moaswavebs. misi azrebi

am SemTxvevaSi tilixis azrebs emTxveva, romelic religiis momavals

`Teizmis miRma~ xedavs, es ki tradiciuli religiis e. w. samoqalaqo re-

ligiad gadaqcevas niSnavs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religiuroba

maskulturis nawilad iqceva da aseTi Teizmi aTeizmze uaresi SeiZleba

iyos. tilixis prognoziT, sabolood, religiuri rwmena ganiZarcveba

religiuri samoselisagan da rCeba rwmena, romelsac sakuTari sxeuli _

eklesia, kulti, Teologia ara aqvs. aseTia religiis aratradiciuli,

Tanamedrove gageba, rac albaT Zneli wamosadgenia.

tilixis mier XX saukunis SuaxanebSi amgvarad warmodgenili reli-

giuri rwmenis sociologiuri portreti aratradiciuli religiebis sa-

xiT mogvca r. belam. Mmis wignSi `gulis Cvevebi. individualizmi da `ko-

mintmenti~ amerikul cxovrebaSi~ religia warmodgenilia, rogorc

aSS-is sajaro cxovrebis erT-erTi rigiTi struqturuli elementi,

romlis meSveobiTac amerikelebi sakuTari Temis cxovrebaSi arian Car-

Tulni. religiis am Tanamedrove mkvlevris daskvna aseTia: Tanamedrove

amerikul sazogadoebaSi religiis roli sxva institutebis msgavsad ar-

sebiTad Seicvala. aq saqme religiis rolis dakninebas ki ar Seexeba mxo-

lod. religiuri doqtrinebis mniSvnelobis dakargva xom religiis aR-

sasrulis tolfasia! amerikuli sazogadoebis transformaciis parale-

lurad transformacias ganicdis religiac, rasac religiisaTvis socia-

luri sivrcis SezRudva mohyva Tan. morwmune amerikelis azriT, misi ur-

TierToba RmerTTan religiuri identobis farglebs gareT gadis. ami-

saTvis igi saWirod ar miiCnevs romelime religiis aRmsarebeli iyos.

amerikeli sociologebis azriT, es religiisa da religiurobis ultra-

Tanamedrove safexuria, rasac isini postTanamedrove safexurs uwode-

ben. Maqamde amerikulma sazogadoebam religiuri progresis `adreTana-

medrove~ safexuri gaiara. amitom isini erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben ma-

RalganviTarebuli da ganviTarebis gzaze Semdgari qveynebis religiebs.

postTanamedrove safexurze Tu ra saxes miiRebs religia, amerikeli so-

ciologebis azriT, bevrad aris damokidebuli im sociokulturul

transformaciaze, romelsac Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ganicdis. am Sem-

TxvevaSi tradiciul religiebs gauWirdebaT arseboba. Aamerikeli soci-

ologis, fenomenologiuri sociologiis fuZemdeblis a. Siucis azriT

ki, am tipis sazogadoebaSi religias mxolod pirovnuli xasiaTi eqneba

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311

da meti araferi. sxva viTarebaa ganviTarebad qveynebSi. Aaq tradiciuli

religiebi, grZnoben ra mosalodnel safrTxes, SeZlebisdagvarad ib-

rZvian sakuTari identobis SesanarCuneblad, Tumca aqac dawyebulia is-

toriulidan `adreTanamedrove~ religiiisaken svlis procesebi, oRond

am qveynebSi Tanamedrove uaxlesi teqnologiebis sazogadoebriv cxov-

rebaSi CarTvis done Zalze dabalia. aq mxolod msgavs tendenciebTan an

kidev sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis donesTan Seusabamod

msgavsi teqnologiebis brma, gauazrebel eqsportTan gvaqvs saqme. miuxe-

davad amisa, am qveynebSi religia jer kidev ar Tmobs sakuTar poziciebs

da sakuTari Tavis gadarCenas Tanamedrove sazogadoebis moTxovnebTan

adaptaciis unaris gamomuSavebiT cdilobs. am SemTxevaSi pirveli rigis

amocanaa sekularizaciisa da modernizaciis procesis gadalaxva an mas-

Tan gamklaveba, misTvis saTanado alternativebis monaxva da a. S.

sainteresoa agreTve cnobili socialuri futurologis, skanda-

luri wignis _ `momavlis Sokis~ avtoris e. tofleris prognozi religi-

is momavalTan dakavSirebiT, romelic am tipis sxva mkvlevrebis progno-

zebisagan gansxvavaebiT optimisturi da damaimedebelia. tofleris az-

riT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis siswrafe da Ta-

visuflebis maRali xarisxi adamianTaTvis Sokis momgvreli iqneba. amas

is `momavlis Soks~ uwodebs. mis wignSi detaluradaa gaanalizebuli war-

moudgeneli masStabis is transformacia, romelic adamianisa da sazoga-

doebis TiTqmis arcerT kuTxe-kunWuls ar tovebs xeluxleblad. erTa-

derTi gamonaklisi am totalur da yovlismomcvel procesSi aris reli-

gia, romelic Tavis myofadobas kvlavac inarCunebs da, Sesabamisad, misi

momavalic naTliT mosilia.

§2.religiuri cxovrebis virtualizaciis Sesaxeb

(Jan bodriari)

`virtualuri religiiis~ cneba `virtualuri sazogadoebisa~ da

`virtualuri adamianis~ cnebebTanaa kavSirSi. im mraval saWirboroto

sakiTxTagan, romelic religiis momavalTan aris dakavSirebuli, erT-

erTi axali teqnologiebia, romelic _ Tavis mxriv, postmodernuli re-

alobis arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia imdenad, ramdenadac saubaria indus-

triuli teqnologiis mniSvnelobis Canacvlebaze informaciul-sakomu-

nikacio teqnologiebiT, rac, TavisTavad, arsebuli realobis gaqrobas

niSnavs. mis adgils axali realoba ikavebs, romelic adamians Tanamedro-

ve teqnologiebiT _ televiziiT (ukve moZvelebuliT), socialuri qse-

lebiTa da kolosalurad gazrdili Tanamedrove mediasaSualebebiT mi-

kaxa qecbaia

312

ewodeba. imisaTvis, rom adamianma SeigrZnos sakuTari arseboba, is unda

arsebobdes am virtualur sivrceSi _ sakomunikacio ekranze, feisbuq-

ze, maisfeisze da a. S. postmodernist bodriaris mixedviT, Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi mediasaSualebebi, codnisa da garTobis industria bato-

nobs, romelmac industriuli sazogadoeba da misi RirebulebiTi samya-

ro Caanacvla. qseluri sazogadoeba niSnebis mwarmoebeli sistemebiT ma-

nipulirebs, romelic sakuTari Tavis garda sxvas arafers aRniSnavs. iq-

mneba iseTi totaluri virtualuri realoba, romelic simulaciaze,

TvalTmaqcobasa da mimbaZvelobazea damyarebuli. Ees aris axali sinam-

dvile, e. w. virtualuri realoba _ arsebuli sinamdvilis xelovnuri

asli, romelic ukve imdenad mniSvnelobs, rom namdvil sinamdviles azri

aqvs dakarguli. sociologiis enaze amas socialuris sikvdils eZaxian

(bodriari). amieridan adamiani simulirebulia _ namdvili adamianis

nacvlad saxezea misi simulacia. virtualur realobaSi adamiani mxo-

lod misi cifruli gamosaxulebis saxiT arsebobs, radganac erTaderTi

realoba zerealuri, virtualuri sivrcea, romelic sxva saxis realobas

gamoricxavs. faqtobrivad es is aris, rasac Cven `adamianis sikvdils~ vu-

wodebT.

Bbunebrivia, adamianisa da sazogadoebis virtualizacia religia-

sac Seexo. ris gamoc sociologebi SeSfoTdnen da religiis momavlis Se-

saxeb alaparakdnen. daiwyo msjeloba da cxare kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra

bedi elis religias postklasikur, virtualur sazogadoebaSi.

religiis momavlis Sesaxeb pesimistur da nihilistur warmodge-

nebs religiaze Tanamedrove, uaxlesi sainformacio teqnologiebis sul

ufro mzardi gavlena udevs safuZvlad. am mxriv religiis sferoSi mim-

dinare procesebis aRsaniSnavad religiis sociologiaSi mravali axali

termini gaCnda. maT Soris erT-erTi aw ukve SedarebiT moZvelebuli

termini televangelizmia, rac saxarebiseuli Temebis saqadageblad sa-

televizio da mediateqnologiebis gamoyenebas niSnavs, rac faqtobri-

vad evangelisturi praqtikis amerikul-protestantuli versiaa.

televangelizmis ultraTanamedrove versias am sferoSi inter-

netpraqtika warmoadgens. es yvelaze mtkivneul da sakamaTo sakiTxTa

rigs miekuTvneba dRes. mis Sesaxeb erTxel da samudamod Camoyalibebu-

li principuli pozicia araTu sociologebs, aramed tradiciuli reli-

giebis warmomadgenlebs Sorisac Znelad Tu moiZebneba. azrTa sxvadas-

xvaobaSi ori ZiriTadi poziciaa gamokveTili: erTni masSi religiis ar-

naxul transformacias, tradiciuli religiebis finalsa da `axali re-

ligiis~ _ e. w. virtualuri religiis dasawyiss xedaven, meoreni ki am

procesebSi religias veranair transformacias ver atyoben da mimdina-

religiis sociologia

313

re procesebs ganixilaven, mxolod rogorc komunikaciis, informaciis

gadacemis Tanamedrove saSualebaTa efeqtur gamoyenebas religiur

praqtikaSi.

am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, religiis momavlis Sesaxeb nihilisturi

sociologiuri Teoriebi saqmis viTarebas gangeb amuqeben anda, ubra-

lod rom vTqvaT, es yvelaferi maTi religiuri umecrebis Sedegia, Tum-

ca dRes ukve faqtia religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia, rac, Tavis

mxriv, mis momavls erTob pesimisturs xdis. TiTqos araferi sagangaSo

ar unda iyos imaSi, rom kompiuteruli teqnologiebi gamoyenebul iqnes

Tundac qadagebebisaTvis, magram saqmes arTulebs misi gamoyenebis mcde-

loba RvTaebrivi saidumloebebis Sesasruleblad. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs

aRsarebis saidumlo. misi virtualizacia, romelsac dRes aqvs adgili,

sruliad axali da gaugonari fenomenia. swored aqedan iRebs saTaves re-

ligiis finalobis problema. religiuri TvalsazrisiT rac ar unda miu-

Rebeli iyos, am teqnologias dRes ukve Tavisi momxmarebeli hyavs (amis

damadasturebel faqtebs dRes dainteresebuli mkiTxveli sociologiis

nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi ixilavs). mravali sxvadasxva programa arse-

bobs, romelTa meSveobiT Tundac binidan gausvlelad SesaZlebelia

virtualuri eqskursia msoflios nebismieri taZris dasaTvaliereblad.

daTvalierebas kidev ara uSavs ra, rom ara aqamde gaugonari iseTi faq-

ti, rogoricaa virtualuri sanTlis danTeba. religiuri gagebiT, es um-

Zimesi codvaa, radganac am SemTxvevaSi usisxlo msxverplSewirvis reli-

giuri aqtis SebRalvasTan gvaqvs saqme. magram desakralizebul sazoga-

doebaSi, sadac `religia specefeqti gaxda,~ aseTi ram savsebiT realu-

ria.

informaciuli sivrce adamianis sulieri cxovrebis mxolod da

mxolod zedapiruli garsia, amitom virtualuri da kibereklesia versa-

odes ver Secvlis namdvil taZars. is realuri taZris parodia da simu-

laciaa mxolod. erTxelac iqneba adamiani gamoaRwevs am simulaciisa da

virtualuri realobis tyveobidan da isev miubrundeba maradiul WeSma-

ritebasa da namdvil religiur rwmenas. fsevdoreligiisa da fsevdor-

wmenis iluziiT gaTanguls, etyoba, jer kidev didi gamocda elis win. di-

di mixvedra ar sWireba imas, rom xelovnurad Seqmnil, virtualur siv-

rceSi konstruirebul fsevdoreligias ara aqvs momavali da rom yovel-

gvari eqperimentebi am sferoSi imTaviTve dasaRupavad ganwirulia. re-

ligiuri cxovreba transcendentTan cocxali urTierTobaa, romelic

virtualizaciis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba. virtualuri eklesia verasodes

ver SeZlebs daexmaros Tundac im adamians, romelsac taZarSi siaruli

janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo uWirs. aseT adamians locvis gamZaf-

kaxa qecbaia

314

rebul survils virtualuri eklesia ver daukmayofilebs. rac Seexeba

aRsarebis internetiT miRebis novacias, SesaZlebelia es dasaSvebi iyos,

magram am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu rogor unda moevlos aR-

sarebis anonimurobis sakiTxs. garda amisa, es saxifaToc SeiZleba iyos,

miT ufro maSin, roca saqme adamianis sulier cxovrebas exeba, radganac

yovelive es im eqimis moqmedebas hgavs, romelsac avadmyofi TvaliT ar

unaxavs da ise uniSnavs mkurnalobas. aRsarebis funqcia marto codvaTa

miteveba rodia, amasTan erTad misi mizania adamiani xelaxla gaxados ek-

lesiis wevri. xolo iq, sadac eklesia ar aris, bunebrivia, masSi Sesvlis

survilic ar arsebobs. virtualuri eklesia, piriqiT, Trgunavs taZarSi

siarulis survils. is aukuRmarTebs namdvil religiur grZnobebs. ekle-

sia qristes sxeulia. imisaTvis, rom am sxeulis nawili gaxde, masTan coc-

xali kontaqtia saWiro, rasac internetaRsareba xels uSlis. rac Seexeba

qadagebasa da RvTis sityvis gavrcelebas, amisaTvis interneti kargi sa-

Sualeba SeiZleba iyos, magram qadageba xom mxolod mp3 formatis audio

an videoCanaweri ar aris, is RvTis cocxali sityvaa, romelic ambionidan

unda warmoiTqvas. garda amisa, internets sakuTari metyvelebis wesi

aqvs, romelic RvTismsaxurebis enas ar Seesabameba. amasTan religiis

cifruli gamosaxuleba xom absurdia da meti araferi.

am sakiTxebis analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is sayveduri, ro-

melsac Tanamedrove avtorebi klasikuri Teoriebis momxreTa misamar-

TiT gamoTqvamen. kerZod, postsekularul epoqaSi usafuZvloa sekula-

ruli sazogadoebis eniT metyveleba. es sayveduri, ra Tqma unda, gasaT-

valiswinebelia, magram ara religiis misamarTiT, radganac religia ma-

rad axali da marad cocxali fenomenia. igive sociologebis daskvnebiT,

veraferi ver Secvlis RmerTTan adamianis pirovnul mimarTebas, rome-

lic yvelaze kargad tradiciul religiur cxovrebaSia mocemuli, ami-

tom aseT viTarebaSi zogadi daskvna gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSire-

biT SeiZleba aseTi iyos: sazogadoebis transformaciis procesi faqtia,

magram religiuri TvalsazrisiT arc iseTi faqti, romelic msoflio

religiebis arsebobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebs.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis racionalizacia, virtualizacia da in-

teleqtis safuZvelze marTvis (qseluri ekonomika) moTxovna, savarau-

doa, rom tradiciul religiebSi bunebriv ukureaqcias gamoiwvevs da sa-

zogadoeba isev dadgeba iracoinalizmisa da mistikis moTxovnis winaSe.

es ki desakralizebul sazogadoebas isev maradiul RirebulebebTan da-

abrunebs, xels Seuwyobs masobrivi cnobierebis diskreditacias da yov-

lisSemZle gonebis moralur uZlurebas kidev ufro gamoaaSkaravebs.

religiis sociologia

315

Tanamedrove globalizaciuri procesebis paralelurad religias

sazogadoebasTan dialogis ufro meti saSualeba mieca. klasikuri Tu

araklasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebis mTeli rigi pesimisturi prog-

nozebis miuxedavad, misi momavali bed-iRbali didad aris damokidebuli

im adamianis zneobriv mdgomareobaze, romelic globaluri problemebi-

sa da gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. garda amisa sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom

Rirebulebebi, romlis sadarajozec tradiciuli religia imyofeba:

siyvaruli, mSvidoba, sasoeba da tolerantoba is zogadsakacobrio Ri-

rebulebebia, romelzec uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi TviT kacobriobis mo-

mavali dadgeba eWv qveS. am kuTxiT religiis momavali ufro optimistu-

ria, vidre amas Tanamedrove sociologebi winaswarmetyveleben. opti-

mizmis safuZvels iZleva agreTve Tanamedrove religiuri cnobierebis

Riaoba sazogadoebasTan da gansxvavebul kulturebTan mimarTebaSi. sa-

erosa da sasulieros Soris dialogi kargad exmianeba `planetaruli

cnobierebis~ eTikasa da solidarobis zogadsakacobrio ideas. calkeu-

li arerTgvarovani religiuri reaqciebi, romelTac adagili aqvs Tana-

medrove sazogadoebaSi, im winaaRmdegobaze mianiSnebs, romelic globa-

lizaciis manivelirebel procesebs sdevs Tan. Tuki met-naklebad mniS-

vnelovani faqtori, romelzec damokidebulia Tanamedrove sazogadoe-

ba, aris adamianis Rirseba _ dedamiwaze dRes mcxovrebi adamianisa, ma-

Sin religiis momavali damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ra zomis socialu-

rad mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans adamiani im samyaroSi, romelSic igi

cxovrobs. Amokled rom vTqvaT, es damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramde-

nad SeinarCunebs adamiani adamianobas.

kiTxvebi:

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara religiis sociologiis klasikosTa da Tana-

medrove warmomadgenlTa mosazrebebs religiis momavlis Sesaxeb?


• riT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan religiis sociologiis

klasikosTa da Tanamedrove warmomadgenlTa mosazrebi religiis mo-

mavlis Sesaxeb?

• Tqveni azriT, socialuri realobis virtualizaciis pirobeb-

SiE emuqreba Tu ara safrTxe religias da religiur rwmenas? (pasuxi

daasabuTeT).

D

kaxa qecbaia

316

davalebebi:

• moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: „religiuri cxovrebis virtua-

lizacia~.

• momazadeT essei Temaze: `sakraluris adgili da roli posmo-

dernistul sazogadoebaSi~.






sia).


5. J. bodriari. `simulirebulebi da simulaciebi~ JurnalSi `para-

leluri teqstebi,~ Tb., 1997. (gigi TevzaZis Targmani).

6. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gamowveva. iurgen habermasisa da io-

zef ratcingeris werilebi. (mTargmneli gia baramiZe). Tb., 2010.

7. k. qecbaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi: postTanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi religiuri cxovrebis virtualizaciiს kritiku-

li gaazrebisaTvis, Jurn. religia, #3. 2011.

8. k. qecbaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi: sazogadoebis

transformacia da religia, Jurn. religia, #4. 2010.



Tb., 2008.


2004.



6. Виртуальная религия. http:/www:ierei-karenev.ru/list/internet.html

7. Ж. Бодрийар. Америка. Санкт-Петербург. 2000.

8. Е. Тофлер. Шок Будущего. М. 2002.

religiis sociologia

317

Mmasala gansjisaTvis K

kaxa qecbaia

religiuri pluralizmis Sesaxeb

* * *

monizmisa da pluralizmis mravali forma arsebobs. esenia: onto-

logiuri, gnoseologiuri, politikuri, meTodologieri, moralur-

eTikuri, religiuri da a.S. monizmi da pluralizmi, romelTac sxvadas-

xva mniSvneloba da sxvadasxva Rirebuleba aqvT. magaliTad: gnoseolo-

giaSi, eTikaSi, religiasa da meToldologiaSi pluralizmi sruliad mi-

uRebelia. amis dasamtkiceblad Tundac protagoras gnoseologiuri

pluralizmi da winaqristianuli poliTeisturi pluralizmic kmara.

Tanamedrove epoqaSi ki meTodologiurma pluralizmma cnobili av-

stro-amerikeli filosofosi pol feierabendi ukidures relativizmam-

de, anarqizmsa da nihilizmamde miiyvana. amaze Sors wasvla namdvilad ar

SeiZleba, rac naTlad asaxavs pluralizmis mavneblobas am sferoSi. sul

sxva viTarebaa politikuri monizmisa da pluralizmis SemTxvevaSi. ka-

cobriobas politikuri monizmis mware gamocdileba axsovs; igi niSnavs

diqtaturas, tiranias, totalitarizms, SeuzRudav monarqias yvela Ta-

visi uaryofiTi SedegebiT. masTan SedarebiT demokratiuli wyobileba

pluralistulia da, maSasadame, politikuri pluralizmi ara marto mi-

saRebia, aramed aucilebelicaa sazogadoebis progresisaTvis.

monizmisa da pluralizmis sxvadasxva formebis erTmaneTSi aRreva

didi Secdomaa, romelmac SeiZleba absurdul mdgomareobamde migviyva-

nos.

* * *

pluralizmis erT-erTi saxea religiuri pluralizmi. mis mixedviT,

calke aRebuli, erTi romelime religia ki ar aris WeSmariti, aramed

mravali. igi erT sibrtyeze ganalagebs yvela religias, da aRiarebs, rom

WeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT yvela maTgani Tanasworia. aRsaniSnavia

isic, rom religiur pluralizms ZiriTadi, tradiciuli religiebis

rangSi ahyavs esa Tu is seqta da sqizmaturi dajgufeba, rac yovlad da-

uSvebeli da gaumarTlebelia. religiuri pluralizmis ideologebi (ma-

Ti ricxvi yovel epoqaSi sakmaod didia) adamianebs religiaTa da seqta-

Ta asimravlidan sTavazoben Tavisufal arCevans, aZleven imis SesaZleb-

lobas, rom mravali religiebidan mxolod is amoarCion, rac maTTvis mi-

saRebi da sasurvelia. yovelive es SemdgomSi Tanamedrove demokratiis

kaxa qecbaia

318

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi principis — sindisis Tavisuflebis safuZve-

li xdeba. amis gamo, religiuri pluralizmi (iseve rogorc pluralizmi

saerTod), Tanamedrove demokratiis didmniSvnelovan monapovrad da

Rirebulebad gvevlineba. sindisis Tavisuflebis qadagebaSi miuRebeli

araferia. piriqiT, yvela gonieri da WkuaTmyofeli adamiani aucileb-

lad mxars unda uWerdes mas; magram am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania is, Tu

vin aris misi mqadagebeli da rogoria misi zneobrivi da religiuri

mrwamsi, Teistia Tu aTeisti? amitom aq sifrTxilecaa saWiro. Tumca, am

SemTxvevaSi, erTi SexedviT, garegnulad yvelaferi rigzea. yvelaferi

TiTqos ase unda iyos. magram Tuki sakiTxs ufro metad CavuRrmavdebiT,

gamoricxuli ar aris, rom sruliad sapirispiro daskvnebi gavakeToT.

kerZod: yovelive es xom ar aris e. w. fsevdopluralizmi, romelic sinam-

dvileSi antireligiuria da mimarTulia aTeizmisaken, rac religiuri

da moraluri TvalsazrisiT adamianisaTvis damRupvelia. vfiqrobT,

rom msgavsi daskvnis saSualebas iZleva religiuri pluralizmis erT-

erTi SesaZlo filosofiuri interpretacia.

religia aris absolutis sfero, absolutis sauflo. am sferoSi ki

WeSmaritebas absoluturi aqsiologiuri da realuri mniSvneloba aqvs

imitom, rom TviT absoluti — RmerTia — WeSmariteba. da, ramdenadac er-

Tia RmerTi, WeSmaritebac erTia, xolo yovelgvari pluralizmi am sfe-

roSi aris sicruis Sedegi. ai, ras ambobs amis (WeSmaritebis) Sesaxeb wmin-

da werili: „vinc me momavlina WeSmaritia...“ (ioane 8.26); „SeicnobT WeSma-

ritebas da WeSmariteba gaganTavisuflebT Tqven“... (ioane 8.32); „me var

gza, WeSmariteba da sicocxle“... (ioane 14. 6); „me imitom davibade da imi-

tom movedi wuTisofelSi, rom WeSmariteba damemowmebina... yvela vinc

WeSmaritebidanaa, ismens Cems xmas“... (ioane 18. 32); „WeSmaritad geubnebiT

Tqven“ (ioane 16. 17); „roca mova igi suli WeSmaritebisa, SegiZRvebaT yo-

vel WeSmaritebaSi...“ (ioane 16. 13) „... man (ioanem) daamowma WeSmariteba“

(ioane 5. 33); „sityva iqca xorcad da daemkvidra Cvens Soris madliTa da

WeSmaritebiT aRsavse“ (ioane 1. 14); „moZRvaro, viciT rom WeSariti xar,

WeSmaritebiT aswavli RvTis gzas“ (maTe 22. 26); „es sityvebi sarwmuno da

WeSmaritia“ (gamocx. 22.6); amitomac sworad SeniSnavs wm. mama svimon axa-

li RvTismetyveli, rom am SemTxvevaSi „WeSmaritebaSi arc Cveulebrivi

yofiTi WeSmaritebebi igulisxmeba da arc mecnieruli (logikur-anali-

zuri), maT araferi aqvT saerTo sulis maradiul cxovrebasTan. aq igu-

lisxmeba WeSmariteba, romelic gvicavs sicruisa da sikvdilisagan“

(sicrueSi igulisxmeba boroteba, eSmaki, rameTu saxarebaSi eSmaks sic-

ruis mama ewodeba). absoluturi WeSmaritebis Semecneba niSnavs asbo-

lutTan miaxlebas. absoluti ki imitom aris aseTi (absoluti), rom igi

religiis sociologia

319

erTia da ara mravali. radganac erTia RmerTi, maSasadame WeSmaritebac

erTia da es aris universaluri, uzenaesi WeSmariteba, romelic wminda

werilSia gadmocemuli da romelsac gaxelebiT eltvodnen cnobili

RvTismetyvelebi Tu kacnobriobis didi moazrovneebi. es WeSmariteba

aris erTaderTi, maradiuli da unikaluri. aseTi WeSmaritebis rwmena

aris safuZvelTa safuZveli WeSmariti (da ara fsevdo) religiisa da WeS-

mariti religiuri rwmenisa. misTvis miuRebelia WeSmaritebaTa da aqedan

gamomdinare, religiaTa pluralizmi. „yvela wminda mama, msoflio da ad-

gilobrivi saeklesio krebebi yovelTvis aswavlida, rom WeSmariteba er-

Tia. WeSmaritebaTa pluralizmi (mravlobiToba) anda relativizmi (Se-

fardebiToba) zneobis sferoSi ar arsebobs. arsad ar Tqmula, rom arse-

bobs ramdenime WeSmariteba da marTlmadideblobis garda cxonebis mo-

niWeba sxva religiebsac SeuZliaT“. imis gamo, rom ar darRveuliyo es

WeSmariteba, wminda mamebi xSirad ver Tanxmdebodnen wminda werilis er-

Ti sityvis gamoc ki, da es keTdeboda orazrovnebis Tavidan acilebis

mizniT, rac ase miuRebelia WeSmaritebis erTaderTobis uzenaesi prin-

cipisaTvis. garda amisa logikuradac, WeSmaritebis mravlobiTobis da

mis Sesabamisad religiaTa Tu konfesiaTa pluralizmis daSvebisas gamo-

dis, rom arc erTi maTgani ar aris WeSmariti, xolo religiis enaze es

niSnavs, rom arc erTi maTgani ara gvwams. es ki uRmerTobaa. amitomac re-

ligiuri pluralizmi umetes SemTxvevaSi aTeizmiT sruldeba. didi sif-

rTxilea saWiro, roca saqme gvaqvs absolutur, universalur WeSmarite-

basTan. amis magaliTs Tavad wm. mamebi iZleodnen, rodesac Zalze

frTxil da faqiz damokidebulebas iCendnen wminda werilis mimarT. isi-

ni didad eridebodnen wminda werilis an sxva saxis religiuri teqstebi-

sadmi Tavisufal, zerele midgomas. am tipis teqstebisadmi aseTi zere-

le damokidebuleba gaxda mizezi mravali seqtis Tu sqizmaturi dajgu-

febis warmoSobisa. ai ras ambobs „ioanes gamocxadebaSi“ Tavad ufali: „...

Tu vinme rames daumatebs amas, RmerTi gaumravlebs mas am wignSi Caweril

wylulebs. Tu vinme rames gamoaklebs am winaswarmetyvelebis wignis sit-

yvebs, RmerTi waarTmevs mas wils sicocxlis xidan, wminda qalaqidan da

iqidan, rac am wignSia Cawerili“ (gamocx. 22. 18-19).

rodesac absolutur WeSmaritebasTan gvaqvs saqme, am SemTxvevaSi

SeuZlebelia misTvis raimes mimateba an mokleba. es aRemateba adamianur

SesaZleblobebs. absoluturi WeSmariteba religiuri-saeklesio dogme-

bis saxiT gveZleva da amitomac „dogmatizmis sferoSi ar arsebobs evo-

lucia“. aqedan gamomdinare marTlmadidebluri qristianoba konserva-

toruli xasiaTis mqonea, rameTu masSi absoluturi WeSmaritebaa daun-

jebuli da mas yoveli morwmune icavs (laT. „konservo“ — Senaxva). xolo

kaxa qecbaia

320

Tu ramdenad aris es absoluturi WeSmariteba SenarCunebuli sxva reli-

giebSi, an rogor aris igi damaxinjebuli ama Tu im konfesiaSi, calke

kvlevis sagania. Tumca, es sakiTxi am SemTxvevaSi wminda qristianuli po-

ziciebidan gamomdinare unda gadawydes, ara gankiTxvis gziT, aramed

maTTvis locviTa da WeSmaritebis swavlebiT, WeSmariti gzis CvenebiT,

rameTu „gareSeebs RmerTi ganikiTxavs. moiSoreT boroti Tqvengan“ (I

kor. 5.13); Tavad uzenaesi gansjis yvelas. aseTia sakiTxisadmi religiu-

ri midgoma, xolo rac Seexeba mecnierebas, man mecnieruli gziT unda aC-

venos religiuri pluralizmis WeSmariti buneba.

adamianis zneoba da, Sesabamisad, sarwmunoeba RmerTis ukvdavebis

da aqedan gamomdinare sakuTari ukvdavebis ideas efuZneba. „ra sargebe-

li maqvs, Tu mkvdrebi ar aRdgebian? vWamoT da vsvaT, radgan xval davi-

xocebiT“ — ambobs RvTaebrivi pavle mociquli (I kor. 15.32); amis Tvalsa-

Cino magaliTia genialuri platonis cxovreba, romelmac kalosaluri

energia da Zalisxmeva Sealia sulis ukvdavebis dasabuTebas (ix. dialogi

„fedoni“). adamiani yovelTvis mieltvoda da mieltvis absoluts, mara-

diuls da erTaderTs. am paTosiT da STagonebiT aris Seqmnili msofli-

os mxatvruli, musikaluri, Tu filosofiuri da mecnieruli Semoqmede-

bis klasikuri nimuSebi. yvela maTgans absolutis idea asazrdoebs. da ai,

roca adamiani gaSmagebiT, viTarca mijnuri Tavis satrfos, mieltvis ab-

soluts, mas yovelive amis sruliad sapirispiros eubnebian. amis magali-

Tad Tanamedrove pozitivisturi filosofiac gamodgeba. mis mixedviT,

yovelive is, rac am qveynad xdeba, bunebis kanonebs eqvemdebareba, xolo

bunebaSi uzenaesi kanoni aris aucilebloba, romelic batonobs adamian-

zec, mis azrebze, grZnobebze, gancdebsa da miswrafebebze. am pozitivis-

turi logikis bolomde miyoliT codva (zneobrivi da religiuri kate-

goria) aucileblobis Sedegia. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianisaTvis ar arse-

bobs saukuno RmerTi da arc ukvdavi suli, arc universaluri WeSmari-

teba. aseTi adamianisaTvis ar arsebobs absoluturi Rirebuleba, raime

yovladRirebuli. aqedan gamomdinare misTvis yvelaferi sul erTia,

„yvelaferi nebadarTulia“ (dostoevski), yvelaferi SefardebiTia, mok-

vdavi, warmavali da xrwnadi. samyaroSi absolutis gareSe saSineleba da

jojoxeTi xdeba. „... da marTla evropul kulturaSi uaryofilia, ukug-

debulia absoluturi faseulobani da gabatonebulia SefardebiTi fa-

seulobani. ueWvelia, rom es SefardebiToba aris kidec humanizmis lo-

gika, buneba da suli. ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoria warmoadgens sa-

boloo Sedegs humanizmisa da misi yvelanairi ganStoebisa — filosofi-

urisa, mecnierulisa teqnikurisa Tu politikurisa“... Sedegi amisa aris

nihilizmi. ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoria ar unda gadmovides reli-

religiis sociologia

321

giisa da zneobis sferoSi, radganac fardobiToba da pluralizmi ar

aris religiuri da eTikuri principi. ar arsebobs SefardebiTi da plu-

raluri sikeTe. siyvaruli da sikeTe Tavisi arsiT absoluturi princi-

pebia. fardofiToba, relativizmi da pluralizmi xdeba mizezi fardo-

biTobisa da mravlobisa cxovrebaSi, rac aTasobiT gaubedurebul adami-

ans niSnavs. amdenad „nebismieri fardobiToba dedaa anarqizmisa da nihi-

lizmisa“. aseT viTarebaSi absurdulia rjulTSeuwynareblobaze lapa-

raki, Tuki adamians Sinaganad ar swams absoluturi WeSmariteba, maSin

araeTikuria misgan rjulSemwynareblobaze saubari. aseTi adamianebi

advilad daabneven sxvebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxezea fsevdorjulTSem-

wynarebloba da fsevdopluralizmi. morwmune adamiani SeuZlebelia ar

iyos toleranti, rameTu man icis WeSmariti Tavisuflebis fasi da surs

rom sxvebsac hqondeT es codna. WeSmariti Tavisufleba ki RmerTisgan,

absolutisagan modis.

religiuri pluralizmi miuRebelia saxelmwifoebrivi Tvalsazr-

isiTac. miuxedavad imisa, rom dauSvebelia religiuri niSniT adamianTa

devna, aseve dauSvebelia sindisis absoluturi Tavisufleba, riTac saf-

rTxe emuqreba sazogadoebis normalur funqcionirebas, adamianTa fi-

zikursa da sulier arsebobas, erovnul tradiciebsa da erovnul cnobi-

erebas; Tuki safrTxe emuqreba „mamuls, enas da sarwmunoebas“, aseT Sem-

TxvevaSi yovlad miuRebeli da usargebloa religiuri pluralizmi da

aqedan gamomdinare sindisis absoluturi Tavisuflebis aRiareba. ami-

tomac am sakiTxisadmi metad gonivruli midgomaa saWiro.

istoriulad religiuri monizmi win uswrebs religiuri plura-

lizms. igi SedarebiT mogvianebiT warmoiSva. kacobriobis religiuri

ganviTarebis istoriaSi religiuri pluralizmis ori ZiriTadi saxe Sei-

niSneba: Zveli da axali. Zveli xasiaTdeba mravali RmerTis rwmenis aRia-

rebiT. klasikuri saxiT igi arsebobda Zvel saberZneTSi (poliTeizmi),

Tumca msoflios bevrma qveyanam gamoiara es sulieri sibnele. religiu-

ri pluralizmis axali, Tanamedrove forma ki ara mxolod mravali Rmer-

Tis arsebobas aRiarebs, aramed mravali religiis WeSmaritebas. igi Zve-

li poliTeisturi da panTeisturi religiuri pluralizmis Tanamedro-

ve modernizebuli formaa, rac, saboloo jamSi, miuRebelia, radganac

aTeizmis aRorZinebas warmoadgens.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom pluralizmi religiisa da zneobis sfe-

roSi badebs relativizmsa da nihilizms, rac uRmerTobiT sruldeba da

damRupvelad moqmedebs rogorc calkeul adamianze, aseve sazogadoeba-

sa da saxelmwifoze. „istoria aris mowme imisa, rom RmerTis — absolu-

tis — arseboba arc erT did moazrovnes seriozuli eWvis qveS ar dauye-

kaxa qecbaia

322

nebia... didi filosofiuri dava sruliad ar exeboda absolutis, usas-

rulos arsebobas, aseTi ramis arsebobas erTnairi darwmunebulobiT am-

tkicebdnen platoni, aristotele, plotini, dekarti, spinoza, laibnici,

kanti, hegeli da uaithedi“. Cvens msjelobas religiuri pluralizmis

Sesaxeb davamTavrebT wm. egnates sityvebiT: „mzesaviT brwyinavs mar-

Tlmadidebloba da vinc TviTon xuWavs Tvalebs, dae, sibrmave sakuTar

nebas daabralos da ara sinaTlis naklebobas“. dabolos: „WeSmaritebis

mSveneba da sidiade imiT rodi ganisazRvreboda, Tu ramdenad mravalni

igebdnen da afasebdnen mas“. (z. gamsaxurdia).

zemoaRniSnul filosofiuri pozicias kidev ufro amyarebs da Se-

iZleba iTqvas, mis religiur safuZvels qmnis saqarTvelos kaTolikos

patriarqis, uwmindesisa da unetaresis ilia meores saaRdgomo episto-

le romelSic naTlad da gasagebad aris gadmocemuli religiuri plura-

lizmisa da religiuri tolerantobis namdvili buneba (ix. ilia meore.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi. saaRdgomo epistole.

Tb., 2000. w. 30 (17) aprili.)

bibliografia da SeniSvnebi:

1. aRsaniSnavia, rom qristianobaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eT-

moba monizmis princips. wm. mamaTa moZRvreba mas did mniSvnelobas ani-

Webs. monizmis principi aq gamocxadebiT aris ganmtkicebuli da morwmu-

ne qristians Rrmad swams is, rom RmerTi erTia. amas mowmobs Zveli da

axali aRTqmis wignebi... RmerTis erTaderTobis cneba axal aRTqmaSi Si-

naarsobrivad ufro gamdidrebulia; amasve adasturebs mrwamsic; „ix.

markozi 1.29; efeselTa 4.6; galat. 3.20. I korinT. 8.4-6.

wm. mama ioane damaskeli Tavisi epoqaluri mniSvnelobis ZeglSi

„marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniT gadmocema“, RmerTis er-

TaderTobis dasabuTebas calke (me-5) TavSi ganixilavs da mas hqvia: „da-

sabuTeba, rom RmerTi erTia da ara mravali“. wm. mama ioane damaskeli

RmerTis erTaderTobis dasabuTebas Tavdapirvelad rwmenis faqtidan

gamomdinare iwyebs da miuTiTebs, rom es ueWvelia maTTvis, vinc erwmu-

neba wm. werils. amis Semdeg ki moaqvs saTanado adgilebi bibliidan. ker-

Zod: gamosvla 20.21; II sj. 6.1; es. 43. 10; ioane 173; xolo maTTvis vinc ar

erwmuneba wminda werils, wm. mamas logikur-filosofiuri dasabuTebis

mTeli rigi mohyavs. es dasabuTeba imdenad saintereso da originaluria,

rom igi mTlianad, sityva-sityviT mogvaqvs: „RvTaeba srulia da unika-

luri sikeTis, sibrZnis, Zalis mxriv. dausabamoa igi, dausrulebelia, ma-

religiis sociologia

323

radiulia, gareSeuwerelia anu martivi rom vTqvaT, yovliTurT srulia.

amitom, Tu mraval RmerTs vityviT, aucilebelia am mravalSi gansxvaveba

davinaxoT, radgan Tu araferi gansxvavebaa maTSi, umal erTi yofilan da

ara mravali, xolo Tu aris maTSi gansxvaveba, sadRaa sisrule? radgan

Tuki raime moklebulia sisrules sikeTis, Zalis, sibrZnis, Jamis Tu ad-

gilis mixedviT, aRar yofila igi RmerTi. meore mxriv, yovelmxriv igive-

oba umal erTs cxadyofs da ara mravals. amasTan, Tuki CavTvliT, rom

mravali RmerTi arsebobs, rogor SeunarCundebaT maT gareSeuwereloba,

radgan sadac erTi maTgani iqneba, ar iqneba iq meore? aseve rogor mox-

deba, rom mravlisagan warimarTos samyaro ise, rom ar dairRves da gaix-

rwnas igi, radgan arsebuli gansxvaveba dapirispirebas moitans da war-

mmarTvelTa Soris winaaRmdegoba gamoavlnes Tavs. Tu ityvis vinme, rom

TiToeuli maTgani ama Tu im nawils uwinamZRvrebs, vin iqneba maTi ganma-

wesebeli da gamanawilebeli? RmerTi xom umal is iqneboda!

amitom, erTi ars RmerTi...

amasTan, bunebrivi aucileblobiTac erTeba aris orobis saTave.“

Tu adamians arc rwmena aqvs da arc logikur dasabuTebas endoba,

maSin mas arc unda hqondes pretenzia imisa, rom asabuTebdes debulebas

RmerTis an religiaTa mravlobis Sesaxeb. aseTi ram ugunurobaa! amis Se-

saxeb dRes aravin ar kamaTobs. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu RmerTi

erTia, maSin WeSmaritebac erTia.. religiur azrovnebas monisturi xasi-

aTi aqvs. WeSmaritebaTa da amis Sesabamisad religiaTa mravlobas (sawyis

etapze poliTeizmi) religiis enaze adamianis codvilobis, misi codvaT-

dacemis Sedegia, radgan, Tvadapirvelad, mxolod erTi religia arse-

bobda.

wm. ioane damaskeli, marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevni-

Ti gadmocema, Tb. 2000 (berZnulidan Targmna, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi da-

urTo ediSer WeliZem), gv. 33-34.

2. arqimandriti rafaeli, saubrebi marTlmadideblobaze, naw. II, Tb.

1997, gv. 59.

3. sulxan-saba Tavis „leqsikonSi“ WeSmaritebis cnebis ganmartebi-

sas wm. werils eyrdnoba. kerZod, II kor. 6,7; da aqedan gamomdinare Sem-

degnairad ganmartavs mas: `WeSmariti - swored marTali, nandvilve, nam-

dvilve~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani, `leqsikoni qarTuli~ II, Tb. 1993, gv. 400)

sabas mixedviT, „WeSmaritia is, rac namdvilia filosofiuri gagebiT,

namdvili ar SeiZleba warmavali, cvalebadi da mravali iyos. is aris ma-

radiuli, ucvleli, ukvdavi da erTi (platoni). aseTi ram ki aris mxo-

lod absoluti, igive RmerTi, aqedan gamomdinare, WeSmariteba mxolod

qristeSia, mis wm. saxarebasa da wm. eklesiaSi. xolo rac Seexeba RmerTis

kaxa qecbaia

324

uaryofas, aseTi ram wminda werilis mixedviT ubralod ugunurebaa da

meti araferi (ix. fsalmunni, 13.1).

4. wm. mamebi da saeklesio moZRvreba aswavlis, rom WeSmaritebis

rwmenis uaryofa iwvevs iseT saSiS movlenas, rogoricaa fanatizmi. „fa-

natizmi aris sulieri ampartavneba, sakuTar Tavze orientireba“ (arqi-

mandriti rafaeli) da aqedan gamomdinare sakuTari azris rwmena, rom-

lisTvisac miuRebelia universaluri WeSmariteba. es ki uaxlovdeba WeS-

maritebis pragmatistul gagebas, romlis mixedviT, „WeSmaritia is rac

sasargebloa“. ara da namdvili sargeblianoba WeSmaritebaSi mdgomare-

obs, rameTu WeSmariteba — sikeTea. aqedan gamomdinare cxadi unda iyos

is faqti, rom marTlmadideblobaSi religiuri fanatizmi ar arsebobs.

Tavisi arsiT, igi antireligiuri movlenaa!

5. arqimandriti iustine, marTlmadidebluri eklesia da ekumeniz-

mi, Tb. 1995, gv. 116-117.

6. iqve, gv. 108.

7. boxenski, `absoluti~, J. `religia~, #9, Tb. 1992, gv. 60.

religiis sociologia

325

ZiriTadi religiebis mimdevarTa raodenoba

wyaro: Britannika Book of the year, 1985.

kaxa qecbaia

326

saqarTveloSi arsebul religiebiSi, konfesiebsa∗ da

denominaciebSi gaerTianebul morwmuneTa raodenoba

(2002 wlis miaxloebiTi monacemebis mixedviT)

• saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 84%-ze meti marTlmadidebelia.

• kaTolikebi _ 8-10 aTasamde.

• iudaizmis mimdevrebi _ 20 aTasi.

• evangelur-luTeranuli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi _ 1000-

1500-mde.

• islamis mimdevrebi _ naxevar milonze meti (400 aTasamde azebai-

janeli da 200 aTasamde aWara).

• somxuri samociqulo eklesiis mimdevrebi (monofizitebi) _

naxevar milonamde.

• baptistebi _ 16-20 aTasamde.

• ormocdaaTianelebi _ 10 aTasamde.

• kriSnaistebi _ 1000-mde.

• ieRovelebi _ 5-7-aTasamde.

• xsnis armia _ 7 aTasamde.

• duxoborebi _ 7-10 aTasamde.

• malaknebi _ 7-10 aTasamde.

• staroverebi _ 5 aTasamde.

• sxva konfesiis mimdevrebi _ 1%-mde.

∗ laTinurad Confessio _ rwmenis aRiarebas, sarwmunoebas, rjuls niSnavs.

religiis sociologia

327

sakiTxavi masala

N

neil smelzeri

religia amerikaSi

[...] aSS erT-erTi im qveyanaTagania romelSic uamravi sarwmunoebe-

bi da denominaciebia. amerikuli religiuri Tavisufleba kolonialu-

ri periodis dasasruls Caisaxa, rodesac anglikanuri eklesiisadmi

mtrulma damokidebulebam da religiuri pluralizmis gacnobierebam

politikuri moRvaweebi iseT gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad ganawyo, ro-

melic sxva jgufebis mimarT erTi romelime religiuri jgufis privi-

ligirebas gamoricxavda. amis Sedegad religiis saxelmwifosagan gamo-

yofis idea gaCnda, romelmac qveynis konstituciaSi pova asaxva. mogvia-

nebiT igi yvela Statis konstituciaSi aisaxa. amgvari samarTlebrivi

dacva uzrunvelyofs ,,Tavisufal konkurencias sulier sferoSi”, ama-

ve dros eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofa gaxda mizezi socialuri

da samarTlebrivi problemebisa, gansakuTrebiT iseT sferoebSi rogo-

ricaa saxelmwifo ganaTleba da kultis axali wevrebiT Sevseba. miuxe-

davad am problemebisa, rwmenis Tavisufleba safuZvlad daedo religi-

ur pluralizmsa da Semwynareblobas. mas adasturebs 200 denominacia,

romelic aSS-Si arsebobs [...]

kaxa qecbaia

328

religia da socialuri ganwyobebi

[...] ra gavlena aqvs religiur pluralizms aSS-Si socialur cxov-

rebaze? aqvT Tu ara sxvadasxva religiuri mimdinareobebis warmomad-

genlebs gansxvavebuli politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebi?

gerhard lenskis mier 50-iani wlebis bolos detroitSi Catare-

bulma gamokvlevebma gamoavlina protestantebis, iudaistebisa da ka-

Tolikebis gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi. magaliTad, yoveli am religi-

is warmomadgenlebs dausves kiTxva - SeiZleba Tu ara sityvis Tavisuf-

lebaze dayrdnobiT prezidentis kritika, gamosvla religiis winaaR-

mdeg da faSizmis mxardaWera? samive jgufis pasuxi gansxvavebuli iyo.

protestantebma SedarebiT liberaloba gamoamJRavnes, meore adgilze

iyvnen

iudaistebma da kaTolikebma Sualeduri pozicia daikaves. gansxva-

vebuli iyo pasuxebi iseT sakiTxebSic, rogorebicaa azartuli TamaSe-

bi, alkoholuri sasmelebis miReba, kontroli Sobadobaze, ganqorwine-

ba da savaWro dawesebulebebSi kviraobiT muSaoba. gamonaklisis miuxe-

davad, kritikulebi am sakiTxebSi sxvaze naklebad iudaistebi aRmoC-

ndnen. protestantebi kicxavdnen azartul TamaSebsa da alkoholis mi-

Rebas, vidre kaTolikebi da iudaistebi. rogorc mosalodneli iyo ka-

Tolikebi ufro mkacrad gamodian Sobadobis kontrolisa da ganqorwi-

nebebis winaaRmdeg, vidre sxva religiis warmomadgenelebi. Tumca len-

skis ganzogadebebi eWvs iwvevs ori faqtoris gamo. jer erTi, SerCeviTi

kvleva detroitis bazaze Catarda, ueWvelad sxva Sedegi iqneboda qvey-

nis maStabiT Catarebuli SerCevis dros. meore, es informacia Zalze

Zvel monacemebs efuZneba. am xnis manZilze amerikul sazogadoebaSi

mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs qonda adgili. yvelaze gviandeli gamokvleva

religiis socialur aspeqtebze, ,,konvergenciis” analizs, protestan-

tebsa da kaTolikebs Soris socialur sakiTxebSi msgavsebis zrdas exe-

ba. 1968 wels kaTolikeTa 74% amarTlebda Sobadobis kontrols, maSin

rodesac lenskis monacemebiT es maCvenebeli 37%-ia. (protestantebi

Cveulebriv amarTleben Sobadobis kontrols). 60-ian da 70-ian wlebSi

kaTolikebisa da protestantebis damokidebuleba abortis mimarT er-

TmaneTs dauaxlovda. magram maT Soris zogierT sadavo sakiTxebTan da-

kavSirebiT sxvaoba darCa, magaliTad, dasaSvebia Tu ara religiuri

cenzura wignebze da yvelas unda qondes Tu ara Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego

saSualebebis gamoyenebis ufleba [...]

religiis sociologia

329

religiis mniSvneloba amerikul sazogadoebaSi

[...] ra mniSvneloba aqvs religias amerikelebisaTvis? Znelia re-

ligiurobis an religiuri grZnobebis gazomva. Amitom ganvixiloT iseTi

faqtori, rogoricaa eklesiaSi siaruli. kvleveebi aCveneben, rom 50-

ian wlebSi eklesiaSi yoveldRiuri siarulis maCvenebeli Zalze daba-

lia, xolo, 1971 wels igi 40%-a aRwevs. magram, aris Tu ara eklesiaSi si-

aruli religiurobis saimedo maCvenebeli? albaT, zogierTi Rrmad

morwmune yoveldRe dadis eklesiaSi; zogs RvTismsaxurebis silamaze,

eklesiaSi damkvidrebuli simSvidis atmosferom musikiT tkboba da yva-

vilebi izidavs; amasTanave arsebobe nRrmad morwmune adamianebi, rom-

lebic ar dadian eklesiaSi. SeiZleba religiuroba ganvixiloT sxva

TvalsazrisiTac - pirovnuli rwmenis gaTvaliswinebiT. am aspeqtiT

savsebiT sxva suraTi vlindeba. aSS-Si pirovnuli religiuri rwmenis

mqone moqalaqeTa ricxvi gacilebiT metia, vidre dasavleTis nebismier

industriul qveyanaSi. mTlianobaSi amerikelTa 94%-s swams RmerTi, da

71%-s sikvdilis Semdeg sicocxle. ratomaa aseTi didi sxvaoba religi-

uri wesebis formalur dacvasa (magaliTad, eklesiaSi siarulsa) da pi-

rovnul religiur mrwamss Soris? Aai rogor xsnis amas everet ledi

(1979). ramdenadac respodentTa 81% aqvs erTnairi Tvalsazrisi: ,,Tavi-

si individualuri religiuri mrwamsi individma nebismieri eklesiisa

da sinagogisagan damoukideblad unda Camoayalibos”, ledi aSS-s indi-

vidualisturi rwmenis qveyanas uwodebs. pirovnuli religiurobis ma-

Rali donis meore mizezia, albaT, amerikelTa midrekileba imisaken, ra-

sac belam samoqalaqo religia daarqva. samoqalaqo religia imis rwme-

nas gulisxmobs, rom aSS ,,aRTqmuli miwaa” sadac RmerTma moiyvana Cag-

rulebi evropidan, msgavsad imisa Tu rogor daexmara is ebraelebs eg-

viptidan gamosvlaSi. rogorc bela wers, bevr amerikels miaCnia, rom

RmerTi ,,aqtiurad interesdeba adamianebis istoriiT, monawileobasac

ki Rebulobs masSi, magram amerikelebis mimarT gansakuTrebul zrunvas

avlens”. es amerikis istoriaSi - prezidentebis gamosvlebSi, saxelmwi-

foebriv ceremoniebsa da dResaswaulebSi aisaxa. amerikelebi ificeben

,,RmerTis rCeul erTian nacias”, mravali ceremoniebi iwyeba locviT,

amerikul dolarebze arsebuli Canawerebic ki amtkiceben, rom ,,Cven

gvwams RmerTi”. Tavisufali rwmenisaTvis mebrZolebi bolo xanebSi mo-

uwodeben samoqalaqo religiis gavrcelebisaken — isini cdiloben sa-

xelmwifo skolebSi locvebis aRadgenas da a. S. [...]

kaxa qecbaia

330

kidev erTxel eklesiisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

[...] eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofa aSS-saTvis religiur plu-

ralizmTan da potenciur religiur konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli

problemis gadaWris xerxia. am principSi religiuri organizaciebis

Tavisufali konkurencia igulisxmeba, magram amasTan arc-erTi eklesia

da denominacia ar unda iyos privilegirebuli saxelmwifos mxridan. am

principma aSS-s mravali problema aarida, rogoric dRes im saxelmwi-

foebs awuxebs sadac gabatonebuli eklesia arsebobs. aSS-Si religiuri

umciresobebi ar ganicdidnen devnas mTavrobis mxridan, Tumca religi-

uri kultebis Tavisuflebis garantiis sakiTxebze adgili aqvs azrTa

sxvadasxvaobas. sxva qveynebs Tu SevxedavT politikur da socialur vi-

Tarebaze religiuri organizaciebis zemoqmedebis dramatul magali-

Tebs aRmovaCenT. israelSi orTodoqsuri iudaizmis warmomadgenelTa

mcire jgufi did gavlenas axdens saxelmwifoebriv politikaze. ebra-

ul saxelmwifoSi SabaTobiT ar muSaobs transporti, yvela saqorwino

ceremoniebs rabini xelmZRvanelobs. religiis politikaze gavlenis

gamaognebeli magaliTi iranis movlenebia, sadac religiurma Zalebma

gadatrialeba moaxdines, Camoagdes Sahi da qveynis xelmZRvaneloba mu-

sulmanurma Teokratiam ikisra. mTavrobis politika da religiuri ka-

noni erTi da igive gaxda. bevri socialuri reformebi, romelTac Sahi

anxorcielebda, magaliTad, qalebis ganTavisufleba Cadrebis tarebis

aucileblobisagan aiaTola homeinma akrZala; religiuri lideris sta-

tusiT is saxelmwifos lideri gaxda. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis cxov-

rebidan religiuri da politikuri cxovrebis urTierTgadaxlarTvis

mravali magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. Tumca Secdomaa imis gafiqreba,

rom odesme eklesia saxelmwifos srulad gamoeyofa [...]

A amonaridi neils smelzeris wignidan `sociologia~,

(mTliani masalis naxava SesaZlebelia socium.ge-ze).

religiis sociologia

331

sakiTxavi masala

ioaxim vaxi

religiis sociologia

(fragmenti)

Nnawili I

meTodologiuri prolegomenebi

Tavi I

meTodi

[...] sruliad naTelia, rom religiis analizis meTodologiis Semu-

Saveba, zogadi saxiTac ki, mocemuli wignis farglebs scdeba. amitom

Cven aq religiis Sesaxeb arsebul mecnierebebs Soris urTierTkavSiris

ganxilvas davjerdebiT mxolod. Teologias, rogorc normatiul dis-

ciplinas, erTi konkretuli rwmenis interpretaciasTan, analizTan da

axsnasTan aqvs saqme. religiis Sesaxeb zogadi mecniereba, romelic Tavis

TavSi moicavs fenomenologias, istorias, fsiqologias da religiis so-

ciologias, principSi aRweriT mecnierebas warmoadgens. igi yvela re-

ligiis bunebis axsnisaken miiswrafvis. amgvarad am disciplinaTa midgo-

mebs, meTodebsa da miznebs Soris raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi gansxvave-

ba arsebobs, an erTi religia anda religiaTa simravlea kvlevis sagani,

amasTan meTodi normatiuli da aRweriTia. religiis filosofia Tavisi

normatiuli interesebidan gamomdinare Teologiis monaTesavea, magram

religiis Sesaxeb mecnierebebTan mas kvlevis sagani aqvs saerTo. reli-

giis istoriisa da fsiqologiis sferoSi mravali Cinebuli gamokvleva

rasebobs, magram religiuri gamocdilebis sxvadasxva formebis sistemu-

ri da SedarebiTi gamokvlevebi Zalian cotaa. mkvlevrebis umravlesoba

ZiriTad yuradRebas iseTi Teoriul formebs uTmoben rogorcaa miTi,

doqtrina anda dogma. amis Seswavla mniSvnelovania, magram amasTanave

aranakleb mniSvnelovania kultisa da Tayvaniscemis sxavadasxva pirobe-

bis praqtikul gamoxatulebaTa formebis analizi. doqtrinisa da ritu-

alebis gverdiT religiurobis gamovlenis mesame sferoc arsebobs, ro-

melic axla ipyrobs im yuradRebas, romelsac is imsaxurebs: _ religiu-

ri jgufebis warmoSoba, religiuri Tanamegobroba, asociacia, romelTa

individualuri, tipologiuri da SedarebiTi analizi, yvelaferi es re-

ligiis sociologiis sferoa.

kaxa qecbaia

332

religiis istorikosis naSromebis gareSe religiis mkvlevar soci-

ologs saSveli ar dadageba. amasTanave erTmaneTis Canacvleba arc erTs

ar SeuZlia. pPirveli maTgani religiis ganviTarebis horizontaluri xa-

ziT interesdeba, xolo meore maTgani am xazebs Soris vertikaluri gana-

seris gakeTebas mieswrafvis. sociologi imedovnebs, rom misi kategori-

ebi istoriuli masalis sarealizaciod iqneba sasargeblo.

pativi, rom religiis sociologiis sistemuri mkvlevari gamxdari-

yo pirvels maqs vebers xvda wilad. sainteresoa, rom veberis mier kalvi-

nizmis kvlevam misadmi gadametebuli interesi gamoiwvia, xolo religi-

is sociologiaSi veberis mier Setanili wvlilis didi nawili ganze dar-

Ca. am SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, Cven vavlenT interess araqristianuli

religiuri samyaros Tematikasa da mis Sesaxeb arsebul gamokvlevebze.

veberi da misi kolegebi, gansakuTrebiT verner zombarti, pirveli

mkvlevrebi iyvnen ekonomikasa da religias Soris arsebuli kavSiris

kvlevis saqmeSi. religiasa da ekonomikas Soris kavSiris Seswavla socia-

luri realobis mxolod erT-erT formas moicavs da, Sesabamisad, reli-

giis sociologiis erT-erT aspeqtad SeiZleba miviCnioT. rac `religiasa

da xelovnebas~ an `religiasa da samarTlebriv institutebs~ Soris kav-

Siris dadgenis analogia. amitom `religiisa da ekonomikis~ Seswavla re-

ligiis sociologiis igiveobrivi aranairad ar aris.

veberis Semdeg bevri rame darCa ga-

sakeTebeli. religiis sakuTar sqemaSi man

e. w. `pirvelyofil religiaTa~ mTeli

jgufi, aseve islami da mravali mniSvne-

lovani religia ar CarTo. amasTanave re-

ligiis didi mecnieriseuli gageba garkve-

uli doziT araadekvaturi iyo, imdenad

ramdenadac igi religiisadmi kritikuli

damokidebulebiT xasiaTdeba. kategorie-

bi romelTa meSveobiTac igi religiuri

fenomenebis klasifikacias axdenda sru-

liad aradmakmayofilebelia imitom, rom

maT pirvandel sazriss igi arsaTanado

yuradRebas uTmobda.

veberis moRvaweoba mravali mimar-

TebiT iqna srulyofili misi megobris,

ernst trelCis amomwuravi gamokvlevebis wyalobiT, romlebic, samwuxa-

rod, gansakuTrebiT qristianobiT iyo gansazRvruli. misma midgomam

amerikuli denominacionalizmis kvlevis saqmeSi h. r. niburis stimuli-

M maqs veberi

religiis sociologia

333

reba moaxdina, rac udidesi wvlilia kultebis sociologiuri analizis

saqmeSi. mis msgavsad, maqs veberisa da leopold fon vizes sociologiis

gavleniT gauCnda hovard bekers religiis sociologiuri aspeqtebisad-

mi interesi. savalalaoa, rom am ori germaneli swavlulis (romlebmac

socialur-religiuri analizis sakuTar, pirad metafizikur da sxva Te-

oriebTan Serevaze uari Tqves) saqeb magaliTs sxva mecnierebi yovel-

Tvis ar misdeven.

mniSvnelovania im Secdomis Tavidan acileba, romelic ramdenime

aTeuli wlis ukan axali fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebma dauSves. axali

midgomiT gatacebulma mkvlevrebma warmoidgines, rom xelT religiis

gagebis univerasluri gasaRebi upyriaT. zogierTi Cvengani, romelic

religiis sociologiur implikaciebs swavlobs, aseve aRmoCndeba gau-

gebrobaSi Tuki miiCnevs, rom Cveni naSromi religiis bunebasa da arss

srulad gamoavlens. am gamonaTqvams, pirvel rigSi, is Teoretikosebi

yavs mxedvelobaSi, romlebic religiisa da sazogadoebis kvlevisas mar-

qsisa da kontis filosofias iyeneben. diurkemma, magaliTad Tayvanis-

mcemeli subieqtisa da religiis obieqtis gaumarTlebeli igiveobiT

primitiuli religiuri institutebis sakuTari analizis Rirebuleba

Seamcira.

Cveni mizani ufro mokrZalebulia. vimedovnebT religias da socia-

lur movlenebs Soris mravalricxovani urTierTkavSiris analizis meS-

veobiT religiis erT-erTi funqciis, _ Tundac nakleb mniSvnelovani,

magram sakmaod arsebiTis, _ swor Sesafebas. amgvari midgomis daxmare-

biT vimedovnebT, rom vaCvenoT religiis ara mxolod kulturuli mniS-

vneloba, aramed gamovimuSaoT axali Tvalsazrisi religiuri gamocdi-

lebis gamoxatulebaTa mraval formebs Soris urTierTmimarTebis Sesa-

xeb. amiT religiuri gamocdilebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis ukeT gageba

gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.

erT-erTma wamyvanma Tanamedrove anTropologma ruT benediqtma

kulturuli saxeebis kvlevisas erTmaneTs ori midgoma daupirispira:

erT SemTxvevaSi `religia ganixileba, rogorc cocxali~, xolo meore

SemTxvevaSi `religia, rogorc obieqturi mocemuloba~. Cven ver dave-

TanxmebiT amas da mis msgavs mtkicebulebebs religiis `sikvdilis~ Sesa-

xeb, romlebic upirvels yovlisa religiuri gamocdilebis ama Tu im is-

toriul gamovlinebebTan yalb gaigivebaze arian damyarebulni. Tavis

droze istorikosebis mier gavrcelebuli survilis sawinaaRmdegod,

`WeSmariteba~ `siyalbis~ kategoriebis gareSe fons gasvla SeuZlebelia.

problema Sesafasebel movlenaTa swor interpretirebaSi mdgomareobs.

es 50 wlis winaT naTeli iyo uliam jeimzisaTvis. mravali mZime Secdomis

kaxa qecbaia

334

acileba SeiZleba, Tuki hermenevtikas, rogorc interpretaciis Teorias

davubrundebiT. swori definiciebi da srulfasovani ganxilvebia saWi-

ro interpretaciis im meTodebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, rodesac

saqme religiis Sesaxeb mecnierebisa da didi Teologiuri, filosofiu-

ri da samarTlebrivi sistemebis Sedarebas Seexeba.

ganzogadebulad rom vTqvaT, religiis sociologias SeuZlia Seav-

sos, magram arasodes ar SeuZlia Secvalos religiis fenomenologia,

fsiqologia an istoria, Teologiaze rom araferi vTqvaT. am ukanas-

knels Cven im religiuri normebisa da Rirebulebebis formulirebas vu-

tovebT, romlebic mimarTulebas aZleven Cvens cxovrebasa da moqmede-

bas. imis miuxedavad, rom Cveni meTodi aRweriTia Cvens mier miRebuli Se-

degebi akademiurobis CarCoebs scdeba, oRond es imas ar niSnavs, rom

isini winaswar iqneba mocemuli. amiT miukerZoebel damkvirvebels saSua-

leba miecema ufro metad informirebuli iyos sazogadoebasa da reli-

gias Soris arsebuli rTuli da mravalferovani kaSiris Sesaxeb; religi-

is didi mastimulizebeli da maintegrirebeli Zala masze waruSlel STa-

beWdilebas moaxdens. Tavis STamagobenel leqciebSi saxelwodebiT

`msoflio-istoriuli ganazrebani~, romlebic Cvens TemasTan dakavSire-

biT brwyinvale masalebs Seicaven da romlebic axlaxan iTargmna ingli-

sur enaze, kulturis gamoCenili Sveicarieli mkvlevari iakob burkhar-

dti bekonis cnobil gamonaTqvams gvaxsenebs `religia kacobriobis Sema-

kavSirebeli umniSvnelovanesi fenomenia~.

siRaribis pirispir, romelmac Cveni civilizacia daamarcxa, reli-

giis warsuli da Tanamedrove rolis marTe-

buli gageba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

iZens. warsuls Cabarda is dro rodesac re-

ligiis SedarebiTi analizis sferos specia-

listebs SeeZloT TavianTi miRwevebi neit-

raluri poziciebidan SemoeTavazebinaT. sa-

sargeblo iqneboda XIX saukunis dasarulis

moazrovneTa dogmaturi mtkicebebis Tav-

moyra, romlebic xSirad piradapir Tu iri-

bad translirebdenen ganmanaTleblobis

(calmxrivi inteleqtualizmisa da skepti-

cizmis saukunisaTvis) epoqisaTvis damaxasi-

aTebeli argumentebiTa da azrovnebis tipe-

biT. upiratesobis grZnoba, romelsac mrava-

li pozitivisti komentatoris mier umecari

gonebis `ucnaur~ da `saswaulebrv~ gamovle-

iakob burkhardti

(1818-1897)

religiis sociologia

335

naTa dacinvas iwvevda TiTqmis mTlianad gaqra. xelovnebis istoriis Ses-

wavlis msgavsad, romelic axal gagebas gvaZlevs Tanamedoveobisagan

gansxvavebuli xelovnebisa, religiis Tanamedrove istorikosi aseve

cdilobs Caswvdes religiaSi gamoyenebul miTosur simbolizms da is re-

aluri sazrisi dainaxos romelic misi egzotikuri samosiTaa dafaruli.

bevri Cvengani gaocebuli iyo religiis dasaxasiaTeblad adre gulub-

ryvilod gamoyenebuli terminis `primitiulis~ fardobiTobis gacnobi-

erebiT. zogierTi mkvlevari upiratesobis Tanamedrove grZnobis uar-

yofiT da nostalgiurad, Tumca araproduqtulad, `warsul droebaze~

dardiT da im adamianebisadmi SuriT romlebic flobdnen imas rac `Tana-

medrove~ samyarom dakarga, sxva ukiduresobaSi gadavarda. ufro rea-

listuri midgoma religiurobis gamovlenaTa sazrisSi, romlebic dro-

sa da sivrceSi Cvengan Sors imyofebian, TanagrZnobiT SeRwevaSi da Tana-

medrove sinamdvilisadmi maTi Sesaferisobis kritikul gacnobierebaSi

mdgomareobs.

kidev erTi meTodologiuri problema ar unda gamogvrCes mxedve-

lobidan. aucilebelia socialuri filosofia (sazogadoebis normatiu-

li Teoria) da sociologia mkafiod ganvasxvaoT erTmaneTisagan. ar ar-

sebobs qristianuli, ebrauli an musulmanuri sociologia. magram aSka-

rad Tu farulad arsebobs qristianuli, ebrauli an musulmanuri soci-

aluri filosofia. socialuri filosofiisa da sociologiis absolu-

turad gaumarTlebeli Sereva naTlad Cans religiis normatiul kon-

cefciaSi, romelsac xSirad `qristianul sociologias~ uwodeben da

romelic qrsitianobis socialuri Semadgenlis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebs

udevs safuZvlad da im doziT aris Rirebuli sadamdec es SesaZlebelia.

Secdomaa imaze fiqri, rogorc es xSirad `socialuri saxarebisadmi~

inetresis mozRvavebisas xdeboda, rom religiis sociologia socialu-

ri reformebis konkretuli programebis igiveobrivi unda iyos. socio-

logiis amgvari gageba Seusabamo iqneba misi, rogorc aRweriTi mecniere-

bis namdvil bunebasTan. aucilebelia kidev erT ukanasknel `sakiTxs~ Se-

vexoT. amgvari kvlevebisaTvis arsebobs Tu ara sakmarisi safuZvlebi im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac TviT sociologiis bunebasTan da funqciebTan da-

kavSirebuli ufro funadmenturi sakiTxebi arasakmarisadaa gadawyveti-

li. amaze Cven unda vTqvaT, rom sociologiuri mecnierebis bunebisa da

funqcionirebis Sesaxeb saubari SesaZlebelia socialuri movlenebis

winaswari analizis safuZvelze, romelic Tavis mxriv religiurobis ga-

movlinebasac unda moicavdes.

religiis sociologiuri implikaciebis miukerZoebli da obieqtu-

ri midgomebis Seswavlisas aucilebelia msgavs midgomaTa ramdenime

kaxa qecbaia

336

principis xazgasma. pirveli moTxovna religiur gamocdilebaTa mraval-

ferovnebisa da moculobis sifarTovis faqtis gaTvaliswinebaa. es imas

niSnavs, rom religiis yvela sociologiuri gamokvlevis safuZveli un-

da Seqmnan, pirvel rigSi, fenomenologiurma da fsiqologiurma tipebma,

romelTa arseboba jeimzis cnobili analizis Sedegad sayovelTaod aRi-

arebuli gaxda da meore, religiuri gamocdilebis mravaferovanma is-

toriulma tipebma. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cveni gamokvlevis erTi

religiiT (iqneba es Cveni Tu CvenTvis kargad cnobili religia) Semof-

rgvla ganuxrelad migviyvans arasakmaris da arswor daskvnebamde. rac

ufro masStaburia sxvadasxva saxis religiur gamocdilebaTa moculo-

ba, romelzedac mkvlevars miuwvdeba xeli, miT ufro Rrmad SeaRwevs igi

Tavis kvlevis saganSi. religiis istoriis, anTropologiis da sociolo-

giis sferos Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma masalis im simwiris daZleva SeZ-

les, romelic jer kidev 25 wlis winaT iyo xelmisawvdomi. am gamokvleva-

Si gamoyebenuli midgoma, romelic tipologiuri midgomis saxeliTaa

cnobili, gaurkvevel istorizmTan, romelic SerCevasa da gamoyofas

uaryofs da erTi rwmeniT, rogorc wesi, mkvlevris rwmeniT gansazRvru-

lobasTan SedarebiT, Sualeds warmoadgens. amgvari midgoma kargadaa

ilustrirebuli harnakis frazaSi imis Sesaxeb, rom vinc erTi religia

icis, amavdroulad man yvela religia icis.

meore moTxovna religiis samyaros warmatebuli kvlevisaTvis re-

ligiur movlenaTa bunebisa da mniSvnelobis didi Rirebulebis gagebaSi

mdgomareobs. mkvlevari Tavis sakvlev saganTan naTesaobas unda grZnob-

des, aseve Tavisi masalebis SeZlebisdagvarad keTilsasurvel interpre-

tacias unda ecados.

naTelia, rom religiuri fenomenebis, religiur pirovnebebsa da

jgufebs Soris urTierTobebis mkvlevrisaTvis ori midgoma arsebobs.

erTi midgoma emyareba rwmenas, rom gamokvleva exeba WeSmaritebas. am

`imanenturi~ midgomiT, romelic wyaroebis naxevarSi naklebi doziTaa

gamoyenebuli, religiis sociologi da istorikosi informacias iRebs.

sxva midgoma imis SesaZleblobas ar gamoricxavs, rom `WeSmaritebasTan

aqvs saqme~, romelic realobasTan SesabamisobaSia, magram cdilobs yve-

la masala religiis pozitiurad Tu negatiurad Semfaseblisagan damou-

kideblad gamoiyenos imisaTvis, rom isini gulmodgined da kritikulad

gaaanalizos, saTiTaod ganixilos isini socialur, istoriul, kultu-

rul da fsiqologiur konteqstSi. moaxdinos movlenis interpretacia,

pirvel rigSi, misi (movlenis) sakuTari bunebidan gamomdinare da meore,

gaiTvaliswinos zemoxsenebuli konteqsti. es ori midgoma naivuri al-

ternativis, kritikulis an `mecnierulis~ identuri rodia, rogorc es

religiis sociologia

337

zogierTebs goniaT. religiur moRvaweTa biografiebis an religiuri

jgufebisa da moZraobaTa SedarebiTi analizi amas kargad aCvenebs.

bolos, SeiZleba mkiTxon, sasargeblo xom ar iqneboda religiis

mkvlevrebis, filosofosebisa da socialur mecnierebaTa warmomadgen-

lebis drodadro Sexvedra rom momxdariyo maTi urTierTgamdidrebis

mizniT. isini TavianTi mecnierebis monacemebiT daexmarebodnen religi-

is sociologias winsvlasa da ganviTarebaSi. sociologebi, romlebic ik-

vleven politikur Teorias an mmarTvelobis formebs, sagnis erTi mxa-

ris damuSaveba SeuZliaT, maSin rodesac religiis SedarebiTi mkvlevre-

bi filologiis, arqeologiis da Teologiis daxmarebiT sagnis sxva ma-

res amuSaveben. yvelas erTad religiis sociologiis warmatebuli ganvi-

TarebisaTvis SeeZlo xelis gamarTva [...]

Targmna k. qecbaiam

`visac momavali sicocxlis ar swams, am cxovrebaSic mkvdaria~.

goeTe

kaxa qecbaia

338

ZiriTadi cnebebi

animizmi _ warmodgena romlis mixedviT, bunebrivi samyaros ele-

mentebi sicocxlis gonieri formebia, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen ada-

mianze, mis cxovrebasa da saqmianobaze.

ganTavisuflebis Teologia _ qristianuli da politikuri prin-

cipebis Sereva.

globalizacia _ msoflioSi adamianebs, regionebsa da qveynebs So-

ris urTierTdamokidebulebis zrda.

denominacia _ saxelmwifosagan damoukidebeli religiuri gaer-

Tianeba, romelic religiur pluralizms aRiarebs.

eklesia _ religiuri organizaciis tradiciuli forma.

ekumenizmi _ organizebuli religiis mxridan sekularizaciis sa-

winaaRmdego tendencia, romelic gulisxmobs gansxvavebuli konfesie-

bis swrafvas gaRrmavebuli TanamSromlobisa da urTierTgagebisaken.

konfliqtis Teoria _ sociologiuri perseqtiva, romelic orien-

tirebulia sazogadoebaSi arsebul uTanxmoebebze, winaaRmdegobebsa da

konkurentul interesebze.

kulti _ religiuri organizacia, romelic sazogadoebaSi aRiare-

buli religiuri da kulturuli tardiciebis miRma imyofeba.

laicizmi _ religiur RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi miwier da sae-

ro RirebulebaTa sruli damoukidebloba.

magia _ ritualebi romelTa meSveobiTac adgili aqvs garkveuli

miznebis misaRwevad sulier Zalebze zemomqedebas. Tavisi `individua-

luri moqmedebiT~ igi ewinaaRmdegba religias.

milenarizmi _ garkveuli saxis religiuri moZraoba, romlis wev-

rebs sjeraT, rom uaxloes momavalSi globaluri katastrofebi moxdeba

da mas Sedegad axali eris dasawyisi mohyveba.

monoTeizmi _ erTRmerTianoba.

poliTeizmi _ mravalRmerTianoba.

religia _ socialuri instituti, romelic sakralurisa zebuneb-

rivis realobaze damyarebul rwmenasa da ritualebs moicavs.

religiuroba _ religiis mniSvneloba individis cxovrebaSi.

religiuri grZnoba _ uzenaesi realobis gancda, romelic adami-

anSi sikvdilis saocar SiSs da ukvdavebis saocar gancadas iwvevs.

religiuri pluralizmi _ erTi sazogadoebis SigniT sxvadasxva

religiebis TanabarmniSvnelovnebis aRiareba.

rituali _ formaluri, ceremonialuri moqmedeba.

rwmena _ is, rac ar emyareba mecnierul faqtebs.

religiis sociologia

339

sakraluri _ is, rasac adamianebi eqstraordinalurad miiCneven

da rac mowiwebasa da mokrZalebas iwvevs. wminda.

saero _ is, rasac adamianebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis elenetad mi-

iCneven. profanuli.

samoqalaqo religia _ kvazireligiuri loialoba, romelic saero

principebis safuZvelze aerTianebs adamianebs.

saxelmwifoebrivi eklesia _ eklesia, romelic oficialurad ga-

erTianebulia saxelmwifosTan.

sekularizacia _ sakralurs mniSvnelobis Sesusteba sazogadoe-

baSi.

seqta _ religiuri organizaciis forma, romelic sazogadoebisa-

gan gancalkavebaT imyofeba.

sinkretuli religiebi _ (berZn. Serwyma) im kultebsa da rwmenebs

gulisxmoben, romlebic sxvadasxva religiebis an maTi elementebis Ser-

wymis gziT arian warmoqmnilni.

socialuri moqmedebis Teoria _ sociologiuri perspeqtiva ro-

melic adamianis moqmedebis miRma arsebuli mniSvnelobebisa da ganzrax-

vebzea fokusirebuli. misTvis mniSvnelovani ar aris garegani Zalebis

gavlena adamianis moqmedebaze.

totemi _ bunebis sagani an movlena, romelsac sakraluris mniSvne-

loba aqvs.

formaluri urTierTobebi _ urTierTobebis forma jgufebsa da

organizaciebSi, romelic dadgenili wesebisa normebis mixedviT wari-

marTeba.

fundamentalizmi _ konservatiuli religiuri doqtrina, rome-

lic opozicionerobas uwevs religiuri cxovrebis racionalizacias.

funqcionalizmi _ Teoriuli mimdinareoba sociologiaSi, rome-

lic imis Sesaxeb warmodgenas emyareba, rom socialuri movlenebi maTi

funqciis, anu sazogadoebriv procesebze maTi gavlenis mixedviT unda

aixsnas.

qarizma _ individis gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli unari, zebuneb-

rivi niWi, romlis ZaliTac mas TanmimdevarTa mTeli armiis gaCena SeuZ-

lia.

Samani _ adamiani, romelic garSemomyofTa SexedulebiT magiuri

Zalebis mflobelia.

kaxa qecbaia

340

danarTi:

religiebi msoflios sxvadsxva qveynebSi

sakiTxi sxvadasxva religiis mimdevarTa zusti raodenobis Sesaxeb

Zalze rTulia. Tumca romel qveynaSi romel religias ra raodenobis mim-

devari hyvas amis Tqma sxavadasxva monacemebis sauZvelze miaxloebiT ma-

inc SeiZleba. marTalia religiis sociologia religiis geografiad ver

gadaiqceva, magram informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad, romel qveyanaSi rome-

li religiaa gvrcelebuli religiis sociologiur codnas garkveulwi-

lad avsebs. es yovelive sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac mocemuli sta-

tistikuri masala sociologiuri kvlevebis safuZvlezea miRebuli∗.

E

evropa-azia

fineTi

fineTSi qriatianobam XII saukuneSi SeaRwia. reformaciis dros am

qveyanaSi luTeranoba gavrcelda, romelsac mosaxleobis 92% aRiarebs.

finelebis umravlesoba finuri evangelur-luTeranuli eklesiis mimde-

varia. arian agreTve Sveduri luTeranuli eklesiis mimdevrebi (2 aTasze

meti). damoukidebeli religiuri organizaciis saxiT arsebobs Tavisu-

fali finuri eklesia (9 aTasamde). arian agreTve ormocdaaTianelebi (40

aTaze meti), xsnis armiis warmomadgenlebi (10 aTaze meti), ieRovelebi

(10 aTaze meti), meSvide dRis adventistebi (5 aTasamde), baptistebi (3

aTasze meti), meTodistebi (2 aTasamde).

Tavis mimdevarTa raodenobis mixedviT fineTSi meore adgilz fi-

nuri marTlmadidebluri eklesia imyofeba, romelic mTeli mosaxleo-

bis 1,2%-s aerTianebs. kaTolikeTa raodenoba fineTSi 3 aTasze metia.

aseve arian iudaistebi da islamis mimdevrebic.

SvedeTi

SvedeTi IX saukuneSi gaqristianda. aq mosaxleobis 95% luTeranu-

li eklesiis warmomadgenelia, romelsac aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis

aRiarebis miuxedavad saxelmwifo religiis statusi aqvs miniWebuli.

∗ warmodgenil masalaSi postsabWoTa qveynebis religiuri mdgomareoba asaxuli ar

aris. rac Seexeba aq naxseneb adgilobriv kultebs da rwmenebs, masSi igulisxmeba:

ojaxur-gvarovnuli kulti, zoolatria, agraruli kultebi, sxvadasxva saxis

magiuri ritualebi, totemizmi, animizmi, fetiSizmi, mcenareTa kulti, ciuri

sxeulebis Tayvaniscema, oTxi stiqiis Tayvaniscema, Samanizmi da mravali sxva,

romelic dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilas dRemde SemorCenilia.

religiis sociologia

341

sxva konfesiebidan da seqtebidan gvxvdebian: ormocdaaTianelebi (92

aTasi), xsnis armia (26 aTasi), Sveduri xsnis armia ( 2 aTasamde), baptiste-

bi (26 aTasi), meTodistebi (9 aTasze meti), meSvide dRis adventistebi (3

aTasamde), Sveduri misioneruli kavSiri (86 aTasi), evangelisturi naci-

onaluri misioneruli sazogadoeba (27 aTasamde), misioneruli sazoga-

doeba (20 aTasi), Sveduri aliansis misioneruli sazogadoeba (14 aTasi),

siwmindis misia (4 aTasamde). kaTolicizms SvdedeTSi 55 aTasze meti ada-

miani aRiarebs, iudaizms 17 aTasi. sociologebi SeniSnaven, rom bolo xa-

nebSi SevedeTSi religiuroba SesamCnevad ecema. protestantuli reli-

giis sociologiis warmomadgenel gustavsonis mixedviT, SvdeTSi saxel-

mwifo luTeranul eklesiaSi regularulad mosaxleobis mxolod 3% da-

dis.

norvegia

norvegiaSi qristianoba IX saukuneSi gavrcelda. aq wamyvani mdgo-

mareoba norvegiul luTeranul eklesias ukavia, romelic saxelmwifo

statusis mqonea. mas mTeli mosaxleobis 92% aRiarebs. 1877 wels saxel-

mwifo eklesias gamoeyo evangelistur-luTeranuli norvegiis Tavisu-

fali eklesia, romelsac dRes 20 aTasze meti mimdevari hyavs. norvegiaSi

arian agreTve: ormocdaaTianelebi (37 aTasi), meTodistebi (17 aTasze me-

ti), baptistebi (12 aTasi), meSvide dRis adventistebi (6 aTasamde), norve-

giuli misioneruli kavSiri (4 aTasi). kaTolikeTa raodenoba 10 aTasze

metia. iudaistebi 1 aTasze naklebia.

D

dania

daniaSi qristianobam VII saukuneSi SeaRwia. reformaciis Semdeg

oficialuri sarwmunoeba daniaSi luTeranobaa, romelsac mosaxleobis

92% misdevs. luTeranebTan erTad arian ormocdaaTianelebi (9 aTasam-

de), meSvide dRis adventistebi (8 aTasi), baptistebi (7 aTasi), meTodis-

tebi (4 aTasi), daniis misioneruli kavSiris mimdevrebi (4 aTasi), xsnis

armia da sxva. kaTolikeTa raodenoba 26 aTass aRwevs, xolo iudaizmis

mimdevrebi 7 aTass Seadgenen.

F

fareris kunZulebi

Ffareris kunZulis mcxovrebTa TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesoba

luTerania.

kaxa qecbaia

342

islandia

qrsitianoba am qveyanaSi XI saukunidan arsebobs. isalndiis mosax-

leobis 96% luTerania. kaTolikeTa raodenoba aq aTasze metia. sxva kon-

fesiebis (xsnis armia, meSvide dRis adventistebi, islandiis bibliuri

gaerTianeba da sxva) warmomadgenelTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.

Ddidi britaneTi

britaneTSi qristianoba III saukinidan arsebobs. XVI saukuneSi in-

glisis eklesiam romisagan damoukidebloba gamoacxada, Tumca morwmu-

neTa garkveulma nawilma kaTolicizmi SeinarCuna. SotlandiaSi refor-

maciis Semdeg kalvinizmi damkvidrda, romelic momavalSi qveynis Ziri-

Tadi religia gaxda. dReisaTvis did britaneTSi ori: saxelmwifo angli-

kanuri eklesia da Sotlandiis presviterianuli eklesia moqmedebs. an-

glikanur eklesias 27,6 milioni mimdevari yavs, xolo Sotlandiis ekle-

sias 1,1 milioni. arseboben agreTve e. w. Tavisufali eklesiebi. yvelaze

metni _ 2 milioni _ meTodistebi arian. baptistebis raodenoba 507 aTa-

sia. xolo daaxloebiT 84 aTasi Sotlandieli anglikanuri eklesiis war-

momadgenelia. did britaneTSi moqmedi sxva konefsiebidan aRsaniSnavia

xsnis armia (350 aTasi), ormocadaaTianelebi (98 aTasi), ieRovelebi (80

aTasi), luTeranebi (33 aTasi), kvakerebi (21 aTasi), Tavisufali da unai-

taruli qristianuli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi (15 aTasi), meSvide dRis

adventistebi (12 aTasi), inglisis Tavisufali eklesiis warmomadgenlebi

(8 aTasi), nazarevelebi (8 aTasi), axali eklesiis midevrebi (4 aTasi), qri-

stianuli mecnierebis da mormonTa warmomadgenlebi (85 aTasi). britane-

Tis gaerTianebul samefoSi 5,8 milioni adamiania kaTolicizmis mimdeva-

ri. araqrisatianuli religiebidan aris iudaizmi (450 aTasi), isalami

(300 aTasi), induizmi da budizmi.

gaerTianebuli samefos avtonomiur nawil CrdiloeT irlandiaSi

498 aTasi adamiani kaTolikea, xolo 413 aTasi protestanti, arian agreTve

presviterianelebi (345 aTasi), meTodistebi, baptistebi (daaxloebiT 7-8

aTasi), kongregacionalstebi (3 aTasi), anglikanebi (72 aTasi).

didi britaneTis mflobelobaSi Semaval kulZul menze ZiriTadad

anglikanuri eklesiaa dominanti, Tumca arian baptistebi, kongregacio-

nalistebi, meTodistebi, presviterianelebi, ieRovelebi da xsnis armiis

warmomadgenlebi.

normandiis kunZul jersize anglikanuri eklesia saxelmwifoebri-

vi satausis matarebelia. igive viTarebaa gernsis kunZulzec. Tumca

orivegan sxva konfesiis warmomadgenlebic arian.

religiis sociologia

343

irlandia

irlandiam qristianoba V saukuneSi miiRo. igi yovelTvis kaToli-

cizmis erT-erTi bastioni iyo. ramdenadac mosaxleobis 93%-s kaToli-

kebi Seadgenen. arian agreTve anglikanebi (100 aTasamde), presviteriane-

lebi (20 aTasi), meTodistebi (8 aTasi), iudaistebi (6 aTasi), marTlmadi-

debelTa raodenoba iralandiaSi umniSvneloa.

safrangeTi

safrangeTSi qristianoba axali eris dasawisSive gavrcelda. saf-

rangeTis mosaxlebis didi nawili kaTolicizmis mimdevaria, daaxloebiT

82%. protestantebis raodenoba 800 aTasze metia. isini ori eklesiiT

arian warmodgenili: safrangeTis reformatoruli eklesia da elzasisa

da loTaringiis reformatoruli eklesia. luTeranebis raodenoba 42

aTsze metia. aris agreTve sxva konfesiebic: xsnis armia (6 aTasi), meSvide

dRis adventistebi (6 aTasi), baptistebi (5 aTasze meti), menonitebi (3

aTasi), somxuri protestantuli gaerTianeba (2 aTasi), meTodistebi (2

aTasi), kvakerebi, qristianuli mecnierebis momxreebi (umniSvnelo rao-

denoba), somxur grigorianuli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi (180 aTasi),

aseve mcirea marTlmadidebelTa raodenoba. iudaistebi 535 aTass Seda-

genen, arian aseve isalamis midevrebic.

monako

monakos mosaxleobis 96 % kaTolicizmis midevaria.

niderlandebi

niderlandebSi qristianoba VII saukunis bolos gavrcelda. bo-

lodroindeli monacemebis mixedviT, aqauri mosaxleobis erTi mexuTedi

aTestia. mosaxlebis 38% protesatnatia, xolo 39% kaTolike. protes-

tantebs Soris didi gavlena niderlandebis reformatorul eklesia

aqvs (877 aTasi); arian luTeranebi (48 aTasi), menonitebi (65 aTasi), bap-

tistebi (10 aTasi), ganaxlebuli samociqulo misioneruli eklesiis war-

momadgenlebi (2 aTasi), Sveduri Tavisufali misiis warmomadgenlebi (1

aTasze meti), niderlandebis ZvelkaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenle-

bi (12 aTasi), liberalur-kaTolikuri eklesia (1 aTasze meti), iudaizmis

mimdevrebi (30 aTasi).

belgia

belgiaSi qristianoba VII saukunis bolos gavrcelda. morwmuneTa

umravlesoba belgiaSi kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. protestantebi 24 aTa-

kaxa qecbaia

344

samdea. maTi nawili gaerTianebulia belgiis evangelistur protestan-

tul eklesiaSi. amasTan arian belgiis misioneruli eklesiis mimdevrebi

(10 aTasi), belgiis evangelisuri miisiis warmomadgenlebi (2 aTasi), me-

Todistebi (2 aTasi), RmerTis asambleis oromocdaaTianlebi (1 aTasze

meti), meSvide dRis adventistebi (1 aTasze meti), xsnis armiis warmomad-

genelebi da sxv. belgiaSi 41 aTasze meti adamiani iudaizmis warmomadge-

nelia.

luqsemburgi

luqsemburgis mcxovrebTa umravlesoba kaTilicizmis mimdevaria.

mosaxleobis 1% luTerania. aTasze meti mimdevari yvas iudaizms. Arian

iseTebic romlebic ar amxelen TavianT aRmsareblobas (4%).

germania

germaniis teritoriaze qristianoba IV saukunidan gavrcelda. mo-

saxleobis umravlesoba germaniaSi protestantia. raodenobis mixedviT

yvelaze metni evangelisturi eklesiis mimdevrebi arian, romelic or

protestantul konfesias aerTianebs. esenia: germaniis evangelistur-

luTeranuli eklesia da evangelisturi eklesia. maT garda aris Tavisu-

fal evangelistTa kavSiri (67 aTasi), ZveluTeranuli eklesia (37 aTasi),

damoukidebeli evangelistur-luTeranuli eklesia (5 aTasze meti), ger-

maniis Zvelreformatoruli eklesia (5 aTasi), meTodistebi (266 aTasi),

baptistebi (133 aTasze meti), meSvide dRis adventistebi (90 aTasi), meno-

nitebi (12 aTasi), ormocdaaTaianelTa sxvadasxva jgufebi (11 aTasi),

xsnis armia, iudaizmi (4-5 aTasi) da sxva. mosaxleobis 46% germaniaSi ka-

Tolikea. danarCeni konfesiis mimdevarTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.

Sveicaria

SveicariaSi reformacias saTaveSi Jan kalvini edga, Sesabamisad aq

mosaxleobis 48% protestantia. kaTolikebi 49%-ia. garda amisa qveyana-

Si 18 damoukidebeli reformatoruli eklesia funqcionirebs. aris ag-

reTve meSvide dRis adventistebi (7 aTasi), luTeranebi (6 aTasi), Sveica-

riis Tavisufal evangelistTa kavSiri (4 aTasi), baptistebi (3 aTasi), me-

nonitebi (2 aTasi), ormocdaaTianelTa samociqulo eklesia (2 aTasi),

xsnis aramia (mcire raodenobiT), iudaistebi (21 aTasi), musulmanebi (3

aTasi).

lixtenSteini

lixtenSteinis mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolicizmis midevaria.

protestantebi aq mosaxleobis 7% Seadgenen.

religiis sociologia

345

avstria

avstriis teritoriaze qristianoba III saukunidan gavrcelda. aq

yvelaze meti mimdevari kaTolicizms hyavs _ mosaxleobis 89%. protes-

tanatebi qveynis mosaxleobis 6% Seadgenen, romelTa umravlesoba lu-

Terania. 18 aTasamde reformati evangelistur-reformatul eklesias

warmoadgens, arian aseve meSvide dRis adventistebi (4 aTasi), baptistebi

(3 aTasi), RmerTis asambleis ormocdaaTianelebi (1 aTasze meti), xsnis

armia (umniSvnelo raodenoba), 32 aTasi ZvelkaTolikuri eklesiis war-

momadgenlebi da 8 aTasze meti iudaisti.

portugalia

portugalia IV saukunidan gaqristianda. mosaxleobis umravlesoba

_ 96% kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. arsebobs sxvadasxva protestantuli

eklesiac. magaliTad aRzrdisa da qadagebis eklesia (70 aTasi), Tavisu-

fali Sveduri misia (10 aTasi), presviterianelebi (8 aTasi), baptistebi (6

aTasi), RmerTis asambleis ormocdaaTianelebi (4 aTasi), Zmebi (3 aTasi),

meSvide dRis adventistebi (2 aTasi), meTodistebi (2 aTasi), damoukidebe-

li Tanamedgobroba (2 aTasi) da sxv.

espaneTi

espaneTSi qristianoba axali epoqis pirveli saukuneebidan arse-

bobs, Tumca arabTa dapyrobebma misi poziciebi cotaTi Seasusta. dRei-

saTvis espaneTSi saxelmwifo religiis statusi romaul kaTolikur ek-

lesias aqvs, Sesabamisad misi mimdevrebi mosaxleobis umravlesobas Se-

adgenen. Tumca arian protestantebic. magaliTad espanuri evangelis-

turi ekelsia (10 aTasi), Zmebi (8 aTasi), damoukidebeli evangelisturi

eklesia (3 aTasi), baptistebi (11 aTasi), meSvide dRis adventistebi (3

aTasi), espanuri reformirebuli episkopaluri eklesia (2 aTasi), espane-

Tis qristianuli misia (1 aTasze meti). arian agreTve anglikanebi, meTo-

distebi, luTeranebi. ieRovelTa seqta saxelmwifo devnaSia, magram ma-

inc arsebobs; espaneTSi 7 aTasze meti iudaizmis mimdevaria. arian aseve

isalamis mimdevrebic.

andora

andoris mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba kaTolicizmis

mimdevaria.

kaxa qecbaia

346

gibraltari

gibraltaris mosaxleobis 78% kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. Aanglika-

nuri eklesiis mimdevrebi 8%-s Seadgenen, presiviterianelebi da meTo-

distebi 1%-s, musulmanebi 8%-s, iudaistebi 2%-s, induistebi 1%-s.

malta

maltaSi, romelimac damoukidebloba 1964 wels moipova mosaxleo-

bis umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. aqve arian protestantebic,

romelTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.

italia

italia erT-erTi pirveli evropuli qveynaa sadac qristianoba

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. am qveynis oficialuri sarwmunoeba kaTo-

licizmia, Sesabamisad mosaxleobis umravlesoba am religiis mimdevaria.

italiaSi aseve arian: berZnul-kaTolikuri eklesia, romelic italiaSi

mcxovreb albanelebs aerTianebs, marTlmadideblebi da protestantebi

(100 aTasze meti). protestantebs Soris arian RmerTis asambleis ormoc-

daaTianelebi (55 aTasi), meSvide dRis adventistebi (8 aTasi), luTerane-

bi (6 aTasi), baptistebi (5 aTasi), meTodistebi (4 aTasi). iudaizmis warmo-

madgenelebi italiaSi 30 aTasze metia.

san-marino

san-marinos mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba kaTolicizmis

mimdevaria.

saberZneTi

italiis darad saberZneTSi adreve gavrcelda qristianoba. saber-

ZneTSi saxelmwifo religiis statusi marTlmadideblur qristianobas

aqvs. mosaxleobis 97% marTlmadidebelia. kaTolikeTa raodenoba aq 46

aTass aRevs, romelic 3 aTasamde berZen da aTasamde somex kaTolikeeb-

sac moicavs. saberZneTSi arian agreTve somxur-grigorianuli eklesiis

warmomadgenlebi (9 aTasi), berZnuli evangelistur eklesias 15 aTasi

adamiani yavs, ormocdaaTianelebi (2 aTasi), ieRovelebi (8 aTasi), iudais-

tebi (6 aTasi), islamis mimdevrebi (108 aTasi).

xorvatia

xorvatiis mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mimdevaria _

82,28%. sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa procentuli maCvenebeli daaxloe-

biT aseTia: marTlmadideblebi _ 4, 44%, protestantebi _ 0, 34%, isla-

mis mimdevrebi _ 1, 47% da sxva konfesiis warmomadgenelebi 3,24%.

religiis sociologia

347

serbeTi

serbeTis mosaxleobis didi nawili _ 85% marTlmadidebeli qris-

tiania. sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa procentuli maCvenebeli (kosovos

gareSe) daaxloebiT aseTia: kaTolikebi _ 5,5%, musulmanebi _ 3,2%,

protestantebi _ 1,1%, ieRovelebi _ 4 aTasamde.

M

makedonia

makedoniis mosaxleobis 67 % makedoniis marTlmadidebluri ekle-

siis warmomadgenelia. arian agreTve musulmanebi _ 30%, sxva konfesiis

warmomadgenelebi mosaxleobis 3%-ia.

bosnia

Zveli monacemebis mixedviT bosniis religiuri ruka daaxloebiT

aseTia: 43,49% _ marTlmadidebeli, 32,25% _ musulmani, 22,87% _ kaTo-

like. Tumca amJamad es viTareba transformierebas ganicdis.

slovenia

sloveniaSi mosaxleobis 57,8% kaTolicizmis mimdevaria, marTlma-

didebelTa raodenoba 2,3%-ia, isalmis mimdevarTa 2,4%, protestantebi

0,8%. arian meSvide dRis adventistebi, baptistebi da sxv.

albaneTi

albaneTSi umTavresad qristianoba da isalmia gavrcelebuli.

qristianoba aq marTlmadideblobisa da kaTolicizmis saxiT aris war-

modgenili: 20%-ze meti marTlmadidebelia, xolo 10% kaTolike. danar-

Ceni mosaxleoba islamis mimdevaria, ZiriTadad sunizmis. Tumca arian

sxvadasxva Siituri seqtis warmomadgenelebi (magaliTad beqTaSistTa

seqtis msoflio centeri albaneTSi mdebareobs).

bulgareTi

qristianobam bulgareTSi IX saukuneSi SeaRwia. mosaxleobis didi

nawili bulgareTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis warmomadgenelia. gav-

rcelebulia aseve islami. Aarian kaTolikebi (60 aTasi), baptistebi, meSvi-

de dRis adventistebi, meTodistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, kongregacio-

nalistebi, somxur-grigorianuli eklesiis mimdevrebi da sxv. bulgare-

li sociologebis mixedviT, Rrmad morwmuneTa, romlebic regularu-

lad dadaian eklesiaSi procentuli maCvenebli 6, 76%-ia.

kaxa qecbaia

348

rumineTi

qristianoba rumineTSi IV saukunidan arsebobs. mosaxleobis umrav-

lesoba rumineTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis warmomadgenelia. rao-

denobis mixedviT meore adgils kaTolikebi ikaveben. protestantebs So-

ris arian reformatebi (700 aTasi) da luTeranebi (180 aTasi); protestan-

tuli seqtebidan arian baptistebi (90 aTasi), meSvide dRis adventistebi

(66 aTasi), ormocdaaTianelebi, unitarianelebi; rumineTSi 1000 aTasi

iudaistia. islamis mimdevarTa raodenoba arc Tu ise mniSvnelovania.

ungreTi

ungrelebi XI saukuneSi gaxdnen qristianebi. XVI saukuneSi mosaxle-

obis didma nawilma protestantoba miiRo, magram kontrrefomaciis

dros upiratesoba kaTolicizmma moipova da amJamad mosaxleobis 64%

kaTolikea, xolo 23% protestanti. protestantebis umravlesoba kal-

vinistia. Tumca arian luTeranebi, ormocdaaTianelebi (5 aTasi), baptis-

tebi (35 aTasi), adventistebi (14 aTasi), meTodistebi (2 aTasi). marTlma-

didebeli ungrelebi ungreTis marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi arian gaer-

Tianebulni. ungreTSi cxovrobs 80 aTasi iudaisti.

CexeTi

CexeTis mosaxlobis 26,8% kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. protestante-

bis raodenoba 2,5%-ia. arian agreTve vatikanisagan gamoyofili Cexuri

reformatoruli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi. erT-erTi gamorCeulia hu-

situri eklesia, romelic damoukidebeli konfesiis saxiT arsebobs. 2001

wlis aRweriT CexeTSi 23 053 marTlmadidebeli iyo, romlebic Cexuri da

slovakuri miwebis avtokefalur marTlmadideblur eklesiaSia gaerTi-

anebuli. es eklesia 4 eparqiisagan Sedgeba. aArian ra Tqma unda sxva kon-

fesiebis warmomadgenlebic.

slovakeTi

slovakeTis mosaxleobis 69% kaTolikea, 11% protestanti (Ziri-

Tadad luTeranebi da reformatebi), 4% berZnul-kaTolikuri eklesiis

mimdevrebia, 1% marTlmadideblebi. 120 aTasi iudaizmis mimdevari.

poloneTi

qristianoba poloneTSi X saukuneSi gavrcelda. mosaxleobis 95%

romauli kaTolicizmis mimdevaria (poloneli iyo romis papi ioane pav-

le II (karl voitila). marTlmadideblur eklesias 527 aTasze meti mimde-

vari yavs. iudaizms 126 aTasze meti. arian protestantebic. magaliTad

religiis sociologia

349

augsburgis evangelisturi eklesia (70 aTasi), gaerTianebuli evangelis-

turi eklesia (10 aTasi), meTodistebi (6 aTasi), adventistebi (6 aTasi),

reformatebi (5 aTasi), ormocdaaTianelebi (3 aTasi), baptistebi (2 aTa-

si). arian islamis mimdevrebic.

kviprosi

kviprosSi qristianobam warmoSobisTanave SeaRwia. qveynis mosax-

leobis didi nawili marTlmadidebeli qristiania _ 73%, romelic kvip-

rosis marTlmadideblur avtokefalur eklesiaSia gaerTianebuli. is-

lams misdevs mosaxleobis 18% (sunizmis xanifituri saxeoba). aris som-

xur-grigorianuli eklesia (3 aTasi), maronitebi, romauli kaTolikuri

eklesiis mimdevrebi (7-7 aTasamde), anglikanebi da sxv.

TurqeTi

TurqeTis mosaxleobis 99% isalamis mimdevaria (sunizmi). TurqeT-

Si mcxovreb qurTebs Soris arian Siisturi seqtis _ al-ilahis warmo-

madgenelebi (80 aTasi) da iezidebi (43 aTasze meti). qristianebi 0,7%-ia.

esenia arian: marTlmadideblebi (74 aTasi _ berZnebi da bulgarelebi),

somexi grigorianelebi (70 aTasi), kaTolikebi (26 aTasi), protestantebi

(23 aTasi). iudaizmis mimdevarTa raodenoba 40 aTasamdea.

siriis arabuli respublika

siriis mosaxleobis 85% islamis mimdevaria. 14% ki qristiania. 173

aTasi marTlmadidebeli da 273 aTasi kaTolike. somxur-grigorianul ek-

lesias 112 aTasi warmomadgeneli yavs. sxva religiebidan gvxvdeba iezi-

debi (3 aTasi) da iudaizmis mimdevrebi (4 aTasi).

libani

libanSi qristianoba I s-is bolosa da II s-is dasawyisSi gavrcelda.

mosaxleobis 52% qristiania, xolo 47% mulsulmani. qrsitianebs Soris

umetesoba maronitebi arian (424 aTasi). meore adgils marTlmadideble-

bi ikaveben (150 aTasi). arian agreTve berZnul-kaTolikuri eklesiis war-

momadgenlebi (91 aTasi), somexi kaTolikebi (14 aTasi), sirieli-kaToli-

kebi (6 aTasi), laTino-kaTolikebi (4 aTasi), iakobinelebi (5 aTasi), nes-

torianelebi; protestantebi (14 aTasi). libanSi arian sunitebi da Sii-

tebi. iudaizms aq 3 aTasi mimdevari hyavs.

kaxa qecbaia

350

israeli

israelis saxelmwifo religia iudaizmia. arian iudaizmis iseTi

seqtebis warmomadgenlebi, rogorebic karaimebi (12 aTasi) da samarite-

lebia (160 aTasi). isarelSi cxovroben qrsitianebi da musulmanebic. ka-

Tolikebi aq 44 aTasaze metia, xolo marTlmadideblebi 16 aTasi. sxva

konfesiebidan aris arabuli evangelisturi episkopaluri (rjulismoZ-

RvrebiT anglikanuri) eklesia, somxur-grigorianuli eklesia, kopturi

da eTiopuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebi.

iordania

iordaniis saxelmwifo religia islamia. mas mosaxleobis 94% aRia-

rebs. qristianTa raodenoba 200 aTasia, romelTa Soris arian marTlma-

dideblebi, kaTolikebi, berZeni-kaTolikebi, anglikanebi, luTeranebi,

somexi grigorianelebi.

saudis arabeTi

saudis arabeTis mosaxleobis umravlesoba isalamis mimdevaria,

romelic qveynis sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva mimdinareobaTa saxiT

aris warmodgenili. qveynis centralur nawilSi vahabizmia wamyvani re-

ligia. dasavleT nawilSi sunituri islami. qveyanaSi arian Siitebi da ie-

zidebi. samxreT nawilSi mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba suni-

tia. arian agreTve iudaizmis mimdevrebi, marTlmadidebeli berZnebi da

protestantebi (amerikelebi da ingliselebi).

iemeni

iemenSi morwmuneTa did jgufs Siiti iezidebi qmnian _ 54%. suni-

tebis maCvenebeli 45%-ia. aramusulmanuri religiebidan warmodgenilia

iudaizmi (0,5 aTasi), qristianoba (ucxoelebi romlebic iemenSi cxovro-

ben), indiuzmi da zoroastrizmi.

O

omani

omanis mosaxleobis TiTqmis umravlesoba islamis mimdevari. Sxva

religiebis (indiuzmi, qristianoba, iudaizmi) mimdevarTa raodenoba um-

niSvneloa.

arabeTis gaerTianebuli emiratebi

arabeTis gaerTianebuli emiratebis mosaxleobis 96% isalamis mim-

devaria (ZiriTadad sunizmi). arian Siitebic (2 aTasze meti). sxva religi-

religiis sociologia

351

is (induizmi, iudaizmi) mimdevarTa raodenoba umniSvneloa. qristianTa

raodenoba mTeli mosaxleobis 2%-ia.

Y

yatari

yatarSi mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba suniti musulma-

nia. Siitebis raodenoba aTasze metia. mcire raodenobiT arian iudaiste-

bi da induistebi.

bahreini

bahreinis mosaxleobis 96% musulmania. aqedan naxevarze meti suni-

tia, xolo danarCeni Siitia. qristianTa raodenobis maCvenebli 3%-ia.

mcire raodenobiT arian iudaistebi da induistebi.

kuveiti

kuveitic musulmanuri qveyanaa. islamis mimdevari aq mosaxleobis

95%-ia, romelTa Soris umravlesobas sunitebi Seadgenen. sxva religiis

warmomadgnenlebidan arian induistebi, qristianebi (marTlmadideble-

bi, kaTolikebi, protestantebi, koptebi) 5%, arian agreTve iudaizmis

mimdevrebic (umniSvnelo raodenobiT).

erayi

eraySi islamis mimdevaria mosaxleobis 96% (54% sunitia, 42% Sii-

ti). 3%-s Seadgenen qristianebi. eraySi arian Zveli religiebis mimdevre-

bic. magaliTad iezidebi (70 aTasze meti, ZiriTadad qurTebi) da mandeve-

lebi (14 aTasze meti).

irani

iranis mosaxleobis 99% musulmania, romelTa Soris umravlesobas

Siitebi warmoadgenen. arian agreTve ismailitebi da bahaistebi (60 aTa-

si). qriatianTa raodenoba 1%-ia. aseve arian iudaizmis mimdevrebic. Ta-

visi mimdevrebi yavs zoroastrizms.

avRaneTi

avRaneTi islamuri qveyanaa. mosaxleobis 90% sunitia. qveyanaSi

funqcionireben agreTve calkeuli sunituri ordenebi 0,5%. Aarian isma-

ilitebi 3%, iudaistebi (800-mde), induistebi da sikxebi.

pakistani

pakistanis mosaxleobis 97% sunituri islamis mimdevaria, xolo

1,5% induistia, 1,4% qristiani. qristianoba kaTolicizmisa da protes-

kaxa qecbaia

352

tantobis saxiTaa warmodgenili. 10 aTasze meti adamiani zoroastrizmis

mimdevaria (isini yaraCSi arian Tavmoyrilini), xolo 2 aTasze meti bu-

distia.

indoeTi

indoeTis mosaxleobis 83% induizmis mimdevaria, romelic qaSmi-

risa da jammus Statis garda yvelganaa gavrcelebuli. induizmi ori mim-

dinareobiTaa warmodgenili: viSnuizmi da Sivaizmi. Uufro meti mimdevari

viSnuizms yavs. mosaxleobis 11% islamis mimdevaria, romelTa Soris su-

nitebis raodenoba sagrZnobia. rogorc induizmi, aseve islami calkeu-

li seqtebis saxiTacaa warmodgenili. qristianebis raodenoba indoeTSi

14 milionze metia. eseni umTvaresad nestorianelebi da iakobinelebi

arian. ra Tqma unda, arian kaTolikebi (8 miloni) da protestantebi (2,7

milioni). baptistebi idoeTSi 2, 1 milioni arian. arian aseve menonitebi,

meTodistebi, xsnis armiis mimdevrebi. damoukidebeli induri religiis

statusiT sargeblobs sikxizmi. sikxebi 10 milonamde arian. 4 milioni

adamiani budistia. 3 milioni jainisti. 130 aTasi adamiani zoroastrizms

misdevs. iudaizmi 15 aTasi morwmuniTaa warmodgenili. arian agreTve bu-

dizmis adgilobrivi formis _ lamaizmis (wiTelqudianebi) da uZvelesi

adgilobrivi induri religiebis warmomadgenlebic.

butani

butanis mosaxleobis didi nawili lamaizmis (wiTelqudianebi) war-

momadgenelia. qveynis samxreT nawilSi umetesni induistebi arian.

nepali

nepalis mosaxleobis 89% induistia. 9% budisti. 1% islamis mim-

devari. qristianebi nepalSi cotani arian. arian adamianebi romlebic

gvarovnul religiebs misdeven.

tibeti

tibetis socialur cxovrebaSi niSvnelovani adgili religias uka-

via. uZvelesi tibeturi religia aris boni. mas DdResac yavs Tavisi mim-

devrebi. tibetSi budizmi padmasambhavam moitana. dRes tibetSi ZiriTa-

di religia tibeturi budizmia. Tavisi mimdevrebi yavs induizms, jai-

nizms da islams. musulmanebi aq IX saukunidan arian. pirveli qristianebi

tibetSi nestorianelebi iyvnen. aq dRes qristianebs Soris arian kaTo-

likebi da protestantebi.

religiis sociologia

353

bangladeSi

bangladeSis mosaxleobis 80% musulmania, xolo induistebi 18%.

arian budistebi (374 aTasi), qristianebi (149 aTasi). arian gvarovnuli

religiis mimdevrebic.

maldivi

maldivis mosaxleoba mTlianad sunituri islamis mimdevaria.

Sri-lanka

Sri-lankaSi saxelmwifo religiad budizmia aRiarebuli. mas mosax-

leobis 66% misdevs. 19% induistia, 8% qristiania, romelTa Soris

uravlesobas kaTolikebi warmoadgenen (829 aTasi). protestantebi 89

aTasia: eseni arian meTodistebi (24 aTasi), anglikanebi (42 aTasi), xsnis

armiis mimdevrebi (5 aTasi), samxreT indoeTis eklesiis warmomadgenlebi

(5 aTasi), reformatebi (4 aTasi), baptistebi (3 aTasi), ormocdaaTianele-

bi (2 aTasi), adventistebi. qveyanaSi mcxovrebTa 7% musulmania. Sri-lan-

kis uZvelesi mosaxleoba vedebis mimdevaria (3 aTasi), arian agreTve tra-

diciuli rwmenebis mimdevrebic.

birma

birmis mosaxleobis oTxi mexuTedi budistia. qristianobas 5% aRi-

arebs, romelTa umravlesoba protestantia (baptistebi, anglikanebi, me-

Todistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, adventistebi), kaTolikebi 238 aTasam-

dea. mosaxleobis 4% islamis mimdevaria. 3% induisti. tradiciuli gva-

rovnuli religiis mimdevrebi 5%.

tailandi

ukanaskneli monacemebiT tailandis mosaxleobis 94% budistia. 4%

musulmani. 2% konfucianeli. arian kaTolikebi (140 aTasi) da protes-

tantebi (34 aTasi). induizms 3 aTasamde adamiani misdevs. mTian raionebSi

tradiciuli gvarovnuli religiaa gavrcelebuli.

laosi

laosSi saxlmwifo religia budizmia. mTian regionebSi mcxovrebni

dRemde inarCuneben TavianT gvarovnul religias. qveyanaSi mcxovrebi

frangebi da vietnamelebi kaTolikebi an budistebi arian (32 aTasi). la-

osSi arian induisitebi, daosistebi, konfucianelebi.

kaxa qecbaia

354

kamboja

kambojis oficialuri religia budizmia. qveyanaSi arian kaTolike-

bi (62 aTasi), protestantebi (qritianuli da misioneruli aliansi, ad-

ventistebi). mcirea isalamis mimdevarTa raodenoba.

vietnami

dRes vietnami religiurad Zalze mravalferovania. mosaxleobis

didi nawili 93% budistia, 6,7% kaTolike, 0,5% protestanati, arian sin-

kretuli seqtis xoa-xao-sa 1,5% da kaodais 1,1% warmomadgenlebi. 80

aTasze meti adamiani adgilobrivi animisturi kultebis mimdevaria.

malaizia

malaiziaSi mcxovrebi Cinelebi, romlebic mosaxleobis mesameds

warmoadgenen konfucianelebi da daosistebi arian. maT mosdeven isala-

mis mimdevrebi. arian budistebi da qristianebi 5% (ZiriTadad protes-

tantebi da kaTolikebi). samxreT aziidan gamosul da amJamad malaiziaSi

mcxivrebTa 70% induistia.

singapuri

singapurSi mcxovrebi Cinelebi, romlebic aq ZiriTad eTnoss war-

moadgenen budistebi, daiosistebi da konfucianelebi arian. sxva reli-

giebidan aris islami, induizmi da qristianoba (kaTolicizmi da protes-

tantoba).

brunei

bruneis oficialuri religia islamia, romelsac mosaxleobis 62%

aRiarebs. qveynis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis didi nawili tradiciul ani-

mistur kultebs inarCunebs. qristianebi aq 8% Seadgenen (kaTolicizmi,

protestantoba, calkeuli setqebi). budistebi 13%-ia. bruneelTa 0,4%

bahaistia.

indonezia

indoneziis mosaxleobis umravlesoba _ 94% _ islamis mimedvaria.

qristianebi aq 5%-ia mTeli mosaxleobis. protestantebi da kaTolikebi

1,7%-s Seadgenen. kunZul iavaze budizmia ZiriTadi religia. saerTod,

indoneziaSi 1 milioni budistia. aq mcxovrebi Cinelebi an konfuciane-

lebi an daosistebi arian. qveynis calkeul regionebSi dRemde SemorCe-

nilia gvarovnuli animisturi rwmenebi.

religiis sociologia

355

timori

kunZul timorze adgilobrivi gvarovnuli animisturi rwmenebia

ZiriTadi religia. kunZuli portugaliis gamgeblobaSia da, Sesabamisad,

131 aTasze meti adamiani kaTolikea.

filipinebi

ZiriTadad filipinebi qrsitianuli qveyanaa. mosaxleobis didi na-

wili filipinebis kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenelia, romelmac

1901 wels romisgan damoukidebloba moipova. protestantebis raodeno-

ba 3 milionia. sxva religiebidan aris iudaizmi, budizmi. 500 aTasze meti

adamiani adgilobrivi animisturi kultebis mimdevaria.

CineTi

CineTSi ZiriTadad sami religiaa gavrcelebuli. esenia: konfucia-

neloba, budizmi da daosizmi. samive maTganis mimdevarTa zusti raode-

noba daudgenelia. miaxloebiTi monacemebi ki aseTia: konfucianelebi _

350 milioni, budistebi _ 100 milioni da daosistebi _ 50 milioni. Cine-

Tis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi sunituri islamia gavrcelebuli (10 mi-

lioni). qristianoba aq VI saukuneSi Semovida. amJamad kaTolicizmis mim-

devarTa raodenoba 2 milions aWarbebs, protestantebi ki 700 aTasze

metni arian. garda amisa CineTSi mTeli rigi tradiciuli rwmenebi da

kultebia SenarCunebuli. dRemde arsebobs Samanizmi.

honkongi

honkongis Cinuri mosaxleoba budizmis, konfucianelobisa da dao-

sizmis mimdevaria. 5 aTasamde musulania, 3 aTasi iudaisti. 236 aTasi ka-

Tolikea, xolo 26 aTasi protestanti. arian marTlmadideblebic ro-

melTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.

makao

kunZul makaos mosaxleoba budizmis, konfucianelobisa da dao-

sizmis mimdevaria. 36 aTasi adamiani kaTolikea.

monRoleTi

monRoleTSi ZiriTadi religia budizmis lamaisturi formaa. aq

mcxovrebi yazaxebi ki musulmanebi arian. dRemde SemorCenilia calkeu-

li gvarovnuli animisturi kultebic.

kaxa qecbaia

356

korea

politikuri dayofis miuxedavad korea religiurad mravalfero-

vania. IV saukuneSi koreaSi CineTidan mahaianisturi budizmi da konfuci-

aneloba Semovida. dRes samxreT koreaSi 7 milioni budisti da 4 milioni

konfucianelia. SenarCunebulia agreTve tradiciuli Samanizmi. kaTo-

licizmi koreaSi XVIII s-Si Semovida (779 aTasi), xolo protestantoba XIX

s-Si. samxreT koreaSi 3,2 milioni adamiania amJamad protestanti. gav-

rcelebulia agreTve budisturi seqtebi Cxondoge (636 aTasi) da taCenge

(500 aTasi).

iaponia

iaponiaSi ori ZiriTadi religia arsebobs: sintoizmi da budizmi.

sintoizms 84,4 milioni mimdevari yavs, budizms 84,9 milioni. sintoizmi

or nawiladaa gayofili: orTodoqsuli da seqtanturi. sintoisturi

msxvili seqtebia: tenri (2571 aTasi), iZumo iasiro (1168 aTasi), sinri (678

aTasi), mitake (668 aTasi), kuroZumi (651 aTasi), konko (530 aTasi), sinsiu

(520 aTasi), ananai (215 aTasi), fuso (119 aTasi), Zikko (156 aTasi), otomo

(139 aTasi), misogi (114 aTasi), sinko (53 aTasi), sinto siuei (52 aTasi). iapo-

niaSi budisturi seqtebic arseboben, romelTa Soris mimdevarTa raode-

nobiT gamorCeulia Zedo sini (15 milioni), singoni (11 milioni), Zeni (9 mi-

lioni), tendai (4 milioni), Zedo (3,5 milioni), nitireni (2 milioni). bolo

dros iaponiaSi axali religiuri moZraobis saxiT neobudisturi seqtebi

_ reiukai (4 milioni) da rise kosei kai (3 milioni) gaCndnen. iaponiaSi ari-

an qristianebic: protestantebi 873 aTasi, kaTolikebi 357 aTasi da seqte-

bi. 25 aTasamde adamiani marTlmadidebelia. iudaizmis mimdevarTa raode-

noba umniSvneloa. iaponuri erovnuli umciresobis _ ainis warmomadgen-

lebi tradiciuli animisturi rwmenebis mimdevrebi arian.

afrika

egvipte

egviptis saxelmwifo religia islamia. mas mosaxleobis 90% mis-

devs. isini ZiriTadad sunitebi araian. egviptel musulmanebs Soris ari-

an sufistur ordenTa warmomadgenlebi. mosaxleobis 10% qristiania. 4

milioni monofiziti or, koptur da somxur-grigorianul eklesiaSia ga-

erTianebuli. marTlmadidebelTa raodenoba 100 aTasamdea. isini aleq-

sandriis marTlmadideblur eklesias warmoadgenen. arian kaTolikebi

da protestantebi. aseve anglikanebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, adventiste-

bi. egviptis ebrauli mosaxleoba iuadaizmis mimdevaria.

religiis sociologia

357

libia

libiis saxelmwifo religia islamia. suniti musulmanebi qveynis

mosaxleobis 96% Seadgenen. qristianebi 50 aTasamde arian. kaTolikebi

36 aTasi, ramdenime aTasi protestanti da marTlmadidebelia. libieli

ebraelebi iudaistebi arian.

tunisi

tunisis saxelmwifo religia islamia. musulmanebi mosaxleobis

96% Seadgenen. qrsistianebi tunisSi 50 aTasamdea, ZiriTadad kaTolike-

bi. 60 aTasamde ebraeli iudaistia.

alJiri

alJiris mosaxleobis 98% musulmania. aq saxelmwifo religia is-

lamia. qrsitianTa raodenoba 100 aTasamdea. maTi didi umravlesoba ka-

Tolicizmis mimdevaria. protestantebi ramdenime aTasamdea. 20 aTasam-

de ebraeli iudaistia.

maroko

marokos saxelmwifo religia islamia. musulmanebi aq mosaxleobis

98% warmoadgenen. qristianebi 1,6%-ia, romelTa umravlesoba kaToli-

kea. mcire raodenobiT arian marTlmadideblebi da protestantebi.

seuta da melila

espaneTis kuTvnilebaSi myof seutasa da melilaSi mosaxleobis di-

di nawili kaTolizmis aRmsarebelia (135 aTasi). protestantebi aq 5 aTa-

samdea. suniti musulmanebi 15 aTasi. iudaisti ebraelebi 5 aTasamde.

dasavleT sahara

dasavleT saharis mosaxleobis didi nawili suniti musulmania. ka-

Tolicizmis mimdevari 3 aTasze metia. iudaizmis aRmsarebeli aTasamdea.

mavritania

mavritaniis saxelmwifo religia islamia. mosaxleobis 99% musul-

mania. maTgan umravlesoba sunitia. qveyanaSiA arseboben mTeli rigi isla-

muri seqtebi. qristianoba aq warmodgenilia romaul-kaTolikuri ekle-

siis saxiT (5 aTasi).

kaxa qecbaia

358

senegali

senegalis mosaxleobis umravlesoba suniti musulmania. 15-17% ki

gvarovnuli kultebis mimdevaria. qristianebi 4%-ia. kaTolikebi 165 aTasi,

protestantebi, baptistebi da adventistebi mTlianobaSi 7 aTasze metia.

Ggambia

gambiis mosaxleobis 80% musulmania. 17% adgilobrivi gvarovnu-

li kultis mimdevrebi arian. qristianTa raodenoba 13 aTasze metia.

mwvane koncxis kunZulebi

mwvane koncxis kunZulebze TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba qristiania.

umravlesobas kaTolikebi qmnian. protestantebi, nazarevelTa eklesiis

warmomadgenlebi da adventistebi ramdenime aTasni arian.

gvinea-bisau

gvinea-bisaus mosaxleobis naxevarze meti adgilobrivi tradiciu-

li kultebis mimdevarni arian (55%). musulmanebi 40%-s Seadgenen. qris-

tianebi 5%-ia, romelTa Soris umravlesoba kaTolikea. ramdenime aTasi

adamiani protestantia.

gvinea

gvineis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 75% islamis mimdevaria. mosaxle-

obis 1% qristianebi arian. maTgan kaTolike 34 aTasia, protestanti 7

aTasamde. qveynis danarCeni mosaxleoba adgilobriv tradiciul kul-

tebs misdevs.

mali

malis mosaxleobis 60% musulmania. mosaxleobis 1%-s qriatianebi

(kaTolikebi, protestantebi da qristianuli seqtebi) qmnian. danarCeni

mosaxleoba adgilobriv tradiciul kultebs misdevs.

siera-leone

siera-leones mosaxleobis 63% tradiciuli kultebisa da religi-

ebis mimdevaria. sxva religiebidan aris islami da qristianoba (4%).

qristianTa umravlesoba aq protestantia (78 aTasi). moqmedeben angli-

kanuri, meTodisturi, evangelisturi da romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiebi

(33 aTasi).

religiis sociologia

359

liberia

liberiis mosaxleobis 72% avtoqtonuri rwmenebis mimdevaria, ro-

melTa umravlesoba saidumlo kavSirebis saxiT arsebobs. mosaxleobis

15%-s musulmanebi Seadgenen, xolo 12% qristiania, romelTa Soris um-

ravlesobas protestantebi warmoadgenen (125 aTasi). afrikis qristianu-

li eklesiis mimdevarTa raodenoba 1%-ia.

spilos Zvlis sanapiro

am qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesoba tradiciuli kultebisa da re-

ligiebis mimdevaria. sxva religiebidan aris islami da qristianoba.

qristianebs Soris umetesoba romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomad-

genelia. protestantebi 100 aTasamdea. afrikis qristianuli eklesiis

mimdevarTa raodenoba 5%-ia.

zemo volta

mosaxleobis sami meoTxedi aq tradiciuli kultebisa da religie-

bis mimdevaria. sxva religiebidan aris islami da qristianoba. qristia-

nebi mosaxleobis 4% Seadgenen. maTgan umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mide-

varia (200 aTasi). protestantebi ufro naklebia. aq arian ieRovelebi,

adventistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, plimuTis saZmos wevrebi.

gana

ganas mosaxleobis 63% avtoqtonuri rwmenebis mimdevaria. qristai-

anTa procentuli maCvenebeli 23%-ia. aqedan 13% protestanatia. 10% ka-

Tolike. afrikis qristianuli eklesiis mimdevarTa raodenoba 4%-ia. mo-

saxleobis danarCeni nawili (daaxloebiT meaTedi) isalamis mimdevaria.

togo

mosaxleobis 71% tradiciuli kultebisa da religiebis mimdeva-

ria. 480 aTasi mimdevari yavs qristianobas. aqedan 16% romaul-kaToli-

kur eklesias warmoadgens, xolo 8% protestantuls. islams 100 aTasi

adamiani aRiarebs. maTi umravlesoba sunitia. arian aseve sufisturi or-

denis warmomadgenlebi.

dagomea

mosaxleobis 63% tradiciuli kultebisa da religiebis mimdeva-

ria. qristianebi 11% Seadgenen. kaTolikebi 350 aTasi, protestantebi 50

aTasi. afrikis qristianul eklesias 300 aTasi mimdevari yavs. sunitur

islams mosaxleobis 14% aRiarebs.

kaxa qecbaia

360

nigeria

nigeriis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 40-45% islamis mimdevaria. su-

nizmis garda islami aq aTasgvari seqtebisa da ordenebis saxiTaa war-

modgenili. nigerielTa 35-40% tradiciuli kultebisa da rwmenebis mim-

devaria. qristianebi 15-18%-ia (daaxloebiT 10 milonze meti adamiani).

maTi umravlesoba protestantia. afrikis qristianuli eklesiis mimde-

varTa raodenoba 2%-mdea, romelic aq sxvadasxva seqtebis saxiTaa war-

modgenili.

nigeri

nigeris mosaxleobis 80% musulmania. darCenili 20%-dan umeteso-

ba adgilobrivi avtoqtonuri kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. qris-

tianebi aq 15 aTasze metia. maTi umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mimdevaria.

evangelisti protestantebi aTasamdea.

Cadi

Cadis mosaxleobis sami mexuTedi musulmania. tradiciul religi-

ebs (gvarovnuli, tomobrivi da sxva saxis kultebi, animisturi rwmenebi

da sxva) mosaxleobis 35% warmoadgens. qristianebi 5%-Taa warmodgenili.

eseni ZiriTadad kaTolikebi (umravlesoba) da protestanatebi arian.

kameruni

kamerunis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti _ 52% tradiciuli religie-

bis (gvarovnuli, tomobrivi da sxva saxis kultebi, animisturi rwmenebi

da sxva) warmomadgenelia. qristianoba aq 30%-Taa warmodgenili. umrav-

lesobas romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebi Seadgenen (1,2 mi-

lioni), protestantebi 0,7 milionamde arian. afrikis qristianuli ekle-

siis sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenelebi 60 aTass aWarbeben. kamerunis

mosaxleobis 17% musulmania (umetesoba sunitebia).

centraluri afrika

centraluri afrikis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti _ 80% tradici-

uli religiebis (gvarovnuli, tomobrivi da sxva saxis kultebi, animis-

turi rwmenebi da sxva) warmomadgenelia. qristianebi am qveyanaSi misi

mosaxleobis 15%-iTaa warmodgenili. maTi umravlesoba romaul-kaTo-

likuri eklesiis warmomadgenelia (200 aTasi), protestantebi 50 aTasia.

5% islamis mimdevaria.

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361

gaboni

gabonis mosaxleobis 60% qristiania. umravlesobas romaul-kaTo-

likuri eklesiis mimdevrebi qmnian. maT mosdeven protestantebi. adgi-

lobriv avotqtonur religiebs mosaxleobis 39% misdevs. 1% ki islamis

mimdevaria.

ekvatoruli gvinea

73% am qveyanaSi qristiania. maTi umravlesoba romaul-kaToliku-

ri eklesiis mimdevaria 72%. 1% meTodistebi arian. islams aTasze meti

adamiani misdevs. danarCeni mosaxleoba adgilobrivi rwmenebis mimdev-

rebia.

san-tomesa da prinsipis kunZulebi

portugaliis mflobelobaSi myof am adgilebSi mosaxleobis um-

ravlesoba kaTolike qristiania (50 aTasai). Pprotestantebi ramdenime

aTasamdea.

kongo

kongos mosaxleobis 52% tradiciuli religiebis (gvarovnuli,

tomobrivi da sxva saxis kultebi, animisturi rwmenebi da sxva) warmomad-

genelia. qristianebi mosaxleobis 43%-ia. maTgan umravlesobas romaul-

kaTolikuri eklesiis mimdevrebi qmnian. afrikis qristianuli eklesiis

warmomadgenelebi 4%-ia. suniti musulmanebi 1% Seadgenen.

zairi

zairis mosaxleobis 45% tradiciuli religiebis (gvarovnuli, to-

mobrivi da sxva saxis kultebi, animisturi rwmenebi da sxva) warmomadge-

nelia. qristianebi mosaxleobis 46%-ia. aqedan 36% romauli kaToliciz-

mis aRmsarebelia, 10% protestantobas aRiarebs. 3% musulmania. 2 aTa-

samde adamiani iudaistia.

angola

angolis mosaxleobis 62% avtoqtonuri kultebisa da religiebis

mimdevaria. qristianTa raodenoba 2,1 milions aWarbebs. Aqedan 1,6 milio-

ni romauli kaTolicizmis aRmsarebelia. protestanatebi naxevar milo-

namde arian. afrikis qritianuli eklesiisa da seqtebis wamomadgenlebi

mosaxleobis 2%-s warmoadgenen.

kaxa qecbaia

362

sudani

sudanis mosaxleobis 72% musulmania, romelTagan umravlesobas

sunitebi warmoadgenen. qristianoba romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiiTa

(500 aTasi) da protestantobiTaa (30 aTasi) warmodgenili. arian kopte-

bic (mcire raodenobiT). xarTumSi cxovroben induistebi da iudaistebi.

eTiopia

eTiopia afrikis erTdaerTi qveyanaa sadac konstituciiT qristia-

noba saxelmwifo religiadaa aRiarebuli. mosaxleobis ori mesamedi

qristiania. raodenobrivad uravlesobas monofizitebi qmnian (eTiopiis

eklesia). danarCeni qristianebi mTeli mosaxleobis 2%-ia. maT Soris

arian eTipieli kaTolikebi (100 aTasi), kaTolikebi (65 aTasi), ramdenime

aTasi marTlmadidebelia. naxevari miloni adamiani aq protestantia.

sxva religiebidan gavrcelebulia islami, tradiciuli kultebi da

rwmenebi (7%) da iudaizmi.

somali

somalis mosaxleobis 98% musulmania. islami aq saxelmwifo reli-

giaa. tradiciul kultebsa da rwmenebs mosaxleobis 1% misdevs. qristi-

anebi daxloebiT 6 aTasamde adamiania (ZiriTadad kaTolikebi). somalSi

mcxovrebi indoelebi induistebi arian.

U

uganda

Uugandis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti _ 52% tradiciuli kultebisa

da rwmenebis mimdevaria. qristianoba mosaxleobis 42%-s qmnis. romaul-

kaTolikuri eklesiis mimdevrebi (2,5 milioni), protestantebi (1,3 mili-

oni). anglikanur eklesias milioni aRmsarebeli yavs. ugandaSi 30 aTasi

afrikis marTlmadideblur eklesiis mimdevari cxovrobs. musulmanebi

mosaxleobis 5%-ia. isini ZiriTadad sunitebi arian. sxva religiebidan

gavrcelebulia induizmi, sikxizmi, zoroastrizmi da budizmi.

kenia

keniis mosaxleobis 65% tradiciuli kultebisa da rwmenebis mim-

devaria. 18% ki qristiania. aqedan 10% romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis

(1,2 milioni) mimdevaria. 8% ki protestanti. 10% musulmani. Mmusulma-

nebs Soris umetesni Siitebi arian. arian induistebi, sikxebi da iudais-

tebi.

religiis sociologia

363

tanzania

tanzaniis mosaxleobis 45-48% islams aRiarebs. mosaxleobis 17%

qristiania. aqedan 10% romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis mimdevrebia, 7%

protestantebi. afrikis marTlmadideblur eklesias 35 aTasamde aRmsa-

rebeli yavs. induistebi 1%-ia. arian aseve jainistebi da sikxebi.

ruanda

ruandis mosaxleobis 70% tradiciuli adgilobrivi gvarovnuli

da tomobrivi kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. 30% ki qristiania. aqe-

dan 5% protestantia, danarCeni romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis mimdeva-

ri. musulmanTa raodenoba am qveyanaSi 10 aTasamdea. mcire raodenobiT

arian induistebic.

burundi

burundis mosaxleobis umravlesoba _ 66%-ze meti qristiania.

aqedan 57% kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. danarCeni ki protestantia. 32%

avtoqtonur adgilobriv kultebsa da religiebs misdevs. islamis mim-

devrebi 10 aTasze metia. sxva religiebidan gavrcelebulia induizmi.

mozambiki

mozambikis mosaxleobis sami meoTxedi tradiciuli kultebisa da

rwmenebis mimdevaria. qristianebi 13%-s qmnian. aqedan 10% kaTolikea,

danarCeni ki protestanti. islami 10%-iTaa warmodgenili. sxva religie-

bidan gavrcelebulia induizmi.

malavi

malavis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti tradiciuli kultebisa da

rwmenebis mimdevaria. qristianebi 32%-ia. kaTolikeTa da protestantTa

raodenoba aq TiTqmis Tanabaria. afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxva-

dasxva seqtebis warmomadgenlebi 2%-ia. mosaxleobis meaTedi sunituri

islamis mimdevaria. Siitebi aq mire raodenobiT arian. malavSi mcxovre-

bi idoelebi industebi arian.

zambia

zambiis mosaxleobis ori mesamedi tradiciuli kultebisa da rwme-

nebis mimdevaria. mosaxleobis 30% qristiania. aqedan 16% kaTolikea,

14% ki protestanti. afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seq-

tebis warmomadgenlebi 3%-ia. sunitebisa da ismailitebis raodenoba 10

aTasze metia. arian induistebi (9 aTasi) da iudaistebi (1 aTasze meti).

kaxa qecbaia

364

samxreT rodezia

samxreT rodeziis mosaxleobis ori mesamedi tradiciuli kulte-

bisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. mosaxleobis 22% qristiania. maTi umrav-

lesoba protestantia. kaTolikebi am maCveneblis 8%-s warmoadgenen. af-

rikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenlebi

11%-ia. islamis mimdevari 10 aTasze meti adamiania. 10 aTasamde arian iu-

daistebic.

bocvana

bocvanis mosaxleobis 63% gvarovnuli da tomobrivi adgilobrivi

tradiciuli animisturi kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. mosaxleo-

bis 29% qristiania. Aaqedan 27% protestantebia, xolo 2% kaTolicizmis

mimdevaria. mosaxleobis 2% afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadas-

xva seqtebis warmomadgenelia.

lesoto

lesotos mosaxleobis 55% qristiania. aqedan 40% kaTolikea, 15%

protestanti. mosaxleobis ori mesamedi gvarovnuli da tomobrivi adgi-

lobrivi tradiciuli animisturi kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. 5%

afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenelia.

aris ramdenime aTasi musulmani da induisti.

svazilendi

aqauri mosaxleobis ori mesamedi gvarovnuli da tomobrivi adgi-

lobrivi tradiciuli animisturi kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria.

32% qristiania. aqedan 14% protestantia, 8% kaTolike. mosaxleobis

11% afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadge-

nelia. qveyanaSi aris musulmanTa da iudaistTa mcire Temebi.

namibia

namibiis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti _ 53% qristiania. aqedan pro-

testantebi 40%. kaTolikebi 13%. mosaxleobis 4% afrikis qristianuli

eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenelia. gvarovnuli da to-

mobrivi adgilobrivi tradiciuli animisturi kultebisa da rwmenebis

mimdevari mosaxleobis 44%-s qmnis.

samxreT afrikis respublika

samxreT afrikis mosaxleobis 46% qristiania. aqedan 40% protes-

tantia, 6% kaTolike. qveyanaSi arsebobs marTlmadidebluri Temic (10

religiis sociologia

365

aTasi). mosaxleobis ori mesamedi gvarovnuli da tomobrivi adgilobri-

vi tradiciuli animisturi kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. 30% ki

afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenelia.

islami 1,5%-iTaa warmodgenili. maT Soris arian, rogorc sunitebi ise

Siitebi. iudaistebi 0,6%-ia. am qveyanaSi aqtiur moqmedebebs ewevian

sxvasxva saxis amerikuli da evropuli misoneruli moZraobebi da orga-

nizaciebi.

malahais respublika

am qveynis mosaxleobis 45% gvarovnuli da tomobrivi adgilobri-

vi tradiciuli animisturi kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. qristia-

nebi 42%-ia. aqedan 22% protestantia, danarCeneni kaTolike. sinkretu-

li religiebis mimdevarTa raodenoba mosaxleobis 2-3%-ia. islams mo-

saxleobis meaTedi misdevs. maTi nawili sunitia, an ismailiti. islami aq

mrvali seqtisa da ordenis saxiTaa warmodgenili. qveynis did qalaqebSi

arian induistebi.

mavrikia

am qveyanaSi romelic mavrikiis, rodrigesis da ramdenime patar-pa-

tara kunZuls moicavs mosaxleobis naxevarze meti _ 51% induistia.

Qqristianebi mosaxleobis 31%-ia. aqedan umetesni kaTolikebi arian (270

aTasi), protestantTa ricxovneba 15 aTass udris. mosaxleobis 15% mu-

sulmania. budistebi da konfucianelebi 1%-ia.

reiunonis kunZuli

reiunonis kunZulze mosaxleobis 95% kaTolike qristiania. pro-

testantTa raodenoba ki mcirea. mosaxleobis 3% musulmania. 1% induis-

ti. aris agreTve budisturi da konfucianuri Temebic.

komoris kunZulebi

komoris kunZulebis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba sunituri islamis

aRmsarebelia. qristianebi aq aTasamde arian.

seiSelis kunZulebi

seiSelis kunZulebze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba _ 90% romauli ka-

Tolicizmis aRmsarebelia. protestantebi ki 10%-ia. islamis mimdevari

aTasamde adamiania. aris agreTve induisturi da konfucianuri Temebic.

kaxa qecbaia

366

amerika

grenlandia

grenlandiis yvela macxovrebeli luTerania.

kanada

bolodrindeli monacemebiT kanadis mosaxleobis 46% kaTolikuri

eklesiis mimdevaria, romelic aerTianebs: kanadis gaerTianebul eklesi-

as, kongregacionalistebs, meTodistebs. mosaxleobis 1% marTlmadide-

belia. protestantebs Soris arian: evangelistebi _ 20%; anglikanebi _

13%; presviterianelebi _ 4%; baptistebi _ 3%; menonitebi _ 152 aTasi;

ormocdaaTianelebi _ 114 aTasi; xsnis armia _ 92 aTasi, ieRovelebi _

68 aTasi: adventistebi _ 26 aTasi; qristianuli mecniereba _ 19 aTasi,

amerikis standatruli eklesia _ 5 aTasi; mormonebi _ 57 aTasi; kanadaSi

280 aTasamde iudaistia. arian aseve budistebi da konfucianelebi; kana-

dis adagilobrivi mosaxleoba _ indielebi _ formalurad qristiane-

bad miiCnevian, Tumca bevri maTgani adgilobrivi animisturi rwmenebis

mimdevaria dResac. kanadeli irokezebis nawili sinkretuli seqtis _

sakandiarios mimdevrebi arian.

sen-pieri da mikeloni

sen-pierisa da mikelonis kunZulebis mosaxleobis umravlesoba _

95,5% kaTolicizmis mimdevaria.

bermudis kunZulebi

bermudis kunZulebze mcxovrebTa didi nawili protestantia. rao-

denobrivad pirvel adgilze anglikanebi arian (25 aTasi), maT mosdeven

presviterianelebi, meTodistebi, luTeranebi, baptistebi, adventistebi,

xsnis armiis warmomadgenlebi da sxv. kaTolikebi 8 aTasze metni arian.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

seqtebisa da sxvadasxva saxis damoukidebeli eklesiebis arsebobiT

aSS msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea. 1791 wlis 15 dekembridan aSS-Si ekle-

sia saxelmwifosagan gamoyofilia. amerikis mTavroba oficialur sta-

tistikas religiasTan dakavSirebiT ar awarmoebs. bolodroindeli mo-

nacemebiT mosaxleobis 51,3% protestantia. 23,9% kaTolike. 12,1% arc

erT religias ar aRiarebs. 1,7% mormonia, 1,6% sxva qristianuli konfe-

siis wevri, 1,7% iudeveli, 0,7% budisti, 0,6% musulmani, 2,5% sxva reli-

giis (induizmi, konfucianeloba, daosizmi, adgilobrivi religiebi) mim-

devari, 4% aTeisti. aSS-Si moqmedebs marTlmadidebluri avtokefaluri

religiis sociologia

367

eklesia. aseve TavianTi eklesiebi aqvT qarTvel, ukrainel, rus da sxva

marTlmadideblebs.

meqsika

meqsikis mosaxleobis 96% kaTolikea. protestantebi mosaxleobis

2%-ia. ZiriTadad esenia: adventistebi (53 aTasi), meTodistebi (40 aTasi),

ormocdaaTianelTa sxvadsxva jgufebi (34 aTasi) da sxv. sxva religiebi-

dan gvxvdeba iudaizmi (49 aTasi). 2% aTeistia.

belizi

belzSi umravlesoba kaTolikebi arian _ 71 aTasi. arian aseve an-

glikanebi da meTodistebi (erTad 28 aTasi), menonitebi (4 aTasi), adven-

tistebi (2 atasi). aq mcxovrebi indoelebi da pakistanelebi induizmisa

da islamis mimdevrebi arian. belizis mosaxleobis 10%-mde uZvelesi mai-

as tomis STamomavlebi arian. maTi religia dRes qristianobisa da tra-

diciuli religiuri rwmenebis sinTezss warmoadgens.

gvatemala

mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. protestan-

tebs Soris umravlesobas qmnian baptistebi (76 aTasi). arian presviteri-

anelebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, kvakerebi, adventistebi, meTodistebi,

luTeranebi, anglikanebi. iudaizmis mimedevari 2 aTasi adamiania. gvate-

malis mosaxleobis 40% maias tomis STamaomavalia. maTi religia dRes

qristianobisa da tradiciuli religiuri rwmenebis sinTezss warmoad-

gens (belizSi, gvatemalasa da hondurasSi 6,1 milioni adamiani maias uZ-

velesi tomis STamomavalia).

hondurasi

mosaxleobis umrvalesoba kaTolikea. protestantebs Soris Seda-

rebiT mravalricxovanni meTodistebi arian (15 aTasi). arian reformate-

bi, adventistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, kvakerebi, klivlendis eklesiis

wevrebi da sxv.

salvadori

mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. protes-

tantebi 50 aTasze metni arian.

kaxa qecbaia

368

nikaragua

mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. protes-

tantebi 54 aTasze metni arian.

kosta-rika

qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesobas kaTolikebi warmoadgenen. pro-

testantebi 40 aTasze metni arian. arian aseve iudaizmis mimdevrebi.

panama

panamis mosaxleobis 93% kaTolikea. protestantebs Soris umetes-

ni ormocdaaTianelebi arian (25 aTasi). arian aseve adventistebi, meTo-

distebi da sxv. iudaizmis mimdevrebi aq cotaa.

B

bahami kunZulebi

bahamis kunZulebze umravlesobas protestantebi warmoadgenen,

romelTa Soris 24 aTasi baptistia, 11 aTasi meTodisti, 11 aTasi ormoc-

daaTianeli, 2 aTasi adventisti. kaTolikeTa raodenoba 26 aTasia.

terkisa da kaikosis kunZulebi

am kunZulebze dominanti religia protestantobaa. arian aseve an-

glikanebic.

kaimanis kunZulebi

am kunZulebzec dominanti religia protestantobaa. gansakuTre-

biT mravalricxovanni baptistebi arian. mcire raodenobiT arian kaTo-

likebic.

iamaika

iamakaze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba protestantia. kaTolikebi 115

aTasze metia. arian iudaistebi da induistebi (TiToeuli aTas-aTasam-

de). aTeistebi mosaxleobis 11% Seadgenen.

kuba

kubaSi umravlesoba romauli kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. maT mosde-

ven protestantebi. sxva religiebidan arian iudaistebi (aTasze meti).

religiis sociologia

369

haiti

haitis mosaxleobis umetesoba oficialurad kaTolike qristiania,

Tumca, faqtobrivad, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili sinkretuli afro-

qristianuli vudus kultis mimdevaria. protestantebi 350 aTasi arian.

dominikis respublika

dominikis respublikaSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili protestan-

tia. arian evangelistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, klivlendis eklesiis

warmomadgenlebi, adventistebi da sxv.

puerto-riko

kunZul puerto-rikos mcxovrebTa umravlesoba kaTolikea _ 85%.

protestantebi 175 aTasze metia.

virjiniis kunZulebi

virjiniis (orive virjiniis: aSS-s da didi britaneTis) mosaxleobis

umravlesoba protestantia. kaTolikebi aq mosaxleobis 21% Seadgenen.

sent-qristoferis kunZulebi

am kunZulebis mosaxleobis umravlesobas anglikanebi da meTodis-

tebi qmnian. maTTan SedarebiT kaTolikeTa raodenoba mokrZalebulia.

montserati

montseratis kunZulze dominant religias anglikanoba warmoad-

gens. arian aseve meTodistebi, adventistebi da ormocdaaTianelebi. ka-

TolikeTa raodenoba Zalian mcirea.

antigua

antiguas kunZulze dominant religias protestantoba warmoad-

gens. aseve arian anglikanebi. mcirea kaTolikeTa raodenoba.

gvadalupa

kunZul gvadalupas yvela mcxovrebi kaTolikea.

dominika

kunZul dominikaze umravlesobas kaTolikebi warmoadgenen. Tumca

protestantebidan arian meTodistebi da anglikanebi.

kaxa qecbaia

370

martinika

kunZul martinikaze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba kaTolikea. protes-

tantebidan arian adventistebi.

sent-vinsenti

sent-vinsentis kunZulze umravlesobas protestantebi warmoad-

genen. kaTolikeTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.

sent-lusia

kunZul sent-lusiaze umravlesoba kaTolikebi arian. protestan-

tebs Soris arian baptistebi, adventistebi, meTodistebi da anglikanebi.

grenada

aq morwmuneTa umravlesobas kaTolikebi qmnian. protestantebs So-

ris arian anglikanebi, meTodistebi da presviterianelebi.

barbadosi

kunZul barbadosze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba anglikanebia. pro-

testantebs Soris arian meTodistebi da ormocdaaTianelebi. 6 aTasze

meti adamiani kaTolikea.

trinidadi da tobago

trinidadisa da tobagos religiuri Sedgeniloba Semdegi saxisaa:

qristianebi _ 70% (kaTolikebi da protestantebi TiTqmis Tanabari ra-

odenobiT arian), induistebi _ 23%, musulmanebi _ 6%. H

niderlandebis antilis kunZulebi

am kunZulebze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba kaTolikea. protestantebs

Soris arian meTodistebi, adventistebi, luTeranebi da anglikanebi. iu-

daizmis mimdevarTa raodenoba aTasze metia.

gaiana

mosaxleobis sami mexuTedi qristianebia. eseni umTavresad protes-

tantebia: anglikanebi (130 aTasi), presviterianelebi (22 aTasi), kongre-

gacionalistebi (19 aTasi), luTeranebi (9 aTasi), adventistebi (9 aTasi),

ormocdaaTianelebi (2 aTasi) da sxv. kaTolikeTa raodenoba 100 aTasia.

49 aTasi musulmania.

religiis sociologia

371

surinami

surinamSi dominanturi mdgomareoba arc erTi religias ar gaaCnia.

aq arian induistebi, musulmanebi, kaTolikebi, protestantebi. aTeiste-

bi 6%-ia.

gviana

gvianis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili safrangeTis gavleniT kaTo-

likea. protestantebi aq cotani arian.

brazilia

braziliis mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mimdevaria _

64%. protestantebi 7,9 milionia (22%). aqedan 2,1 milioni luTerania,

1,1 milioni baptisti, Tavisufali Sveduri misiis mimdevari 1 milioni,

ormocdaaTianeli 989 aTasi, presviterianeli 550 aTasi, adventisti 100

aTasi, meTodisti 500 aTasi, kongregacionalisti 549 aTasi, reformate-

bi 5 aTasi, menonitebi 2 aTasi, xsnis armiis warmomadgenlebi 1500, ieRo-

velebi 742 425, spiritualistebi 729 aTasi (1,3%). iudaisti 150 aTasi.

7,4% agnostikosi. arian afrikuli religiebis (kandomble da umbanda),

budizmis, islamis (27 aTasi) da sinkretuli kultis mimdevrebi.

venesuela

venesulaSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolikea. protestantebi

26 aTasia. maT Soris arian adventistebi (3 aTasi), luTeranebi (3 aTasi),

evangelisturi aliansis wevrebi (3 aTasi), baptistebi (aTsaze meti),

presviterianelebi da sxva. iudaizmis mimdevrebi 12 aTasia.

kolumbia

kolumbiis saxelmwifo religia romauli kaTolicizmia. protes-

tantebi 100 aTasze metia. maT Soris arian adventistebi, presviteriane-

lebi, evangelistebi, baptistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi da sxva. 10 aTasi

iudaizmis warmomadgenelia. sxva religiis warmomadgenelTa raodenoba

umniSvneloa.

ekvadori

ekvadorSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolicizmis warmomadgene-

lia. protestantebi 19 aTasze metni arian. 2 aTasi iudaistia. sxva reli-

giis warmomadgenelTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.

kaxa qecbaia

372

peru

perus mosaxleobis didi nawili _ 81% kaTolikea. protestantebi

15,8%-ia. aTeistebi 2,9%. iudaistebi 4 aTasamdea.

bolivia

boliviis religiuri suraTi aseTia: kaTolikebi 59%; protestan-

tebi 11%; gnostikosebi12%; inkanizmi 15% (adgilobrivi religia); bu-

dizmi da sxva religiebi 3%.

Cile

religiuri suraTi CileSi aseTia: kaTolikebi 89%; protestantebi

11%. arian iudaizmisa da sxva religiis mimdevrebi.

argentina

argentinis religiuri suraTi aseTia: qristianebi 92%. aqedan: ka-

Tolikebi 77%, protestantebi 9% (umetesoba ormocdaaTianelebia _ 3

milioni), iudaizmis warmomadgenlebi 300 aTasi, musulmanebi 500 aTasi.

paragvai

paragvais mosaxleobis 89,6% kaTolikea. 1,1% protestanti (Rmer-

Tis asamblea, baptisti, luTerani, menoniti), sxva religious mimdevrebi

1,9%, gnostikosebi1,1%.

urugvai

urugvais religiuri suraTi aseTia: kaTolikebi 47,1%. protestan-

tebi 11,1%, gaukveveli religiuri orientaciis mimdevrebi 23,2%, iuda-

istebi 1,1%, gnostikosebi 17,2%.

folklendis kunZulebi

folklendis kunZulebze mcxovrebTa umetesoba anglikania. kaTo-

likebi mosaxleobis 11%-ia. aqve funqcionirebs gaerTianebuli Tavisu-

fali eklesia.

A

avstaralia da okeania

avstralia

avstralia mravalkonfesiuri qveyanaa. qveynis konstitucia krZa-

lavs romelime religiis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebas. mosaxleobis

25,8% kaTolikea, 18,9% anglikani, 19,4% protestanti, 2,1% budisti,

1,7% musulmani, 0,7% induisti, 0,4% iudaisti, 2% sxva religiis mimdeva-

religiis sociologia

373

ri (sikxizmi da adgilobrivi warmarTuli rwmenebi), 18,7% arc erT reli-

gias ar aRiarebs. aborigeni mosaxleoba adgilobrivi rwmenebis mimdeva-

ria (totemizmi, animizmi, Samanizmi da sxva misTana).

axali zelandia

axali zelandiis religiuri suraTi daaxloebiT aseTia: 14% an-

glikani, presviterianeli 10,6%, marTlmadidebeli 0,3%, induisti 1,7%,

budisti 1,4%, islamisti 1%. aTeisti 20%. danarCeni mosaxleoba adgi-

lobrivi kultebis mimdevaria.

papua-axali gvinea

papua-axal gvineaSi Semdegi saxis religiuri suraTia mocemuli:

mosaxleobis 96% qristiania. aqedan: kaTolikebi 27%, gaerTianebuli ek-

lesia 11,5%, luTeranuli eklesia 19,5%, adventistebi 10%, ormocdaa-

Tianelebi 8,6%, evangelistebi 5,2%, anglikanebi 3,2%, baptistebi 0,5%,

ieRovelebi 0,3%, xsnis armia 0,2%, sxva qristianuli konfesiebi 8%. mo-

saxleobis 0,3% adgilobrivi kultebis (animisturi, totemisturi da

sxva) mimdevrebia.

solomonis kunZulebi

solomonis kunZulebze Semdegi religiebia gavrcelebuli: qris-

tianoba (97%), maT Soris arian anglikanebi 32,8%, kaTolikebi 19,%, evan-

gelistebi 17%, adventistebi 11,2%, gaerTianebuli eklesia 10,3%, sxva

qristianuli konfesiebi 4,4%. mosaxleobis 2,9% arc erT religias ar

aRiarebs. 350-ze meti adamiani musulmania. aris agreTve adgilobrivi

warmarTuli kultebi da rwmenebi.

wynari okeanis arqipelagi

aq mcxovrebTa 84% qristiania, romelTa Soris 40% protestantia,

16% kaTolike, 15% anglikani. araqristianuli religiebidan gavrcele-

bulia budizmi. mosaxleobis 15% tradiciuli adgilobrivi warmarTuli

religiebis mimdevaria.

axali kaledonia

axali kaledoniis mosaxleobis 63% kaTolikea. protestantebs So-

ris umetesobas kalvinistebi warmoadgenen. aseve arian islamisa da bu-

dizmis mimdevrebi.

kaxa qecbaia

374

fiji

fijis mcxovrebTa 64,5% qristiania, romelTa Soris 9% kaTolike-

bia, 35% meTodistebi, 6% RmerTis sakrebulos wevrebi, 4% adventiste-

bi, sxva qristianuli konfesiis warmomadgenlebi 11%. induistebi 27,9%,

musulmanebi 6,3%, sikxebi 0,3%, aTeistebi 1%.

norfolki

norfolkis kunZulze mcxovrebTa umetesoba anglikania. Aarian ase-

ve adventistebi da kaTolikebi. mosaxleobis 1% agnostikosia.

wynari oekanis kunZulebi

am teritoriaze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba kaTolikea. arian pro-

testantebi da sxva qristianuli seqtebi.

guami

guamis mosaxleobis 96% kaTolikea. Arian baptistebi, adventistebi,

ormocdaaTianelebi, anglikanebi, luTeranebi, presviterianelebi, ie-

Rovelebi, mormonebi. aseve arsebobs bahaistTa religiuri dajgufeba.

nauru

naurus mosaxleobis 71% qristiania (kaTolikebi da protestante-

bi). aborigenTa ori mesamedi naurus kongregacionalisturi protestan-

tuli eklesiis warmomadgenelia. aq mcxovrebi Cinelebi konfucianelebi

arian. aris agreTve adgilobrivi kultebi.

gilbertisa da elisis kunZulebi

am kunZulis mcxovrebTa umravlesoba protestanatia. raodenob-

rivad maT kaTolikebi CamorCebian. arian aseve bahaistebi da adgilobri-

vi kultebis warmomadgenlebi.

tokelau

mosaxleobis didi nawili aq kongregacionalistia. kaTolikebi ki

mTeli mosaxleobis erT mesameds qmnian. igive exeba uolisa da futunis

kunZulebs.

dasavleT samoa

damoukidebel polineziur saxelmwifo dasavleT samoaSi mosaxle-

obis 98% qristiania. kaTolikeebTan SedarebiT umetesobas aq protes-

tantebi qmnian. arian adgilobrivi kultebis mimdevrebic.

religiis sociologia

375

aRmosavleT samoa

aRmosavleT, anu amerikul samoaSi umravlesobas protestantebi

warmoadgenen. kongregacionalistur eklesias mosaxleobis 63% miekuT-

vneba. aq kaTolikebi 19%-ia. mormonebi 9%.

tonga

aq mcxovrebTa umravlesoba protestanatia. romelTa SorisD didi

raodenobiT meTodistebi gamoirCevian. kaTolikebi 13 aTasamde arian.

niue

kunZul niues yvela mcxovrebi qristiania 99,9%. Uumravlesobas

protestantebi, kerZod kongregacionalistebi qmnian.

kukis kunZulebi

am kunZulze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba qristiania. ZiriTadad pro-

testantebi da kaTolikebi. Aaris aseve bahaistTa mcire jgufi.

polinezia

franguli polineziis mosaxleobis umravlesoba qristiania: pro-

testantebi da kaTolikebia. 6% agnostikosi.

pitkerni

kunZul pitkernze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba anglikania. Aarian ka-

Tolikebi da protestantebi.

aRdgomis kunZulebi

aq mosaxleobis TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesoba kaTolikea.

havai

havais mosaxleobis didi nawili qristiania. gavrcelebulia Ziri-

Tadad romauli kaTolicizmi da protestantoba. arian budistebi da

konfucianelebi.

Sobisa da qoqosis kunZulebi

qristianebi Sobis kunZulze mosaxleobis 11%-ia. yvelaze metad

gavrcelebuli religiebia: budizmi, konfucianeloba, daosizmi. arian

islamis mimdevrebic.

qoqosis kunZulebze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba musulmanebi arian.

qristianobas aq mcxovrebi evropelebi warmoadgenen (28%).

kaxa qecbaia

376

Mms

of

li

o r

el

ig

iu

ri

ru

ka

religiis sociologia

377

pirTa saZiebeli

abakumi, mRvdelmTavari 118

abdula 235

adami 118

avaliani, s 88, 251, 269

ainStaini, a 122, 320

asaTiani, g 202, 213

asizeli, fr 27

agasisi, J 43

avgustine 28

aTena 143

anjelou, m 184

aresi 142

aristotele 85, 86, 322

artemide 142, 144

armstrongi, k 296

apoloni 142

afrodite 142

aqvineli, T 86, 266

bagrationi, d 266

baramiZe, g 316

baqsteri, f 216

bekoni, fr. 85, 304

bekeri, h 126, 242, 333

bela, r 43, 50, 77, 78, 209, 210, 213, 214, 241, 247, 305, 310

beli, d 270

beinbriji, u 126, 128

benediqti, r 333

beneti, j 135

bergeri, p 43, 50, 51, 67, 74, 206, 208, 213, 241, 246, 247, 298, 309

berdiaevi, n 20, 300

beSi, a 62

berZeniSvili, a 148, 158, 172, 186

blau, p 212

kaxa qecbaia

378

blumi, u 226

bloxi, e 271

boasi, fr. 187

bogdanovi, a 65

bodriari, J 311, 312, 316

bonke, r 181

bonxeferi, d 54, 55, 309

boxenski, i.m 324

brahma 71

bregvaZe, b 97

bruno, j 142

bulgakovi, s 20

bulgenbaxi, h 176

buda 67, 280, 281

burdie, p 214, 215

burkhardti, i 334

gamsaxurdia, z 322

gamsaxurdia, k 222

garaja, v 133, 148, 158, 172, 186, 202, 213, 246, 292, 316

gabiZaSvili, o 7, 20, 21, 41, 60, 61, 79, 106, 133, 148, 158, 172, 173, 186,

202

gidensi, e 14, 20, 41, 61, 67, 79, 107, 133, 158, 172, 186, 202, 213, 246,

292, 316

giorgi, wm 64

giuarti, u 185

gloki, C 22, 31, 37, 38, 40, 43, 52

gluxarevi, m 300

goeTe 58, 337

gogoberiSvili, v 28, 246, 270, 273

gogoli, n 250

gorbaCovi, m 269

gnediCi, p 114

grehemi, b 181

grili, e 43, 52, 53

religiis sociologia

379

dali, l 226

dante 144

devdariani, daviT V, kaTolikos-patriarqi 217

devisi, k 193, 194

dekarte 144, 322

de lobe, p 158, 173, 202, 213

demetra 142

dilTai, v 58, 79, 158

didro, d 45, 182

dionise 143

diurkemi, e 11, 21, 43, 47, 48, 50, 67, 72, 75, 79, 89, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99,

100, 102, 106, 107, 132, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 163,

190, 199, 270, 304, 308, 309, 333

dombrovski, i 116

dostoevski, T 205, 320

egnate, wm. 322

evtuSenko, e 117

eva 118, 119

eklandi, e.h. 88

eliade, m 70

empedokle 142

erazm, roterdameli 176

erhardi, v 132

esno, p 139

vaxi, i 22, 43, 56, 57, 58, 331

veberi, m 11, 22, 43, 47, 49, 50, 58, 67, 74, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 130,

131, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 184, 186, 188, 207, 223,

224, 227, 228, 242, 304, 307, 308, 309, 332, 333

vervaini, m 281

vesli, j 181

vize, l 126, 333

vilkersoni, d 181

vilsoni, b 241

viSnu 71

volteri 45

kaxa qecbaia

380

zaqaraia, d 175

zevsi 142

zenkovski, v 301

zimeli, g 21, 310

zimoni, h 21

zombarti, v 173, 174, 175

zurabiSvili, T 41

Talesi 85

Tionisi, f 11, 58, 230

TevzaZe, g 26, 27, 30

iagoda, h 116

iakobi, mociquli 135

iangi, b 135, 136

iaspersi, k 87

ivane, mrisxane 300

ilia meore, kaTolikos-patriarqi 251, 269, 283, 292, 322

ioane, damaskeli 322, 323

ioane, naTlismcemeli 135, 318

irvingi, ed 181

iuberi, a 62

iungi, k.g 77

iustine, arqimandriti 324

kakabaZe, v 84

kalandia, i 291

kalvini, J 103, 181

kalhuni, q 21, 41, 79, 107, 133, 158, 172, 186, 202, 247, 292, 316

kamiu, a 10

kampanela, t 142

kanti, i 26, 29, 46, 322

kareli, a 115

kaWkaWiSvili, i 202

keleri, s 21, 41, 79, 107, 133, 158, 172, 186, 202, 247, 292, 316

kiknaZe, z 21, 247, 292

religiis sociologia

381

kiurnbergi 170

klemani, o 246

klinsmani, i 280, 282

kobaxiZe, b 246

kodua, ed. 21, 41, 59, 60, 61

konti, o 21, 47, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 306, 307, 309

koplandi, q 181

koributi, s 176

koqsi, h 43, 53, 54, 55, 240, 241

kriSna 132

kulanJi, f. 229

laibnici, v.f 58, 322

laieli, C 303

laiTi, d 21, 41, 79, 107, 133, 158, 172, 186, 202, 247, 292, 316

le-bra, g 43, 56

lenski, g 39, 67

le-ple, f 20

li, j 135, 136

liperti, e 65

lipseti, s 201

loki, j 44

longi, a 158

loski, n 301

luTer-kingi, m 186

luTeri, m 127, 176, 180, 274

luka, maxarebeli 80

lukmani, T 23, 43, 50, 51, 67, 74, 206, 207, 208, 213, 241, 298

lukreciusi 65, 109

lutiZe, b 292

maTe, maxarebeli 318

makedoneli, al. 144

malinovski, b 22, 42, 49, 72, 73, 165, 189, 191, 192, 202

markozi, maxarebeli 322

kaxa qecbaia

382

marqsi, k 20, 43, 48, 64, 95, 96, 98, 106, 149, 163, 166, 173, 174, 182, 183,

184, 186, 224, 266, 307, 309

masionisi, j 21, 41, 61, 79, 107, 133, 158, 172, 186, 213, 247, 292

maxi, e 306

melanxToni, f 181

meni, al 20, 107, 121, 227, 296, 299, 302, 303

mertoni, r 49, 58, 193, 199, 200, 201, 202

midi, j 50

mikluxo-maklai 111

miunceri, T 176

moltmani, i 271

monteskie 21

mormoni 134

mosi, m 62

muni, s 137, 138, 139

muri, u 193, 194

muhamed VI 237

niburi, h 332

nikoloz I 300

nikoloz II 301

nisbeti, r 50

nicSe, fr 67, 304

noniaSvili, k 41

o’ di 131

okladnikovi, a 107, 108

orbeliani, sulxan-saba 323

pavle, mociquli 27, 28, 320

papuaSvili, n 79, 107, 133, 217, 220

parhami, C 181

paskali, b 140

petre, mociquli 135

petre I 300

pivovarski, v 21

religiis sociologia

383

parsonsi, t 46, 49, 58, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 202, 241

pasteri, l 31

persefone 143

petriwi, i 86

pikleri, k 162

planki, m 293

platoni 60, 86, 266, 320, 322, 333

plotini 322

poseidoni 142

poperi, k 266

prinsi, d 181

prokofi, didi 176

pfautci, g 241

JiJka, i 176

ranke, f 58

raseli, b 306

rafaeli, arqimandriti 323

redklif-brauni, a.r 49, 189, 190, 191, 202

rerixi, n 204

rexviaSvili, t 144

rikerti, h 58

rozanovi, v 34, 35

roixlini, i 176

roberTsi, o 181

robertsoni, v 229

rusTaveli, S 120

ruso, J.J 44, 117, 277

rutkeviCi, e 133, 148, 158, 173, 186, 202, 214, 247, 293, 316

seimuri, u 181

sen-simoni 21

simonsi, m 181

skoti, v 189

smarti, n 76, 79

kaxa qecbaia

384

smelzeri, n 14, 20, 41, 61, 79, 107, 127, 129, 133, 158, 172, 186, 202, 213,

243, 244, 246, 292, 316, 327, 330

smiTi, j 181

smiti, j 134, 135

smolo, a 162

sokrate 266

soloviovi, vl 20, 300

spenseri, h 21, 47, 48, 65, 140, 145, 146, 147

spinoza 322

stavru, m 246

stalini 117

starki, r 31, 37, 43, 126, 128

stentoni, e.k 231

teilori, e 65, 139, 157, 162

telezio, b 142

tilixi, p 310

tolstoi, l 117

tomsoni, u

tofleri, e 311

trelCi, e 20, 22, 49, 123, 124, 126, 131, 133, 332

uaithedi, a 322

uelsi, h 120

uersli, a 185

uiklifi, j 176

uolisi, r 132

fanjikiZe, T 219, 220

fedotovi, g 301

filipe, mitropoliti 300

filosofovi, d 221

fitCeri, r 20

florenski, p 75

foierbaxi, l 182

franki, s 300

religiis sociologia

385

franklini, b 170

frezeri, j 110, 161

froidi, z 67, 74, 81, 85, 94, 95

fromi, e 76

fukuiama, f 39, 293, 296

qecbaia, k 25, 66, 88, 121, 175, 275, 294, 303, 316, 317, 337

qvaCaxia, v 59

qiqoZe, g 153

qriste 55, 121, 125, 134, 135, 177, 178,

qsenofane, kolofoneli 85

qsenofonte 266

Sapovalovi, a 181

Sarapova, m 282

Seleri, m 58

Siva 71

Sleiermaxeri, fr. 58

Sopenhaueri, a 304

Sutci, a 50, 51

Caadaevi, a 300, 301

cvingli, h 181

cincaZe, kalistrate, kaTolikos-patriarqi 217

ciceroni 266

wulaZe, l 41

WavWavaZe, i 260

WeliZe, e 323

Wiaureli, v 144

xati, j 20

xruSCovi, n 59

javaxiSvili, iv. 59

jgerenaia, e 60, 79, 107, 133, 148, 158, 172, 186, 202, 213, 246, 292, 316

kaxa qecbaia

386

jeimzi, u 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 333

jonsoni, u 126

jonstouni, r 67, 69, 126

habermasi, i 246, 275, 280, 298, 316

hadesi 142

hanTingtoni, s 293, 295

harisoni, l 225

hebe 143

hegeli 86, 181, 266, 322

hekeli, er. 110

henke, e 271

henri IV 277

hera 142

heraklite 143

hermesi 143

hestia 142

hefesto 143

hini, b 181

hinkli, g 136

hionesi, u 281

hiumi, d 44

hobsi, T 44

homansi, j 192, 212

hubmaieri, b 181

humboldti, v 58

huserli, e 206

husi, i 176

huteni, u 176

Becker, H 133 Bellah, R. 41 Bell, D 270 Berger P.L 214, 247 Glock C.Y 214 Luckmann, T 214, 247 Stark, R 41

religiis sociologia

387

Johnstone, R 133 Wiese, L 133 Бек, У 293 Бодрийар, Ж 316 Вебер, М 247

Джеимс, У 29

Иноземцев, В 293

Манхейм, К 247

Тофлер, Э 316

kaxa qecbaia

388

KAKHA

KAKHA KETSBAIA

SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION

(LEQTURES)

(IN GEORGIAN)

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

religiis sociologia -...

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